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ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ õÓÌà  àPROPOSED€TRANSITION€RULE€€€€€€€€€€Ð ‹$Û# Ðà  àà ` àGOVERNING€IMPLEMENTATION€OF€TENNESSEEÐ t%Ä $ Ðà  àà ` àRULES€OF€PROFESSIONAL€CONDUCTà‚ü!ü!H(#.éé1à150ˆÐ ]&­!% ÐÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘I#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘ýT#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔvÔf  ÔÔg ÔÐ  ¥-õ(-  ÐÑ 3cÞ.Ù¦Ñâ 3âÑ8€;‘XXdéXXdé8ÑØØÙÙâ .3âÙÙÑ  Ñâ .âÑ  ÑÓeUÓÜÜÛÛØØò òÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÑ€&OaÑPREAMBLE€Ô нVÔó óÐ ° ÐÌÓÊVÓÓÓÓ€ÓÓ€ÓÔf  Ôà  àÔg Ô[1]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔA€lawyer€is€an€expert€in€law€pursuing€a€learned€art€in€service€to€clients€and€in€the€spiritÐ ƒÓ Ðof€public€service€and€engaging€in€these€pursuits€as€part€of€a€common€calling€to€promote€justice€andÐ l¼ Ðpublic€good.€Essential€characteristics€of€the€lawyer€are€knowleÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜdge€of€the€law,€skill€in€applying€theÐ U¥ Ðapplicable€law€to€the€factual€context,€thoroughness€of€preparation,€practical€and€prudential€wisdom,Ð > Ž Ðethical€conduct€and€integrity,€and€dedication€to€justice€and€the€public€good.Ð ' w ÐÌÓ€NWÓÓ€ÓÓ,WÓà  àÙ*ƒ!ÙÔf  ÔÔg Ô[2]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔA€lawyer€is€a€representative€of€clients,€an€officer€of€the€legal€system€and€a€publicÐ ù I Ðcitizen€having€special€responsibility€for€the€quality€of€justice.Ð â 2  ÐÓ€3ZÓÓch€ÓÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[3]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔAs€a€representative€of€clients,€a€lawyer€performs€various€functions.€As€advisor,€aÐ ´  Ðlawyer€provides€a€client€with€an€informed€understanding€of€the€client's€legal€rights€andÐ í  Ðobligations€and€explains€their€practical€implications.€As€advocate,€a€lawyer€zealously€asserts€theÐ †Ö  Ðclient's€position€under€the€rules€of€the€adversary€system.€As€negotiator,€a€lawyer€seeks€a€resultÐ o¿  Ðadvantageous€to€the€client€but€consistent€with€requirements€of€honest€dealing€with€others.€AsÐ X¨  Ðintermediary€between€clients,€a€lawyer€seeks€to€reconcile€their€divergent€interests€as€an€advisorÐ A‘ Ðand,€to€a€limited€extent,€as€a€spokesperson€for€each€client.€A€lawyer€acts€as€evaluator€byÐ *z Ðexamining€a€client's€legal€affairs€and€reporting€about€them€to€the€client€or€to€others.Ð c ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[4]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔIn€all€professional€functions€a€lawyer€should€be€competent,€prompt€and€diligent.€AÐ å5 Ðlawyer€should€maintain€communication€with€a€client€concern‚ing€the€representation.€A€lawyerÐ Î Ðshould€keep€in€confidence€information€relating€to€representation€of€a€client€except€so€far€asÐ · Ðdisclosure€is€required€or€permitted€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law.Ð  ð ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[5]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔA€lawyer's€conduct€should€conform€to€the€requirements€of€the€law,€both€inÐ r Ðprofessional€service€to€clients€and€in€the€lawyer's€business€and€personal€affairs.€A€lawyer€shouldÐ [« Ðuse€the€law's€procedures€only€for€legitimate€purposes€and€not€to€harass€or€intimidate€others.€AÐ D” Ðlawyer€should€demon‚strate€respect€for€the€legal€system€and€for€those€who€serve€it,€includingÐ -} Ðjudges,€other€lawyers€and€public€officials.€While€it€is€a€lawyer's€duty,€when€neces‚sary,€toÐ f Ðchallenge€the€rectitude€of€official€action,€it€is€also€a€lawyer's€duty€to€uphold€legal€process.Ð ÿO ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[6]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔAs€a€public€citizen,€a€lawyer€should€seek€improvement€of€the€law,€the€administrationÐ Ñ!!  Ðof€justice€and€the€quality€of€service€rendered€by€the€legal€profession.€As€a€member€of€a€learnedÐ º" ! Ðprofession,€a€lawyer€should€cultivate€knowledge€of€the€law€beyond€its€use€for€clients,€employÐ £#ó" Ðthat€knowledge€in€reform€of€the€law€and€work€to€strengthen€legal€education.€A€lawyer€should€beÐ Œ$Ü# Ðmindful€of€deficiencies€in€the€administration€of€justice€and€of€the€fact€that€the€poor,€andÐ u%Å $ Ðsometimes€persons€who€are€not€poor,€cannot€afford€adequate€legal€assistance,€and€shouldÐ ^&®!% Ðtherefore€devote€professional€time€and€civic€influence€in€their€behalf.€A€lawyer€should€aid€theÐ G'—"& Ðlegal€profession€in€pursuing€these€objectives€and€should€help€the€bar€regulate€itself€in€the€publicÐ 0(€#' Ðinterest.Ð )i$( ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[7]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔMany€of€a€lawyer's€professional€responsibilities€are€prescribed€in€the€Rules€ofÐ ë*;&* ÐProfessional€Conduct,€as€well€as€substantive€and€procedural€law.€However,€a€lawyer€is€alsoÐ Ô+$'+ ÐÔ_Ôguided€by€personal€conscience€and€the€approbation€of€professional€peers.€A€lawyer€should€striveÐ ° Ðto€attain€the€highest€level€of€skill,€to€improve€the€law€and€the€legal€profession€and€to€exemplifyÐ ™é Ðthe€legal€profession's€ideals€of€public€service.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[8]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔA€lawyer's€responsibilities€as€a€representative€of€clients,€an€officer€of€the€legal€systemÐ T¤ Ðand€a€public€citizen€are€usually€harmonious.€Thus,€when€an€opposing€party€is€well€represented,€aÐ =  Ðlawyer€can€be€a€zealous€advocate€on€behalf€of€a€client€and€at€the€same€time€assume€that€justice€isÐ & v Ðbeing€done.€So€also,€a€lawyer€can€be€sure€that€preserving€client€confidences€ordinarily€serves€theÐ  _ Ðpublic€interest€because€people€are€more€likely€to€seek€legal€advice,€and€thereby€heed€their€legalÐ ø H Ðobligations,€when€they€know€their€communications€will€be€private.Ð á 1  ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[9]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔIn€the€nature€of€law€practice,€however,€conflicting€responsibilities€are€encountered.Ð ³  ÐVirtually€all€difficult€ethical€problems€arise€from€conflict€between€a€lawyer's€responsibilities€toÐ œì  Ðclients,€to€the€legal€system€and€to€the€lawyer's€own€interest€in€remaining€an€upright€person€whileÐ …Õ  Ðearning€a€satisfac‚tory€living.€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€prescribe€terms€for€resolvingÐ n¾  Ðsuch€conflicts.€Within€the€framework€of€these€Rules€many€difficult€issues€of€professionalÐ W§  Ðdiscretion€can€arise.€Such€issues€must€be€resolved€through€the€exercise€of€sensitive€professionalÐ @ Ðand€moral€judgment€guided€by€the€basic€principles€underlying€the€Rules.Ð )y ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[10]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€legal€profession€is€largely€self-governing.€Although€other€pro‚fessions€also€haveÐ ûK Ðbeen€granted€powers€of€self-government,€the€legal€profes‚sion€is€unique€in€this€respect€because€ofÐ ä4 Ðthe€close€relationship€between€the€profession€and€the€processes€of€government€and€lawÐ Í Ðenforcement.€This€connection€is€manifested€in€the€fact€that€ultimate€authority€over€the€legalÐ ¶ Ðprofession€is€vested€largely€in€the€courts.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[11]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔTo€the€extent€that€lawyers€meet€the€obligations€of€their€profession‚al€calling,€theÐ qÁ Ðoccasion€for€government€regulation€is€obviated.€Self-regulation€also€helps€maintain€the€legalÐ Zª Ðprofession's€independence€from€government€domination.€An€independent€legal€profession€is€anÐ C“ Ðimportant€force€in€pre‚serving€government€under€law,€for€abuse€of€legal€authority€is€more€readilyÐ ,| Ðchallenged€by€a€profession€whose€members€are€not€dependent€on€government€for€the€right€toÐ e Ðpractice.Ð þN ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[12]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€legal€profession's€relative€autonomy€carries€with€it€special€responsibilities€ofÐ Ð!   Ðself-government.€The€profession€has€a€responsibility€to€assure€that€its€regulations€are€conceivedÐ ¹" ! Ðin€the€public€interest€and€not€in€furtherance€of€parochial€or€self-interested€concerns€of€the€bar.Ð ¢#ò" ÐEvery€lawyer€is€responsible€for€observance€of€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.€A€lawyerÐ ‹$Û# Ðshould€also€aid€in€securing€their€observance€by€other€lawyers.€Neglect€of€these€responsibilitiesÐ t%Ä $ Ðcompromises€the€independence€of€the€profession€and€the€public€interest€which€it€serves.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[13]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔLawyers€play€a€vital€role€in€the€preservation€of€society.€The€fulfillment€of€this€roleÐ /(#' Ðrequires€an€understanding€by€lawyers€of€their€relation‚ship€to€our€legal€system.€The€Rules€ofÐ )h$( ÐProfessional€Conduct,€when€properly€applied,€serve€to€define€that€relationship.Ð *Q%) ÐÌà@††'ìàò òÔ  ÔSCOPEÔ Ð©yÔ€ó óˆÐ Ó+#'+ ÐÑ&Oa Ñâ &âѰ°Ñâ &âÑ  ÑÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[1]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€are€rules€of€reason.€They€should€be€interpretedÐ ™é Ðwith€reference€to€the€purposes€of€legal€representation€and€of€the€law€itself.€Some€of€the€Rules€areÐ ‚Ò Ðimperatives,€cast€in€the€terms€"shall"€or€"shall€not."€These€define€proper€conduct€for€purposes€ofÐ k» Ðprofessional€disci‚pline.€Others,€generally€cast€in€the€term€"may,"€are€permissive€and€define€areasÐ T¤ Ðunder€the€Rules€in€which€the€lawyer€has€professional€discretion.€No€disciplinary€action€should€beÐ =  Ðtaken€when€the€lawyer€chooses€not€to€act€or€acts€within€the€bounds€of€such€discretion.€OtherÐ & v ÐRules€define€the€nature€of€relationships€between€the€lawyer€and€others.€The€Rules€are€thus€partlyÐ  _ Ðobligatory€and€disciplinary€and€partly€constitutive€and€descriptive€in€that€they€define€a€lawyer'sÐ ø H Ðprofessional€role.€Many€of€the€Comments€use€the€term€"should."€Comments€do€not€addÐ á 1  Ðobligations€to€the€Rules€but€provide€either€additional€guid‚ance€for€practicing€in€compliance€withÐ Ê   Ðthe€Rules€or€make€suggestions€about€good€practice€which€lawyers€would€be€well„advised€to€heedÐ ³  Ðeven€though€the€Rules€do€not€require€them€to€do€so.Ð œì  ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[2]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€Rules€presuppose€a€larger€legal€context€shaping€the€lawyer's€role.€That€contextÐ n¾  Ðincludes€court€rules€and€statutes€relating€to€matters€of€Ô_ÔlicensureÔ_Ô,€laws€defining€specificÐ W§  Ðobligations€of€lawyers€and€substantive€and€procedural€law€in€general.