џWPCХН ћџ24 ZB}œˆ“ЁHP LaserJet 8000 Series PSXNє\  PXPa1Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)$и€иТТ a2Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)/ТТииТТ a3Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a):ТТТТи‚иТТ ћџ2 žfЉД­Пaa4Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)EТТТТТТиƒиТТ a5Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)P  ТТТТТТТТи„иТТ a6Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)[  ТТТТТТТТТТи…иТТ a7Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)f ТТТТТТТТТТТТи†иТТ ћџ2ДЪR } ˆ™ “!a8Paragraph1. a. i. (1) (a) (i) 1) a)qТТТТТТТТТТТТТТи‡иТТ a1AutoList1 $и€иТТ a2AutoList1 /ТТииТТ a3AutoList1 :ТТТТи‚иТТ ћџ2  žц Љ„Д- Пс a4AutoList1 EТТТТТТиƒиТТ a5AutoList1 PТТТТТТТТи„иТТ a6AutoList1[ТТТТТТТТТТи…иТТ a7AutoList1fТТТТТТТТТТТТи†иТТ ћџ2ьЪв Ўœ QJ Q›a8AutoList1q ТТТТТТТТТТТТТТи‡иТТ аав ШX0УУФФ УУФФШX0УУФФ УУФФ вfooterќ!"ќŠааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XNє\  P XP#б Šааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XNє\  P XP#бheaderќ#$ќŠааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XNє\  PMXP#б Šааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XNє\  PNXP#бћџ2ЊXІvGGcpage number%&Default Para''('б#XNє\  P XP#бб#XNє\  PЁXP#б_levnl9С )*фг ‚Ј§ га ААША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАєааиˆи а ШААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl8С +,фг ‚Ј§ га ААpА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАœааи‡и а pААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2јGмG#GjGБ_levnl7С -.фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАDааи†и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl6С /0фг ‚Ј§ га ААРА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАьааи…и а РААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl5С 12фг ‚Ј§ га ААhА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА”ааи„и а hААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl4С 34фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ<”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА<ааиƒи а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2G)G* Gq"GИ$Hџ&_levnl3С 56фг ‚Ј§ га ААИ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАф ааи‚и а И ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl2С 78фг ‚Ј§ га АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАŒ ааии а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levnl1С 9:фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА4ааи€и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl9С ;<фг ‚Ј§ га ААША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАєааиˆи а ШААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2™2Hy) HС+!H ."HQ0_levsl8С =>фг ‚Ј§ га ААpА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАœааи‡и а pААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl7С ?@фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАDааи†и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl6С! ABфг ‚Ј§ га ААРА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАьааи…и а РААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl5С" CDфг ‚Ј§ га ААhА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА”ааи„и а hААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2ы;#HЫ2$H5%H[7&HЃ9_levsl4С# EFфг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ<”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА<ааиƒи а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl3С$ GHфг ‚Ј§ га ААИ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАф ааи‚и а И ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl2С% IJфг ‚Ј§ га АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАŒ ааии а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_levsl1С& KLфг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА4ааи€и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2]E'P<(Pm>)PН@*P C_level9С'MNфг ‚Ј§ га ААША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАєааиˆиСС а ШААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level8С(OPфг ‚Ј§ га ААpА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАœааи‡иСС а pААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level7С)QRфг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАDааи†иСС а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level6С*STфг ‚Ј§ га ААРА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАьааи…иСС а РААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2ЯN+PE,PпG-P/J.PL_level5С+UVфг ‚Ј§ га ААhА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА”ааи„иСС а hААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level4С,WXфг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ<”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА<ааиƒиСС а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level3С-YZфг ‚Ј§ га ААИ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАф ааи‚иСС а И ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмаа_level2С.