ÿWPC8 Õ‘ž2·îźbTjùªx÷é"vîÔÏX)Z“Gι ¸Ä¯|#ÅÃ,Být¬}½¹ñ/Û †¥Äù“¨—ß K Ã0z2Ùà éÍJõÇý%tÜF¦”h–öÿå@*ºÔC~q.T| dºÂÔ"ä4\£~${]ð&“GfplXxÆ*W.-t(ûñOð;îÉñ—$gú]µçFC£CsB‚Í®@<ݪÇpËM¬Ï!§f’¥d0ÏîkDY•A“Íì0õתÚÇÚÅ‹s0E¢Œ¸äÿûRÍàT]ÍÁû‘äWï¤A éÁh‹À x<öŒUP+äMؘ+,¯-Éÿ[m NEýû8XÜbñæóT€^þ‘@HV[~,¤ëIun£&4³º\ÓV"¯¢Pœë³v‘û¡úœ‘íê=GÕ 9¶nuò KÂ1yÔ¸ähsOPjý?Ïû_““ÐÒdWÚ)f¦&ŽžK¨W–hÊBÈÒHνë'êÇjŒ—Kª7Õ Šü¸•Ý-ÊqT÷²TbÁ®Û*ËêŠ)·`’\o“$î¹$Ã~¦À+ kí‰]‘5š"@áÖÃóµÃ(ñ^¯ÇÛYè'ŒÊul¾¡Âк,G¶£ÅÑ]# UN! %o 0(uw@4Ýñ f Nn U Np 1‡¾ 1mE 0c² ^  ! m# “: "Í 0Ïï 0D¾ prpŠUNúœH­äUN‘ßœãU: AQ¹Æ  0DÐ 0D 0DXX D/œœ BË D3èèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèèè B˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ DD V!Ó€©yË&ð33|x* \Ñ\R AØ'ÿ Legal\Ñ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÀCEKQW]cioAutoList1i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.#.e37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;³»$´´Ô2.eÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à·• 'ˆÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ‰Ý ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XÏ{XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ ¼6Q»X XÏ{ÔThe€Court€indicated€that€sufficient€grounds€for€a€non„parent€to€seekÐ ° Ðcustody€might€also€include€unfitness€of€the€parent€and€dependency€and€neglectÏof€the€child. Ñ  ÑÑ  Ñ((2X$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ X?%XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÑÑà Ø àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó fÝ ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XOVXXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€¼öR»X XOVÔThis€motion€was€not€made€by€or€on€behalf€of€the€father,€Shawn€Bruce.Ð ° ÐAdditionally,€the€father€is€not€a€party€to€this€appeal.€ D.R.B.MCMINNVILLEpartumBiancaArnesheIn InBinanca OlenAltherrComm'nRasmussenBursonBrucesDantzler fÝ ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XÏ{XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ ¼6Q»X XÏ{ÔThis€motion€was€not€made€by€or€on€behalf€of€the€father,€Shawn€Bruce.Ð ° ÐAdditionally,€the€father€is€not€a€party€to€this€appeal.€(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular ’Ý ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€XÏ{XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Ô€¼6Q»X XÏ{ÔThe€record€is€not€clear€whether€the€incarceration€was€the€result€of€theÐ ° Ðfatherððs€assault€on€his€own€father,€or€due€to€unrelated€charges€from€anotherÏcounty,€or€both. £Ý ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XÏ{XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€ ¼6Q»X XÏ{ÔThe€trial€courtððs€comments€at€the€beginning€of€the€hearing€indicated€heÐ ° Ðwas€well€aware€of€the€high€standard€which€non„parents€must€meet€when€seekingÏcustody€from€a€childððs€€parent.(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular úÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€Xø# XXXÔÔ€§( XXø#ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xø# X§(ÔÐ  ÐÌAugust€17,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó ’Ý ƒØ1$ÝÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ XÏ{XXXÔÓ  ÓÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà Ø àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€Ô€ ¼6Q»X XÏ{ÔThe€record€is€not€clear€whether€the€incarceration€was€the€result€of€theÐ ° Ðfatherððs€assault€on€his€own€father,€or€due€to€unrelated€charges€from€anotherÏcounty,€or€both.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd\\\\'ÿÿdxd dÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€¼ôÓ¼XXÔÑ€ †ÑÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ‡ ¼¼¼¼ôÓÔñ!ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eô±` 8ttxP,°ð  rßñ!ñà@& & êàò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@‚‚(êàAT€NASHVILLEˆÌó óÌIN€RE:€D.R.B.