€Compliance€with€theÐ @ ÐRules,€as€with€all€law€in€an€open€society,€depends€primarily€upon€understanding€and€voluntaryÐ )y Ðcompli‚ance,€secondarily€upon€reinforcement€by€peer€and€public€opinion€and€finally,€whenÐ b Ðnecessary,€upon€enforcement€through€disciplinary€proceedings.€The€Rules€do€not,€however,Ð ûK Ðexhaust€the€moral€and€ethical€considerations€that€should€inform€a€lawyer,€for€no€worthwhileÐ ä4 Ðhuman€activity€can€be€completely€defined€by€legal€rules.€The€Rules€simply€provide€a€frameworkÐ Í Ðfor€the€ethical€practice€of€law.Ð ¶ ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[3]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔFurthermore,€for€purposes€of€determining€the€lawyer's€authority€and€responsibility,Ð ˆØ Ðprinciples€of€substantive€law€external€to€these€Rules€determine€whether€a€client-lawyerÐ qÁ Ðrelationship€exists.€Most€of€the€duties€flowing€from€the€client-lawyer€relationship€attach€onlyÐ Zª Ðafter€the€client€has€requested€the€lawyer€to€render€legal€services€and€the€lawyer€has€agreed€to€doÐ C“ Ðso.€But€there€are€some€duties,€such€as€that€of€confidentiality€under€Rule€1.6,€that€may€attachÐ ,| Ðwhen€the€lawyer€agrees€to€consider€whether€a€client-lawyer€relation‚ship€shall€be€established.Ð e ÐWhether€a€client-lawyer€relationship€exists€for€any€specific€purpose€can€depend€on€theÐ þN Ðcircumstances€and€may€be€a€question€of€fact.Ð ç 7 ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[4]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔUnder€various€legal€provisions,€including€constitutional,€statutory€and€common€law,Ð ¹" ! Ðthe€responsibilities€of€government€lawyers€mayÔf  Ô€Ôg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôdiffer€from€those€of€lawyersÔf  ÔÔg Ô€in€privateÐ ¢#ò" Ðclient-lawyer€relationships.€For€example,Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô€in€certain€circumstances,€the€Attorney€General€ofÐ ‹$Û# ÐTennesseeÔf  ÔÔg Ô€haÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔsÔf  ÔÔg Ô€authority€on€behalf€of€the€government€to€decide€upon€settlement€or€whether€toÐ t%Ä $ Ðappeal€from€an€adverse€Ô_ÔjudgmenÔ_Ô€Ôg Ô€lawyers€employed€by€the€federal€government.€€Also,€certainÐ ]&­!% Ðgovernment€lawyers€under€the€supervision€of€these€officers€may€be€authorized€to€representÐ F'–"& Ðseveral€govern‚ment€agenciesÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€officers€or€employeesÔf  ÔÔg Ô€inÔf  ÔÔg Ô€legal€controversies€in€circumstancesÐ /(#' Ðwhere€a€private€lawyer€could€not€represent€multiple€private€clients.Ôf  ÔÔg Ô€Government€lawyers€inÐ )h$( ÐTennessee€are€also€subject€to€the€Open€Meetings€Act€as€interpreted€by€the€Tennessee€courts.€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÐ *Q%) ÐThey€also€may€have€authority€to€represent€the€"public€interest"€in€circumstances€where€a€privateÐ ê*:&* Ðlawyer€would€not€be€authorized€to€do€so.€These€Rules€are€not€intended€to€abrogate€the€powersÐ Ó+#'+ Ðand€responsibilities€of€government€lawyers€under€federal€law€or€under€the€constitution,€statutes,Ð ° Ðor€common€law€of€Tennessee.Ð ™é ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[5]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔFailure€to€comply€with€an€obligation€or€prohibition€imposed€by€a€Rule€is€a€basis€forÐ k» Ðinvoking€the€disciplinary€process.€The€Rules€presuppose€that€disciplinary€assessment€of€aÐ T¤ Ðlawyer's€conduct€will€be€made€on€the€basis€of€the€facts€and€circumstances€as€they€existed€at€theÐ =  Ðtime€of€the€conduct€in€question€and€in€recognition€of€the€fact€that€a€lawyer€often€has€to€act€uponÐ & v Ðuncertain€or€incomplete€evidence€of€the€situation.€Moreover,€the€Rules€presuppose€that€whetherÐ  _ Ðor€not€discipline€should€be€imposed€for€a€violation,€and€the€severity€of€a€sanction,€depend€on€allÐ ø H Ðthe€circumstances,€such€as€the€willfulness€and€seriousness€of€the€violation,€extenuating€factorsÐ á 1  Ðand€whether€there€have€been€previous€violations.Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[6]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔViolation€of€a€Rule€should€not€give€rise€to€a€cause€of€action€nor€should€it€create€anyÐ œì  Ðpresumption€that€a€legal€duty€has€been€breached.€The€Rules€are€designed€to€provide€guidance€toÐ …Õ  Ðlawyers€and€to€provide€a€structure€for€regulating€conduct€through€disciplinary€agencies.€They€areÐ n¾  Ðnot€designed€to€be€a€basis€for€civil€liability.€Furthermore,€the€purpose€of€the€Rules€can€beÐ W§  Ðsubverted€when€they€are€invoked€by€opposing€parties€as€procedural€weapons.€The€fact€that€aÐ @ ÐRule€is€a€just€basis€for€a€lawyer's€self-assessment,€or€for€sanctioning€a€lawyer€under€theÐ )y Ðadministration€of€a€disciplinary€authority,€does€not€imply€that€an€antagonist€in€a€collateralÐ b Ðproceeding€or€transaction€has€standing€to€seek€enforcement€of€the€Rule.€Accordingly,€nothing€inÐ ûK Ðthe€Rules€should€be€deemed€to€augment€any€substantive€legal€duty€of€lawyers€or€theÐ ä4 Ðextra-disciplinary€consequences€of€violating€such€a€duty.Ð Í ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[7]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔMoreover,€these€Rules€are€not€intended€to€govern€or€affect€judicial€application€ofÐ Ÿï Ðeither€the€attorney-client€or€work€product€privilege.€Those€privileges€were€developed€to€promoteÐ ˆØ Ðcompliance€with€law€and€fairness€in€litigation.€In€reliance€on€the€attorney-client€privilege,€clientsÐ qÁ Ðare€entitled€to€expect€that€communications€within€the€scope€of€the€privilege€will€be€protectedÐ Zª Ðagainst€compelled€disclosure.€The€attorney-client€privilege€is€that€of€the€client€and€not€of€theÐ C“ Ðlawyer.€The€fact€that€in€exceptional€situations€the€lawyer€under€the€Rules€has€a€limited€discretionÐ ,| Ðto€disclose€a€client€confidence€does€not€vitiate€the€proposition€that,€as€a€general€matter,€the€clientÐ e Ðhas€a€reasonable€expectation€that€information€relating€to€the€client€will€not€be€voluntarilyÐ þN Ðdisclosed€and€that€disclosure€of€such€information€may€be€judicially€compelled€only€inÐ ç 7 Ðaccordance€with€recognized€exceptions€to€the€attorney-client€and€work€product€privileges.Ð Ð!   ÐÌà  àÔf  ÔÔg Ô[8]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€lawyer's€exercise€of€discretion€not€to€disclose€information€when€permitted€to€doÐ ¢#ò" Ðso€by€Rule€1.6€should€not€be€subject€to€reexamination.€Permitting€such€reexamina‚tion€would€beÐ ‹$Û# Ðincompatible€with€the€general€policy€of€promoting€compliance€with€law€through€assurances€thatÐ t%Ä $ Ðcommunications€will€be€protected€against€disclosure.Ð ]&­!% ÐÌà  à[9]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔThe€Comment€accompanying€each€Rule€explains€and€illustrates€the€meaning€andÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘@U#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ /(#' Ðpurpose€of€the€Rule.€The€Preamble€and€this€note€on€Scope€provide€general€orientation.€TheÐ )h$( ÐComments€are€intended€either€as€guides€to€inter‚pretation€or€as€suggestions€of€good€practice,€butÐ *Q%) Ðthe€text€of€each€Rule€is€authoritative.Ð ê*:&* ÐÐ Ó+#'+ ÐÓ€‚[ÓÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘]#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘Ôò òÓ  ÓÔ  ÔÓ€ÓCHAPTER€1Ð ° ÐCLIENT„LAWYER€RELATIONSHIPÐ šê ÐÌÓ€:ŸÓÓ€ÓPROPOSED€RULE€1.0€Ð n¾ ÐÓ€°ŸÓÓ€ÓDEFINITIONS€ó óÐ X¨ ÐÔ r€-ŸÔÌÓ!ŸÓ(a)€"Belief"€or€"Believes"€denotes€that€the€person€involved€actually€supposed€the€fact€in€questionÐ + { Ðto€be€true.€A€person's€belief€may€be€inferred€from€circumstances.Ð  d ÐÓ€ÿŸÓÓ´Œ€ÓÌ(b)€ð ðConsents€in€Writingðð€or€ð ðWritten€Consentðð€denotes€either€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€a€written€consent€executed€byÐ æ 6  Ða€client,€or€(ii)€oral€consent€given€by€a€client€which€the€lawyer€confirms€in€writing€in€a€mannerÐ Ï   Ðwhich€can€be€easily€understood€by€the€client€and€which€is€promptly€transmitted€to€the€clientÔf  ÔÔg Ô€byÐ ¸  Ðmeans€reasonably€calculated€to€reach€the€clientÔf  ÔÔg Ô.Ð ¡ñ  Ðà  àÌ(c)€"Consult"€or€"Consultation"€denotes€communication€of€information€reasonably€sufficient€toÐ sà  Ðpermit€the€client€to€appreciate€the€significance€of€the€matter€in€question.Ð \¬  ÐÌ(d)€"Firm"€or€"Law€Firm"€denotes€a€lawyer€or€lawyers€in€a€private€firm,€lawyers€employed€in€theÐ .~ Ðlegal€department€of€a€corporation,€government€agency,€or€other€organiza‚tion€and€lawyersÐ g Ðemployed€in€a€legal€services€organization.€See€Comment,€Rule€1.10.Ð P Ðà  àÌ(e)€"Fraudðð€or€ð ðFraudulent"€denotes€an€intentionally€false€or€misleading€statement€of€materialÐ Ò" Ðfact,€an€intentional€omission€from€a€statement€of€fact€of€such€additional€information€as€would€beÐ »  Ðnecessary€to€make€the€statements€made€not€materially€misleading,€and€such€other€conduct€by€aÐ ¤ô Ðperson€intended€to€deceive€a€person€or€tribunal€with€respect€to€a€material€issue€in€a€proceeding€orÐ Ý Ðother€matter.€à ` àÐ vÆ ÐÌ(f)€"Knowingly,"€"Known,"€or€"Knows"€denotes€actual€awareness€of€the€fact€in€question.€AÐ H˜ Ðperson's€knowledge€may€be€inferred€from€circum‚stances.Ð 1 Ðà  àÌ(g)€"Material"€denotes€something€which€a€reasonable€person€would€consider€important€inÐ  S Ðassessing€or€determining€how€to€act€in€a€matter.€€€€Ð ì < ÐÌ(h)€ð ðPartnerðð€denotes€a€partner€in€a€law€firm€organized€as€a€partnership€or€professional€limitedÐ ¾"! Ðliability€partnership,€a€shareholder€in€law€firm€organized€as€a€professional€corporation,€a€memberÐ §#÷" Ðin€a€law€firm€organized€as€a€professional€limited€liability€company,€or€Ôg Ôa€sole€practitioner€whoÐ $à# Ðemploys€other€lawyers€or€Ô_ÔnonlawyersÔ_Ô€in€connection€with€his€or€her€practice.Ð y%É $ ÐÌ(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€"Reasonable"€or€"Reasonably"€when€used€in€relation€to€conduct€by€a€lawyer€denotes€theÐ K'›"& Ðconduct€of€a€reasonably€prudent€and€competent€lawyer.Ð 4(„#' Ðà  àÌ(j)€"Reasonable€belief'ðð€or€"Reasonably€believes"€when€used€in€refer‚ence€to€a€lawyer€denotesÐ *V%) Ðthat€the€lawyer€believes€the€matter€in€question€and€that€the€circumstances€are€such€that€the€beliefÐ ï*?&* Ðis€reasonable.Ð Ø+('+ Ðà  àÌ(k)€"Reasonably€should€know"€when€used€in€reference€to€a€lawyer€denotes€that€a€lawyer€ofÐ ™é Ðreasonable€prudence€and€competence€would€ascertain€the€matter€in€question.Ð ‚Ò Ðà  àÌ(l)€"Substantial"€denotes€something€that€is€not€only€material€but€also€of€clear€and€weightyÐ T¤ Ðimportance.Ð =  Ѐ€€€Ð & v Ð(m)€"Tribunal"€denotes€a€court€or€other€adjudicative€body.Ó€<¡Óò òÐ  _ ÐÓ  ÓCOMMENTó óÐ l ¼  ÐÓÑ®ÓÔ‡2ÉqX2X;‘ÔÓ€Óà  àÔ#†2X;‘X2Éq ¯#ÔIn€circumstances€in€which€these€rules€require€either€consent€in€writing€or€written€consent,Ð Ë   Ðthe€requirement€may€be€satisfied€by€an€electronic€transmissionÔf  Ô€Ôg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôthat€is€reasonably€calculated€toÐ ´  Ðreach€the€client,€provided€thatÔf  ÔÔg Ô€the€transmission€can€be€reduced€to€writing€or€permanently€retainedÐ í  Ðin€electronic€format.