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Bn 0|‹ 0† 0 1u 0d’U>öU*4B)^DC‡ AMÊ-hE­QÅuv~‹vÓ ˜tech 4si IIHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLÐ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ @NANBNCNDDNUENDFNDGNHNPINÓ€Àze"xúÿÿú, ú3|xTN #,e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a),c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(f(2Ι$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÔ€XhàXXXÔÔ€ô×ÏôXXhàÔà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(;³º$´´Ô2,eÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  àC:\WPWIN60\TEMPLATE\STANDARD.WPT, øð AZ‹"Arial Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò$$$$'ÿÿdxd2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô d2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô'( )*Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó++'÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô"#%,-. ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d99997Border 1dd' :Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ÷Ý ƒ!ÝÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ("ÝÝ  ÝÔ€8ÔÔ€8ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€8XÔÌÌò òMay€2,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€8ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó #Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€8ÔÔ€8ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝSections€29„20„301€and€29„20„302€were€repealed€in€1987.€€òòSeeóó€1987€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€405.Ì ^Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€8ÔÔ€8ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝSection€29„28„103(a)€provides€that:ÌÌà8 àà8 àà àAny€action€against€a€manufacturer€or€seller€of€a€product€for€injuryÏto€person€or€property€caused€by€its€defective€or€unreasonably€dangerousÏcondition€must€be€brought€within€the€period€fixed€by€ðððð€28„3„104,€28„3„105,€28„3„202€and€47„2„725,€but€notwithstanding€any€exceptions€toÏthese€provisions€it€must€be€brought€within€six€(6)€years€of€the€date€ofÏinjury,€òòin€any€event,€the€action€must€be€brought€within€ten€(10)€years€fromÏthe€date€on€which€the€product€was€first€purchased€for€use€orÏconsumptionóó,€or€within€one(1)€year€after€the€expiration€of€the€anticipatedÏlife€of€the€product,€whichever€is€the€shorter,€òòexcept€in€the€case€of€injury€toÏminors€whose€action€must€be€brought€within€a€period€of€one€(1)€year€afterÏattaining€the€age€of€majorityóó,€whichever€occurs€sooner.ÌÌT.C.A.€ðð€29„28„103(a)€(1980€&€Supp.€1996)€(emphases€added).Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€8ÔÔ€8ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€Defendants€correctly€note€that€the€causes€of€action€in€òòAdkinsóó,€òòBradenóó,€and€òòParlatoóó€allÏaccrued€prior€to€enactment€of€the€Medical€Malpractice€Act.€€The€òòParlatoóó€court€cited€this€fact€as€an€alternativeÏreason€for€denying€the€defendantsðð€motions€for€summary€judgment,€noting€that€the€ð ðlegislature€does€notÏhave€unlimited€power€to€cut€off€an€existing€cause€of€action.ðð€€òòParlato€v.€Howeóó,€470€F.€Supp.€996,€1000Ï(E.D.€Tenn.€1979).€€This€factor,€however,€appears€to€have€played€no€part€in€this€courtððs€decisions€in€òòAdkinsóóÏand€òòBradenóó.Ì GÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€8ÔÔ€8ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝAs€an€aside,€we€wish€to€commend€counsel€for€the€Defendants€for€bringing€this€unreportedÏdecision€to€the€attention€of€this€court.Ì kÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $ÝÓ  ÓÔ€8ÔÔ€8ôÔà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòSeeóó€òòDoe€v.€Coffee€County€Bd.€of€Educ.óó,€852€S.W.2d€899,€903„04€n.2€(Tenn.€App.€1992);ÏòòCollierv.€Memphis€Light,€Gas€&€Water€Div.óó,€657€S.W.2d€771,€775€(Tenn.€App.€1983).€€In€this€regard,Ïsection€29„20„305(b)€provides€that€actions€under€the€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act€ð ðmust€beÏcommenced€within€twelve€(12)€months€after€the€cause€of€action€arises.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð29„20„305(b)€(1980€&ÏSupp.€1996).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€7ÔÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ ` p›XÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€8ÔÑ7€–XXdìdÈ7ÑÙ€'ÙßR€;<:A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àWESTERN€SECTION€AT€JACKSONÌÌÌKRISINDA€BOWERS,€A€Minor,à àà àà à)Ìœby›€next€friend,€TAMMY€K.€BOWERS€à àœà à)›Ìand€STEVE€BOWERS,à àà àà àà à)€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óPlaintiff/Appellant,à àà àò òà à)€€Madison€Law€No.