à@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÐ Ü, Ðà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÌROCKY€MICHAEL€BRUCE€andà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÐ ü L ÐCHERYL€BRUCEà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÐ  \ Ðà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÌÓ-€ü(‚X˜‘X°œX-Óà Ø àPetitioners/Appellees,à@ÃÃ.êà)ˆà  àAppeal€No.Ð , | Ðà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆà  à01A01„9802„JV„00105Ð <Œ  ÐØØÓL€ À(# LÓÝ ‚³» ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚³»ïÝÔ2ÀÔÚ  ÚvÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 Ø àÝ  Ýà@ÃÃ.êØ T$Ø T$à)݃³»ïÝŒˆÐ Lœ  ÐŒÝ  Ýà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆà  àWarren€JuvenileÐ \¬  ÐANGELA€JACOBSà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆà  àNo.€€1305Ð l¼  Ðà@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÌà Ø àRespondent/Appellant.à@ÃÃ.êà)ˆÐ ŒÜ Ðà Ø àà  àÌÌÔ‡ »•»¼ ¼ÔÓ  ÓAPPEAL€FROM€THE€JUVENILE€COURTÐ ¼  ÐFOR€WARREN€COUNTYÌÌTHE€HONORABLE€BARRY€MEDLEY€PRESIDING€ÌÓ9°,X‚Xì“X€ü(‚X˜‘X9ÓÌÓ  ÓÌG.€KLINE€PRESTON,€IVÌWASHINGTON€SQUARE€TWOÌ222€2òòNDóó€AVENUE€NORTHÐ <Œ ÐSUITE€416ÌNASHVILLE,€TENNESSEE€37201ÌÌÔ#† ¼¼» »•Ð#ÔATTORNEY€FOR€PETITIONERS/APPELLEESÐ |#Ì ÐÌÌCHARLES€S.€RAMSEY,€JR.Ì114€NORTH€SPRING€STREETÌP.O.€BOX€687ÌMANCHESTER,€TENNESSEE€37355ÌÌATTORNEY€FOR€RESPONDENT/APPELLANTÌÌÓ  Óò òAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDó ó€Ð .l)' ÐÓ  ÓÌà Ø àà ¼ àPATRICIA€J.€COTTRELL,€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌKOCH,€J.ÌCAIN,€J.Ô#†¼ôÓ¼¼ ¼Ë#ÔÐ   6ð1/ ÐÑ€*ÑÑ7€tл »dXXdð7Ñà@XX+êàò òòòÔ‡„Þ „¼¼ôÓÔOPINIONÔ#†¼ôÓ¼ „„Þ8 #Ôó óóóˆÐ ° ÐÓÓÌà Ø àThis€dispute€over€the€custody€of€a€minor€child€arose€after€the€paternalÏgrandparents€filed€an€intervening€petition€for€child€custody.€€They€were€grantedÏtemporary€custody€of€the€child€pending€a€hearing€on€the€matter.€€After€twoÏhearings,€the€trial€court€ordered€that€custody€remain€with€the€paternalÏgrandparents€pending€the€results€of€€home€studies€of€each€party€seeking€custody,Ïi.e.,€the€mother€and€the€paternal€grandparents.€€The€trial€court€held€additionalÏhearings€after€receiving€the€results€of€the€home€studies€and€awarded€custody€toÏthe€paternal€grandparents.€€€We€affirm€the€trial€court.Ìà Ø àThe€minor€child,€D.R.B.,€was€born€in€Michigan€December€24,€1996.€ÏWhen€the€child€was€six€days€old,€she€and€her€mother€(Angela€Jacobs)€came€toÏTennessee€with€the€childððs€father€(Shawn€Bruce)€to€live.€€D.R.B.ððs€parents€were,Ïand€remain,€unmarried,€although€at€the€time€of€the€hearing,€the€mother€wasÏpregnant€with€a€second€child€fathered€by€D.R.B.ððs€father.€Shortly€after€the€awardÏof€temporary€custody€to€the€paternal€grandparents,€the€mother€returned€toÏMichigan,€where€she€was€still€living€at€the€time€of€the€hearing.Ìà Ø àShortly€after€D.R.B.ððs€birth,€her€mother€agreed€to€move€with€the€infant€toÏTennessee.€€The€mother€didnððt€want€to€fly,€so€D.R.B.'s€father,€the€father's€ten„¼year„old€sister,€and€his€mother€(Cheryl€Bruce)€drove€to€Michigan€fromÏTennessee€and€transported€D.R.B.€and€her€22„year„old€mother€to€Tennessee.€€ÏUpon€arriving€in€Tennessee,€D.R.B.ððs€mother€and€father€established€a€residenceÏand€kept€D.R.B.€for€a€couple€of€days.€€What€began€as€assistance€and€babysittingÏby€the€paternal€grandparents€(the€Bruces)€expanded€to€virtually€full€time€care,€Ïdue€to€the€inability€and/or€unwillingness€of€D.R.B.ððs€parents€to€care€for€her.€€Ð  8\3/ Ðà Ø àThe€paternal€grandparents€(the€Bruces)€became€concerned€for€D.R.B.ððsÐ J8š31 Ðwelfare€because€of€the€parentsðð€behavior.€€After€their€10„year„old€daughterÏ(D.R.B.ððs€aunt)€saw€Ms.€Jacobs€shake€the€infant,€scream€at€her,€€and€throw€herÏon€a€bed€because€she€was€crying,€the€Bruces€took€action.Ìà Ø àThe€Bruces€filed€an€Intervening€Petition€for€Child€Custody€on€January€22,Ï1997.€The€original€Intervening€Petition€named€as€Respondents€both€the€infantððsÏmother,€Angela€Jacobs,€and€the€infantððs€father,€Shawn€Bruce,€the€Brucesðð€son.ÏTwo€weeks€before€the€final€hearing€in€this€matter,€the€Bruces€moved€to€amendÏtheir€petition€to€add€the€natural€father,€Shawn€Bruce,€as€a€Petitioner€and€removeÏhim€as€a€Respondent.