Ð †Ö  ÐÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘ÿž#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ  X¨  Ðò òÓ  ÓPROPOSED€RULE€1.1€Ð ° ÐCOMPETENCEó óÐ šê ÐÓ‹±ÓÌA€lawyer€shall€provide€competent€representation€to€a€client.€Competent€representation€requiresÐ m½ Ðthe€legal€knowledge,€skill,€thor‚oughness€and€preparation€reasonably€necessary€for€the€Ð V¦ Ðrepresenta‚tion.Ð ?  ÐÌÓ  Ó€ò òCOMMENTó óÐ  a ÐÓö²Óò òÓ  ÓÌLegal€Knowledge€and€Skilló óÐ ç 7  ÐÓ8³ÓÌà  à[1]€In€determining€whether€a€lawyer€employs€the€requisite€knowledge€and€skill€in€aÐ º  Ðparticular€matter,€relevant€factors€include€the€relative€complexi‚ty€and€specialized€nature€of€theÐ £ó  Ðmatter,€the€lawyer's€general€experience,€the€lawyer's€training€and€experience€in€the€field€inÐ ŒÜ  Ðquestion,€the€preparation€and€study€the€lawyer€is€able€to€give€the€matter€and€whether€it€is€feasibleÐ uÅ  Ðto€refer€the€matter€to,€or€associate€or€consult€with,€a€lawyer€of€established€competence€in€theÐ ^®  Ðfield€in€question.€In€many€instances,€the€required€proficiency€is€that€of€a€general€practitioner.Ð G— ÐExpertise€in€a€particular€field€of€law€may€be€required€in€some€circumstances.Ð 0€ ÐÌà  à[2]€A€lawyer€need€not€necessarily€have€special€training€or€prior€experi‚ence€to€handleÐ R Ðlegal€problems€of€a€type€with€which€the€lawyer€is€unfamiliar.€A€newly€admitted€lawyer€can€be€asÐ ë; Ðcompetent€as€a€practitioner€with€long€experience.€Some€important€legal€skills,€such€as€theÐ Ô$ Ðanalysis€of€precedent,€the€evaluation€of€evidence€and€legal€drafting,€are€required€in€all€legalÐ ½  Ðproblems.€Perhaps€the€most€fundamental€legal€skill€consists€of€determining€what€kind€of€legalÐ ¦ö Ðproblems€a€situation€may€involve,€a€skill€that€necessarily€transcends€any€particular€specializedÐ ß Ðknowledge.€A€lawyer€can€provide€ade‚quate€representation€in€a€wholly€novel€field€throughÐ xÈ Ðnecessary€study.€Compe‚tent€representation€can€also€be€provided€through€the€association€of€aÐ a± Ðlawyer€of€established€competence€in€the€field€in€question.Ð Jš ÐÌà  à[3]Ôf  Ô€Ôg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔIn€a€situation€in€which€a€client€is€threatened€with€imminent€and€irreparable€harm,Ôf  ÔÔg Ô€aÐ l Ðlawyer€may€give€advice€or€assistance€in€a€matter€in€which€the€lawyer€does€not€have€the€skillÐ  U Ðordinarily€required€where€referral€to€or€consultation€or€association€with€another€lawyer€would€beÐ î > Ðimpractical.€Even€inÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô€such€a€situationÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€however,€assistance€should€be€limited€to€that€reason‚ablyÐ ×!'  Ðnecessary€in€the€circumstances,€for€ill„considered€action€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôcan€jeopardize€the€client's€interest.Ð À"! ÐÌà  à[4]€A€lawyer€may€accept€representation€where€the€requisite€level€of€competence€can€beÐ ’$â# Ðachieved€by€reasonable€preparation.€This€applies€as€well€to€a€lawyer€who€is€appointed€as€counselÐ {%Ë $ Ðfor€an€unrepresented€person.€See€also€Rule€6.2.Ð d&´!% ÐÌò òÓ  ÓThoroughness€and€Preparationó óÐ 6(†#' ÐÓœ¾ÓÌà  à[5]€Competent€handling€of€a€particular€matter€includes€inquiry€into€and€analysis€of€theÐ  *Y%) Ðfactual€and€legal€elements€of€the€problem,€and€use€of€methods€and€procedures€meeting€theÐ ò*B&* Ðstandards€of€competent€practitioners.€It€also€includes€adequate€preparation.€The€requiredÐ Û++'+ Ðattention€and€preparation€are€determined€in€part€by€what€is€at€stake;€major€litigation€and€complexÐ ° Ðtransac‚tions€ordinarily€require€more€elaborate€treatment€than€matters€of€lesser€consequence.Ð ™é ÐÌò òÓ  ÓMaintaining€Competenceó ó€Ð k» ÐÓ-ÁÓÌà  à[6]€To€maintain€the€requisite€knowledge€and€skill,€a€lawyer€should€engage€in€regularÐ @  Ðcontinuing€study€and€education€which€is€pertinent€to€the€lawyerððs€practice€and€shouldÐ ) y Ðconscientiously€satisfy€all€requirements€for€continuing€legal€education€in€all€jurisdictions€inÐ  b Ðwhich€the€lawyer€is€licensed€to€practice€law.€If€a€system€of€peer€review€has€been€established,€theÐ û K Ðlawyer€should€consider€making€use€of€it€in€appropriate€circumstances.Ð ä 4  ÐÌÓ  Óò òÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ ¶  ÐÓ¡ÃÓÌó óð ðReasonablyðð€€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð ŠÚ  ÐÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘T±#ÔÐ  \¬  ÐÔ  ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôà  àà@"ìàò òPROPOSED€RULE€1.2ˆà È àÐ ° Ðà@ûûìàSCOPE€OF€THE€REPRESENTATION€AND€THE€ALLOCATION€OF€ˆÐ šê ÐÓ  ÓAUTHORITY€BETWEEN€THE€LAWYER€AND€CLIENTÐ „Ô ÐÓwÅÓó óÔ to§ÄÔÌ(a)€Subject€to€paragraphs€(c)€and€(d),€a€lawyer€shall€abide€by€a€client's€decisions€concerning€theÐ W§ Ðobjectives€of€the€representation€and€may€take€such€action€on€behalf€of€the€client€as€is€impliedlyÐ @  Ðauthorized€to€carry€out€the€representation€€A€lawyer€shall€abide€by€a€client's€decision€whether€toÐ ) y Ðsettle€a€matter.€€In€a€criminal€case,€the€lawyer€shall€abide€by€the€client's€decision€as€to€a€plea€toÐ  b Ðbe€entered,€whether€to€waive€jury€trial,€and€whether€the€client€will€testify.Ð û K ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer's€representation€of€a€client,€including€representation€by€appointment,€does€notÐ Í   Ðconstitute€an€endorsement€of€the€client's€political,€economic,€social€or€moral€views€or€activities.€Ð ¶  ÐÌ(c)€A€lawyer€may€limit€the€€scope€of€a€clientððs€representation€if€the€limitation€is€reasonable€underÐ ˆØ  Ðthe€circumstances€and€the€client€gives€consent,€preferably€in€writing,€after€consultation.€Ð qÁ  ÐÌ(d)€A€lawyer€shall€not€counsel€a€client€to€engage,€or€assist€a€client,€in€conduct€that€the€lawyerÐ C“ Ðknows€or€reasonably€should€know€is€criminal€or€fraudulent,€but€a€lawyer€may€discuss€the€legalÐ ,| Ðconsequences€of€any€proposed€course€of€conduct€with€a€client€and€may€counsel€or€assist€a€clientÐ e Ðto€make€a€good€faith€effort€to€determine€the€validity,€scope,€meaning€or€application€of€the€law.Ð þN ÐÌà@ÌÌ'ìàò òCOMMENTó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓAllocation€of€Authority€Between€Client€and€LawyerÐ £ó ÐÓ ÌÓÌà  àó ó[1]€Both€lawyer€and€client€have€authority€and€responsibility€in€the€objectives€and€meansÐ wÇ Ðof€representation.€The€client€has€ultimate€authority€to€determine€the€purposes€to€be€served€byÐ `° Ðlegal€representation,€within€the€limits€imposed€by€law€and€the€lawyer's€professional€obligations.€Ð I™ ÐAlso,€the€decisions€specified€in€paragraph€(a),€such€as€whether€to€settle€a€civil€matter,€must€beÐ 2‚ Ðmade€by€the€client.€€Other€decisions€may€be€made€by€the€lawyer€pursuant€to€the€lawyerððs€impliedÐ k Ðauthority€to€take€action€necessary€to€carry€out€the€representation,€subject€to€the€lawyerððs€duty€toÐ  T Ðkeep€the€client€reasonably€informed€about€the€status€of€the€representation.€€See€Rule€1.4.òò€€óóA€clearÐ í = Ðdistinction€between€objectives€and€means€sometimes€cannot€be€drawn,€and€in€many€cases€theÐ Ö!&  Ðclient„lawyer€relationship€partakes€of€a€joint€undertaking.€In€questions€of€means,€for€example,Ð ¿"! Ðthe€lawyer€normally€will€assume€responsibility€for€technical€and€legal€tactical€issues,€but€usuallyÐ ¨#ø" Ðwill€defer€to€the€client€regarding€such€questions€as€the€expense€to€be€incurred€and€concern€forÐ ‘$á# Ðthird€persons€who€might€be€adversely€affected.€Law€defining€the€lawyer's€scope€of€authority€inÐ z%Ê $ Ðlitigation€varies€among€jurisdictions.€€òòÐ c&³!% ÐÌóóà  à[2]€Paragraph€(a)€recognizes€that€clients€normally€defer€to€the€special€knowledge€andÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðskill€of€their€lawyer.€€At€the€same€time,€a€lawyer€is€not€required€to€pursue€objectives€or€employÐ )l$( Ðmeans€simply€because€a€client€may€instruct€the€lawyer€do€so.€Although€a€lawyer,€as€an€agent,Ð *U%) Ðnormally€must€abide€by€the€clientððs€instructions€with€respect€to€the€representation,€a€lawyer€mayÐ î*>&* Ðalways€refuse€to€engage€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€to€be€unlawful€orÐ ×+''+ Ðprohibited€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€and€may€take€action€that€the€lawyer€reasonablyÐ ° Ðbelieves€to€be€required€by€law€or€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct.€€Also,€if€a€lawyer€has€aÐ ™é Ðfundamental€disagreement€with€the€client€about€the€clientððs€objectives€or€the€means€to€be€used€toÐ ‚Ò Ðaccomplish€them,€the€lawyer€may€withdraw€from€the€representation.€€See€Rule€1.16.Ð k» ÐÌà  à[3]€Communication€between€the€lawyer€and€the€client€is€necessary€for€the€client€toÐ =  Ðeffectively€participate€in€decisions€relating€to€clientððs€representation.€€The€lawyer€must,Ð & v Ðtherefore,€keep€the€client€reasonably€informed€about€the€lawyerððs€actions€on€behalf€of€the€client.€Ð  _ ÐSee€Rule€1.4.€Ð ø H ÐÌà  à[4]€At€the€outset€of€a€representation,€the€client€may€authorize€the€lawyer€to€take€action€onÐ Ê   Ðthe€clientððs€behalf€without€further€consultation.€€Ordinarily,€a€lawyer€may€rely€on€such€anÐ ³  Ðadvance€authorization.€€The€client€may,€however,€revoke€such€authority€at€any€time,€and€aÐ œì  Ðlawyer€may€not€rely€on€an€advance€authorization€if€there€has€been€such€a€material€change€in€theÐ …Õ  Ðcircumstances€known€to€the€lawyer€that€the€clientððs€prior€authorization€can€no€longer€be€regardedÐ n¾  Ðas€an€adequately€informed€decision.€Ð W§  ÐÌà  à[5]€€In€a€case€in€which€the€client€appears€to€be€suffering€mental€disability,€the€lawyer'sÐ )y Ðduty€to€abide€by€the€client's€decisions€is€to€be€guided€by€reference€to€Rule€1.14.Ð b ÐÌò òÓ  ÓIndependence€From€Client's€Views€or€ActivitiesÐ ä4 ÐÓ6ÛÓà  àÌó óà  à[6]€Legal€representation€should€not€be€being€denied€to€people€who€are€unable€to€affordÐ ¸ Ðlegal€services,€or€whose€cause€is€controversial€or€the€subject€of€popular€disapproval.€By€the€sameÐ ¡ñ Ðtoken,€representing€a€client€does€not€constitute€approval€of€the€client's€views€or€activities.Ð ŠÚ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓAgreements€Limiting€the€Scope€of€the€RepresentationÐ \¬ ÐÓ ÝÓÌó óà  à[7]€The€scope€of€services€to€be€provided€by€a€lawyer€may€be€limited€by€agreement€withÐ 0€ Ðthe€client€or€by€the€terms€under€which€the€lawyer's€services€are€made€available€to€the€client.Ð i ÐWhen€a€lawyer€has€been€retained€by€an€insurer€to€represent€an€insured,€for€example,€theÐ  R Ðrepresentation€may€be€limited€to€matters€related€to€the€insurance€coverage.€A€limitedÐ ë ; Ðrepresentation€may€be€appropriate€because€the€client€has€limited€objectives€for€theÐ Ô!$  Ðrepresentation.€In€addition,€the€terms€upon€which€representation€is€undertaken€may€excludeÐ ½" ! Ðspecific€means€that€might€otherwise€be€used€to€accomplish€the€clientððs€objectives.