€C„91„273Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)€€Appeal€No.€02A01„9601„CV„00011Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌSTEPHEN€HAMMOND,€THE€JACKSONà à)ÌCLINIC€PROFESSIONAL€ASSOCIATION,à à)Ìand€THE€JACKSON„MADISON€COUNTYà à)ÌGENERAL€HOSPITAL,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àó óDefendants/Appellees.à àà àò ò)ó óÌÌà@ àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€MADISON€COUNTYÌà@ àAT€JACKSON,€TENNESSEEÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€FRANKLIN€MURCHISON,€JUDGEÌÌÌò òJOEL€PORTERÌBURCH,€PORTER€&€JOHNSONÌó óMemphis,€TennesseeÌAttorney€for€Plaintiff/AppellantÌÌò òJAMES€BELEW€WEBBÌFLIPPIN,€COLLINS,€HUEY€&€WEBBÌó óMilan,€TennesseeÌAttorney€for€Plaintiff/AppellantÌÌò òMARTY€R.€PHILLIPSÌRAINEY,€KIZER,€BUTLER,€REVIERE€&€BELL,€P.L.C.Ìó óJackson,€TennesseeÌAttorney€for€Appellees,€Stephen€Hammond€&€ÌThe€Jackson€Clinic€Professional€AssociationÌÌò òJERRY€D.€KIZER,€JR.ÌPATRICK€W.€ROGERSÌRAINEY,€KIZER,€BUTLER,€REVIERE€&€BELL,€P.L.C.Ìó óJackson,€TennesseeÌAttorneys€for€Appellee€Jackson„Madison€CountyÌGeneral€Hospital€DistrictÌÌÌò òAFFIRMED€IN€PART,€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌAND€REMANDEDÌÌÌó óà àœà à›à àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ÌÌœCONCUR:›ÌÌW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌDAVID€G.€HAYES,€œJ.ó óÌÑ7€ hà XXdæXXdì7Ñ›ÓÓà àPlaintiff€Krisinda€Bowers,€a€minor,€by€next€friends€Tammy€K.€Bowers€and€SteveÏBowers€(Krisindaððs€parents),€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€order€entering€summaryÏjudgment€in€favor€of€Defendants/Appellees€Stephen€Hammond,€The€Jackson€ClinicÏProfessional€Association,€and€Jackson„Madison€County€General€Hospital.€€InÏdismissing€the€complaint,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€Krisindaððs€action€against€theÏDefendants€was€barred€by€the€three„year€statute€of€repose€applicable€to€medicalÏmalpractice€actions€and,€further,€that€Krisindaððs€action€against€the€Hospital€was€barredÏby€her€failure€to€comply€with€the€statutory€notice€requirements€formerly€applicable€toÏactions€against€governmental€entities.€€œWe›€affirm€in€part€and€reverse€in€part.ÌÌà àOn€March€18,€1982,€Krisinda€was€born€at€Jackson„Madison€County€GeneralÏHospital,€where€she€was€delivered€by€Dr.€Hammond€and€employees€of€the€Hospital.€ÏœDr.›€Hammond€was€an€employee€of€The€Jackson€Clinic.€€œDuring›€her€birth,€KrisindaÏsuffered€from€oxygen€deficiency,€or€hypoxia,€which€resulted€in€severe€brain€damageÏand€mental€retardation.€ÌÌà àNine€years€later,€in€November€1991,€Krisinda€sued€the€Defendants€for€$3.5Ïmillion€in€damages€for€her€birth„related€injuries.€€œThe›€Defendants€answered,€raisingÏthe€defense,€òòinteróó€òòaliaóó,€that€the€three„year€statute€of€repose€contained€in€TennesseeððsÏMedical€Malpractice€Act€barred€Krisindaððs€action€against€them.€€œòòSeeóó›€T.C.A.€ðð€29„26„116(a)(3)€(1980).€€The€Hospital,€a€governmental€entity,€raised€the€additional€defenseÏthat€Krisindaððs€claim€was€barred€by€her€failure€to€comply€with€the€notice€provisions€ofÏthe€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,€which€provisions€were€applicable€toÏclaims€against€governmental€entities€at€the€time€Krisindaððs€cause€of€action€arose.€€œòòSeeóó›ÏT.C.A.€ðððð€29„20„301,€29„20„302€(1980).× ƒ= ××  ×€€Based€on€these€defenses,€the€trial€courtÏgranted€the€Defendantsðð€respective€motions€for€summary€judgment,€and€KrisindaÏappealed.ÌÌà àOn€appeal€from€the€trial€courtððs€order€of€dismissal,€Krisinda,€through€her€parents,Ïcontends€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€entering€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€theÏDefendants€based€on€the€foregoing€defenses€because€operation€of€the€cited€statutesÏwas€tolled€by€Krisindaððs€disability€of€minority.€€In€this€regard,€Tennessee€CodeÏAnnotated€section€28„1„106€provides€that:Ìœ›ÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àIf›€the€person€entitled€to€commence€an€action€is,€at€theÏtime€the€cause€of€action€accrued,€either€within€the€age€ofÏeighteen€(18)€years,€or€of€unsound€mind,€such€person,€orÏhis€representatives€and€privies,€as€the€case€may€be,€mayÏcommence€the€action,€after€the€removal€of€such€disability,Ïwithin€the€time€of€limitation€for€the€particular€cause€of€action,Íunless€it€exceed€three€(3)€years,€and€in€that€case€withinÏthree€(3)€years€from€the€removal€of€such€disability.ÌÌœÓÓT.C.A.›€ðð€28„1„106€(1980).€€Accordingly,€this€appeal€requires€us€to€consider,€in€turn,€theÏrelationship€between€section€28„1„106,€which€extends€the€time€in€which€minors€orÏother€persons€under€a€legal€disability€may€commence€a€cause€of€action,€and€theÏstatutes€cited€by€the€Defendants,€which€purport€to€impose€time€limitations€on€theÏcommencement€of€certain€actions.