€The€motion€further€asked€that€ð ðPetitioners€be€granted€jointÏcustody€of€the€minor€child.ððññ׃×ññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€record€indicates€that€the€court€never€ruled€onÐ ˆØ Ðthis€motion.€However,€the€father,€Shawn€Bruce,€stated€at€the€hearing,€ð ðMy€wishesÏare€that€D.R.B.€stays€where€sheððs€at€where€I€know€sheððll€be€safe...ðð.€WhenÏdirectly€asked€if€he€was€seeking€custody,€the€father€answered,€ð ðWhen€Iððm€ableÏto€I€will.€When€Iððm€able€to€live€on€my€own€means€and€I€know€that€my€daughterÏis€secure.€ññ€ññFor€now€I€know€that€my€daughter€is€in€the€safest€hands.ðð€ññ€ññFor€someÏtime€before€the€hearing,€the€father€had€been€living€in€his€parentsðð€house€andÏhelping€to€care€for€D.R.B.Ìññ€€ññà Ø àIn€conjunction€with€temporary€custody,€the€petition€sought€a€restrainingÏorder€prohibiting€D.R.B.'s€mother€from€removing€D.R.B.€from€Tennessee.€€TheÏtrial€court€issued€the€restraining€order€on€January€22,€and€granted€the€petition€forÏtemporary€custody€the€following€day,€pending€a€hearing.€€€Ìà Ø àAfter€hearings€on€January€27€and€April€2,€1997,€the€trial€court€ordered€theÏTennessee€Department€of€Children's€Services€and€its€Michigan€equivalent€toÏconduct€home€studies€of€the€Bruces€and€Ms.€Jacobs€who€had€returned€toÐ Ø4(0. ÐMichigan€to€live€with€her€mother.€€During€the€studies,€custody€remained€with€theÏpaternal€grandparents€with€visitation€granted€to€D.R.B.'s€mother.€€A€three„dayÏhearing€was€held€in€November€1997.€à ¼ àÐ à0 Ðà Ø àAfter€the€hearing€concluded,€the€trial€court€determined€that€custody€shouldÏremain€with€the€paternal€grandparents,€the€Bruces,€€with€reasonable€visitation€toÏD.R.B.'s€mother,€Ms.€Jacobs.€€The€court€also€ordered€D.R.B.'s€mother€to€payÏchild€support€and€prohibited€her€from€removing€the€child€from€the€court'sÏjurisdiction.€Ì€€à@¦¦-êàI.ˆÐ pÀ Ðà Ø àD.R.B.'s€mother€argues€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€byÏawarding€custody€to€the€paternal€grandparents€because€her€right€to€the€child€isÏsuperior€to€that€of€third€parties€like€the€paternal€grandparents.€Ìà Ø àOur€courts€have€long€recognized€that€"the€right€of€a€parent€is€superior€inÏa€custody€dispute€between€a€parent€and€a€third€party."€€òòDoles€v.€Dolesóó,€848Ð è8 ÐS.W.2d€656,€660€(Tenn.€App.€1992).€€In€a€contest€between€a€natural€parent€andÏa€non„parent,€the€parent€cannot€be€deprived€of€the€custody€of€the€child€absent€aÏfinding,€after€proper€notice€in€accordance€with€due€process,€that€substantial€harmÏthreatens€the€childððs€welfare€if€custody€is€left€with€or€given€to€the€parent.€€òòSeeÐ H(˜#" ÐAdoption€of€€Female€Child,€óó896€S.W.2d€546,€548€(Tenn.€1995).€Only€afterÐ `*°%$ Ðmaking€such€a€finding€may€a€court€engage€in€a€general€ð ðbest€interest€of€the€childððÏevaluation€to€determine€custody.€€In€the€recent€case€of€òòIn€re€Bianca€ArnesheÐ .à)( ÐAskewóó,€993€S.W.2d€1€(Tenn.€May€3,€1999),€our€Supreme€Court€reaffirmed€theÐ ¨0ø+* Ðrequirement€that€a€court€must€find€that€custody€to€the€natural€parent€would€resultÏin€substantial€harm€to€the€child.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ø4(0. Ѐà Ø àOrdinarily€our€review€of€a€€trial€court's€determinations€would€be€òòde€novoóóÐ ° Ðwith€a€presumption€that€the€trial€court's€findings€of€fact€are€correct.€€See€Tenn.ÏR.€App.€P.€13(d).€€However,€the€trial€court's€failure€to€make€findings€of€fact,Ïwritten€or€otherwise,€leaves€nothing€to€which€the€presumption€of€correctness€canÏattach.€€In€such€a€situation,€our€review€is€òòde€novoóó€without€a€presumption€ofÐ  ` Ðcorrectness.€€€òòSee€Goodman€v.€Memphis€Park€Comm'nóó,€851€S.W.2d€165,€166Ð (x  Ð(Tenn.€App.€1992);€òòseeóó€òòKelly€v.€Kellyóó,€679€S.W.2d€458,€460€(Tenn.€App.1984).€Ð @  Ðà Ø àHerein,€the€trial€court€made€no€explicit€finding€regarding€the€threat€ofÏharm€to€the€child€if€custody€were€awarded€to€the€mother.