€SuchÐ ¦#ö" Ðlimitations€may€exclude€actions€that€the€client€thinks€are€too€costly€or€that€the€lawyer€regards€asÐ $ß# Ðrepugnant€or€imprudent.Ð x%È $ Ðà  àÌà  à[8]€Although€this€Rule€affords€the€lawyer€and€client€substantial€latitude€to€limit€theÐ J'š"& Ðrepresentation,€the€limitation€must€be€reasonable€under€the€circumstances.€If,€for€example,€aÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðclientððs€objective€is€limited€to€securing€general€information€about€the€law€the€client€needs€inÐ )l$( Ðorder€to€handle€a€common€and€typically€uncomplicated€legal€problem,€the€lawyer€and€client€mayÐ *U%) Ðagree€that€the€lawyerððs€services€will€be€limited€to€a€brief€telephone€consultation.€Such€aÐ î*>&* Ðlimitation,€however,€would€not€be€reasonable€if€the€time€allotted€was€not€sufficient€to€yieldÐ ×+''+ Ðadvice€upon€which€the€client€could€rely.€Although€an€agreement€for€a€limited€representation€doesÐ ° Ðnot€exempt€a€lawyer€from€the€duty€to€provide€competent€representation,€the€limitation€is€a€factorÐ ™é Ðto€be€considered€when€determining€the€legal€knowledge,€skill,€thoroughness€and€preparationÐ ‚Ò Ðreasonably€necessary€for€the€representation.€€See€Rule€1.1.Ð k» ÐÌà  à[9]€€Other€agreements€concerning€a€lawyerððs€representation€of€a€client€must€accord€withÐ =  Ðthe€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€and€other€law.€€See,€e.g.,€Rules€1.1,1.8,€and€5.6.Ð & v ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCriminal,€Fraudulent€and€Prohibited€Transactions€Ð ø H ÐÓqæÓÌó óà  à[10]€Paragraph€(d)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€counseling€or€assisting€a€client€to€engage€inÐ Ì   Ðconduct€that€the€lawyer€knows€or€reasonably€should€know€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€ThisÐ µ  Ðprohibition,€however,€does€not€preclude€the€lawyer€from€giving€an€honest€opinion€about€theÐ žî  Ðactual€consequences€that€appear€likely€to€result€from€a€client's€conduct.€€Nor€does€the€fact€that€aÐ ‡×  Ðclient€uses€advice€in€a€course€of€action€that€is€criminal€or€fraudulent€of€itself€make€a€lawyer€aÐ pÀ  Ðparty€to€the€course€of€action.€There€is€a€critical€distinction€between€presenting€an€analysis€ofÐ Y©  Ðlegal€aspects€of€questionable€conduct€and€recommending€the€means€by€which€a€crime€or€fraudÐ B’ Ðmight€be€committed€with€impunity.Ð +{ ÐÌà  à[11]€When€the€client's€course€of€action€has€already€begun€and€is€continuing,€the€lawyer'sÐ ýM Ðresponsibility€is€especially€delicate.€The€lawyer€may€be€permitted€but€is€not€required€by€Rule€1.6Ð æ6 Ðto€reveal€the€client's€wrongdoing.€In€any€case,€however,€the€lawyer€is€required€to€avoidÐ Ï Ðfurthering€the€purpose,€for€example,€by€suggesting€how€it€might€be€concealed.€A€lawyer€may€notÐ ¸ Ðcontinue€assisting€a€client€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€originally€supposed€was€legally€proper€butÐ ¡ñ Ðthen€discovers€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€The€lawyer€must,€therefore,€withdraw€from€theÐ ŠÚ Ðrepresentation€of€the€client€in€the€matter.€€See€Rule€1.16(a).€€Ð sà ÐÌà  à[12]€Where€the€client€is€a€fiduciary,€the€lawyer€may€be€charged€with€special€obligationsÐ E• Ðin€dealings€with€a€beneficiary.Ð .~ ÐÌà  à[13]€Paragraph€(d)€applies€whether€or€not€the€defrauded€party€is€a€party€to€the€transaction.Ð  P ÐHence,€a€lawyer€must€not€participate€in€a€sham€transaction;€for€example,€a€transaction€toÐ é 9 Ðeffectuate€criminal€or€fraudulent€escape€of€tax€liability.€Paragraph€(d)€does€not€precludeÐ Ò!"  Ðundertaking€a€criminal€defense€incident€to€a€general€retainer€for€legal€services€to€a€lawfulÐ »" ! Ðenterprise.€The€last€clause€of€paragraph€€(d)€recognizes€that€determining€the€validity€orÐ ¤#ô" Ðinterpretation€of€a€statute€or€regulation€may€require€a€course€of€action€involving€disobedience€ofÐ $Ý# Ðthe€statute€or€regulation€or€of€the€interpretation€placed€upon€it€by€governmental€authorities.Ð v%Æ $ Ðà  àÌà  à[14]€If€a€lawyer€comes€to€know€or€reasonably€should€know€that€a€client€expectsÐ H'˜"& Ðassistance€not€permitted€by€the€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€or€other€law,€or€if€the€lawyerÐ 1(#' Ðintends€to€act€contrary€to€the€clientððs€instructions,€the€lawyer€must€consult€with€the€clientÐ )j$( Ðregarding€the€€limitations€on€the€lawyerððs€conduct.€See€Rule€1.4.Ð *S%) ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ Õ+%'+ Ðó óÓÏòÓÌð ðReasonableðð€€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð ™é Ðð ðConsultationðð€See€Rule€1.0(c)Ð ‚Ò Ðð ðKnowsðð€€See€Rule€1.0(f)Ð k» Ðð ðReasonably€Should€Knowðð€€See€Rule€1.0(k)Ð T¤ Ðð ðFraudulentðð€€See€Rule€1.0(e)Ð =  Ðò òÐ  & v ÐÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔÓ  ÓÔ  ÔPROPOSED€RULE€1.3Ð ° ÐDILIGENCEÔ ÓÙôÔó óÐ šê ÐÓÍôÓò òÌó óA€lawyer€shall€act€with€reasonable€diligence€and€promptness€in€representing€a€client.Ð n¾ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCOMMENTó óÐ @  ÐÓÅõÓÌà  à[1]€A€lawyer€should€pursue€a€matter€on€behalf€of€a€client€despite€opposition,€obstructionÐ  c Ðor€personal€inconvenience€to€the€lawyer,€and€may€take€whatever€lawful€and€ethical€measures€areÐ ü L Ðrequired€to€vindicate€a€client's€cause€or€endeavor.€A€lawyer€should€act€with€commitment€andÐ å 5  Ðdedication€to€the€interests€of€the€client€and€with€zeal€in€advocacy€upon€the€client's€behalf.Ð Î   ÐHowever,€a€lawyer€is€not€bound€to€press€for€every€advantage€that€might€be€realized€for€a€client.Ð ·  ÐUnless€instructed€by€a€client€to€the€contrary,€a€lawyer€has€professional€discretion€in€determiningÐ  ð  Ðthe€means€by€which€a€matter€should€be€pursued,€and€the€lawyer€is€not€required€to€abide€byÐ ‰Ù  Ðunreasonable€client€instructions.€€See€Rule€1.2.€A€lawyer's€work€load€should€be€controlled€so€thatÐ r  Ðeach€matter€can€be€handled€adequately.Ð [«  ÐÌà  à[2]€Perhaps€no€professional€shortcoming€is€more€widely€resented€than€procrastination.€AÐ -} Ðclient's€interests€often€can€be€adversely€affected€by€the€passage€of€time€or€the€change€ofÐ f Ðconditions;€in€extreme€instances,€as€when€a€lawyer€overlooks€a€statute€of€limitations,€the€client'sÐ ÿO Ðlegal€position€may€be€destroyed.€Even€when€the€client's€interests€are€not€affected€in€substance,Ð è8 Ðhowever,€unreasonable€delay€can€cause€a€client€needless€anxiety€and€undermine€confidence€inÐ Ñ! Ðthe€lawyer's€trustworthiness.Ð º  ÐÌà  à[3]€Unless€the€relationship€is€terminated€as€provided€in€Rule€1.16,€a€lawyer€should€carryÐ ŒÜ Ðthrough€to€conclusion€all€matters€undertaken€for€a€client.€If€a€lawyer's€employment€is€limited€to€aÐ uÅ Ðspecific€matter,€the€relationship€terminates€when€the€matter€has€been€resolved.€If€a€lawyer€hasÐ ^® Ðserved€a€client€over€a€substantial€period€in€a€variety€of€matters,€the€client€sometimes€may€assumeÐ G— Ðthat€the€lawyer€will€continue€to€serve€on€a€continuing€basis€unless€the€lawyer€gives€notice€ofÐ 0€ Ðwithdrawal.€Doubt€about€whether€a€client‚„lawyer€relationship€still€exists€should€be€clarified€byÐ i Ðthe€lawyer,€preferably€in€writing,€so€that€the€client€will€not€mistakenly€suppose€the€lawyer€isÐ  R Ðlooking€after€the€client's€affairs€when€the€lawyer€has€ceased€to€do€so.€For€example,€if€a€lawyerÐ ë ; Ðhas€handled€a€judicial€or€administrative€proceeding€that€produced€a€result€adverse€to€the€clientÐ Ô!$  Ðbut€has€not€been€specifically€instructed€concerning€pursuit€of€an€appeal,€the€lawyer€should€adviseÐ ½" ! Ðthe€client€of€the€possibility€of€appeal€before€relinquishing€responsibility€for€the€matter.Ð ¦#ö" ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ x%È $ Ðó óÓcÓÌð ðReasonableðð€€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð K'›"& Ðò òÓ  ÓÌÓ0ÓÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘™ô#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ  )n$( ÐÓ  ÓÔ  ÔPROPOSED€RULE€1.4€Ð ° ÐCOMMUNICATIONÐ šê ÐÓ¤ÓÔ Ó°ÔÌó ó(a)€A€lawyer€shall€keep€a€client€reasonably€informed€about€the€status€of€a€matter€and€complyÐ n¾ Ðwith€reasonable€requests€for€information€within€a€reasonable€time.Ð W§ ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer€shall€explain€a€matter€to€the€extent€reasonably€necessary€to€permit€the€client€toÐ ) y Ðmake€informed€decisions€regarding€the€representation.Ð  b Ðò òÌÓ  ÓCOMMENTó óÐ å 5  ÐÓ·ÓÌÓ  Óò òKeeping€the€Client€Reasonably€Informedó óÐ ¸  ÐÓóÓÌà  à[1]€Reasonable€communication€between€the€lawyer€and€the€client€is€necessary€for€theÐ ‹Û  Ðclient€to€effectively€participate€in€the€representation.€When€a€decision€about€the€representationÐ tÄ  Ðmust€be€made€by€the€client,€the€lawyer€must€consult€with€and€secure€the€clientððs€consent€prior€toÐ ]­  Ðtaking€action.€€Thus,€a€lawyer€who€receives€from€opposing€counsel€an€offer€of€settlement€in€aÐ F– Ðcivil€controversy€or€a€proffered€plea€bargain€in€a€criminal€case€should€promptly€inform€the€clientÐ / Ðof€its€substance,€unless€prior€discussions€with€the€client€have€left€it€clear€that€the€proposal€wouldÐ h Ðbe€unacceptable.€€With€respect€to€the€decisions€for€which€the€clientððs€prior€consent€is€notÐ Q Ðrequired€by€Rule€1.2,€the€lawyerððs€responsibility€is€to€keep€the€client€reasonably€informed.€InÐ ê: Ðsome€situations€„„€depending€on€both€the€importance€of€the€action€under€consideration€and€theÐ Ó# Ðfeasibility€of€consulting€with€the€client€„„€this€duty€will€require€consultation€prior€to€taking€theÐ ¼  Ðaction.€€In€other€circumstances,€such€as€during€a€trial€when€an€immediate€decision€must€be€made,Ð ¥õ Ðpractical€exigency€may€also€require€a€lawyer€to€act€for€a€client€without€prior€consultation.€€InÐ ŽÞ Ðsuch€cases,€and€in€other€situations€in€which€the€client€has€impliedly€or€expressly€delegatedÐ wÇ Ðauthority€to€the€lawyer€to€take€action€without€prior€consultation,€the€lawyer€must€nonetheless€actÐ `° Ðreasonably€to€keep€the€client€informed€of€actions€the€lawyer€has€taken€on€the€clientððs€behalf.Ð I™ ÐòòÌÓ  Óò òóóExplaining€Mattersó óÐ i ÐÓ8 ÓÌà  à[2]€The€client€should€have€sufficient€information€to€participate€intelligently€in€decisionsÐ ì < Ðconcerning€the€objectives€of€the€representation€and€the€means€by€which€they€are€to€be€pursued,Ð Õ!%  Ðto€the€extent€the€client€is€willing€and€able€to€do€so.€€For€example,€a€lawyer€negotiating€on€behalfÐ ¾"! Ðof€a€client€should€provide€the€client€with€facts€relevant€to€the€matter,€inform€the€client€ofÐ §#÷" Ðcommunications€from€another€party€and€take€other€reasonable€steps€that€permit€the€client€toÐ $à# Ðmake€a€decision€regarding€a€serious€offer€from€another€party.€Ð y%É $ ÐÌà  à[3]€Ordinarily,€the€information€to€be€provided€is€that€appropriate€for€a€client€who€is€aÐ K'›"& Ðcomprehending€and€responsible€adult.€€However,€fully€informing€the€client€according€to€thisÐ 4(„#' Ðstandard€may€be€impracticable,€for€example,€where€the€client€is€a€child€or€suffers€from€mentalÐ )m$( Ðdisability.