[\фг ‚Ј§ га АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџŒ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАŒ ааииСС а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааћџ2‰Н/PO08lQQџџџџ_level1С/]^фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА4ааи€иСС а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааЋXNє\  PXP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXxВјшhXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXNє\  PXP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXxВјшhXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New Xш–ф2МPшP,cНЌAZ‹"Arial Regularш<ф2МPP,cНЌAZ‹"Arial Regular Fа P P&@Fа‘Z‹*CaslonOpnface BT XxВјшhXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXNє\  PXPє\  `‹&Times New RomanXXNє\  P XP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXNє\  P XP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXNє\  P XPє\  `‹&Times New RomanXXxў6X@ X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@ X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшhєˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшhєˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxВјшhXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшhєˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdў6X@є@<4šл 9Z ‹.Courier New RegularєXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@ X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh!Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@"X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@#X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@$X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@%X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@&X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@'X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdў6X@(є@<4šл 9Z ‹.Courier New RegularєXxў6X@)X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@*X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшh+єˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxў6X@,X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшh-єˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxў6X@.X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@/X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXєdВјшh0єˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New єXxВјшh1Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@2X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh3Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@4X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@5X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh6Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@7X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@8X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh9Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@:X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@;X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh<Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@=X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@>X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh?Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@AX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhBXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@CX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@DX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhEXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@FX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@GX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhHXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@IX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@JX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@KX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhLXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXNє\  PMXP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXNє\  PNXP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXxВјшhOXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@PX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@QX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhRXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@SX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@TX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@UX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@VX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@WX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@XX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@YX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@ZX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@[X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@\X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh]Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@^X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@_X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@`X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@aX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@bX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhcXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@dX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@eX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhfXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@gX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@hX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@iX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@jX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhkXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@lX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@mX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@nX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@oX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@pX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@qX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@rX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhsXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@tX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@uX