ÿWPC: …# VUNa %¯ 0(µw@Ý4 1 UP@ 0l 0Dü @ 0JH 0T’ 0^æ 0hD 0r¬ B 0|; 0†· 0= 1uÍ 0dBU>¦B)äDC  D3P AMƒU*Ð 0@ú:U6Jf€^æv~DvÓ AO•Æä 0Dª D/î B˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ § [¨ © ª E« ¬ E­ D® ¯ D° Ó€·‚^!3|x» &@FÐZ ‹8CaslonOpnface BT Regular((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô d2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d((((7Border 1dd'ÿÿdxd€-)Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÝ  ÝÔ€,ÔÔ€,ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€,XÔÌÌò òDecember€23,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€,ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó< Œ 9p`(Courier New \Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€/ÔÔ€/ôÔThere€is€no€indication€in€the€record€that€the€defendantððs€depositionÏwas€taken.€€In€any€event,€the€plaintiffs€do€not€rely€on€any€such€testimony€inÏthis€case.Ì TÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€'ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€/ÔÔ€/ôÔBy€statute,€a€suit€for€dental€malpractice€is€encompassed€within€theÏdefinition€of€a€medical€malpractice€action.€€òòSee€óóT.C.A.€ðð€29„26„102(4),(6).ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€'ÔÝ  ÝÑ P ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€5;XXdìdÈ7ÑÙ€€ÙßR€+.)A1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àÔ€/ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌÌÌBARBARA€BRADLEY,à àà àà à€€)€C/A€NO.€03A01„9607„CV„00232Ìas€administratrix€of€theà àà à€€)Ìestate€of€PAUL€J.€BRADLEY,à à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àPlaintiff„Appellant,à à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€œAPPEAL›€AS€OF€RIGHT€FROM€THEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€MONROE€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)ÌDR.€JOHN€M.€FOX,à àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€HONORABLE€EARLE€G.€MURPHY,Ìà àDefendant„Appellee.à àà à€€)€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌFor€Appellantà àà àà àà à€€€€For€AppelleeÌÌDAVID€E.€WAITEà àà àà àà à€€€€DARRYL€G.€LOWEÌCLINT€J.€WOODFINà àà àà à€€€€LISA€A.€LOWEÌBrown€&€Waiteà àà àà à€à à€€€€Lowe,€Shirley€&€YeagerÌKnoxville,€Tennesseeà àà à€€€€Knoxville,€TennesseeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àÔ€ ÔÔ€  ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€N€ÌÔ€/ÔÔ€/XÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDà àà àà àà àà àà àà àœSusano,€J.›ÌÓÓà àà àThis€dental€malpractice€case€was€brought€by€BarbaraÏBradley,€administrator€of€the€estate€of€her€son,€Paul€œJ.€Bradley,›Ïseeking€damages€for€his€wrongful€death.€€Mr.€Bradley,€a€32„year„old€diabetic,€died€as€a€result€of€Ludwigððs€Angina,€a€conditionÏwhich€developed€from€a€severe€infection€after€his€tooth€wasÏextracted€by€the€œdefendant€dentist,›€Dr.€John€M.€Fox.€€Ms.€BradleyÏalleges,€among€other€things,€that€Dr.€Fox€failed€to€appropriatelyÏadminister€antibiotics€to€her€son,€and€that€this€failureÏproximately€caused€the€condition€that€led€directly€to€his€death.€ÏFollowing€the€close€of€Ms.€€Bradleyððs€proof,€the€trial€courtÏdirected€a€verdict€in€favor€of€Dr.€Fox,€on€the€ground€that€theÏplaintiff€had€not€proven€that€Dr.€Foxððs€failure€to€administerÏantibiotics€was€the€proximate€cause€of€Paul€œJ.€Bradleyððs›€death.€ÏMs.