€€See€Rule€1.14.€€When€the€client€is€an€organization€or€group,€it€is€often€impossible€orÐ *V%) Ðinappropriate€to€inform€every€one€of€its€members€about€its€legal€affairs;€ordinarily,€the€lawyerÐ ï*?&* Ðshould€address€communications€to€the€appropriate€officials€of€the€organization.€€See€Rule€1.13.€Ð Ø+('+ ÐWhere€many€routine€matters€are€involved,€a€system€of€limited€or€occasional€reporting€may€beÐ ° Ðarranged€with€the€client.€Practical€exigency€may€also€require€a€lawyer€to€act€for€a€client€withoutÐ ™é Ðprior€consultation.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌò òÓ  ÓWithholding€Informationó óÐ T¤ ÐÓóÓÌà  à[4]€In€some€circumstances,€a€lawyer€may€be€justified€in€delaying€transmission€ofÐ ' w Ðinformation€when€the€client€would€be€likely€to€react€imprudently€to€an€immediateÐ  ` Ðcommunication.€Thus,€a€lawyer€might€withhold€a€psychiatric€diagnosis€of€a€client€when€theÐ ù I Ðexamining€psychiatrist€indicates€that€disclosure€would€harm€the€client.€A€lawyer€may€notÐ â 2  Ðwithhold€information€to€serve€the€lawyer's€own€interest€or€convenience.€Rules€or€court€ordersÐ Ë   Ðgoverning€litigation€may€provide€that€information€supplied€to€a€lawyer€may€not€be€disclosed€toÐ ´  Ðthe€client.€€Rule€3.4(c)€directs€compliance€with€such€rules€or€orders.Ð í  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ o¿  ÐÌÓ4Óó óð ðReasonableðð€and€ð ðReasonablyðð€€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð C“ ÐÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘p#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘Ôò òÓ  ÓÐ  e ÐÓ[ÓÓ  ÓÔ  ÔPROPOSED€RULE€1.5€Ð ° ÐFEESÐ šê ÐÓŒÓÔ Ó˜ÔÌó ó(a)€A€lawyer's€fee€and€charges€forÔf  Ô€Ôg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔexpensesÔf  ÔÔg Ô€shall€be€reasonable.€The€factors€to€be€consid‚ered€inÐ n¾ Ðdetermining€the€reasonableness€of€a€fee€include€the€follow‚ing:Ð W§ ÐÌà  à(1)€the€time€and€labor€required,€the€novelty€and€difficulty€of€the€questions€involved,€and€Ð ) y Ðà  àthe€skill€requisite€to€perform€the€legal€service€properly;Ð  b ÐÌà  à(2)€the€likelihood,€if€apparent€to€the€client,€that€the€accep‚tance€of€the€particular€à Ð àÐ ä 4  Ðà  àemployment€will€preclude€other€employ‚ment€by€the€lawyer;Ð Í   ÐÌà  à(3)€the€fee€customarily€charged€in€the€locality€for€similar€legal€services;Ð Ÿï  ÐÌà  à(4)€the€amount€involved€and€the€results€obtained;Ð qÁ  ÐÌà  à(5)€the€time€limitations€imposed€by€the€client€or€by€the€circumstances;Ð C“ ÐÌà  à(6)€the€nature€and€length€of€the€professional€relationship€with€the€client;Ð e ÐÌà  à(7)€the€experience,€reputation,€and€ability€of€the€lawyer€or€lawyers€performing€the€Ð ç7 Ðà  àservices;Ð Ð  Ðà  àÌà  à(8)€whether€the€fee€is€fixed€or€contingent;Ð ¢ò ÐÌà  à(9)€prior€advertisements€or€statements€by€the€lawyer€with€respect€to€the€fees€the€lawyer€Ð tÄ Ðà  àcharges;€andÐ ]­ Ðà  àà ` àÌà  à(10)€whether€the€fee€agreement€is€in€writing.€Ð / Ðò òÌó ó(b)€When€the€lawyer€has€not€regularly€represented€the€client,€the€basis€or€rate€of€the€fee€shall€beÐ  R Ðcommunicated€to€the€client,€prefera‚bly€in€writing,€before€or€within€a€reasonable€time€afterÐ ë ; Ðcommencing€the€representation.Ð Ô!$  ÐÌ(c)€€A€fee€may€be€contingent€on€the€outcome€of€the€matter€for€which€the€service€is€rendered,Ð ¦#ö" Ðexcept€in€a€matter€in€which€a€contin‚gent€fee€is€prohibited€by€paragraph€(d)€or€other€law.€€AÐ $ß# Ðcontingent€fee€agreement€shall€be€in€writing€and€signed€by€the€client€and€shall€state€the€methodÐ x%È $ Ðby€which€the€fee€is€to€be€determined,€including€the€percentage€or€percentages€that€shall€accrue€toÐ a&±!% Ðthe€lawyer€in€the€event€of€settle‚ment,€trial€or€appeal,€litigation€and€other€expenses€to€be€deductedÐ J'š"& Ðfrom€the€recovery,€and€whether€such€expenses€are€to€be€deducted€before€or€after€the€contingentÐ 3(ƒ#' Ðfee€is€calculated.€Upon€conclusion€of€a€contingent€fee€matter,€the€lawyer€shall€provide€the€clientÐ )l$( Ðwith€a€written€statement€stating€the€outcome€of€the€matter€and€whether€there€was€a€recovery,€andÐ *U%) Ðshowing€the€remittance,€if€any,€to€the€client€and€the€method€of€its€determination.Ð î*>&* ÐÐ ×+''+ Ð(d)€A€lawyer€shall€not€enter€into€an€arrangement€for,€charge,€or€collect:Ð ° Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à(1)€any€fee€in€a€domestic€relations€matter,€the€payment€or€amount€of€which€is€contingentÐ ‚Ò Ðupon€the€securing€of€a€divorce€or€the€award€of€custodial€rights,€or€upon€the€amount€ofÐ k» Ðalimony€or€support,€or€the€value€of€a€property€division€or€settlement,€unless€the€matterÐ T¤ Ðrelates€solely€to€the€collection€of€Ô_ÔarrearagesÔ_Ô€in€alimony€or€child€support€or€theÐ =  Ðenforcement€of€an€order€dividing€the€marital€estate€and€the€fee€arrangement€is€disclosedÐ & v Ðto€the€court;€or€Ð _(#(# ÐÌ€à  à(2)€a€contingent€fee€for€representing€a€defendant€in€a€crimi‚nal€case.Ð á 1  ÐÌ(e)€A€division€of€fee€between€lawyers€who€are€not€in€the€same€firm€may€be€made€only€if:Ð ³  Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  à(1)€the€division€is€in€proportion€to€the€services€performed€by€each€lawyer€or,€by€written€Ð …Õ  Ðà  àconsent€of€the€client,€each€law‚yer€assumes€joint€responsibility€for€the€à x àà Ð àÐ n¾  Ðà  àrepresentation;€andÐ W§  Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  à(2)€the€client€is€advised€of€and€does€not€object€to€the€partic‚ipation€of€all€the€lawyers€Ð )y Ðà  àinvolved;€andÐ b Ðà  àÌà  à(3)€the€total€fee€is€reasonable.Ð ä4 ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCOMMENTÐ ¶ ÐÌBasis€or€Rate€of€Feeó óÐ ŠÚ ÐÓï)ÓÌà  à[1]€When€the€lawyer€has€regularly€represented€a€client,€there€ordinarily€will€have€evolvedÐ ]­ Ðan€understanding€concerning€the€basis€or€rate€of€the€fee.€In€a€new€client-lawyer€relationship,Ð F– Ðhowever,€an€understanding€as€to€the€fee€should€be€promptly€established.€It€is€not€necessary€toÐ / Ðrecite€all€the€factors€that€underlie€the€basis€of€the€fee,€but€only€those€that€are€directly€involved€inÐ h Ðits€computation.€It€is€sufficient,€for€example,€to€state€that€the€basic€rate€is€an€hourly€charge€or€aÐ  Q Ðfixed€amount€or€an€estimated€amount,€or€to€identify€the€factors€that€may€be€taken€into€account€inÐ ê : Ðfinally€fixing€the€fee.€When€developments€occur€during€the€representation€that€render€an€earlierÐ Ó!#  Ðestimate€substantially€inaccurate,€a€revised€estimate€should€be€provided€to€the€client.€A€writtenÐ ¼" ! Ðstatement€concerning€the€fee€reduces€the€possibility€of€misunder‚standing.€Furnishing€the€clientÐ ¥#õ" Ðwith€a€simple€memorandum€or€a€copy€of€the€lawyer's€customary€fee€schedule€is€sufficient€if€theÐ Ž$Þ# Ðbasis€or€rate€of€the€fee€is€set€forth.Ð w%Ç $ ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àò òTerms€of€Paymentó óÐ I'™"& ÐÓ1/ÓÌà  à[2]€A€lawyer€may€require€advance€payment€of€a€fee,€but€is€obliged€to€return€any€unearnedÐ )l$( Ðportion.€€See€Rule€1.16(d).€A€lawyer€may€accept€property€in€payment€for€services,€such€as€anÐ *U%) Ðownership€interest€in€an€enterprise,€providing€this€does€not€involve€acquisition€of€a€proprietaryÐ î*>&* Ðinterest€in€the€cause€of€action€or€subject€matter€of€the€litigation€contrary€to€Rule€1.8(j).€However,Ð ×+''+ Ða€fee€paid€in€property€instead€of€money€may€be€subject€to€special€scrutiny€because€it€involvesÐ ° Ðquestions€concerning€both€the€value€of€the€services€and€the€lawyer's€special€knowledge€of€theÐ ™é Ðvalue€of€the€property.€€If€the€property€belongs€to€the€client,€the€lawyer€will€also€have€to€complyÐ ‚Ò Ðwith€the€requirements€of€Rule€1.8(a).Ð k» ÐÌà  à[3]€An€agreement€may€not€be€made€whose€terms€might€induce€the€lawyer€improperly€toÐ =  Ðcurtail€services€for€the€client€or€perform€them€in€a€way€contrary€to€the€client's€interest.€ForÐ & v Ðexample,€a€lawyer€should€not€enter€into€an€agreement€whereby€services€are€to€be€provided€onlyÐ  _ Ðup€to€a€stated€amount€when€it€is€foreseeable€that€more€extensive€services€probably€will€beÐ ø H Ðrequired,€unless€the€situation€is€adequately€explained€to€the€client.€Otherwise,€the€client€mightÐ á 1  Ðhave€to€bargain€for€further€assistance€in€the€midst€of€a€proceed‚ing€or€transaction.€However,€it€isÐ Ê   Ðproper€to€define€the€extent€of€services€in€light€of€the€client's€ability€to€pay.€A€lawyer€should€notÐ ³  Ðexploit€a€fee€arrangement€based€primarily€on€hourly€charges€by€using€wasteful€procedures.€WhenÐ œì  Ðthere€is€doubt€whether€a€contingent€fee€is€consistent€with€the€client's€best€interest,€the€lawyerÐ …Õ  Ðshould€offer€the€client€alternative€bases€for€the€fee€and€explain€their€implications.€Applicable€lawÐ n¾  Ðmay€impose€limitations€on€contingent€fees,€such€as€a€ceiling€on€the€percentage.Ð W§  ÐÌà  à[4]€€In€some€circumstances,€other€law€may€regulate€the€fees€and€expenses€charged€byÐ )y Ðlawyers.€€For€example,€Tennessee€law€regulates€contingent€fees€in€medical€malpractice€cases.€Ð b ÐSee,€e.g.,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„26„120€(1980).€€In€these€circumstances,€charging€unlawful€feesÐ ûK Ðor€expenses€may€be€considered€unreasonable€under€section€(a)€of€this€Rules€and€may€violateÐ ä4 ÐRule€8.4€or€other€rules.€€See,€e.g.,€Rule€8.4(d)€(prohibiting€conduct€prejudicial€to€theÐ Í Ðadministration€of€justice).Ð ¶ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓDivision€of€Feeó óÐ ˆØ ÐÓX:ÓÌà  à[5]€A€division€of€fee€is€a€single€billing€to€a€client€covering€the€fee€of€two€or€more€lawyersÐ [« Ðwho€are€not€in€the€same€firm.€A€division€of€fee€facilitates€association€of€more€than€one€lawyer€inÐ D” Ða€matter€in€which€neither€alone€could€serve€the€client€as€well,€and€most€often€is€used€when€theÐ -} Ðfee€is€contingent€and€the€division€is€between€a€referring€lawyer€and€a€trial€specialist.€ParagraphÐ f Ð(e)€permits€the€lawyers€to€divide€a€fee€on€either€the€basis€of€the€proportion€of€services€theyÐ ÿO Ðrender€or€by€agreement€between€the€participating€lawyers€if€all€assume€responsibility€for€theÐ è 8 Ðrepresentation€as€a€whole€and€the€client€is€advised€and€does€not€object.€It€does€not€requireÐ Ñ!!  Ðdisclosure€to€the€client€of€the€share€that€each€lawyer€is€to€receive.€Joint€responsibility€for€theÐ º" ! Ðrepresenta‚tion€entails€the€obligations€stated€in€Rule€5.1€for€purposes€of€the€matter€involved.Ð £#ó" ÐÌò òÓ  ÓDisputes€Over€Feesó óÐ u%Å $ ÐÓÁ>ÓÌà  à[6]€If€a€procedure€has€been€established€for€resolution€of€fee€disputes,€such€as€anÐ H'˜"& Ðarbitration€or€mediation€procedure€established€by€the€bar,€the€lawyer€should€conscientiouslyÐ 1(#' Ðconsider€submitting€to€it.€Law€may€prescribe€a€procedure€for€determining€a€lawyer's€fee,€forÐ )j$( Ðexample,€in€representation€of€an€executor€or€administrator,€a€class€or€a€person€entitled€to€aÐ *S%) Ðreasonable€fee€as€part€of€the€measure€of€damages.