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€In€òòIn€re€Bianca€Askewóó,Ð pÀ Ðthe€Supreme€Court€found€that€the€lack€of€such€a€finding€in€that€case€was€fatal€toÏthe€award€of€custody€to€a€non„parent.€€òòIn€re€Bianca€Arneshe€Askewóó,€993€S.W.2dÐ  ð Ðat€12.€€€However,€in€that€case,€ð ðan€explicit€and€implicit€reading€of€the€order€.€.€.Ï[conveyed]€every€indication€that€the€juvenile€court€intended€to€return€[the€child]Ïto€the€custody€of€her€natural€parents€in€the€near€future.ðð€€òòIdóó.,€993€S.W.2d€at€14.€Ð è8 ÐAdditionally,€nothing€in€the€record€of€that€case€even€alluded€to€potential€harmÏto€the€child€if€she€were€returned€to€her€mother.€€In€contrast,€the€well„developedÏrecord€before€this€court€and€the€trial€courtððs€order€herein€(which€includes€noÏstatement€which€could€be€interpreted€to€indicate€an€intention€to€return€custodyÏto€the€mother)€€permit€us€to€review€the€record€and€make€the€requisite€findings.Ìà@-êàII.ˆÌà Ø àAt€the€November€hearing,€D.R.B.ððs€mother€acknowledged€that€the€originalÏgrant€of€temporary€custody€to€the€paternal€grandparents€had€been€due€to€her€ownÏactions€and€those€of€D.R.B.ððs€father.€€When€asked€if€she€understood€that€she€wasÏresponsible€for€the€Bruces€having€temporary€custody,€Ms.€Jacobs€replied,€ð ðfromÐ Ø4(0. Ðmy€understanding,€it€was€from€mine€and€Shawnððs€actions.ððÌà Ø àUntil€she€was€approximately€seven€months€pregnant€with€D.R.B.,€Ms.ÏJacobs€was€living€in€a€motel€in€a€ð ðprostitution€zone.ðð€€She€moved€into€herÏmotherððs€house€prior€to€D.R.B.ððs€birth.€€She€agreed€to€move€to€Tennessee€withÏthe€baby€because€she€wanted€a€family€and€wanted€to€work€things€out€withÏD.R.B.ððs€father.€€She€acknowledged€that€she€was€ill„prepared€for€motherhood.€ÏShe€also€acknowledged€that€she€and€the€babyððs€father€left€the€infant€with€theÏBruces€most€of€the€time.Ìà Ø àThe€paternal€grandmother,€Ms.€Bruce,€also€described€those€early€daysÏwhen€D.R.B.€first€was€brought€to€Tennessee.€€Ms.€Bruce€encouraged€her€son€andÏMr.€Jacobs€to€participate€in€the€childððs€care,€but€stated€that€they€were€moreÏinterested€in€remaining€ð ðconstantly€highðð€on€marijuana€and€prescription€drugs.€ÏMs.€Jacobs€and€D.R.B.€arrived€in€Tennessee€on€December€31,€1996.€€Ms.€JacobsÏkept€D.R.B.€in€her€care€for€two€days,€but€continually€called€the€paternalÏgrandparents€and€asked€them€to€come€get€the€baby.€€During€the€next€two€weeks,Ïthe€Bruces€would€try€to€get€D.R.B.ððs€parents€to€come€to€their€house€and€to€takeÏthe€baby€back€with€them.€€The€parents€always€declined,€using€various€excuses,Ïmost€of€which€related€to€their€impaired€ability€to€care€for€the€baby€due€to€alcoholÏand€drug€use,€including€prescription€drugs.€Ms.€Bruce€testified€that€when€visitingÏthe€parents,€she€had€observed€the€babyððs€mother€in€a€ð ðtranceðð,€unresponsive€toÏthings€around€her.€€After€about€two€weeks,€the€parents€no€longer€even€madeÏexcuses€or€bothered€to€ask€the€Bruces€to€keep€the€child.€€The€infant€remained€inÏthe€Brucesññððññ€care€at€their€home,€a€situation€acknowledged€to€be€at€the€request€ofÏthe€parents.Ìà Ø àDuring€this€time,€Ms.€Jacobs€confided€to€Ms.€Bruce€about€variousÏproblems€she€was€having.€€Ms.€Jacobs€felt€her€baby€hated€her€and€was€concernedÐ 9X42 Ðshe€(the€mother)€would€hurt€the€baby.€€She€feared€post„partum€depression€andÏwas€experiencing€dramatic€mood€swings.€€She€talked€to€medical€personnel,€at€aÏvisit€arranged€and€observed€by€Ms.€Bruce,€about€these€issues€and€about€theÏtrances€she€would€occasionally€experience.€Ms.€Jacobs€later€testified€that€she€hasÏsince€been€diagnosed€as€manic€depressive€and€also€suffers€from€depressionÏwhich€she€attributes€to€an€incident€in€her€earlier€life.€€Ìà Ø àThe€paternal€grandmother,€Ms.€Bruce,€was€concerned€about€the€babyððsÏwelfare€due€to€the€parentññððññsññððññ€inability€to€care€for€her,€the€motherððs€concerns€aboutÏher€relationship€with€the€baby,€her€own€observations€of€the€parentsðð€impairedÏstates,€and€the€motherððs€yelling€at€the€baby€when€it€cried.