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@vX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@wX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@xX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@yX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@zX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@{X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@|X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@}X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@~X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@€X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh‚Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@ƒX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@„X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh…Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@†X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@‡X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhˆXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@‰X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@ŠX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh‹Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@ŒX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@ŽX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@‘X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@’X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@“X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@”X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh•Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@–X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@—X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшh˜Xˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@™X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@šX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@›X@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxў6X@œX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXxў6X@žX@<ў6X9`(‹Courier NewXXxВјшhŸXˆ<4šл 9Z+‹ Courier New XXNє\  P XP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXXNє\  PЁXP(жУ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXћџ2ЛНУН3|xгUSга ї Aи'џLegalџї аа ААP А аб#XxВјшhXˆ#бааб#XNє\  PXP#ба Ш аб#XxВјшhXˆ#бв€ШШШШddddУ У1Ф ФШШШШddddУ У1Ф Ф€вк%!ŽŽгUSгб#ш–ф2МPшP#бааУ УFILEDб#<ф2МPP#б November 24, 1999 Cecil Crowson, Jr. Appellate Court ClerkФ Ф%кIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE AT KNOXVILLE аа MELISSA D. BOYE,ТТТhhhТТРРРТСС) C/A NO. 03A01Љ9812ЉCVЉ00424 СССССССССССССС) ССССPlaintiffЉAppellee,ТРРРТТТ) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) вŒ i. i. i. i. i. i. i. i.џџџџџџџџџџџџџџAutoList1Œвййл a1AutoList1ли€иТТллСССССССССССС) APPEAL AS OF RIGHT FROM THE а АААX аСССССССССССССС) ANDERSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT а АXАА аСССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) СССССССССССССС) JOHN HOLLIS MOORE, JR.,ТhhhТТРРРТСС) а АААX аСССССССССССССС) HONORABLE JAMES B. SCOTT, JR., а АXАА аССССDefendantЉAppellant.СС) JUDGE For AppellantТИ И И ТТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ For Appellee JERRY SHATTUCKТИ И И ТТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ WILLIAM D. VINES, III Shattuck & ElledgeТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ VONDA M. LAUGHLIN Clinton, TennesseeТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ Butler, Vines & Babb, PLLC СССССССССССССС Knoxville, Tennessee JOHN T. JOHNSON, JR. Kramer, Rayson, Leake, Rodgers & Morgan, LLP Knoxville, Tennessee ааб# Fа P P#бO P I N I O Nб#XxВјшhXˆ#б аа ŒAFFIRMED AND REMANDEDТhhhТТРРРТТТТpppТТШШШТТ   ТТxxxТSusano, J. аае‚щгUSгб#XNє\  PXP#ба ААмм алfooterлааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XNє\  P XP#бллСЪКь*С‚еб#Xxў6X@ X@#бŠССССMelissa D. Boye (Р РBoyeРР) filed this personal injury action against John Hollis Moore, Jr. (Р РMooreРР) seeking damages for a permanent brain injury that ЉЉ she claims ЉЉ resulted from a motor vehicle accident caused by Moore. The defendant admitted liability for the accident, andб#Xxў6X@ X@#б the court below conducted a bench trial on the issue of damages. At the conclusion of the trial, the court below found that BoyeРРs expert medical testimony sufficiently established causation and the existence of a significant, permanent brain injury, and awarded Boye compensatory damages of $219,000. Moore appeals, raising the following issues for our consideration: а мм` ` ааа1. Did the expert medical testimony adduced at trial sufficiently establish that Boye sustained a significant, permanent brain injury as a result of the automobile accident with Moore? 2. Was the trial courtРРs judgment improperly affected by considerations not in evidence and was the judgment a result of passion, prejudice, or caprice? а ` ` АА аааBoye raises the additional issue of whether she is entitled to damages for a frivolous appeal pursuant to б#Xxў6X@X@#бT.C.A. РР 27Љ1Љ122. УУааI. FactsФФ ааг ‚X гб#Xxў6X@X@#бССOn Friday, October 28, 1994, 16ЉyearЉold Melissa Boye was driving home in a Ford Explorer. While stopped in a line of traffic, BoyeРРs vehicle was struck from behind by a vehicle driven by Moore. The force of the collision caused a chain reaction: BoyeРРs vehicle was forced into the automobile in front of it, and that vehicle, in turn, was pushed into the vehicle in Šfront of it. As a result of the impact, BoyeРРs head struck some part of the inside of her vehicle. At the time, Boye did not feel she was seriously injured. Her only manifestations of injury were