€The€lawyer€entitled€to€such€a€fee€and€a€lawyerÐ ì*<&* Ðrepresenting€another€party€concerned€with€the€fee€should€comply€with€the€prescribed€Ô_Ôprocedure.Ð Õ+%'+ Їò òÓ  ÓÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ ° Ðó óÓËAÓÌð ðFirmðð€€See€RÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ôule€1.0(d)Ð ƒÓ Ðð ðReasonableðð€and€ð ðReasonablenessðð€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð l¼ ÐÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘9#Ôò òÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ  > Ž ÐÓ  ÓÔ  ÔPROPOSED€RULE€1.6€Ð ° ÐCONFIDENTIALITYÔ r€‡CÔÐ šê ÐÓ{CÓà  àó óÌ(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€reveal€information€relating€to€representa‚tion€of€a€client€unless€the€clientÐ m½ Ðconsents€after€consultation,€except€that€the€lawyer€may€make€such€disclosures€as€are€impliedlyÐ V¦ Ðauthorized€by€the€client€in€order€for€the€lawyer€to€carry€out€the€representation.Ð ?  Ѐà  àÐ ( x Ð(b)€A€lawyer€may€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extent€theÐ  a Ðlawyer€reasonably€believes€disclosure€is€necessary:Ð ú J Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà  à(1)€to€prevent€reasonably€certain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm;Ð Ì   ÐÌà  à(2)€to€prevent€the€client€or€another€person€from€committing€a€crime,€unless€disclosure€is€Ð žî  Ðà  àprohibited€or€restricted€by€Rule€3.3;€€Ð ‡×  ÐÌà  à(3)€to€rectify€or€mitigate€substantial€injury€to€the€financial€interests€or€property€of€anotherÐ Y©  Ðà  àresulting€from€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud€in€furtherance€of€which€the€Ð B’ Ðà  àclient€has€used€the€lawyerððs€servicesÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€unless€disclosure€is€prohibited€or€restricted€by€Rule€Ô#†X;‘XX2X;‘GC#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ +{ Ðà  à3.3;Ô#†X;‘XX2X;‘-I#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÐ d ÐÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘”I#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘Ôà  à(4)€to€secure€legal€advice€about€the€lawyerððs€compliance€with€these€Rules;€orÐ æ6 ÐÌà  à(5)€to€establish€a€claim€or€defense€on€behalf€of€the€lawyer€in€a€controversy€between€the€Ð ¸ Ðà  àlawyer€and€the€client,€to€establish€a€defense€to€a€criminal€charge€or€civil€claim€against€theÐ ¡ñ Ðà  àlawyer€based€upon€conduct€in€which€the€client€was€involved,€or€to€respond€to€allegations€Ð ŠÚ Ðà  àin€any€proceeding€concerning€the€lawyer's€representation€of€the€client.Ð sà ÐÌ(c)€A€lawyer€shall€reveal€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€client€to€the€extent€theÐ E• Ðlawyer€reasonably€believes€disclosure€is€necessary:Ð .~ ÐÌà  à(1)€to€comply€with€an€order€of€a€tribunal€requiring€disclosure€but€only€if€ordered€to€do€so€Ð  P Ðà  àby€the€tribunal€after€the€lawyer€has€asserted€on€behalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolous€Ð é 9 Ðà  àclaims€that€the€information€sought€by€the€tribunal€is€protected€against€disclosure€by€the€Ð Ò!"  Ðà  àattorney„client€privilege€or€other€applicable€law.€à p àà È à€Ð »" ! ÐÌà  à(2)€to€comply€with€Rules€3.3,€4.1,€or€other€law.Ð $Ý# ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCOMMENTÐ _&¯!% Ðó óÌÓLOÓÓ=‡;‘XÐXdXÐXd=Óà  à[1]€This€Rule€governs€the€disclosure€by€a€lawyer€of€information€relating€to€theÐ 2(‚#' Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€during€the€lawyerððs€representation€of€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.8(b)€withÐ )k$( Ðrespect€to€the€use€of€such€information€to€the€disadvantage€of€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.9(c)€withÐ *T%) Ðrespect€to€disclosure€and€adverse€use€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€a€formerÐ í*=&* Ðclient.Ð Ö+&'+ ÐÔ_Ô‡à  à[2]€The€observance€of€the€ethical€obligation€of€a€lawyer€to€hold€inviolate€confidentialÐ ° Ðinformation€of€the€client€not€only€facilitates€the€full€development€of€facts€essential€to€properÐ ™é Ðrepresentation€of€the€client€but€also€encourages€people€to€seek€early€legal€assistance.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  à[3]€Almost€without€exception,€clients€come€to€lawyers€in€order€to€determine€what€theirÐ T¤ Ðrights€are€and€what€is,€in€the€maze€of€laws€and€regulations,€deemed€to€be€legal€and€correct.€TheÐ =  Ðcommon€law€recognizes€that€the€client's€confidences€must€be€protected€from€disclosure.€BasedÐ & v Ðupon€experience,€lawyers€know€that€almost€all€clients€follow€the€advice€given,€and€the€law€isÐ  _ Ðupheld.Ð ø H ÐÌà  à[4]€A€fundamental€principle€in€the€client-lawyer€relationship€is€that€the€lawyer€maintainÐ Ê   Ðconfidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation.€This€contributes€to€the€trust€that€isÐ ³  Ðthe€hallmark€of€the€client„lawyer€relationship.€The€client€is€thereby€encouraged€to€communicateÐ œì  Ðfully€and€frankly€with€the€lawyer€even€as€to€embarrassing€or€legally€damaging€subject€matter.Ð …Õ  ÐÌà  à[5]€The€principle€of€lawyer„client€confidentiality€is€given€effect€by€related€bodies€of€law,Ð W§  Ðincluding€the€attorney-client€privilege,€the€work„product€doctrine,€and€the€rule€of€confidentialityÐ @ Ðestablished€in€professional€ethics.€€The€attorney-client€privilege€applies€in€judicial€and€otherÐ )y Ðproceedings€in€which€a€lawyer€may€be€called€as€a€witness€or€otherwise€required€to€produceÐ b Ðevidence€concerning€a€client.€The€rule€of€client-lawyer€confidentiality€applies€in€situations€otherÐ ûK Ðthan€those€where€evidence€is€sought€from€the€lawyer€through€compulsion€of€law.€€TheÐ ä4 Ðconfidentiality€rule,€for€example,€applies€not€only€to€matters€communicated€in€confidence€by€theÐ Í Ðclient€but€also€to€all€information€relating€to€the€representation,€whatever€its€source.€A€lawyerÐ ¶ Ðmay€not€disclose€such€information€except€as€authorized€or€required€by€the€Rules€of€ProfessionalÐ Ÿï ÐConduct€or€other€law.€€See€also€Scope.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  à[6]€The€requirement€of€maintaining€confidentiality€of€information€relating€toÐ Zª Ðrepresentation€applies€to€government€lawyers€who€may€disagree€with€the€policy€goals€that€theirÐ C“ Ðrepresentation€is€designed€to€advance.Ð ,| ÐÌà  à[7]€Paragraph€(a)€prohibits€a€lawyer€from€revealing€information€relating€to€theÐ þN Ðrepresentation€of€a€client.€This€prohibition€also€applies€to€disclosures€by€a€lawyer€that€do€not€inÐ ç 7 Ðthemselves€reveal€protected€information€but€could€reasonably€lead€to€the€discovery€of€suchÐ Ð!   Ðinformation€by€a€third€person.€€A€lawyerððs€use€of€Ô_ÔhypotheticalsÔ_Ô€to€discuss€issues€relating€to€theÐ ¹" ! Ðrepresentation€is€permissible€so€long€as€there€is€no€reasonable€likelihood€that€the€listener€will€beÐ ¢#ò" Ðable€to€ascertain€the€identity€of€the€client€or€the€situation€involved.Ð ‹$Û# ÐÓ  ÓÌò òAuthorized€DisclosureÐ ]&­!% ÐÓ_Óó óÌà  à[8]€A€lawyer€is€impliedly€authorized€to€make€disclosures€about€a€client€when€appropriateÐ 0(€#' Ðin€carrying€out€the€representation,€except€to€the€extent€that€the€client's€instructions€or€specialÐ )i$( Ðcircumstances€limit€that€authority.€In€litigation,€for€example,€a€lawyer€may€disclose€informationÐ *R%) Ðby€admitting€a€fact€that€cannot€properly€be€disputed,€or€in€negotiation€by€making€a€disclosureÐ ë*;&* Ðthat€facilitates€a€satisfactory€conclusion.Ð Ô+$'+ Їà  à[9]€Lawyers€in€a€firm€may,€in€the€course€of€the€firm's€practice,€disclose€to€each€otherÐ ° Ðinformation€relating€to€a€client€of€the€firm,€unless€the€client€has€instructed€that€particularÐ ™é Ðinformation€be€confined€to€specified€lawyers.Ð ‚Ò Ðà  à¹Ó  Óò òDisclosure€Adverse€to€Client€òòó óÐ T¤ ÐóóÓ»bÓÌà  à[10]€Although€the€public€interest€is€usually€best€served€by€a€strict€rule€requiring€lawyersÐ ' w Ðto€preserve€the€confidentiality€of€information€relating€to€the€representation€of€their€clients,€theÐ  ` Ðconfidentiality€rule€is€subject€to€limited€exceptions.€Paragraph€(b)(1)€recognizes€the€overridingÐ ù I Ðvalue€of€life€and€physical€integrity€and€permits€disclosure€reasonably€necessary€to€preventÐ â 2  Ðreasonably€certain€death€or€substantial€bodily€harm.€€Substantial€bodily€harm€includes€lifeÐ Ë   Ðthreatening€and€debilitating€illnesses€and€the€consequences€of€child€sexual€abuse.€€Such€injuriesÐ ´  Ðare€reasonably€certain€to€occur€if€they€will€be€suffered€imminently€or€if€there€is€a€present€andÐ í  Ðsubstantial€threat€that€a€person€will€suffer€such€injuries€at€a€later€date€if€the€lawyer€fails€to€takeÐ †Ö  Ðaction€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threat.€Thus,€a€lawyer€who€knows€that€a€client€has€accidentallyÐ o¿  Ðdischarged€toxic€waste€into€a€townððs€water€supply€may€reveal€this€information€to€the€authoritiesÐ X¨  Ðif€there€is€a€present€and€substantial€risk€that€a€person€who€drinks€the€water€will€contract€a€life„Ð A‘ Ðthreatening€or€debilitating€disease€and€the€lawyerððs€disclosure€is€necessary€to€eliminate€the€threatÐ *z Ðor€reduce€the€number€of€victims.€€€ò òÐ c Ðó óà  àÌà  à[11]€Paragraph€(b)(2)€enables€the€lawyer€to€reveal€information€to€the€extent€necessary€toÐ å5 Ðprevent€the€client€from€committing€a€crime.€The€client€can,€of€course,€prevent€such€disclosure€byÐ Î Ðrefraining€from€the€wrongful€conduct.€Although€Paragraph€(b)(2)€does€not€require€that€theÐ · Ðlawyer€reveal€the€clientððs€misconduct,€the€lawyer€may€not€in€any€way€counsel€the€client€toÐ  ð Ðengage,€or€assist€the€client,€in€conduct€that€the€lawyer€knows€is€criminal€or€fraudulent.€€See€RuleÐ ‰Ù Ð1.2(d).€€See€also€Rule€1.16€with€respect€to€the€lawyerððs€obligation€or€right€to€withdraw€from€theÐ r Ðrepresentation€of€the€client€in€such€circumstances.€€Where€the€client€is€an€organization,€theÐ [« Ðlawyer€may€be€in€doubt€whether€contemplated€conduct€will€actually€be€carried€out€by€theÐ D” Ðorganizationððs€constituents.€Where€necessary€to€guide€conduct€in€connection€with€this€Rule,€theÐ -} Ðlawyer€may€make€inquiry€within€the€organization€as€indicated€in€Rule€1.13(b).€€Rule€3.3,€ratherÐ f Ðthan€Paragraph€(b)(2)€governs€disclosure€of€a€clientððs€intention€to€commit€perjury€or€other€crimesÐ ÿO Ðin€connection€with€an€adjudicative€proceeding.€€Ð è 8 ÐÌà  à[12]€Paragraph€(b)(3)€addresses€the€situation€in€which€a€lawyer€services€have€been€usedÐ º" ! Ðby€the€client€in€furtherance€of€the€clientððs€commission€of€a€crime€or€fraud,€but€the€lawyer€doesÐ £#ó" Ðnot€discover€this€misuse€of€the€lawyerððs€services€until€after€the€crime€or€fraud€has€beenÐ Œ$Ü# Ðconsummated€and€loss€has€been€suffered€by€the€victim.€€Although€the€client€no€longer€has€theÐ u%Å $ Ðoption€of€preventing€disclosure€by€refraining€from€the€wrongful€conduct,€there€will€be€situationsÐ ^&®!