€Bradley€appeals,€raising€the€following€question€for€ourÏreview:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àDid€the€trial€court€commit€reversible€error€inÏholding€that€a€directed€verdict€was€properÏbecause€no€material€disputed€evidence€existedÍfrom€which€the€minds€of€reasonable€peopleÏmight€conclude€that€Paul€Bradleyððs€injuriesÏand€death€were€proximately€caused€byÏdefendantððs€negligence?ÌÌÓÓÌDr.€Fox€raises€the€following€additional€issue:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àDid€the€trial€court€err€in€allowing€a€generalÏdentist€to€testify€regarding€Paul€BradleyððsÏcause€of€death,€which€requires€a€medicalÏopinion?ÌÌÓÓÌÌÌà@ àIÌÌà àà àDr.€Fox€initially€treated€Mr.€Bradley€for€a€toothache.€ÏThe€œpatient€registration›€statement€completed€by€Mr.€BradleyÏindicates€that€he€informed€Dr.€Fox€that€he€suffered€from€diabetesÏand€hepatitis.€€The€form€also€contains€a€notation€that€Mr.€BradleyÏwas€not€taking€medication€for€the€diabetes.€€Mr.€Bradleyððs€sisterÏtestified,€without€objection,€that€his€diabetes€could€beÏcontrolled€by€diet,€and€that€he€therefore€was€not€required€to€takeÏinsulin€or€other€medication.€€There€is€no€further€indication€inÏDr.€Foxððs€records€as€to€what,€if€any,€additional€information€Mr.ÍBradley€œprovided›€Dr.€Fox€with€regard€to€the€status€of€hisÏdiabetes.ÌÌà àà àDr.€Fox€promptly€extracted€the€afflicted€tooth.€€œHis›Ïrecords€do€not€reflect€whether€any€antibiotics€were€administeredÏbefore€or€during€the€extraction,€or€at€any€time€on€the€day€of€theÏsurgery,€but€they€do€indicate€that€he€prescribed€an€antibiotic€theÏday€after€the€surgery.€ÌÌà àà àFollowing€the€extraction,€Mr.€Bradley€continued€toÏexperience€problems€in€the€same€location.€€On€the€second€day€afterÏhis€tooth€was€pulled,€he€was€admitted€to€Sweetwater€Hospital€andÏdiagnosed€with€acute€bilateral€neck€cellulitis.€€He€was€thenÏtransferred€to€the€University€of€Tennessee€Medical€Center€inÏKnoxville,€where€he€was€further€diagnosed€as€suffering€fromÏLudwigððs€Angina,€a€life„threatening€head€and€neck€infection€thatÏis€typically€of€dental€origin.€€Mr.€Bradleyððs€condition€continuedÏto€deteriorate,€and€he€died€three€days€later.ÌÌà àà àAt€trial,€Ms.€Bradley€based€her€case€primarily€uponÍthree€sources× ƒ0 ××  ×:€the€testimony€of€Dr.€James€McGivney,€a€doctor€ofÏdental€medicine,€who€testified€as€the€plaintiffððs€expert;€theÏdeposition€testimony€of€Dr.€Jack€E.€Gotcher,€a€doctor€of€dentalÏmedicine€and€specialist€in€oral€surgery€and€general€anesthesia,Ïwho€treated€Mr.€Bradley€upon€his€admission€to€the€University€ofÏTennessee€Medical€Center;€and€the€medical€records€from€bothÏhospitals€and€from€Dr.€Foxððs€office.€€The€trial€court€determinedÏthat,€taken€together,€this€and€other€evidence€presented€by€Ms.ÏBradley€did€not€demonstrate€that€Dr.€Foxððs€failure€to€administerÏantibiotics€had€proximately€caused€Mr.€Bradleyððs€death.€€The€trialÏcourt€accordingly€directed€a€verdict€in€favor€of€Dr.€Fox,€andÏsubsequently€œdenied›€Ms.€Bradleyððs€œpost„trial€motions.›ÌÌà@ àIIÌÌà àà àWe€review€the€trial€courtððs€grant€of€a€directed€verdictÏunder€the€following€well„established€standards:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à[i]n€ruling€on€the€motion,€the€court€must€takeÏthe€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidenceÏin€favor€of€the€non„moving€party.