neck pain and a bump on the right side of her head immediately behind the hairline. г ‚X г г ‚X гССBoyeРРs father, Dr. Harry Boye (Р РDr. BoyeРР), who is also her physician, examined Boye on the day of the accident. His examination revealed cervical spasms and a possible concussion. Dr. Boye, a general surgeon, phoned a neurosurgeon, Dr. William Reid (Р РDr. ReidРР), and arranged for his daughter to see him the following Monday. Since Dr. Boye found no indication of a significant brain injury, he limited the information he conveyed to Dr. Reid to his daughterРРs possible cervical injury. Dr. ReidРРs subsequent evaluation revealed no broken bones, but did indicate mild decreased range of motion of the cervical spine. BoyeРРs neck was free of symptoms in two to three months. г ‚X г г ‚X гССA few weeks after the accident, Boye began to experience dizziness and problems with her vision. In January, 1995, she fell, chipped her tooth, and completely lost control of her body. Boye attributed this incident to Р Рfemale problemsРР and simply told her father that she had fallen. г ‚X г г ‚X гССIn March, 1995, while at work, Boye experienced an incident during which she completely lost her vision, felt Р РtinglyРР, and vomited several times. Subsequently, these types of incidents increased in frequency and severity and were usually at their worst when Boye was Р Рstressed outРР or during menstruation.Œг ‚X г™г ‚X гССOn September 11, 1996, Boye experienced a grand mal seizureжђџџгUSгб#єdВјшhєˆ#бGrand mal seizures involve the contraction of all major muscle groups followed by complete and total relaxation. The event often includes tongueЉbiting and incontinence.ђжб#Xxў6X@X@#б while attending a biology class at the University of Tennessee. The seizure began with Boye suddenly feeling hot, queasy and lightЉheaded. She was taken to the bathroom, an event she does not recall. She does remember being able to see and hear, yet being unable to control her bodyРРs convulsions. Boye recovered and then experienced another seizure approximately ten minutes later. г ‚X г г ‚X гССAt the hospital emergency room the same day, a physician ordered a CT brain scan. The CT scan revealed an abnormality in a small area on BoyeРРs right frontal lobe. The physician, who examined the scan at the hospital, opined that the abnormality was of Р Рdoubtful clinical significance,РР and that the abnormality could be attributed to an insignificant clinical finding referred to as Р Рvolume averaging or artifact.РР Volumeб#єdВјшhєˆ#б б#XxВјшhXˆ#бaveraging or artifact refers to an anomaly of the test itself rather than an indication of an abnormality of the brain.б#Xxў6X@X@#б The physician also noted that Boye exhibited some weakness on the left side of her body.жvџџгUSгб#єdВјшhєˆ#бThis condition is known as ToddРРs Paralysis.vж г ‚X г б#Xxў6X@X@#бССССThe next day, Dr. Berta Bergiaб#Xxў6X@X@#б (Р РDr. BergiaРР), a board certified neurologist specializing in adult and child neurology,б#Xxў6X@X@#бжвџџгUSгб#єdў6X@є@#бActually, Dr. Bergia is tripleЉboard certified, holding certifications in neurology, neurophysiology, and independent medical examinations.вжб#Xxў6X@X@#б examined Boye. Dr. Bergia, relying on the CT scan report, the report of leftЉsided weakness following the seizure, and information conveyed by Boye, concluded that BoyeРРs grand mal seizure was a focal onset seizure. This type of seizure is generally caused by a traumatic event rather than hereditary factors. Dr. Bergia further concluded that BoyeРРs seizures were a result of the head injury she received in the automobile accident in 1994. Dr. Bergia prescribed medication in an attempt to control BoyeРРs seizures and related symptoms.б#Xxў6X@X@#б ССССIn the years preceding trial, Boye experienced a variety of problems relating to her health and education. At one point in the spring of 1998, after Boye stopped taking her medication for approximately a month, she experienced a loss of vision and tingling and accidentally struck her head on a bathroom stall door. She began to take her medication after that event, but, even while medicated, Boye often saw and still sees spots and has headaches. She also feels that she is more easily fatigued and frustrated than before the accident.б#Xxў6X@X@#б ‹ Šг ‚X гб#Xxў6X@X@#бССIn addition to medical difficulties, Boye has also experienced educational problems to some degree. Prior to the accident, Boye was a C to C+ student. After the accident, in her junior year of high school, Boye received three Ds and enrolled in summer school so she could graduate on time. Her senior year, she made a C+ average taking classes such as weight training and drama. In the 1996 academic year, prior to being medicated for her seizures and related problems, Boye registered for several classes at the University of Tennessee, but withdrew from all but one. She received a B in that class, partly based on a paper she authored regarding seizures. In the fall of 1997, after beginning her medication, Boye registered for two classes at Pellissippi State Technical Community College. She dropped one class and received a C in the other. In the spring, she registered for one class and completed the course with an A. In the fall of 1998, Boye registered for and attended five classes while working four hours a night as a telemarketer, but, despite maintaining a B average, she eventually dropped all of her classes. г ‚X г г ‚X гССBoye filed this suit on August 14, 1997 alleging that she sustained permanent injuries as a result of MooreРРs negligence. In his answer, Moore admitted that his negligence was the proximate cause of the accident but denied the existence of injury.