€The€shaking€incidentÏhappened€while€the€paternal€grandmother€had€taken€the€father€to€the€vet€with€theÏparentsðð€sick€dog.€Ms.€Bruce€took€her€ten„year€old€daughter€out€of€school€to€stayÏwith€Ms.€Jacobs€and€the€baby€because€she€was€afraid€to€leave€the€mother€aloneÏwith€the€baby.€D.R.B.ððs€ten„year€old€aunt€described€in€some€detail€how€sheÏobserved€€Ms.€Jacobs€scream€at€the€baby€for€crying,€violently€shake€the€baby,Ïand€throw€her€on€the€bed.€The€aunt€was€so€upset€that€she€ran€downstairs€and€triedÏto€telephone€her€parents€for€help.€When€Ms.€Bruce€arrived€back€at€the€apartment,Ïher€ten„year€old€daughter€told€her€what€had€happened.€The€Bruces€immediatelyÏinstituted€proceedings€for€temporary€custody.€D.R.B.ððs€mother€denies€that€sheÏshook€the€baby.Ìà Ø àShortly€after€the€award€of€temporary€custody€to€the€Bruces,€D.R.B.ððsÏmother€returned€to€Michigan€to€live€with€her€mother.€D.R.B.ððs€father€was€in€jailÏat€that€time.€ññ׃×ññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€From€the€time€Ms.€Jacobs€returned€to€Michigan€in€early€FebruaryÐ À2., Ðof€1997€until€just€prior€to€the€hearing€in€November€of€1997,€she€returned€toÐ Ø4(0. ÐTennessee€only€twice.€The€first€time€was€around€Easter.€Although€she€wasÏinvited,€even€encouraged,€according€to€the€testimony€of€Ms.€Bruce,€to€spend€timeÏwith€her€child,€she€spent€only€a€few€hours€over€a€6€to€7€day€visit,€although€sheÏspent€a€great€deal€of€time€with€Shawn€Bruce.€About€a€month€later,€Ms.€JacobsÏreturned€to€Tennessee€with€the€intention€of€establishing€residence€and€workingÏthings€out€with€D.R.B.ððs€father.€Ms.€Jacobs€apparently€told€several€people€that€Ïher€mother€had€told€her€to€find€a€new€residence€after€the€two€had€an€argument.ÏAlthough€Ms.€Jacobs€denied€that€her€needing€to€leave€her€motherððs€house€wasÏthe€primary€reason€for€her€decision€to€come€to€Tennessee,€she€admitted€that€sheÏhad€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€an€argument€with€her€mother.€€€She€also€stated€that€when€she€and€herÏmother€disagreed,€"I€just€go€my€own€way€and€she€goes€hers."€€Ìà Ø àMs.€Jacobs€stated€that€she€came€to€Tennessee€to€visit€her€baby.€Instead€ofÏvisiting€with€D.R.B.€when€she€arrived,€as€the€Bruces€invited€her€to€do,€she€laterÏsought€a€court€order€for€visitation,€which€provided€for€one€hour€per€week.ÏAccording€to€the€social€worker€who€was€to€supervise€the€visits,€Ms.€Jacobs€choseÏnot€to€come€to€the€first€visit€because€it€was€raining.€She€did€make€one€visit€withÏthe€infant€at€the€social€workerððs€office€during€her€three€to€four€week€stay.€Ìà Ø àA€few€days€prior€to€the€November€hearing,€Ms.€Jacobs€exercised€visitationÏwith€her€child€at€the€Ô_ÔDHSÔ_Ô€office.€Ms.€Bruce€testified€that€she€had€encouraged€ÏMs.€Jacobs€to€spend€more€time€with€D.R.B.€on€her€visits€to€Tennessee.€Ms.ÏJacobs€testified€that€there€had€never€been€any€problems€with€the€Bruces€aboutÏher€visitation€with€D.R.B.,€that€the€Bruces€had€not€tried€to€keep€the€child€fromÏher€on€her€visits€to€Tennessee,€but€that€she€had€just€felt€uncomfortable.Ìà Ø àD.R.B.'s€father€testified€that€he€wanted€his€parents€to€continue€caring€forÏthe€child€until€he€and€D.R.B.'s€mother€could€straighten€out€their€lives.€€HeÏadmitted€that€he€had€previously€been€jailed€for€assaulting€his€father,€had€theftÐ 9X42 ÐÑ † Ñâ  âÑTR[¨ AØ'ÿ Legal[¨ AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ Legal AØ'ÿ LegalTÑâ  âÑ  Ñcharges€pending,€and€had€abused€alcohol€and€drugs.€€However,€he€offered€proofÐ ° Ðhe€was€now€employed,€living€with€his€parents€and€had€attended€Alcoholics€andÏNarcotics€Anonymous€meetings.€€He€also€testified€that€D.R.B.'s€mother€hadÏabused€drugs€€before,€during,€and€after€she€was€pregnant€with€D.R.B.,€and€wasÏpresently€carrying€his€second€child.€Ìà Ø àAlthough€Ms.€Jacobs€denied€using€marijuana€after€March€of€1996,€othersÏtestified€to€seeing€her€use€that€drug€as€late€as€June€of€1997,€as€well€as€during€theÏtime€she€originally€moved€to€Tennessee€with€the€six„day„old€D.R.B.€While€sevenÏor€eight€months€pregnant,€Ms.