€€In€otherÍwords,€the€court€must€remove€any€conflict€inÏthe€evidence€by€construing€it€in€the€lightÏmost€favorable€to€the€non„movant€andÏdiscarding€all€countervailing€evidence.€€TheÏcourt€may€grant€the€motion€only€if,€afterÏassessing€the€evidence€according€to€theÏforegoing€standards,€it€determines€thatÏreasonable€minds€could€not€differ€as€to€theÏconclusions€to€be€drawn€from€the€evidence.€Ïò òòòSauls€v.€Evansó óóó,€635€S.W.2d€377€(Tenn.€1982);Ïò òòòHolmes€v.€Wilsonó óóó,€551€S.W.2d€682€(Tenn.Ï1977).€€If€there€is€any€doubt€as€to€the€properÏconclusions€to€be€drawn€from€the€evidence,€theÏmotion€must€be€denied.€€ò òòòCrosslin€v.€Alsupó óóó,Ï594€S.W.2d€379€(Tenn.€1980).ÌÌÓÓÌò òòòEaton€v.€McLainóóó ó,€891€S.W.2d€587,€590€(Tenn.€1994).ÌÌà àà àAccording€to€T.C.A.€ðð€29„26„115(a),€the€plaintiff€in€aÏmedical€malpractice€action× ƒ1 ××  ×€has€the€burden€of€proving€the€followingÏthree€elements:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à(1)€The€recognized€standard€of€acceptableÏprofessional€practice€in€the€profession€andÏthe€specialty€thereof,€if€any,€that€theÏdefendant€practices€in€the€community€in€whichÏhe€practices€or€in€a€similar€community€at€theÏtime€the€alleged€injury€or€wrongful€actionÏoccurred;ÌÌà àà8 à(2)€That€the€defendant€acted€with€less€than€orÏfailed€to€act€with€ordinary€and€reasonableÍcare€in€accordance€with€such€standard;€andÌÌà àà8 à(3)€As€a€proximate€result€of€the€defendantððsÏnegligent€act€or€omission,€the€plaintiffÏsuffered€injuries€which€would€not€otherwiseÏhave€occurred.ÌÌÓÓÌò òòòId.óóó ó;€òòsee€also€ò òKilpatrick€v.€Bryantó óóó,€868€S.W.2d€594,€597„98Ï(Tenn.€1993).€€The€plaintiff€cannot€succeed€without€proving€eachÏof€these€elements.€€òòò òId.ó óóó€at€598.€€As€indicated€earlier,€this€appealÏis€primarily€concerned€with€whether€Ms.€Bradley€satisfied€herÏburden€of€proof€on€the€third€element,€proximate€cause.ÌÌà àà à€To€satisfy€the€proximate€cause€requirement,€theÏplaintiff€must€establish€that€ð ðit€is€more€likely€than€not€that€theÏdefendantððs€negligence€caused€plaintiff€to€suffer€injuries€whichÏwould€have€not€otherwise€occurred.ðð€€ò òòòId.óóó ó€at€602€(quoting€ò òòòBoburkaÏv.€Adcockó óóó,€979€F.2d€424€(6th€Cir.€1992)).€€Accordingly,ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à[t]he€plaintiff€must€introduce€evidence€whichÏaffords€a€reasonable€basis€for€the€conclusionÏthat€it€is€more€likely€than€not€that€theÏconduct€of€the€defendant€was€a€cause€in€factÏof€the€result.€€A€mere€possibility€of€suchÏcausation€is€not€enough;€and€when€the€matterÏremains€one€of€pure€speculation€or€conjectureÏor€the€probabilities€are€at€best€evenlyÏbalanced,€it€becomes€the€duty€of€the€court€toÏdirect€a€verdict€for€the€defendant....ÌÌÓÓÌò òòòKilpatrickó ó,€óó868€S.W.2d€at€602€(quoting€ò òòòLindsey€v.€Miami€Dev.ÏCorp.ó óóó,€689€S.W.2d€856,€861„62€(Tenn.€1985)).€€With€regard€to€aÏmedical€malpractice€action,€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòò òKilpatrickó óóóÏfurther€œstated›€that€ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àproof€of€causation€equating€to€aÏð ðpossibilityðð...€is€not€sufficient,€as€aÏmatter€of€law,€to€establish€the€required€nexusÏbetween€the€plaintiffððs€injury€and€theÏdefendantððs€tortious€conduct€by€aÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence€in€a€medicalÏmalpractice€case.€€Causation€in€fact€is€aÏmatter€of€probability,€not€possibility,€and€inÏa€medical€malpractice€case,€such€must€be€shownÏto€a€reasonable€degree€of€medical€certainty.