ÌÌòòà@ àò òóóI.€€œSection›€œ29„26„116:›€œThe›€œMedical›€œMalpractice›€œActððs›€œStatute›€œOf›€œReposeó ó›ÌœÌ›à àThe€statute€of€repose€for€medical€malpractice€actions,€contained€in€sectionÏ29„26„116,€provides€that:Ìœ›ÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àIn›€no€event€shall€any€[medical€malpractice]€action€beÏbrought€more€than€three€(3)€years€after€the€date€on€whichÏthe€negligent€act€or€omission€occurred€except€where€thereÏis€fraudulent€concealment€on€the€part€of€the€defendant€inÏwhich€case€the€action€shall€be€commenced€within€one€(1)Ïyear€after€discovery€that€the€cause€of€action€exists.ÌÓÓœ›œÌ›œT.C.A.›€ðð€29„26„116(a)(3)€(1980).€€Based€on€the€language€of€this€statute,€theÏDefendants€contend€that,€despite€her€disability€of€minority,€Krisinda€had€only€threeÏyears€after€the€date€of€her€injury€in€which€to€bring€this€action.ÌÌà àThis€argument€was€rejected€by€this€courtððs€prior€unpublished€decision€in€òòAdkinsÏv.€Martinóó,€slip€op.€at€6„9€(Tenn.€App.€Mar.€28,€1983),€òòperm.€app.€œdenied€C.R.O.óó›€(Tenn.ÏJune€27,€1983),€which€appears€to€require€reversal€of€the€judgment€entered€in€favor€ofÍthe€Defendants€in€this€case.€€In€òòAdkinsóó,€the€plaintiff,€a€minor,€suffered€complicationsÏduring€surgery€when€she€became€cyanotic,€or€suffered€from€a€lack€of€oxygen.€€òòAdkinsóó,Ïslip€op.€at€2.€€As€a€result€of€this€oxygen€deficiency,€the€plaintiff€suffered€permanentÏbrain€damage€and€was€rendered€òònonóó€òòcomposóó€òòmentisóó.€€òòIdóó.€€More€than€three€years€afterÏthe€surgery,€the€plaintiff€filed€a€medical€malpractice€action€against€her€surgeon,€theÏanesthetist,€and€the€hospital.€€òòIdóó.€€The€defendants€filed€a€motion€for€summary€judgmentÏon€the€ground€that€the€suit€was€barred€by€section€29„26„116,€but€the€trial€court€deniedÏthe€motion.€€òòIdóó.€at€3.ÌÌà àThis€court€affirmed,€holding€that€section€29„26„116€did€not€supersede€orÏsuspend€the€operation€of€section€28„1„106.€€òòAdkinsóó,€slip€op.€at€5.€€The€court€explained:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àThere›€are€several€compelling€reasons€why€we€are€ofÏthe€opinion€that€ðð€29„26„116€does€not€take€precedenceÏover€ðð€28„1„106.€€First€of€all,€the€basic€unfairness€of€rigidlyÏenforcing€a€statute€of€limitations€against€mentallyÏincompetent€persons€is€recognized€by€the€statutes€of€all€50Ïstates€and€the€District€of€Columbia.€€See€òòBrooks€v.€SouthernÏPacific€Co.óó,€466€P.2d€736,€738€n.1€(Ariz.€1970).€€òòSeeóó€òòalsoóóÏ51€AmJur2d,€òòLimitation€of€Actionsóó,€ðð€186.ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà àThe›€legal€disability€statute€of€this€state€represents€aÏlong„standing€policy€to€protect€potential€causes€of€action€ofÏminors€during€their€period€of€minority,€and€of€persons€ofÏunsound€mind€during€their€period€of€mental€incompetency,Ïas€well.€€It€first€came€into€our€code€in€1858.€€Prior€to€theÏadvent€of€the€Medical€Malpractice€Act€of€1976,€and€theÏTennessee€Products€Liability€Act€of€1978,...€no€limitationsÏwere€attempted€to€be€placed€upon€the€rights€of€minorsÏduring€their€minority,€nor€persons€of€unsound€mind€duringÏtheir€incompetency,€to€enforce€their€causes€of€action.ÌÌÓÓœòòAdkinsóó,›€slip€op.€at€6„7.€€In€accordance€with€this€policy,€this€court€held€that€the€medicalÏmalpractice€action€brought€by€the€plaintiff,€who€was€still€under€a€mental€disability,€wasÏnot€barred€by€the€three„year€limitation€period€contained€in€section€29„26„116.ÌÌà àIn€so€holding,€this€court€relied€on€a€previous€decision€of€the€Eastern€Section€ofÏthis€court,€as€well€as€a€United€States€District€Court€opinion,€which€construed€theseÏstatutes.€€In€òòBraden€v.€Yoderóó,€592€S.W.2d€896,€897€(Tenn.€App.€1979),€the€court€heldÏthat€section€29„26„116(a)€did€not€eliminate€the€special€rights€of€minors€under€sectionÏ28„1„106€because€ð ð[t]here€is€no€legislative€intent€that€such€rights€be€eliminated€and€toÏdo€so€would€cause€harsh€results€to€parties€injured€at€an€early€age€who€are€helpless€toÏprotect€their€rights.ðð€€In€òòParlato€v.€Howeóó,€470€F.€Supp.€996€(E.D.€Tenn.€1979),€theÏfederal€district€court€explained€the€onerous€burden€that€operation€of€the€three„yearÏstatute€of€repose€would€have€upon€minors€in€the€absence€of€the€legal€disability€statute:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àUnder›€Section€23„3415(a)€[now€section€29„26„116(a)],€if€anÏinjury€is€discovered€within€the€three„year€period,€an€adult€isÏat€least€in€a€position€to€protect€himself€by€bringing€his€actionÏpromptly.