б#Xxў6X@X@#б г ‚X г б#Xxў6X@X@#бУУааII. Medical TestimonyФФ ааг ‚X гб#Xxў6X@ X@#б г ‚X г‹ССAt trial, in addition to testifying on her own behalf, Boye presented the testimony of three witnesses. Dr. Boye testified both in his capacity as the plaintiffРРs father and in his capacity as her physician. Dr. Bergia and Dr. Eric Engum (Р РDr. EngumРР) testified as expert witnesses. ааA. Dr. Boye аа Šб#XxВјшh!Xˆ#бг ‚X гб#Xxў6X@"X@#бССDr. Boye is a general surgeon whose practice includes working with neurologists and neuropsychologists in the treatment of patients with traumatic head injuries resulting in brain dysfunction. Dr. Boye testified that, in his professional opinion, his daughterРРs epileptic condition resulted from the head injury she received in the automobile accident. He also testified that her epilepsy was a permanent, or at least chronic, condition, and that he did not believe there would be any improvement over time. These answers were given in response to a request to state his opinion with a reasonable degree of medical certainty. He also testified that he would defer to Dr. BergiaРРs opinion regarding BoyeРРs neurological condition. г ‚X г ааB. Dr. Bergia ааг ‚X г‹ г ‚X гŠб#Xxў6X@#X@#бССDr. Bergia stated that all of her conclusions were given with a reasonable degree of medical certainty. Dr. BergiaРРs testimony established that she relied on the following information in forming her professional opinion: (1) Boye had had at least one, possibly two seizures, and complained of some dizziness, impairment of vision, and headaches; (2) Boye experienced leftЉsided weakness following her grand mal seizure; (3) there was no history of seizures in BoyeРРs family; (4) a CT scan taken after her grand mal seizure revealed a possible abnormality on the right frontal lobe of BoyeРРs brain; and (5) Boye had been in an automobile accident, УУi.e.ФФ, the accident with Moore, approximately two years prior to her grand mal seizureб#Xxў6X@$X@#б in which she had sustained a bump on the right side of her head.Œг ‚X гŠ г ‚X гССIn addition to the foregoing facts, Dr. Bergia testified to the following information in her field of expertise: (1) leftЉsided weakness following a seizure is generally presumed to be caused by an anomaly on the right side of the brain; (2) a CT scan revealing an abnormality on the right frontal lobe tends to confirm this presumption; (3) such a seizure is generally not hereditary but rather a result of trauma; and (4) seizures occurring as a result of a head injury can develop as late as ten years following the injury. г ‚X г г ‚X гССApplying the knowledge she possessed by virtue of her medical expertise to the facts of the instant case, Dr. Bergia concluded that the head injury which Boye suffered in the automobile accident caused a contusion to BoyeРРs brain, which in turn made Boye prone to seizures and thus an epileptic. УУShe testified that there was Р Рno questionРР that the seizures were related to the automobile accident.ФФ г ‚X г г ‚X гССDr. Bergia also testified that her opinion regarding the cause of BoyeРРs seizures was unaffected by the fact that a CT scan, which was taken a year after the first scan, revealed no abnormality. She explained that a negative CT scan does not necessarily establish the absence of an injury. She also opined that even if the subsequent CT scan correctly showed no injury, the first CT scan could still have been properly interpreted as showing a concussion, since the evidence of concussion could have disappeared between the two scans. г ‚X гŒг ‚X гССDr. Bergia testified that she could not comment on the permanency of BoyeРРs injury with any certainty. Dr. BergiaРРs intended course of treatment was to continue Boye on her medication and to reevaluate her in the future. г ‚X г ааC. Dr. Engum ааг ‚X г г ‚X гб#Xxў6X@%X@#бССDr. Engum is a clinical psychologist specializing in clinical neuropsychology. As a neuropsychologist, he evaluates, diagnoses, and treats individuals with various types of brain injuries. On October 16, 1998, Dr. Engum performed a complete neuropsychological evaluation of Boye by administering four tests designed to determine whether she had suffered some degree of cognitive dysfunction. г ‚X г‹ г ‚X гŠССDr. Engum first administered a traditional intelligence quotient (Р РI.Q.РР) test. Boye scored an overall I.Q. of 104. BoyeРРs б#Xxў6X@&X@#бverbal I.Q. was 95 б#Xxў6X@'X@#бand her performance I.Q.ж›џџгUSгб#єdў6X@(є@#бPerformance I.Q. measures skills such as eye/hand coordination and fine motor speed.›жб#Xxў6X@)X@#б was 116б#Xxў6X@*X@#б.жRџџгUSгб#єdВјшh+єˆ#бDr. Engum also expressed these test results in relation to the total population. For example, BoyeРРs overall I.Q. was in the 61stУУФФ percentile, her verbal I.Q. placed her in the 37thУУФФ percentile, and her performance I.Q. was in the 86thУУФФ percentile.Rж Dr. Engum testified that the normal difference between oneРРs verbal I.Q. and performance I.Q. is five to seven points. A difference of 12 to 15 points, according to Dr. Engum, indicates a significant dysfunction. He concluded that the 21Љpoint difference between BoyeРРs verbal I.Q. and performance I.Q. indicated significant impairment in basic verbal skills, including vocabulary, reasoning and judgment. г ‚X г‹Œг ‚X гŠССThe next test Dr. Engum administered was an attention and concentration test. BoyeРРs overall attention quotient (Р РA.Q.