% Ðin€which€a€substantial€loss€suffered€by€the€affected€person€can€be€rectified€or€mitigated.€€In€suchÐ G'—"& Ðsituations,€the€lawyer€may€disclose€information€relating€to€representation€to€the€extent€necessaryÐ 0(€#' Ðto€assist€the€affected€persons€recoup€their€losses.Ð )i$( Ðà  àÌà  à[13]€A€lawyerððs€confidentiality€obligations€do€not€preclude€a€lawyer€from€securing€legalÐ ë*;&* Ðadvice€about€the€lawyerððs€personal€responsibility€to€comply€with€these€Rules.€€In€most€situations,Ð Ô+$'+ Ðdisclosing€information€to€secure€such€advice€will€be€impliedly€authorized€for€the€lawyer€to€carryÐ ° Ðout€the€representation.€€Even€when€the€disclosure€is€not€impliedly€authorized,€paragraph€(b)(4)Ð ™é Ðpermits€such€disclosure€because€of€the€importance€of€a€lawyerððs€compliance€with€the€Rules€ofÐ ‚Ò ÐProfessional€Conduct.€€For€the€protection€of€the€client,€such€disclosures€may€be€made€only€ifÐ k» Ðthey€will€be€protected€by€the€attorney„client€privilege.Ð T¤ ÐÌà  à[14]€Where€a€legal€claim€or€disciplinary€charge€alleges€complicity€of€the€lawyer€in€aÐ & v Ðclient's€conduct€or€other€misconduct€of€the€lawyer€involving€representation€of€the€client,€theÐ  _ Ðlawyer€may€respond€to€the€extent€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€establish€aÐ ø H Ðdefense.€The€same€is€true€with€respect€to€a€claim€involving€the€conduct€or€representation€of€aÐ á 1  Ðformer€client.€Such€a€charge€can€arise€in€a€civil,€criminal€or€professional€disciplinary€proceeding,Ð Ê   Ðand€can€be€based€on€a€wrong€allegedly€committed€by€the€lawyer€against€the€client,€or€on€a€wrongÐ ³  Ðalleged€by€a€third€person;€for€example,€a€person€claiming€to€have€been€defrauded€by€the€lawyerÐ œì  Ðand€client€acting€together.€€The€lawyer's€right€to€respond€arises€when€an€assertion€of€suchÐ …Õ  Ðcomplicity€has€been€made.€Paragraph€(b)(5)€does€not€require€the€lawyer€to€await€theÐ n¾  Ðcommencement€of€an€action€or€proceeding€that€charges€such€complicity,€so€that€the€defense€mayÐ W§  Ðbe€established€by€responding€directly€to€a€third€party€who€has€made€such€an€assertion.€The€rightÐ @ Ðto€defend,€of€course,€applies€where€a€proceeding€has€been€commenced.€Where€practicable€andÐ )y Ðnot€prejudicial€to€the€lawyer's€ability€to€establish€the€defense,€the€lawyer€should€advise€the€clientÐ b Ðof€the€third€party's€assertion€and€request€that€the€client€respond€appropriately.€In€any€event,Ð ûK Ðdisclosure€should€be€no€greater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€is€necessary€to€vindicateÐ ä4 Ðinnocence,€the€disclosure€should€be€made€in€a€manner€which€limits€access€to€the€information€toÐ Í Ðthe€tribunal€or€other€persons€having€a€need€to€know€it,€and€appropriate€protective€orders€or€otherÐ ¶ Ðarrangements€should€be€sought€by€the€lawyer€to€the€fullest€extent€practicable.Ð Ÿï ÐÌà  à[15]€A€lawyer€entitled€to€a€fee€is€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)(5)€to€prove€the€servicesÐ qÁ Ðrendered€in€an€action€to€collect€it.€This€aspect€of€the€rule€expresses€the€principle€that€theÐ Zª Ðbeneficiary€of€a€fiduciary€relationship€may€not€exploit€it€to€the€detriment€of€the€fiduciary.€AsÐ C“ Ðstated€above,€the€lawyer€must€make€every€effort€practicable€to€avoid€unnecessary€disclosure€ofÐ ,| Ðinformation€relating€to€a€representation,€to€limit€disclosure€to€those€having€the€need€to€know€it,Ð e Ðand€to€obtain€protective€orders€or€make€other€arrangements€minimizing€the€risk€of€disclosure.Ð þN ÐÌà  à[16]€Paragraph€(b)€permits€but€does€not€require€the€disclosure€or€use€of€informationÐ Ð!   Ðrelating€to€a€clientððs€representation€to€accomplish€the€purposes€specified€in€paragraphs€(b)(1)Ð ¹" ! Ðthrough€(5).€€In€exercising€the€discretion€conferred€by€this€Rule,€the€lawyer€may€consider€suchÐ ¢#ò" Ðfactors€as€the€nature€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€and€with€those€who€might€beÐ ‹$Û# Ðinjured€by€the€client,€the€lawyer's€own€involvement€in€the€transaction€and€factors€that€mayÐ t%Ä $ Ðextenuate€the€conduct€in€question.€Where€practical,€the€lawyer€should€seek€to€persuade€the€clientÐ ]&­!% Ðto€take€suitable€action.€€In€any€case,€a€disclosure€adverse€to€the€client's€interest€should€be€noÐ F'–"& Ðgreater€than€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€necessary€to€the€purpose.€€A€lawyer's€decision€not€toÐ /(#' Ðtake€preventive€action€permitted€by€paragraph€(b)€does€not€violate€this€Rule.Ð )h$( ÐÓ  Óò òÌDisclosure€Otherwise€Required€or€Authorizedòòó óÐ ë*;&* ÐÓ¤ƒÓÐ Õ+%'+ Ðà  àóó[17]€€The€Rules€of€Professional€Conduct€in€various€circumstances€permit€or€require€aÐ ° Ðlawyer€to€disclose€information€relating€to€the€representation.€€See€Rules€2.2,€2.3,€3.3€and€4.1.€InÐ ™é Ðaddition€to€these€provisions,€a€lawyer€may€be€obligated€or€permitted€by€other€provisions€of€lawÐ ‚Ò Ðto€give€information€about€a€client.€Whether€another€provision€of€law€supersedes€Rule€1.6€is€aÐ k» Ðmatter€of€interpretation€beyond€the€scope€of€these€Rules.Ôf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg ÔÐ T¤ ÐÌà  à[18]€€A€lawyer€must€also€comply€with€lawful€orders€of€a€tribunal,€an€administrative€orÐ & v Ðexecutive€agency,€or€a€legislative€body.€€If€a€lawyer€is€called€as€a€witness€to€give€testimonyÐ  _ Ðconcerning€a€client,€or€is€otherwise€ordered€to€reveal€information€relating€to€the€clientððsÐ ø H Ðrepresentation,€the€lawyer€must,€absent€authorization€from€the€client€to€do€otherwise,€assert€onÐ á 1  Ðbehalf€of€the€client€all€non„frivolous€claims€that€the€information€sought€is€protected€againstÐ Ê   Ðdisclosure€by€the€attorney„client€privilege€or€other€applicable€law.€€In€the€event€of€an€adverseÐ ³  Ðruling,€the€lawyer€should€consult€with€the€client€about€the€possibility€of€appealing€the€adverseÐ œì  Ðruling.€€See€Rule€1.4€and€1.2.€€Unless€an€appeal€is€taken,€the€lawyer€must€comply€with€the€order.€Ð …Õ  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓActing€Competently€to€Preserve€Confidentialityó óÐ W§  ÐÓŠÓÌà  à[19]€€A€lawyer€must€act€competently€to€safeguard€information€relating€to€theÐ *z Ðrepresentation€of€a€client€against€inadvertent€or€unauthorized€disclosure€by€the€lawyer€or€byÐ c Ðother€persons€who€are€participating€in€the€representation€of€the€client€or€who€are€subject€to€theÐ üL Ðlawyerððs€supervision.€€See€Rules€1.1,€5.1,€and€5.3.€€Ð å5 ÐÌà  à[20]€When€transmitting€a€communication€that€includes€information€relating€to€theÐ · Ðrepresentation€of€a€client,€the€lawyer€must€take€reasonable€precautions€to€prevent€the€informationÐ  ð Ðfrom€coming€into€the€hands€of€unintended€recipients.€€This€duty,€however,€does€not€require€thatÐ ‰Ù Ðthe€lawyer€utilize€special€security€measures€if€the€method€of€communication€affords€a€reasonableÐ r Ðexpectation€of€privacy.€€Special€circumstances,€however,€may€warrant€special€precautions.Ð [« ÐFactors€to€be€considered€in€determining€the€reasonableness€of€the€lawyerððs€expectation€ofÐ D” Ðconfidentiality€include€the€sensitivity€of€the€information€and€the€extent€to€which€the€privacy€ofÐ -} Ðthe€communication€is€protected€by€law€or€by€a€confidentiality€agreement.€€A€client€may€requireÐ f Ðthe€lawyer€to€implement€special€security€measures€not€required€by€this€Rule€or€may€giveÐ ÿO Ðinformed€consent€to€the€use€of€a€means€of€communication€that€would€otherwise€be€prohibited€byÐ è 8 Ðthis€Rule.€€Ð Ñ!!  ÐÔf  ÔÔg ÔÌÓ  ÓÔf  ÔÔg Ôò òFormer€Clientsó óÐ £#ó" ÐÌÓÌÓ‚Ø Øà  à[21]€The€duty€of€confidentiality€continues€after€the€client„lawyer€relationship€has€beenÐ v%Æ $ Ðterminated.ò ò€ó ó€See€Rule€1.9(c).Ð _&¯!% ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÔ_ÔDEFINITIONALÔ_Ô€CROSS„REFERENCESÐ 4(„#' Ðó óÓî‘ÓÌð ðConsultationðð€€See€Rule€1.0(c)€Ð *W%) Ðð ðFraudðð€€See€Rule€1.0(e)€€€Ð ð*@&* Ðð ðReasonablyðð€€See€Rule€1.0(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)Ð Ù+)'+ Ðð ðReasonably€Believesðð€€See€Rule€1.0(j)Ð ° Ðð ðSubstantialðð€€See€Rule€1.0(l)€€€Ð ™é Ðð ðTribunalðð€€See€Rule€1.0(m)Ð ‚Ò ÐØ (‘ØÌÔ#†X;‘XX2X;‘ìI#ÔÔ‡2X;‘XXX;‘ÔÓA†;‘XÐXdXÐXdˆOAÓÓ  Óò òÔ  ÔÐ  T¤ ÐPROPOSED€RULE€1.7€Ð ° ÐCONFLICT€OF€INTEREST:€€GENERAL€RULEó óÐ šê ÐÔ €t„”ÔÓu”Óò òÌó ó(a)€A€lawyer€shall€not€represent€a€client€if€the€representation€of€that€client€will€be€directlyÐ n¾ Ðadverse€to€another€client,€unless:Ð W§ ÐÌà  à(1)€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€the€representation€will€not€adversely€affect€the€à Ð àÐ ) y Ðà  àrelationship€with€the€other€client;€and€Ð  b ÐÌà  à(2)€each€client€consents€in€writing€after€consultation.Ð ä 4  ÐÌ(b)€A€lawyer€shall€not€represent€a€client€if€the€representation€of€that€client€may€be€materiallyÐ ¶  Ðlimited€by€the€lawyer's€responsibilities€to€another€client€or€to€a€third€person,€or€by€the€lawyer'sÐ Ÿï  Ðown€interests,€unless:€Ð ˆØ  ÐÌà  à(1)€the€lawyer€reasonably€believes€the€representation€will€not€be€adversely€affected;€Ð Zª  Ðà  àand€Ð C“ ÐÌà  à(2)€the€client€consents€in€writing€after€consultation.€€When€representa‚tion€of€multiple€Ð e Ðà  àclients€in€a€single€matter€is€undertaken,€the€consultation€shall€include€explanation€of€the€Ð þN Ðà  àimplications€of€the€common€representation€and€the€advantages€and€risks€involved.Ð ç7 ÐÌò òÓ  ÓCOMMENTÐ ¹  Ðó óÌÓ%šÓò òÓ  ÓLoyalty€to€a€Clientó óÐ ŒÜ ÐÓdšÓÌà  à[1]€Loyalty€is€an€essential€element€in€the€lawyer's€relationship€to€a€client.€AnÐ _¯ Ðimpermissible€conflict€of€interest€may€exist€before€representation€is€undertaken,€in€which€eventÐ H˜ Ðthe€representation€should€be€declined.€The€lawyer€should€adopt€reasonable€procedures,Ð 1 Ðappropriate€for€the€size€and€type€of€firm€and€practice,€to€determine€in€both€litigation€andÐ j Ðnon-litigation€matters€the€parties€and€issues€involved€and€to€determine€whether€there€are€actualÐ  S Ðor€potential€conflicts€of€interest.Ð ì < ÐÌà  à[2]€If€such€a€conflict€arises€after€representation€has€been€undertaken,€the€lawyer€shouldÐ ¾"! Ðwithdraw€from€the€representation.€€See€Rule€1.16.€Where€more€than€one€client€is€involved€andÐ §#÷" Ðthe€lawyer€withdraws€because€a€conflict€arises€after€representation,€whether€the€lawyer€mayÐ $à# Ðcontinue€to€represent€any€of€the€clients€is€determined€by€Rule€1.9.€As€to€whether€a€client-lawyerÐ y%É $ Ðrelationship€exists€or,€having€once€been€established,€is€continu‚ing,€see€the€Comment€to€Rule€1.3Ð b&²!% Ðand€the€statement€in€the€Preamble€about€the€scope€of€these€Rules.Ð K'›"& ÐÌà  à[3]€As€a€general€proposition,€loyalty€to€a€client€prohibits€undertaking€representationÐ )m$( Ðdirectly€adverse€to€that€client€without€that€client's€consent.€Paragraph€(a)€expresses€that€generalÐ *V%) Ðrule.€Thus,€a€lawyer€ordinarily€may€not€act€as€advocate€against€a€person€the€lawyer€represents€inÐ ï*?&* Ðsome€other€matter,€even€if€it€is€wholly€unrelated.