€€A€minor,€especially€one€who,€like€plaintiff€here,€isÏinjured€at€a€very€early€age,€is€helpless€to€protect€himself.€€IfÏSection€23„3415(a)€is€held€to€eliminate€the€legal€disabilityÏstatute€in€medical€malpractice€cases,€the€minor€couldÏforever€lose€his€cause€of€action€strictly€through€the€neglectÏof€others.€€This€burden€upon€minors€would€be€so€oppressiveÏthat€the€Court€cannot€reasonably€so€construe€Section€23„3415(a)€unless€clear€legislative€intent€appears.ÌÌÓÓœòòParlatoóó,›€470€F.€Supp.€at€999.€€On€the€subject€of€legislative€intent,€the€court€opined€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àSection›€23„3415(a)€was€not€intended€to€interfere€with€theÏoperation€of€the€legal€disability€statute.€€The€mere€fact€that€aÏnew,€and€more€restrictive,€statute€of€limitations€is€passedÏdoes€not€necessarily€indicate€that€the€legislature€intendedÏto€eliminate€the€special€rights€of€minors....€€Statutes€ofÍlimitations€are€usually€phrased€in€absolute€and€generalÏterms€and€thus€the€failure€of€the€legislature€to€exemptÏminors€specifically€is€not€surprising.€€The€legal€disabilityÏstatute€represents€a€long„standing€policy€of€the€State€ofÏTennessee€to€protect€potential€causes€of€actions€by€minorsÏduring€the€period€of€their€minority.€€òòSeeóó€òòGaugh€v.ÏHendersonóó,€39€Tenn.€628,€634€(1859).€€Unlike€the€discoveryÏrule€itself,€the€legal€disability€statute€does€not€represent€aÏrecent€alteration€in€procedure€and€is€not€in€any€wayÏassociated€with€the€ð ðmedical€malpractice€insurance€crisesððÏthat€concerned€the€legislature€in€passing€Section€23„3415(a).€€òòHarrison€v.€Schraderóó,€[569€S.W.2d€822,€826Ï(Tenn.€1978)].€€Before€acknowledging€the€elimination€ofÏsuch€an€established€policy,€this€Court€would€require€moreÏevidence€of€legislative€intent€than€mere€silence.ÌÌÓÓœòòIdóó.›€at€998„99€(citation€and€footnote€omitted).ÌÌà àDespite€these€decisions,€and€despite€this€courtððs€decision€in€òòAdkinsóó,€theÏDefendants€insist€that€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€should€be€affirmed€in€this€caseÏbecause,€since€òòAdkinsóó€was€decided,€several€developments€in€the€law€have€occurredÏwhich€compel€a€different€result.€€We€are€not€persuaded,€however,€because€we€noteÏthat€most,€if€not€all,€of€the€arguments€presently€advanced€by€the€Defendants€wereÏconsidered€and€rejected€by€this€court€in€òòAdkinsóó.ÌÌà àCiting€principles€of€statutory€construction,€the€Defendants€argue€that€the€plainÏlanguage€of€section€29„26„116€bars€the€present€action,€despite€Krisindaððs€minority.€€InÏparticular,€the€Defendants€point€to€the€language€that€ð ðòò[i]n€no€eventóó€shall€any€suchÏaction€be€brought€more€than€three€(3)€years€after€the€date€on€which€the€negligent€act€orÏomission€occurred.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€29„26„116(a)(3)€(1980)€(emphasis€added).€€TheÏDefendants€contend€that€the€language€ð ð[i]n€no€eventðð€bars€any€claim€brought€moreÍthan€three€years€after€the€date€of€the€negligent€act,€even€in€the€event€the€claim€isÏbrought€by€a€minor.ÌÌà àThis€specific€argument,€however,€was€considered€and€rejected€by€this€court€inÏòòAdkinsóó.€€There,€the€defendants€urged€a€literal€application€of€the€ð ðin€no€eventðð€languageÏbased€on€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Tennessee€in€òòHarrison€v.€Schraderóó,Ï569€S.W.2d€822,€826€(Tenn.€1978).€€Despite€the€Supreme€Courtððs€pronouncement€inÏòòHarrisonóó€that€section€29„26„116(a)€provided€ð ðan€absolute€three„year€limit€on€the€timeÏwithin€which€actions€could€be€brought,ðð€we€concluded€that€the€plaintiffððs€claim€was€notÏbarred.€€òòAdkinsóó,€slip€op.€at€6.ÌÌà àIn€another€statutory€construction€argument,€the€Defendants€note€that€the€ten„year€statute€of€repose€contained€in€the€Tennessee€Products€Liability€Act€contains€anÏexpress€exception€for€minors.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€29„28„103(a)€(1980€&€Supp.€1996).œ× ƒ> ××  ×›€ÏCiting€this€statute,€the€Defendants€argue€that,€had€the€legislature€intended€to€create€anÍexception€for€minors€in€the€Medical€Malpractice€Act,€the€legislature€expressly€wouldÏhave€done€so.ÌÌà àOur€opinion€in€òòAdkinsóó,€however,€reveals€that€the€court€was€aware€of€theÏexception€for€minors€contained€in€the€Products€Liability€Actððs€statute€of€repose.€€InÏcontrast€to€the€Defendantsðð€present€argument,€we€concluded€that€ð ðthe€exclusion€ofÏminors€from€the€effects€of€the€ten„year€ððcapðð€statute€in€the€Products€Liability€ActððÏsupported,€rather€than€undermined,€our€decision€in€òòAdkinsóó.€€òòAdkinsóó,€slip€op.€at€8.