€Jacobs€€sent€a€letter€from€Michigan€to€ShawnÏBruce€which€stated€that€while€she€and€others€were€downstairs€smoking€at€herÏmother's€house,€her€mother's€live„in€companion€"was€asking€us€who€had€the€jointÏand€wanted€to€hit€it."€€Ms.€Jacobs€€also€testified€that€she€had€been€attending€anÏalcohol€and€drug€abuse€program,€but€denied€that€she€participates€in€that€programÏbecause€of€a€drug€or€alcohol€problem.€She€also€attended€counseling€forÏdepression€related€to€a€traumatic€incident€in€her€earlier€life.Ìà Ø àA€report€from€the€Michigan€Family€Independence€Agency€admitted€at€theÏhearing€indicated€that€D.R.B.'s€maternal€grandmother€lived€with€her€thirdÏhusband€in€a€well„maintained€house€in€a€lower€middle€class€neighborhood.€ÏNotwithstanding€that€information,€Ms.€Jacobsððs€€mother€and€the€man€she€residedÏwith€were€not€married.€€At€the€time€of€the€report,€this€man€was€employed€and€theÏmaternal€grandmother€was€on€short„term€disability.€€The€report€indicated€thatÏMs.€Jacobs€was€seeking€part„time€employment,€planned€to€obtain€her€GED,€andÏwas€eligible€for€Medicaid€coverage€for€her€unborn€child.€€At€the€hearing,€Ms.ÏJacobs€testified€she€had€been€employed€as€a€telephone€marketer€for€almost€oneÏmonth.Ìà Ø àThe€report€stated€that€Ms.€Jacobs€dropped€out€of€school€in€the€tenth€gradeÐ 9X42 ÐÑ* Ñâ âÑÑÑ  Ñâ âÑ  Ñand€became€an€emancipated€minor€at€sixteen.€€After€a€traumatic€incident,€she€Ïbegan€experimenting€with€marijuana€and€alcohol.€€She€became€an€exotic€dancerÏin€her€teens.€She€was€employed€as€a€dancer€in€a€strip€club€at€the€time€she€metÏShawn€Bruce€and€testified€that€she€had€worked€as€a€dancer€at€that€same€clubÏduring€the€year€prior€to€the€November€1997€hearing.€€Ìà Ø àThe€report€stated€that€Ms.€Jacobs€intended€to€remain€at€her€mother's€home,Ïhad€completed€a€series€of€parenting€classes€and€group€therapy€and€attendedÏNarcotics€Anonymous€meetings.€€The€report€found€the€maternal€grandmother'sÏhome€"suitable€for€placement"€of€D.R.B.,€but€its€author€testified€in€depositionÏthat€if€Ms.€Jacobs€were€to€try€to€care€for€the€child€on€her€own,€outside€herÏmotherððs€home,€the€author€ð ðwould€have€some€concerns.ðð€€The€author€alsoÏindicated€that€any€return€of€the€child€to€the€motherððs€custody€should€beÏconditioned€on€(1)€Ms.€Jacobs€remaining€in€€her€motherððs€home€and€(2)€weeklyÏcounseling€and€in„home€supervision€or€monitoring.Ìà Ø àNotwithstanding€the€fact€that€the€Michigan€home€study€was€premised€onÏMs.€Jacobsððs€continued€residence€in€her€mother's€home,€the€record€shows€thatÏeven€during€the€course€of€these€proceedings€she€was€unable€to€remain€there€or€Ïcohabit€peacefully€with€her€mother€for€extended€periods€of€€time.€€The€recordÏestablishes€that€the€maternal€grandmother€had€a€troubled€relationship€with€Ms.ÏJacobs,€who€had€been€without€adult€supervision€from€the€time€of€herÏemancipation€at€age€16.€The€maternal€grandmother€testified€that€more€than€onceÏin€the€past€two€years€she€and€Ms.€Jacobs€had€fought,€resulting€in€Ms.€JacobsÏleaving€her€motherððs€home.€Ms.€Jacobs€admitted€that€she€had€told€Shawn€BruceÏthat€her€brief€move€to€Tennessee€in€May€followed€an€argument€with€her€mother,Ïalthough€she€denies€that€was€the€reason€for€the€move.Ìà Ø àBefore€returning€to€Michigan,€D.R.B.'s€mother€wrote€the€custodialÐ 9X42 Ðgrandparents€€a€profane€letter€expressing€an€intent€to€take€the€child€to€MichiganÏand€prevent€them€from€seeing€her,€notwithstanding€the€order€prohibiting€theÏchild's€removal€from€this€State.Ìà Ø àThe€record€showed€that€the€custodial€grandparents€provided€D.R.B.€withÏfull„time€care€and€a€stable€environment,€and€attended€church€regularly.€TheÏcustodial€grandparents€resided€in€a€three€bedroom,€two€bath€home€with€their€ten„¼year„old€daughter.€€€D.R.B.'s€father€lived€in€the€basement,€which€also€had€aÏbathroom.€€He€participated€in€D.R.B.'s€care€and€paid€some€child€support€and€rentÏto€his€parents.€€€€The€paternal€grandmother€reported€that€D.R.B.