РР) was 83. Her auditory A.Q. was 71 and her visual A.Q. was 102б#Xxў6X@,X@#б.жхџџгUSгб#єdВјшh-єˆ#бBoyeРРs auditory A.Q. placed her near the retarded range, УУi.e.ФФ, the 3rdУУФФ to 4thУУФФ percentile, and her visual A.Q. was in the 54th percentile.хж Again, Dr. Engum concluded that the large difference between BoyeРРs auditory A.Q. and her visual A.Q. indicated significant impairment. г ‚X г‹ г ‚X гŠССThe third test Dr. Engum administered measured shortЉterm memory. BoyeРРs auditory immediate memory was 105б#Xxў6X@.X@#б and her visual immediate memory was 121б#Xxў6X@/X@#б.жЧџџгUSгб#єdВјшh0єˆ#бBoyeРРs auditory and visual immediate memory test scores placed her in the 63rdУУФФ and 92ndУУФФ percentiles respectively.Чж Though these scores were Р РaverageРР and Р РsuperiorРР respectively, Dr. Engum concluded that the 16 point difference between the two indices also indicated significant impairment. г ‚X г‹ г ‚X гССFinally, Dr. Engum administered a personality, emotional and behavioral status test. This test revealed signs of mild depression, increased selfЉabsorption and rumination, as well as an increased distrust towards others. г ‚X г г ‚X гССFrom these test results, Dr. Engum concluded that Boye had sustained a loss of brain function due to some impairing event. More specifically, Dr. EngumРРs opinion was that Boye had suffered (1) a reduction in I.Q., especially verbal I.Q.; (2) a reduction in attention and concentration, especially through auditory channels; (3) some reduction of immediate auditory memory; and (4) a reduction in abstract reasoning ability. Dr. Engum testified that these deficiencies impact a personРРs ability Što pay attention to the presentation of information and his or her ability to retain the information presented and to incorporate that information into the brain and to relate it to what the person already knows. Dr. Engum testified that Boye will need to expend more effort to achieve the same result as others and will likely need to attend college partЉtime rather than fullЉtime as a result. г ‚X г г ‚X гССDr. Engum was unconcerned that he had no preЉaccident test results to compare to the results of the tests he administered. He testified that there was Р Рno way,РР absent an impairing event, that Boye could exhibit a 104 overall I.Q. along with an auditory attention quotient of 71. Dr. Engum explained that an attention quotient of 70 is Р Рretarded levelРР and that, if she had an attention quotient of 71 prior to age 16, her grades Р Рwould have been terrible.РР Dr. Engum conceded, however, that Boye achieving a B average after the accident for a full load of classes while working partЉtime was inconsistent with his professional opinion. г ‚X г г ‚X гССFinally, Dr. Engum testified that BoyeРРs brain dysfunction could be mitigated to some extent through treatment. г ‚X г б#XxВјшh1Xˆ#бССССBased on all of the testimony, the trial court concluded that the evidence preponderated in BoyeРРs favor. The court further concluded that a judgment in the amount of $219,000 was reasonable. ааУУIII. Standard of ReviewФФ ааŒб#Xxў6X@2X@#бССССIn this nonЉjury case, our review is б#XxВјшh3Xˆ#бУУб#Xxў6X@4X@#бde novoФФб#Xxў6X@5X@#б upon the record, with a presumption of correctness as to the trial courtРРs factual determinations, unless the evidence preponderates otherwise. Rule 13(d), T.R.A.P.; б#XxВјшh6Xˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@7X@#бUnion Carbide Corp. v. HuddlestonФ ФФФб#Xxў6X@8X@#б, 854 S.W.2d 87, 91 (Tenn. 1993); б#XxВјшh9Xˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@:X@#бWright v. City of KnoxvilleФ ФФФб#Xxў6X@;X@#б, 898 S.W.2d 177, 181 (Tenn. 1995). The trial courtРРs conclusions of law, however, are accorded no such presumption. б#XxВјшh<Xˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@=X@#бCampbell v. Florida Steel Corp.Ф ФФФб#Xxў6X@>X@#б, 919 S.W.2d 26, 35 (Tenn. 1996); б#XxВјшh?Xˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@@X@#бPresley v. BennettФ ФФФб#Xxў6X@AX@#б, 860 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Tenn. 1993). ‹ ŠССССOur б#XxВјшhBXˆ#бУУб#Xxў6X@CX@#бde novoФФб#Xxў6X@DX@#б review is also subject to the wellЉestablished principle that the trial court is in the best position to assess the credibility of the witnesses; accordingly, such determinations are entitled to great weight on appeal. б#XxВјшhEXˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@FX@#бMassengale v. MassengaleФ ФФФб#Xxў6X@GX@#б, 915 S.W.2d 818, 819 (Tenn.App. 1995); б#XxВјшhHXˆ#бУ УУУб#Xxў6X@IX@#бBowman v. BowmanФ ФФФб#Xxў6X@JX@#б, 836 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Tenn.App. 1991).б#Xxў6X@KX@#б Furthermore, Р Р[e]xpert opinions...are purely advisory in character and the trier of facts may place whatever weight it chooses upon such testimony and may reject it, if it finds that it is inconsistent with the facts in the case or otherwise unreasonable.РР У УУУGibson v. FergusonФ ФФФ, 562 S.W.2d 188, 189Љ190 (Tenn. 1976). ааУУIV. AnalysisФФ аа‹ ааA. Expert Medical Testimony ааŠб#XxВјшhLXˆ#блheaderлŠааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџмьљ!џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ Амааб#XxВјшhOXˆ#бллааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџм4Œ ф <”ьDœєLЄџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАмааб#Xxў6X@PX@#блheaderл ŠааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџXА` И hРpШ xа (#€%и'0*ˆ,р.813ш5@8˜:№