€€InÏreaching€this€conclusion,€we€relied€on€the€òòParlatoóó€decision,€wherein€the€defendantsÏsimilarly€argued€ð ðthat€if€the€legislature€had€desired€to€provide€special€exemption€forÏminors€in€the€medical€malpractice€area,€it€would€have€so€stated,€as€it€did€in€the€case€ofÏproducts€liability€actions.ðð€€òòParlato€v.€Howeóó,€470€F.€Supp.€996,€999€(E.D.€Tenn.€1979).€ÏIn€rejecting€this€argument,€the€federal€district€court€reasoned€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 à[T]he›€exclusion€of€minors€from€the€operation€of€the€productsÏliability€statute€of€limitations€renders€it€extremely€unlikelyÏthat€the€legislature€intended€to€include€minors€in€theÏoperation€of€Section€23„3415(a)€[now€sectionÏ29„26„116(a)].€€These€two€statutes€of€limitations€are€similarÏin€purpose€and€operation.€€Both€provide€ceilings€for€theÏutilization€of€the€discovery€rule€for€accrual€of€an€action.€ÏDefendants€have€been€unable€to€provide€the€Court€with€aÏcoherent€reason€why€the€legislature€might€desire€to€treatÏminors€differently€under€the€Products€Liability€Act€thanÏunder€the€Medical€Malpractice€Act.€€The€specific€referenceÏto€minors€in€the€products€liability€statute€might€wellÏrepresent€a€fear€by€the€legislature€that€the€courts€wouldÏmisconstrue€its€intent€and€unfairly€subject€minors€to€aÏrestricted€statute€of€limitations.€€Interpreted€in€this€fashion,Ïthe€Products€Liability€Act€suggests€that€there€is€a€generalÏlegislative€policy€not€to€include€minors€in€the€operation€ofÏrestrictive€statutes€of€limitations€and€thus€supports€the€viewÏthat€Section€23„3415(a)€was€not€intended€to€supersede€theÍlegal€disability€statute€in€the€case€of€minors.€€If€theÏlegislature€had€intended€to€include€minors€in€the€restrictionsÏof€Section€23„3415(a),€it€would€have€been€a€simple€matterÏto€say€so.ÌÌÓÓœòòParlatoóó,›€470€F.€Supp.€at€999„1000€(quoted€in€òòAdkinsóó,€slip€op.€at€8).ÌÌà àThe€Defendants€further€argue€that€creating€an€exception€for€minors€based€onÏsection€28„1„106€subverts€the€legislative€intent€in€enacting€the€three„year€statute€ofÏrepose€contained€in€section€29„26„116.€€This€legislative€intent€was€set€forth€in€òòHarrisonÏv.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€822€(Tenn.€1978),€where€the€Supreme€Court€of€TennesseeÏexplained€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àAt›€the€time€the€legislature€passed€the€statute€ofÏlimitations€eventually€codified€as€Sec.€23„3415(a)€[nowÏsection€29„26„116(a)],€T.C.A.,€this€state€and€the€nation€wereÏin€the€throes€of€what€was€popularly€described€as€a€ð ðmedicalÏmalpractice€insurance€crisis.ðð€€Because€of€allegedÏincreasing€numbers€of€claims,€insurance€companies€hadÏgrown€reluctant€to€write€medical€malpractice€policies.€ÏWhere€policies€were€available,€premiums€had€risenÏastronomically.ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà àThe›€legislature€could€have€seen€in€this€situation€aÏthreat€not€only€to€the€medical€profession€and€its€insurers,Ïbut€also€to€the€general€welfare€of€the€citizens€of€this€state.€ÏAs€liability€costs€skyrocketed,€so€would€the€cost€of€healthÏcare.€€Physicians€would€be€encouraged€to€cease€practice€orÏcontemplate€early€retirement,€and€the€number€of€availableÏphysicians€would€decrease.€€The€practice€of€ð ðdefensiveÏmedicine,ðð€spawned€by€fear€of€costly€legal€actions,€wouldÏlead€to€a€lower€quality€of€health€care€in€general.€€TheseÏconsiderations€may€or€may€not€have€been€valid;€however,€itÏis€apparent€that€they€were€accepted€by€the€legislature€andÏformed€the€predicate€for€its€action.ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà àIn›€addition,€it€could€be€argued€that€to€the€extent€thatÏsafe€estimates€required€by€actuarial€uncertainty,€aggravatedÍby€the€extended€period€during€which€a€physician€could€beÏsubject€to€potential€liability,€contributed€to€the€increase€inÏmalpractice€insurance€costs,€ð ðit€is€understandable€that€aÏlegislature€intent€upon€halting€such€phenomenal€increasesÏwould€seek€some€method€to€increase€the€certainty€of€suchÏestimates,ðð€i.e.,€an€absolute€three„year€limit€on€the€timeÏwithin€which€actions€could€be€brought.€€Note,€òòMalpractice€inÏDealing€with€Medical€Malpractice??óó,€6€Mem.€St.€L.€Rev.Ï437,€459€(1976).ÌÌÓÓœòòHarrisonóó,›€569€S.W.2d€at€826€(footnotes€omitted).€€The€Defendants€contend€that€anÏexception€for€minors€would€defeat€this€legislative€intent€because€such€an€exceptionÏcould€extend€the€period€in€which€a€minor€may€bring€a€medical€malpractice€action€fromÏthree€years€to€up€to€nineteen€years.ÌÌà àAs€before,€however,€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòAdkinsóó€reveals€that€the€court€wasÏaware€of€the€legislative€intent€behind€section€29„26„116€and€that€the€court€specificallyÏrejected€the€notion€that€creating€an€exception€for€minors€would€defeat€this€intent.€€InÏòòAdkinsóó,€we€stated€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àIn›€holding€that€persons€under€mental€disabilityÏshould,€along€with€minors,€be€excepted€from€the€applicationÏof€T.C.A.€ðð€29„26„116(a),€we€do€not€feel€that€we€are€in€anyÏway€fueling€the€fires€of€the€ð ðmedical€malpractice€insuranceÏcrisesðð€that€precipitated€the€enactment€of€ðð€29„26„116(a)€inÏthe€first€instance.ÌÌÓÓœòòAdkinsóó,›€slip€op.€at€9.ÌÌà àThe€Defendantsðð€remaining,€and€perhaps€strongest,€argument€for€us€to€recedeÏfrom€our€holding€in€òòAdkinsóó€is€that€subsequent€decisions€in€Tennessee€haveÏdistinguished€between€statutes€of€limitations€and€statutes€of€repose€and€haveÍconcluded€that€section€29„26„116€falls€within€the€latter€category.€€òòSeeóó€òòCronin€v.€Howeóó,Ï906€S.W.2d€910,€913€(Tenn.€1995);€òòBruce€v.€Hamiltonóó,€894€S.W.2d€274,€276€(Tenn.ÏApp.€1993),€òòoverruled€on€other€grounds€byóó€òòCronin€v.€Howeóó,€906€S.W.2d€910,€914€n.3Ï(Tenn.€1995).€€In€òòCronin€v.€Howeóó,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Tennessee€explained€that:Ìœ›ÓÓà8 àœà8 àOn›€its€face,€[section€29„26„116]€recognizes€the€applicationÏof€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations€and€the€discovery€rule,Ïbut€places€an€absolute€three„year€limit€upon€the€time€withinÏwhich€malpractice€actions€can€be€brought,€which€has€beenÏcharacterized€as€ð ðan€outer€limit€or€ceiling€superimposedÏupon€the€existing€statute€[of€limitations].ðð€€òòHarrison€v.ÏSchraderóó,€[569€S.W.2d€822,€826€(Tenn.€1978)]....ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà à[W]here›€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations€governsÏthe€time€within€which€legal€proceedings€may€beÏcommenced€after€a€cause€of€action€òòaccruesóó,€the€three„yearÏmedical€malpractice€statute€of€repose€limits€the€time€withinÏwhich€an€action€may€be€òòbroughtóó,€but€it€is€entirely€unrelatedÏto€the€accrual€of€a€cause€of€action€and€can,€in€fact,€bar€aÏcause€of€action€before€it€has€accrued....€€That€distinctionÏhas€prompted€courts€to€hold€that€statutes€of€repose€areÏsubstantive€and€extinguish€both€the€right€and€the€remedy,Ïwhile€statutes€of€limitation€are€merely€procedural,Ïextinguishing€only€the€remedy.ÌÌÓÓœòòCronin›€v.€Howeóó,€906€S.W.2d€at€913€(emphases€in€original)€(citing€òòBruce€v.€Hamiltonóó,Ï894€S.W.2d€at€276)€(other€citations€omitted).ÌÌà àœUpon€reflection,›€we€conclude€that€this€distinction€does€not€warrant€a€retreat€fromÏour€holding€in€òòAdkinsóó.€€It€is€true€that€in€òòAdkinsóó€we€did€not€distinguish€between€statutesÏof€limitations€and€statutes€of€repose.€€Nevertheless,€this€courtððs€opinion€in€òòAdkinsóó,€asÏwell€as€other€decisions€upon€which€we€relied,€revealed€that€the€courts€were€aware€ofÏthe€significance€of€the€limitation€period€contained€in€section€29„26„116.€€In€òòAdkinsóó,€forÍexample,€we€noted€that€the€three„year€statute€of€limitations€contained€in€sectionÏ29„26„116(a)(3)€was€a€ð ðcapðð€which€placed€an€ð ðabsolute,ðð€ð ðoutside€limitðð€on€the€timeÏwithin€which€medical€malpractice€actions€could€be€brought.€€òòAdkinsóó,€slip€op.€at€4,€6Ï(citing€òòHarrison€v.€Schraderóó,€569€S.W.2d€822,€826€(Tenn.€1978)).€€Similarly,€in€òòBradenÏv.€Yoderóó,€592€S.W.2d€896,€897€(Tenn.€App.€1979),€the€Eastern€Section€of€this€courtÏrecognized€that,€in€enacting€section€29„26„116(a)(3),€ð ðthe€legislature€superimposedÏupon€the€existing€limitation€period...€a€maximum€three„year€ceilingðð€which€wasÏð ðunrelated€to€the€accrual€of€a€cause€of€action€commencing€not€on€discovery€but€ratherÏat€the€date€of€the€allegedly€negligent€act.ðð€€Despite€this€courtððs€recognition€of€theÏdistinction€between€the€Medical€Malpractice€Actððs€one„year€and€three„year€limitationsÏperiods,€we€still€held€that€the€three„year€limitation€period€contained€in€section€29„26„116(a)(3)€was€tolled€by€the€plaintiffððs€legal€disability.ÌÌà àIn€a€related€argument,€the€Defendants€contend€that,€since€òòAdkinsóó,€a€similarÏstatute€of€repose€has€been€held€to€preclude€a€cause€of€action€filed€by€a€minor€outsideÏthe€statuteððs€limitation€period.€€In€òòPigg€v.€Barge,€Waggoner,€Sumner€&€Cannonóó,€1988ÏWL€92523,€at€**5„6€(Tenn.€App.€1988),€the€Middle€Section€of€this€court€held€thatÏsection€28„1„106€did€not€preserve€a€minorððs€claim€arising€out€of€deficientÏimprovements€to€real€property€where€the€statute€of€repose€contained€in€TennesseeÏCode€Annotated€section€28„3„202€limited€the€commencement€of€such€actions€toÏð ðwithin€four€(4)€years€after€the€substantial€completion€of€such€an€improvement.ðð€€T.C.A.Ïðð€28„3„202€(1980).€€In€so€holding,€the€court€drew€the€same€distinction€between€statutesÍof€repose€and€conventional€statutes€of€limitation€as€did€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòCronin€v.ÏHoweóó,€906€S.W.2d€910,€913€(Tenn.€1995).€€òòPiggóó,€1988€WL€92523,€at€*3.€€ÌÌà àWe€conclude,€however,€that€this€courtððs€decision€in€òòPiggóó€is€not€inconsistent€withÏthe€courtððs€prior€holdings€in€òòAdkinsóó€and€òòBradenóó.€€In€òòPiggóó,€the€savings€provisions€ofÏsection€28„1„106€could€not€have€saved€the€minorððs€action€because€it€was€undisputedÏthat€no€cause€of€action€ever€accrued€to€be€saved.€€There,€the€plaintiffððs€injury€occurredÏmore€than€four€years€after€the€substantial€completion€of€the€improvement€to€realÏproperty;€thus,€regardless€of€the€plaintiffððs€disability€of€minority,€no€cause€of€actionÏaccrued€which€could€have€been€saved€by€section€28„1„106.€€òòPiggóó,€1988€WL€92523,€atÏ*6.€€In€fact,€the€òòPiggóó€court€distinguished€the€facts€of€that€case€from€those€presented€inÏòòBradenóó€and€òòParlatoóó€by€pointing€out€that,€in€those€cases,€ð ð[n]o€statute€of€repose€hadÏextinguished€the€defendantsðð€liability€at€the€time€the€injury€occurred.ðð€€òòPiggóó,€1988€WLÏ92523,€at€*5.× ƒ? ××  ×ÌÌà àIn€accordance€with€the€foregoing€analysis,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erredÏin€entering€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€the€Defendants€based€on€the€MedicalÏMalpractice€Actððs€three„year€statute€of€repose.€€Although€the€Defendants€skillfullyÏadvance€several€arguments€for€why€this€court€should€reexamine€its€holding€in€òòAdkinsóó,Íafter€doing€so,€we€remain€unconvinced€that€recent€developments€in€this€area€of€the€lawÏrequire€us€to€depart€from€prior€precedent€of€this€court.€€As€we€stated€in€òòAdkinsóó:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 à[S]tatutes›€of€limitation€are€creatures€of€the€legislature.€€Up€toÏthis€time,€the€legislature€has€not€seen€fit€to€provide€a€cap€forÏthe€tolling€effect€of€a€permanent€or€long„term€incapacity,Ïsuch€as€mental€disability.€€We€are€not€inclined€to€rewrite€theÏstatute.€€However,€if€our€holding€in€this€case€is€deemed€toÏpresent€a€problem€in€the€medical€malpractice€field,€then€it€isÏthe€prerogative€of€the€legislature€to€remedy€it.ÌÌÓÓœòòAdkinsóó,›€slip€op.€at€9.× ƒ@ ××  ×ÌÌà àDespite€this€invitation,€the€legislature€has€not€seen€fit€to€change€the€rule€of€lawÏannounced€in€òòAdkinsóó€and€òòBradenóó.€€In€this€regard,€we€are€mindful€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àThe›€legislature€is€presumed€to€know€the€interpretationÏwhich€courts€make€of€its€enactments;€the€fact€that€theÏlegislature€has€not€expressed€disapproval€of€a€judicialÏconstruction€of€a€statute€is€persuasive€evidence€ofÏlegislative€adoption€of€the€judicial€construction,....ÌÌÓÓœòòHamby›€v.€McDanielóó,€559€S.W.2d€774,€776€(Tenn.€1977).€€After€careful€consideration,Ïwe€decline€to€disturb€this€courtððs€ruling€in€òòAdkinsóó.ÌÌÓÓòòà@ àò òóóII.€€Sections€29„20„301€and€29„20„302:€€The€Former€Notice€Provisions€ofÏtheÌà@ àTennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€œActÌó óÌÓÓÌ›à àOn€the€other€hand,€prior€decisions€of€this€court€require€us€to€affirm€the€trialÏcourtððs€order€of€dismissal€with€regards€to€the€Hospital€based€on€the€failure€to€meet€theÍnotice€requirements€of€former€sections€29„20„301€and€29„20„302.€€At€the€time€ofÏKrisindaððs€injury,€these€statutes€provided€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 àà àò ò29„20„301.›€€Notice€as€condition€precedent€toÏrecovery.„„ó óAny€person€having€a€claim€for€injury€to€personÏor€property€against€a€governmental€entity€or€its€employeeÏmust€give€written€notice,€as€provided€for€in€ðð29„20„302,€toÏsaid€governmental€entity€as€a€condition€precedent€to€anyÏrecovery€from€said€governmental€entity€or€employees.ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà àò ò29„20„302.›€€Time€for€filing€notice„„ContentsÏand€form€of€claim.„„à àœó ó(a)€A›€claim€against€aÏgovernmental€entity€shall€be€forever€barred€whether€or€notÏthis€statute€be€pled€in€bar€of€such€action,€unless€noticeÏthereof€is€filed€within€one€hundred€twenty€(120)€days€afterÏthe€cause€of€action€arises€except€where€the€cause€of€actionÏarises€out€of€injury€resulting€from€the€operation€of€a€motorÏvehicle.ÌÌà8 àà àœà à(b)€.›...ÌÌà8 àœà8 àà à(c)€This›€section€shall€not€be€strictly€construed€whereÏthe€municipality€should€have€reasonably€apprised€itself€ofÏthe€occurrence€of€the€incident€or€could€have€done€so€withÏthe€exercise€of€proper€diligence.ÌÌÓÓœT.C.A.›€ðððð€29„20„301,€29„20„302€(1980).€€The€failure€to€meet€these€notice€requirementsÏis€ð ða€valid€and€complete€defense€to€any€liability€of€a€governmental€entity€which€mightÏotherwise€existðð€by€virtue€of€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act.€€T.C.A.Ïðð29„20„303€(1980).ÌÌà àCiting€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€section€29„20„104,€Krisinda,€through€herÏparents,€contends€that€the€foregoing€notice€provisions€are€not€applicable€to€minors.€ÏSection€29„20„104(b)€provides€that,€ð ð[n]otwithstanding€any€other€provision€of€law€to€theÍcontrary,€the€provisions€of€ððððòò28„1„106óó„„€28„1„108€shall€apply€in€causes€of€actionÏarising€pursuant€to€this€chapter.ðð€€T.C.A.€ðð€29„20„104(b)€(1980)€(emphasis€added).ÌÌà àWhile€sections€29„20„104(b)€and€28„1„106€effectively€extend€the€time€in€whichÏminors€may€bring€suit€under€the€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,× ƒA ××  ×€the€Eastern€SectionÏof€this€court€has€held€that€injured€minors€are€not€immune€from€the€Actððs€former€noticeÏrequirements.€€òòSchorn€v.€Oak€Ridge€Schoolsóó,€1989€WL€109475,€at€*3€n.1€(Tenn.€App.Ï1989).€€In€so€holding,€the€court€relied€on€òòRobinson€v.€City€of€Memphisóó,€105€S.W.2d€101Ï(Tenn.€1937),€wherein€the€Supreme€Court€of€Tennessee€stated€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 à[A]›€notice€of€this€character,€which€is€a€prerequisite€to€theÏbringing€of€a€suit,€is€mandatory.€€The€liability€of€the€city€isÏstatutory,€and€the€statute€is€a€limit€on€that€liability;€noÏexceptions€as€to€persons€is€made€in€the€statute€and€noneÏcan€be€supplied€by€the€courts.€€It€imposes€upon€all€persons,Ïwhether€minors€or€not,€the€obligation€to€serve€such€notice€inÏorder€to€maintain€an€action.€€The€liability€of€a€city€for€injuriesÏof€this€character€rests€exclusively€upon€express€or€impliedÏprovisions€of€the€statute;€it€is€therefore€competent€for€theÏLegislature€to€limit€such€liability€or€remove€it€entirely.ÌÌÓÓœòòRobinsonóó,›€105€S.W.2d€at€102.ÌÌà àIn€accordance€with€the€courtððs€decision€in€òòTucker€v.€Metropolitan€Governmentóó,Ï686€S.W.2d€87€(Tenn.€App.€1984),€we€conclude€that€the€notice€given€in€this€case€didÏnot€comply€with€the€foregoing€statutory€notice€requirements.€€In€òòTuckeróó,€as€in€theÍpresent€case,€the€plaintiff€argued€that€the€defendant€hospital€had€notice€of€an€allegedÏincident€of€medical€malpractice€through€the€plaintiffððs€hospital€records.€€òòTuckeróó,€686ÏS.W.2d€at€91.€€By€virtue€of€the€information€contained€in€the€hospitalððs€own€records,€theÏplaintiff€insisted,€the€hospital€was€reasonably€apprised€of€the€occurrence€of€theÏincident€out€of€which€the€plaintiffððs€claim€arose.€€òòIdóó.€€The€court€rejected€this€argument,Ïreasoning€that:ÌÓÓà8 àœà8 à[T]he›€question€arises€as€to€what€person€in€the€governmentalÏentity€must€be€ð ðreasonably€apprised.ðð€€We€believe€that€theÏintent€of€the€legislature€was€to€stipulate€that€even€the€lessÏthan€strict€construction€as€to€notice€provision€was€to€refer€toÏthe€same€party€who€must€receive€written€notice,€that€is,€theÏchief€administrative€officer.€€In€the€instant€case,€at€the€veryÏleast,€the€chief€administrative€officer€of€[the€hospital]€wouldÏhave€to€be€ð ðreasonably€apprised...€of€the€occurrence€of€theÏincidentðð€out€of€which€the€claim€arose.€€There€is€no€evidenceÏthat€the€chief€administrative€officer€had€any€such€knowledgeÏmerely€by€virtue€of€the€Plaintiffððs...€medical€records.ÌÌÓÓœòòIdóó.›ÌÌà àWe€likewise€reject€the€argument€in€this€case€that€Krisindaððs€hospital€recordsÏreasonably€apprised€the€Defendant€Hospital€of€the€occurrence€of€the€allegedÏmalpractice€incident.€€In€support€of€this€notice€argument,€Krisindaððs€counsel€points€outÏthat€Krisindaððs€hospital€records€contain€a€notation€by€a€treating€pediatrician€thatÏseizures€which€Krisinda€suffered€shortly€after€her€birth€were,€in€the€pediatricianððsÏopinion,€the€result€of€ð ðperinatal€asphyxia.ðð€€œ€The›€record,€however,€contains€no€evidenceÏthat€the€chief€administrative€officer€or€anyone€else€in€authority€at€the€hospital€wasÏapprised€of€this€information.€€Accordingly,€the€trial€court€properly€entered€summaryÏjudgment€in€favor€of€the€Hospital€based€on€this€defense.ÌÌà àThe€trial€courtððs€judgment€in€favor€of€the€Hospital€is€affirmed;€however,€theÏjudgment€in€favor€of€Dr.€Hammond€and€The€Jackson€Clinic€is€hereby€reversed,€andÏthis€cause€is€remanded€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€Costs€onÏappeal€are€taxed€to€Dr.€Hammond€and€The€Jackson€Clinic,€for€which€execution€mayÏissue€if€œnecessary.ÌÌÓÓÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïóóà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àHIGHERS,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌCRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌHAYES,€J.›