€had€a€congenitalÏheart€defect€which€required€regular€monitoring€by€physicians€at€Vanderbilt€inÏNashville,€and€that€she€and€her€husband€also€took€D.R.B.€for€weekly€medicalÏexaminations€locally.€€à ¼ àÐ ¸ Ðà Ø àThe€record€does€not€reflect€a€consistent€effort€by€D.R.B.'s€mother€toÏdevelop€and€maintain€a€healthy€relationship€with€or€environment€for€D.R.B.€TheÏcase€worker€who€had€dealt€with€the€parties€and€prepared€the€home€study€reportÏon€the€Bruces€expressed€concern€over€Ms.€Jacobsððs€failure€to€establish€aÏrelationship€with€her€child.€€She€was€concerned€because,€as€a€consequence€of€Ms.ÏJacobsððs€failure€to€visit€her€child,€no€bonding€had€occurred€between€the€two.€SheÏalso€stated€that€Ms.€Jacobs€was€irresponsible,€while€she€found€that€the€BrucesÏhad€been€responsible€custodians€of€D.R.B.Ìà Ø àBased€upon€the€facts€in€the€record€of€this€case,€we€find€that€an€award€ofÏcustody€to€the€mother€poses€a€threat€of€substantial€harm€to€the€welfare€of€theÏchild.€€We€additionally€find€that€continued€custody€with€the€custodialÏgrandparents€is€in€D.R.B.'s€best€interest.€€òòSee€Hawk€v.€Hawkóó,€855€S.W.2d€573,Ð Ø4(0. Ð580„581;€òòsee€Olen€v.€ññ€ññAltherr,óó€€No.€03A01„9805„CV„00166,€1998€WL€820733,Ð ð6@20 Ð*€1€(Tenn.€App.€November€24,€1998).€€While€it€is€admirable€that€D.R.B.'s€motherÐ 9X42 Ðhas€sought€counseling€and€attended€drug€and€alcohol€treatment€programs,€weÏbelieve€the€record€clearly€demonstrates€that€she€is€not€yet€able€to€provide€a€stableÏenvironment€or€proper€care€for€D.R.B.€and€that€she€has€failed€to€establish€orÏmaintain€a€relationship€with€her€child,€only€sporadically€taking€the€opportunitiesÏpresented€to€her€to€visit€D.R.B.€At€the€time€of€the€hearing,€D.R.B.'s€mother€wasÏunmarried,€pregnant,€undereducated,€manic„depressive,€had€abusedññ€alcohol€andññ€drugsññ,ññ€andÏhad€been€seen€abusing€D.R.B.€€Nothing€in€the€record€indicated€that€she€would€noÏlonger€present€a€threat€to€D.R.B.'s€physical€welfare.€€This€evidence€preponderatesÏagainst€a€reversal€of€the€trial€court's€award€of€custody€to€the€paternalÏgrandparents,€the€Bruces.Ìà@XX,êàIII.ˆÌà Ø à€Ms.€Jacobs€contends€that€the€Bruces'€failure€to€attach€to€their€petition€anÏaffidavit€regarding€D.R.B.'s€"home€state"€as€contemplated€by€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€36„6„210€required€dismissal€of€the€petition.€€She€also€argues€that€the€trial€courtÏabused€its€discretion€in€finding€that€Tennessee€was€D.R.B.'s€home€state.€€Ìà Ø àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„210€states€in€pertinent€part:ÌÓÓà8 Ø àò òInformation€in€a€first€pleading€or€affidavit€„„€Continuing€dutyÐ 0&€!  Ðto€inform€court.€€„„€(a)€€ó óEvery€party€in€a€custody€proceeding€in€itsÐ >'Ž"! Ðfirst€pleading€or€in€an€affidavit€attached€to€that€pleading€shall€giveÏinformation€under€oath€as€to€the€child's€present€address,€the€placesÏwhere€the€child€has€lived€within€the€last€five€(5)€years,€and€theÏnames€and€present€addresses€of€the€persons€with€whom€the€childÏhas€lived€during€that€period€.€.€.€.€Ð Ø ü!Ø ü! ÐÌÓÓà Ø àAlthough€the€paternal€grandparents'€petition€does€not€include€the€requisiteÏinformation,€the€statute's€requirements€are€not€jurisdictional.€€òòSee€Powell€v.Ð ¬0ü+* ÐPowellóó,€No.€02A01„9501„CH„0006,€1996€W.L.€469€(Tenn.€App.€August€15,Ð Ä2., Ð1996).€€Because€the€procedural€issues€regarding€the€affidavit€D.R.B.'s€motherÏraises€on€appeal€are€not€jurisdictional,€her€failure€to€present€them€to€the€trialÏcourt€precludes€her€from€raising€them€for€the€first€time€on€appeal.€€òòSee€idóó.;€òòseeÐ  9\42 ÐLawrence€v.€Stanfordóó,€655€S.W.2d€927,€929€(Tenn.€1983).€€Ð ° Ѐ€à Ø àFurthermore,€we€find€the€trial€court's€exercise€of€jurisdiction€wasÐ È Ðauthorized€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„203(a)(2).€€At€the€time€of€the€initialÏtemporary€custody€determination,€no€other€state€had€exercised€jurisdiction.€ÏAdditionally,€D.R.B.€had€significant€connections€with€Tennessee.€€When€theÏpetition€was€filed€D.R.B.