€On€the€other€hand,€simultaneous€representa‚tionÐ Ø+('+ Ðin€unrelated€matters€of€clients€whose€interests€are€only€generally€adverse,€such€as€competingÐ ° Ðeconomic€enterprises,€does€not€require€consent€of€the€respective€clients.€Paragraph€(a)€appliesÐ ™é Ðonly€when€the€representation€of€one€client€would€be€directly€adverse€to€the€other.Ð ‚Ò ÐÌà  à[4]€Loyalty€to€a€client€is€also€impaired€when€a€lawyer€cannot€consider,€recommend€orÐ T¤ Ðcarry€out€an€appropriate€course€of€action€for€the€client€because€of€the€lawyer's€otherÐ =  Ðresponsibilities€or€interests.€The€conflict€in€effect€forecloses€alternatives€that€would€otherwise€beÐ & v Ðavailable€to€the€client.€Para‚graph€(b)€addresses€such€situations.€A€possible€conflict€does€not€itselfÐ  _ Ðpreclude€the€representation.€The€critical€questions€are€the€likelihood€that€a€conflict€will€eventuateÐ ø H Ðand,€if€it€does,€whether€it€will€materially€interfere€with€the€lawyer's€independent€professionalÐ á 1  Ðjudgment€in€considering€alternatives€or€foreclose€courses€of€action€that€reasonably€should€beÐ Ê   Ðpursued€on€behalf€of€the€client.€Consideration€should€be€given€to€whether€the€client€wishes€toÐ ³  Ðaccommodate€the€other€interest€involved.Ð œì  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓConsultation€and€Consentó óÐ n¾  ÐÓ̦ÓÌà  à[5]€A€client€may€consent€to€representation€notwithstanding€a€conflict.€However,€asÐ A‘ Ðindicated€in€paragraph€(a)(1)€with€respect€to€representation€directly€adverse€to€a€client,€andÐ *z Ðparagraph€(b)(1)€with€respect€to€material€limitations€on€representation€of€a€client,€when€aÐ c Ðdisinterested€lawyer€would€conclude€that€the€client€should€not€agree€to€the€representation€underÐ üL Ðthe€circumstances,€the€lawyer€involved€cannot€properly€ask€for€such€agreement€or€provideÐ å5 Ðrepresentation€on€the€basis€of€the€client's€consent.€When€more€than€one€client€is€involved,€theÐ Î Ðquestion€of€conflict€must€be€resolved€as€to€each€client.€Moreover,€there€may€be€circumstancesÐ · Ðwhere€it€is€impossible€to€make€the€disclosure€necessary€to€obtain€consent.€For€example,€when€theÐ  ð Ðlawyer€represents€different€clients€in€related€matters€and€one€of€the€clients€refuses€to€consent€toÐ ‰Ù Ðthe€disclosure€necessary€to€permit€the€other€client€to€make€an€informed€decision,€the€lawyerÐ r Ðcannot€properly€ask€the€latter€to€consent.Ð [« ÐÌà  à[6]€In€the€absence€of€other€law€to€the€contrary,€a€government€official€or€entity,€like€anyÐ -} Ðother€client,€may€waive€a€conflict€of€interest€under€this€Rule.€Ð f ЀÌà  à[7]€This€Rule€requires€the€lawyer€either€to€secure€a€written€consent€executed€by€the€clientÐ è 8 Ðor€to€memorialize€an€oral€consent€given€by€the€client.€€See€Rule€1.0(b)€Terminology€(definingÐ Ñ!!  Ðð ðConsents€in€Writingðð).€If€it€is€not€feasible€to€secure€or€memorialize€the€writing€either€at€the€timeÐ º" ! Ðthe€conflict€arises€or€at€the€time€the€client€gives€consent,€then€the€lawyer€must€secure€orÐ £#ó" Ðmemorialize€it€within€a€reasonable€time€thereafter.€The€requirement€of€a€writing€does€notÐ Œ$Ü# Ðsupplant€the€need€in€most€cases€for€the€lawyer€to€talk€with€the€client,€to€explain€the€risks€andÐ u%Å $ Ðadvantages,€if€any,€of€representation€burdened€by€a€conflict€of€interest,€as€well€as€the€reasonablyÐ ^&®!% Ðavailable€alternatives,€and€to€afford€the€client€an€opportunity€to€raise€questions€and€concerns.Ð G'—"& ÐRather,€the€writing€is€required€in€order€to€impress€upon€clients€the€seriousness€of€the€decisionÐ 0(€#' Ðthey€are€being€asked€to€make€and€to€resolve€disputes€or€ambiguities€that€might€later€occur€byÐ )i$( Ðvirtue€of€there€being€no€writing.€€The€writing€need€not€take€any€particular€form;€it€should,Ð *R%) Ðâ âhowever,€include€disclosure€of€the€relevant€circumstances€and€reasonably€foreseeable€risks€of€theÐ ë*;&* Ðconflict€of€interest,€as€well€as€memorialization€of€the€clientððs€agreement€to€the€representationÐ ° Ðdespite€such€risks.€Ð ™é Ðâ âÌò òÓ  ÓLawyer's€Interestsó óÐ k» ÐÓܲÓÌà  à[8]€The€lawyer's€own€interests€should€not€be€permitted€to€have€an€adverse€effect€on€theÐ > Ž Ðrepresentation€of€a€client.€For€example,€a€lawyer's€need€for€income€should€not€lead€the€lawyer€toÐ ' w Ðundertake€matters€that€cannot€be€handled€competently€and€at€a€reasonable€fee.€€See€Rules€1.1€andÐ  ` Ð1.5.€If€the€probity€of€a€lawyer's€own€conduct€in€a€transaction€is€in€serious€question,€it€may€beÐ ù I Ðdifficult€or€impossible€for€the€lawyer€to€give€a€client€detached€advice.€A€lawyer€may€not€allowÐ â 2  Ðrelated€business€interests€to€affect€representation,€for€example,€by€referring€clients€to€anÐ Ë   Ðenterprise€in€which€the€lawyer€has€an€undisclosed€interest.Ð ´  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓConflicts€in€Litigationó óÐ †Ö  ÐÓ4¶ÓÌà  à[9]€Paragraph€(a)€prohibits€representation€of€opposing€parties€in€litiga‚tion.€SimultaneousÐ Y©  Ðrepresentation€of€parties€whose€interests€in€litigation€may€conflict,€such€as€co-plaintiffs€orÐ B’ Ðco-defendants,€is€governed€by€paragraph€(b).€An€impermissible€conflict€may€exist€by€reason€ofÐ +{ Ðsubstantial€discrepancy€in€the€parties'€testimony,€incompatibility€in€positions€in€relation€to€anÐ d Ðopposing€party€or€the€fact€that€there€are€substantially€different€possibilities€of€settlement€of€theÐ ýM Ðclaims€or€liabilities€in€question.€Such€conflicts€can€arise€in€criminal€cases€as€well€as€civil.€TheÐ æ6 Ðpotential€for€conflict€of€interest€in€representing€multiple€defendants€in€a€criminal€case€is€so€graveÐ Ï Ðthat€ordinarily€a€lawyer€should€decline€to€represent€more€than€one€Ô_ÔcodefendantÔ_Ô.€On€the€otherÐ ¸ Ðhand,€common€representation€of€persons€having€similar€interests€is€proper€if€the€risk€of€adverseÐ ¡ñ Ðeffect€is€minimal€and€the€requirements€of€paragraph€(b)€are€met.€Compare€Rule€2.2€involvingÐ ŠÚ Ðintermediation€between€clients.Ð sà ÐÌà  à[10]€Ordinarily,€a€lawyer€may€not€act€as€advocate€against€a€client€the€lawyer€represents€inÐ E• Ðsome€other€matter,€even€if€the€other€matter€is€wholly€unrelated.€However,€there€areÐ .~ Ðcircumstances€in€which€a€lawyer€may€act€as€advocate€against€a€client.€For€example,€a€lawyerÐ g Ðrepresenting€an€enterprise€with€diverse€operations€may€accept€employment€as€an€advocateÐ  P Ðagainst€the€enterprise€in€an€unrelated€matter€if€doing€so€will€not€adversely€affect€the€lawyer'sÐ é 9 Ðrelationship€with€the€enterprise€or€conduct€of€the€suit€and€if€both€clients€consent€uponÐ Ò!"  Ðconsultation.€By€the€same€token,€government€lawyers€in€some€circumstances€may€representÐ »" ! Ðgovernment€employees€in€proceedings€in€which€a€government€agency€is€the€opposing€party.€TheÐ ¤#ô" Ðpropriety€of€concur‚rent€representation€can€depend€on€the€nature€of€the€litigation.€For€example,€aÐ $Ý# Ðsuit€charging€fraud€entails€conflict€to€a€degree€not€involved€in€a€suit€for€a€declaratory€judgmentÐ v%Æ $ Ðconcerning€statutory€interpretation.Ð _&¯!% ÐÌà  à[11]€Ordinarily€a€lawyer€may€take€inconsistent€legal€positions€in€different€tribunals€atÐ 1(#' Ðdifferent€times€on€behalf€of€different€clients.€€The€mere€fact€that€advocating€a€legal€position€onÐ )j$( Ðbehalf€of€one€client€might€create€precedent€adverse€to€the€interests€of€a€client€represented€by€theÐ *S%) Ðlawyer€in€an€unrelated€matter€does€not€create€a€conflict€of€interest.€A€conflict€of€interest€exists,Ð ì*<&* Ðhowever,€if€there€is€a€significant€risk€that€a€lawyerððs€action€in€behalf€of€one€client€will€materiallyÐ Õ+%'+ Ðlimit€the€lawyerððs€effectiveness€in€representing€another€client€in€a€different€case;€for€example,Ð ° Ðwhen€a€decision€favoring€one€client€will€create€a€precedent€likely€to€seriously€weaken€theÐ ™é Ðposition€taken€by€the€lawyer€on€behalf€of€the€other€client.€€Factors€relevant€in€determiningÐ ‚Ò Ðwhether€the€clients€need€to€be€advised€of€the€risk€include:€where€the€cases€are€pending;€whetherÐ k» Ðthe€issue€is€substantive€or€procedural;€the€temporal€relationship€between€the€matters;€theÐ T¤ Ðsignificance€of€the€issue€to€the€immediate€and€long„run€interests€of€the€clients€involved;€and€theÐ =  Ðclientsðð€reasonable€expectations€in€retaining€the€lawyer.€If€there€is€significant€risk€of€materialÐ & v Ðlimitation,€then€absent€informed€consent€of€the€affected€clients,€the€lawyer€must€refuse€one€of€theÐ  _ Ðrepresentations€or€withdraw€from€one€or€both€matters.Ð ø H ÐÌò òÓ  ÓInterest€of€Person€Paying€for€a€Lawyer's€Serviceó óÐ Ê   ÐÓfÆÓÌà  à[12]€A€lawyer€may€be€paid€from€a€source€other€than€the€client,€if€the€client€is€informed€ofÐ í  Ðthat€fact€and€consents€and€the€arrangement€does€not€compromise€the€lawyer's€duty€of€loyalty€toÐ †Ö  Ðthe€client.€See€Rule€1.8(f).€For€example,€when€an€insurer€and€its€insured€have€conflictingÐ o¿  Ðinterests€in€a€matter€arising€from€a€liability€insurance€agreement,€and€the€insurer€is€required€toÐ X¨  Ðprovide€special€counsel€for€the€insured,€the€arrangement€should€assure€the€special€counsel'sÐ A‘ Ðprofessional€independence.€So€also,€when€a€corporation€and€its€directors€or€employees€areÐ *z Ðinvolved€in€a€controversy€in€which€they€have€conflicting€interests,€the€corporation€may€provideÐ c Ðfunds€for€separate€legal€representation€of€the€directors€or€employees,€if€the€clients€consent€afterÐ üL Ðconsultation€and€the€arrangement€ensures€the€lawyer's€profes‚sional€independence.Ð å5 ÐÌò òÓ  ÓOther€Conflict€Situationsó óÐ · ÐÓÕÊÓÌà  à[13]€Conflicts€of€interest€in€contexts€other€than€litigation€sometimes€may€be€difficult€toÐ ŠÚ Ðassess.€Relevant€factors€in€determining€whether€there€is€potential€for€adverse€effect€include€theÐ sà Ðduration€and€intimacy€of€the€lawyer's€relationship€with€the€client€or€clients€involved,€theÐ \¬ Ðfunctions€being€performed€by€the€lawyer,€the€likelihood€that€actual€conflict€will€arise€and€theÐ E• Ðlikely€prejudice€to€the€client€from€the€conflict€if€it€does€arise.€The€question€is€often€one€ofÐ .~ Ðproximity€and€degree.Ð g ÐÌà  à[14]€For€example,€a€lawyer€may€not€represent€multiple€parties€to€a€negotiation€whoseÐ é 9 Ðinterests€are€fundamentally€antagonistic€to€each€other,€but€common€representation€is€permissibleÐ Ò!"  Ðwhere€the€clients€are€generally€aligned€in€interest€even€though€there€is€some€difference€of€interestÐ »" ! Ðamong€them.€€See€Rule€2.2€with€respect€to€a€lawyer€serving€two€or€more€clients€as€anÐ ¤#ô" Ðintermediary.Ð $Ý# ÐÌà  à[15]€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔMembers€of€a€family€group€may€reasonably€seek€joint€representation€by€a€singleÐ _&¯!% Ðlawyer€in€a€matter€affecting€the€family.€€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔConflict€questions€may€Ôf  ÔÔg ÔariseÔ_Ô€in€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôsuch€circumstances.€€ForÐ H'˜"& Ðexample,€in€Ôf  ÔÔg Ôestate€planningÔf  ÔÔg ÔÔf  ÔÔg Ô,€aÔf  ÔÔg Ô€lawyer€may€be€called€upon€to€prepare€wills€for€several€familyÐ 1(#' Ðmembers,€such€as€hu