€Ï(citation€omitted).ÌÌÓÓÌò òòòId.ó óóó€at€602.€€The€probability€aspect€of€proximate€cause€thusÏrequires€that€there€be€ð ðgreater€than€a€50€percent€chanceðð€that€theÏdefendantððs€negligent€acts€or€omissions€were€the€cause€in€fact€ofÏthe€plaintiffððs€injuries.€€ò òòòVolz€v.€Ledesóóó ó,€895€S.W.2d€677,€679Ï(Tenn.€1995).ÌÌà àà àAgainst€this€background,€we€turn€to€the€question€ofÏwhether€Ms.€Bradley€established€that€Dr.€Foxððs€negligenceÏproximately€caused€the€death€of€her€son.ÌÌà@ àIIIÌÌà àà àWe€shall€first€review€what€was€proven€by€Ms.€Bradley€onÏthe€issue€of€causation.€€The€following€pertinent€facts€wereÏestablished€by€the€medical€records€and€the€testimony€of€variousÏwitnesses:€(1)€Paul€Bradley€was€a€diabetic;€(2)€Mr.€BradleyÏinformed€Dr.€Fox€that€he€was€a€diabetic€but€that€he€was€not€takingÏmedication;€(3)€Dr.€Fox€extracted€the€tooth€that€was€the€source€ofÏMr.€Bradleyððs€pain;€(4)€Dr.€Fox€prescribed€antibiotics€for€Mr.ÏBradley€on€the€day€after€the€extraction;€(5)€following€theÏsurgery,€Mr.€Bradley€developed€a€severe€infection€that€led€to€ÏLudwigððs€Angina;€and€(6)€Mr.€Bradley€died€as€a€result€of€thisÏaffliction.€€In€addition,€the€expert€testimony€indicates€that€theÏapplicable€standard€of€care€required€taking€an€adequate€medicalÏhistory,€determining€whether€the€diabetes€was€under€control,€andÏadministering€antibiotics€at€least€after€the€surgery€wasÏperformed.ÌÌà àà àThe€evidence€is€much€less€complete€in€other€respects.€ÏFor€instance,€although€it€was€œassumed›€in€certain€questions€andÏanswers€at€trial,€there€is€no€actual€testimony€that€Dr.€Fox€didÍnot€administer€antibiotics€to€Mr.€Bradley€at€the€time€of€theÏextraction.€€In€addition,€the€expert€testimony€is€unclear€as€toÏexactly€when,€under€the€particular€circumstances€of€this€case,Ïantibiotics€òòshouldóó€have€been€administered.€€Dr.€Gotcher€testifiedÏthat€a€dentist€should,€at€a€minimum,€give€a€diabetic€patientÏantibiotics€ð ðafter€the€surgery€[is]€done.ðð€€However,€it€is€unclearÏwhether€he€meant€òòimmediatelyóó€œð ðafterðð,›€or€at€some€other€unspecifiedÏtime€following€the€surgery.€€He€also€testified€that€it€would€be€aÏbreach€of€the€standard€of€care€to€not€at€least€give€the€patient€aÏð ðprescription€for€oral€antibiotics€to€be€taken€after€the€surgeryÏwas€done.ðð€€Applying€this€statement€to€the€facts€at€hand,€Dr.€FoxÏwould€appear€to€have€met€the€standard€of€care,€since€he€didÏprescribe€antibiotics€to€Mr.€Bradley€the€day€after€the€surgery.€ÏGiven€the€absence€of€expert€testimony€as€to€precisely€whenÏantibiotics€should€have€been€provided,€we€cannot€determine€whetherÏthis€prescription€was€given€too€late,€or€whether€œa€failure€toÏprescribe€it€at€the€appropriate€time€›€contributed€to€theÏprogression€of€Mr.€Bradleyððs€infection.€€Furthermore,€the€recordÏoffers€no€indication€as€to€whether€Mr.€Bradley€even€filled€theÏprescription€or€took€the€medication€as€directed.ÌÌà àà àDr.€McGivney€stated€that,€had€antibiotics€beenÍadministered€prior€to€the€extraction,€ð ðI€donððt€think€he€would€haveÏ„„€that€infection€would€have€progressed€to€cause€him€LudwigððsÏAngina.ðð€€However,€he€could€not€explain€the€mechanism€by€which€theÏtooth€extraction€allegedly€advanced€the€infection.€€Dr.€McGivneyÏdid€not€testify€as€to€a€particular€point€at€which€the€standard€ofÏcare€required€Dr.€Fox€to€administer€antibiotics.€€He€didÏacknowledge€that€Dr.€Fox€had€prescribed€an€antibiotic€on€the€dayÏafter€the€surgery,€œbut›€he€never€œtestified›€that€Dr.€Fox€hadÏbreached€the€standard€of€care€by€waiting€until€then€to€do€so.ÌÌà àà àThe€record€is€also€unclear€as€to€the€status€of€Mr.ÏBradleyððs€diabetes€and€the€extent€of€Dr.€Foxððs€specific€knowledgeÏthereof.€€œBoth›€Dr.€Gotcher€and€Dr.€McGivney€testified€to€theÏimportance€of€determining€the€degree€of€control€that€a€diabeticÏpatient€has€over€his€condition.€€Each€stated€that€the€particularÏprocedures€to€be€followed€in€caring€for€such€a€patient€areÏpredicated€upon€a€finding€of€whether€the€patientððs€diabetes€isÏð ðcontrolledðð€or€ð ðuncontrolled.ðð€€Again,€the€record€offers€littleÏguidance€as€to€whether€Dr.€Fox€made€such€an€assessment,€and€if€so,Ïinto€which€category€he€placed€Mr.€Bradley.€€Thus,€œwhile€the›€recordÏcontains€extensive€testimony€regarding€the€standard€of€care€forÏdiabetic€patients€in€alternate€scenarios,€œwe€do€not€have€the€factsÍnecessary€to€determine€which€scenario€is€present€in€this€case.€ÏWithout€these€facts,€we€cannot€determine€›œwhich€›€standard€œis›Ïapplicable€to€the€case€at€œhand.€€This€deficiency€precludes€aÏfinding€that€Dr.€Fox€violated€the€applicable€standard€of€care.›ÌÌà àà àLeaving€aside€the€question€of€the€relevant€standard€ofÏcare,€we€have€determined€that€the€evidence€before€us€does€notÏestablish€that€negligence€on€the€part€of€Dr.€Fox€proximatelyÏcaused€Paul€Bradleyððs€injuries€and€death.€€There€is€no€proof€thatÏDr.€Fox€failed€to€administer€antibiotics€to€Mr.€Bradley€at€theÏproper€time€or€in€the€proper€manner.€€Given€the€insufficiency€ofÏsuch€œevidence›€in€the€record,€we€can€draw€no€negative€conclusionsÏabout€the€treatment€provided€by€Dr.€Fox.ÌÌà àà àTo€establish€proximate€cause€in€this€particular€case,ÏMs.€Bradley€was€required€to€demonstrate€that€it€is€more€likelyÏthan€not€that€the€failure€to€give€antibiotics€at€the€appropriateÏtime€or€in€the€proper€manner€was€the€proximate€cause€of€theÏLudwigððs€Angina€that€caused€Mr.€Bradleyððs€death.€€òòSee€ò òVolz€v.ÏLedesó óóó,€895€S.W.2d€677,€679€(Tenn.€1995);òò€ò òKilpatrick€v.€Bryantó óóó,Ï868€S.W.2d€594,€602€(Tenn.€1993).€€The€record€contains€no€suchÏproof.€€Although€the€evidence€supports€the€òòpossibilityóó€ofÍcausation,€a€mere€possibilityÌÌÓÓà àà8 àis€not€sufficient,€as€a€matter€of€law,€toÏestablish€the€required€nexus€between€theÏplaintiffððs€injury€and€the€defendantððsÏtortious€conduct€by€a€preponderance€of€theÏevidence...ÌÌÓÓÌò òòòId.óóó ó€at€602.ÌÌà àà àWe€therefore€find€that€the€trial€judge€properly€directedÏa€verdict€in€favor€of€Dr.€Fox€on€the€ground€that€Ms.€Bradley€hadÏnot€proven€that€a€failure€to€administer€antibiotics€was€theÏproximate€cause€of€Paul€Bradleyððs€œdeath.ÌÌà àà àIn›€view€of€our€disposition€of€this€issue,€we€deem€itÏunnecessary€to€address€the€additional€issue€raised€on€this€appealÏby€Dr.€Fox.ÌÌà àà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€onÏappeal€are€assessed€to€the€appellant€and€her€surety.€€This€case€isÏremanded€to€the€trial€court€for€collection€of€costs€assessedÏthere,€pursuant€to€applicable€law.ÌÓÓÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.ÌÌœÌÌCONCUR:›ÌÌÌ_________________________ÌHouston€M.€Goddard,€P.J.ÌÌÌœ_________________________›ÌDon€T.€McMurray,€œJ.›