€and€her€parents€were€living€in€Tennesseeññ,ññ€and€D.R.B.Ï(who€was€approximately€one€month€old€then)€had€resided€in€Tennessee€for€allÏbut€six€days€of€her€life.€€The€shaking€incident€occurred€here,€and€the€witness€toÏthe€incident€resided€here.€€Substantial€evidence€concerning€D.R.B.ððs€present€andÏfuture€care,€protection,€training€and€personal€relationships€existed€here.€€In€lightÏof€the€possible€threat€to€D.R.B.'s€physical€welfare,€we€find€her€best€interestsÏrequired€the€immediate€exercise€of€jurisdiction.€€òòSee€alsoóó€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„Ð ¸ Ð6„204(a)(2).Ìà@RR-êàIV.ˆÌà Ø àIn€light€of€the€evidence,€we€must€reject€D.R.B.'s€mother's€contention€thatÏthe€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€refusing€to€apply€the€tender€years€doctrine.ÏHaving€determined€that€she€is€presently€unfit€to€resume€custody€of€D.R.B.,€weÏfind€the€tender€years€doctrine€is€not€controlling€under€the€facts€of€this€case.€€òòSeeÐ H(˜#" ÐÔ_ÔRuyleÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔRuyleÔ_Ô,óó€928€S.W.2d€439,€441„442€(Tenn.€App.€1996);€òòsee€Malone€v.Ð `*°%$ ÐMaloneóó,€842€S.W.2d€621,€623€(Tenn.€App.€1992).Ð x,È'& Ðà Ø àD.R.B.'s€mother's€also€contends€that€she€should€have€been€awardedÏcustody€in€order€to€keep€D.R.B.€and€her€then€unborn€sibling€together.€€WeÏdisagree.€€The€principle€that€siblings€should€not€be€separated€by€a€custody€orderÏnecessarily€gives€way€to€the€paramount€consideration€of€the€child's€best€interest.€ÏòòSee€Dantzler€v.€Dantzleróó,€665€S.W.2d€385,€387€(Tenn.€1983);€òòRice€v.€Riceóó,€No.Ð ð6@20 Ð03A01„9709„CV„00415,€1998€WL€135571,€*€4€(Tenn.€App.,€March€26,€1998).€Ð 9X42 ÐClearly,€D.R.B.'s€best€interest€at€this€time€lies€in€remaining€with€her€paternalÏgrandparents.€€Moreover,€notwithstanding€Appellee's€argument,€the€fact€thatÏD.R.B.€has€never€met€her€sibling,€who€was€not€yet€born€at€the€time€of€theÏhearing,€logically€precludes€a€loss€of€stability€resulting€from€their€separation.€€Ìà@RR-êàIV.ˆÌà Ø àMs.€Jacobs€maintains€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€issuing€theÏrestraining€order€which€prohibited€her€from€removing€D.R.B.€from€the€State.€ÏShe€argues€that€the€absence€of€a€bond,€affidavit,€or€verification€invalidated€theÏorder.€€Ms.€Jacobsðð€failure€to€contest€this€issue€in€the€trial€court€precludes€herÏfrom€raising€it€for€the€first€time€on€appeal.€€òòCivil€Service€Merit€Boardóó€òòv.€Bursonóó,Ð ˆØ Ð816€S.W.2d€725,€734„735€(Tenn.€1991).€€Moreover,€the€record€shows€that€theÏBruces'€petition€was€verified€and€the€paternal€grandfather€was€surety€on€a€$500Ïbond€to€cover€costs.€€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€65.05€(1);€òòseeóó€€òòalso€óóTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€65.07Ð Ð  Ð(authorizing€the€issuance€of€restraining€orders€in€domestic€relations€cases€onÏsuch€terms€and€conditions€"as€shall€seem€just€and€proper€to€the€judge€.€€.€€.").€€TheÏrestraining€order€which€D.R.B.'s€mother€challenges,€issued€after€the€three„dayÏhearing,€prohibits€her€from€removing€D.R.B.€from€the€courtððs€jurisdiction.€€BasedÏupon€D.R.B.'s€motherððs€threats€to€do€just€that,€we€find€that€order€just€and€proper.€Ïà@yy-êàV.ˆÌà Ø àThe€paternal€grandparents€argue€that€they€are€entitled€to€attorney's€fees€andÏcosts€on€the€ground€that€this€appeal€is€frivolous.€€Having€reviewed€the€entireÏrecord€and€all€issues€raised€by€the€parties,€we€decline€to€grant€this€request.ÌññÐ  À2., Ðññà Ø àAccordingly,€having€considered€the€entire€record,€we€affirm€the€trialÏcourt's€entrustment€of€custody€to€the€paternal€grandparents.€€Their€request€for€ñ ñÐ  Ø4(0. Ðñ ñattorney's€fees€is€denied.€€This€case€is€remanded€for€such€further€proceedings€as€Ïmay€be€required.€€The€costs€of€this€appeal€should€be€taxed€to€Ms.€Jacobs.ÌÓÓÌÌÌà0 Ø àà0¼Ø T$Ø T$à_____________________________Ð ¼T$¼T$ Ðà Ø àà ¼ àPATRICIA€J.€COTTRELL,€JUDGEÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGEÌÌÌ