ÿWPC …# VUNa %¯ 0(µU:Ýw@ 4W k z UF‚ 0JÈ b 0T 0^n 0hÌ 0r4 0|¦ 0†" 0¨ 1u8 U,­ 0dÙ U,=U>iB)§DCÐ B AM0U*}õ§v~œ D3vÓM 0@  AO`Ư 0Du D/¹ Bè˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT v w Dx Py  z P{ | } ~ Ó€ˆ Gav 3|xˆ <¾½Q 9Z ‹.Courier New Regular2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô- ù-2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d####7Border 1dd d€-$Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial ëÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÔ€'ÔÔ€'ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€'XÔÌÌApril€19,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@%%%%'ÿÿdxdStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA:Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA:Op Monaco Ò("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€!!X„d&ÓÑ#€!!Xd#ÑÔ€"ÔÝ  ÝÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€ægXXdìdÈ7ÑÔ€ÔDONALD›€A.€CADORETTE€andà àà à)ÌLYNEE€CADORETTE,à àà àà à)Ìas€parents€and€next€friend€œof›à à)ÌMICHAEL€TODD€CADORETTE,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiffs/Appellantsà àœ)›à àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNO.€01A01„9510„CV„00441Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àœ›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌÙ€€ÙœßL€&($;+'h|‹Ï` ç `€€Lß›à àà àà àà àà àà àœ)à àSumner€Circuit›ÌSUMNER€COUNTY€BOARD€OFà àà àœ)à àNo.€12734„C›ÌEDUCATION€andà àà àà àà à)ÌSUMNER€COUNTY,€œTENNESSEE,›à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants/Appelleesà àœ)›ÌÌÌÌà@ àCOURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌÌà@ àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€SUMNER€COUNTYÌÌà@ àAT€GALLATIN,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€THOMAS€GOODALL,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌOverton€Thompson€III,ÌStephen€H.€PriceÌSuite€1900Ì424€Church€St.ÌNashville,€Tennessee€37219€ÌÌAttorneys€for€Plaintiffs/AppellantsÌÌWilliam€R.€œWright›ÌLeah€May€œDennen›Ì355€N.€Belvedere€Dr.€Rm.€208ÌGallatin,€Tennessee€37066ÌÌAttorneys€for€Defendants/AppelleesÌÌœÌÌÌ›Ìà@ àÌÌà@ àAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌœÌÌ̛̛̜̜ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à›€€€€SAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€œJUDGEÌÑ7€ × XXdÖXXdì7ÑÑ€ÑÓÓ›à@ àÔ€îÔOPINIONÔ€XÔÌÌÌà àœTodd›€Cadorette€suffered€a€head€injury€on€April€15,€1993,Ïduring€an€art€class€at€Beech€High€School€in€Sumner€County,ÏœTennessee.›€The€accident€occurred€when€Todd€fainted€and€fell€off€ofÏa€table€he€was€standing€on€while€modeling€for€other€students.€€WeÏagree€with€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€Cadoretteððs€teacherÏwas€not€negligent€in€permitting€him€to€model€for€the€class€as€heÏdid.€€We€therefore€affirm€the€decision€of€the€trial€court.€ÌÌÌÌà@ àòòThe€FactsÌóóÌÌÌà àOn€the€day€of€his€fall,€Toddððs€art€teacher,€Vicki€Yeary,Ïsought€a€volunteer€to€stand€up€on€a€four€foot€high€table€and€modelÍfor€the€class.€€Todd,€a€œfifteen›€year€old€ninth„grade€student,Ïagreed.€€Ms.€Yeary€instructed€Todd€to€stand€on€the€table€whileÏtrying,€œ"not›€to€move€too€œmuch,"›€with€his€hands€in€his€pockets.€ÏTodd€stood€on€the€desk€for€approximately€ten€minutes,€butÏproceeded€to€faint€and€fall€off€the€desk,€injuring€his€head€whenÏhe€landed€on€the€classroom€floor.€ÌœÌ›à àMs.€Yeary,€Toddððs€instructor,€had€been€a€teacher€for€twenty„five€years,€including€twenty„four€in€the€Sumner€County€SchoolÏSystem.€She€testified€that€she€had€used€this€modeling€techniqueÏthroughout€her€career€and€had€been€taught€the€method€herself€inÏcollege.€€Todd€had€never€modeled€prior€to€the€accident,€and€by€Ñ7€ægXXdì XXdÖ7ÑallÏaccounts€was€a€very€healthy€young€man.€€When€Todd€fell,€Ms.€Ñ7€Õ3XXdì XXdÔ7ÑœYeary›Ïwas€instructing€a€student€on€the€other€side€of€the€room,€and€wasÏnot€close€to€Todd.€€€€€€ÌÌà àPursuant€to€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€Ô€"ÔððÔ€Ô€29„20„101€òòet€œseq.óó,›€ToddððsÏparents€filed€an€action€on€his€behalf€in€the€Circuit€Court€forÏSumner€œCounty›€against€the€Sumner€County€Board€of€Education,€asÏwell€as€Sumner€County.€€The€Cadoretteððs€alleged€in€theirÏcomplaint,€filed€on€March€3,€œ1994,›€that€Toddððs€injury€resultedÏfrom€the€negligence€of€his€teacher.€€œIn›€accordance€with€òòTenn.€CodeÏAnn.óó€ðð€29„20„307,€a€bench€trial€ensued€on€June€19,€1995.€€At€trialÏexpert€medical€testimony€indicated€that€Toddððs€blackout€was€theÏresult€of€reduced€blood€flow€to€the€brain€caused€by€his€still€poseÏand€locked€knees.€€The€court€found€however,€that€the€DefendantsÍwere€not€negligent€as€the€accident€was€not€foreseeable.€€The€courtÏdismissed€the€matter,€and€this€appeal€followed.€€ÌÌ€ÌÌà@ àòòThe€Negligence€of€School€Officials€in€TennesseeÌÌÌÌà àóó€Since€the€essential€facts€in€this€case€are€not€in€dispute,Ïthe€questions€raised€by€this€appeal€relate€chiefly€to€theÏapplication€of€law€to€those€facts.€€As€the€trial€court€heard€thisÏcase€without€a€jury,€our€review€is€governed€by€Tenn.R.App.P.€13(d)Ïwhich€instructs€us€to€review€the€record€òòde€novoóó€with€a€presumptionÏthat€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€correct.€Additionally,Ïthis€Court€must€œ"affirm›€the€trial€courtððs€decision€unless€an€errorÏof€law€affecting€the€result€has€been€committed€or€unless€theÏevidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings€ofÏœfact."›€€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2dÏ863,€865€(Tenn.App.€1985).ÌÌà àSumner€Countyððs€liability€in€this€matter€is€governed€by€theÏTennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,€œ("TGTLA")›€T.C.A.€ðð€29„20„101€òòet€seq.€óóIn€order€to€establish€liability€on€the€part€ofÏSumner€County€under€the€TGTLA€for€any€damages€in€this€lawsuit,€itÏis€the€Appellantððs€burden€to€prove€the€following€œelements:€€(1)Íthe€duty€of€care€owed€by€the€Defendant€to€the€Plaintiff;€(2)Ïconduct€on€the€part€of€the€Defendant€falling€below€the€applicableÏstandard€of€care€amounting€to€a€breach€of€that€duty;€(3)€an€injuryÏor€loss;€(4)€causation€in€fact;€(5)€proximate€or€legal€cause.€ÏòòBradshaw€v.€Daniel,€óó854€S.W.2d€865,€869€(Tenn.€1993).€€€ÌÌà àAs€to€proximate€causation€a€three„pronged€test€requires€that:Ï(1)€the€tortfeasorððs€conduct€must€have€been€a€"substantial€factor"Ïin€bringing€about€the€harm€being€complained€of;€and€(2)€there€isÏno€rule€or€policy€that€should€relieve€the€wrongdoer€from€liabilityÏbecause€of€the€manner€in€which€the€negligence€has€resulted€inÏharm;€and€(3)€the€harm€giving€rise€to€the€action€could€haveÏreasonably€been€foreseen€or€anticipated€by€a€person€of€ordinaryÏintelligence€and€prudence.€€òòMcClenahan€v.€Cooley,€óó806€S.W.2d€767,Ï775€(Tenn.€1991).ÌÌà@ àÌÌà@ àA.€òòDutyóóÌ€€ÌÌÌà àThis€Court€begins€its€assessment€of€negligence€claims€byÏreviewing€whether€the€defendant€owed€a€duty€to€the€Plaintiff.€ÏòòLancaster€v.€Montesi,€óó390€S.W.2d€217,€220€(1965).€The€existence€orÏnon„existence€of€a€duty€owed€to€the€Plaintiff€by€the€Defendant€isÍentirely€a€question€of€law€for€the€court.€€òòBradshaw€v.€Daniel,€óó854ÏS.W.2d€865,€869€(Tenn.€1993).€€If€the€trial€court€decides€that€aÏduty€exists,€"it€may€proceed€to€determine€whether€the€defendantððsÏactions€or€failure€to€act€breached€this€duty€and€whether€theseÏactions€or€inactions€were€the€proximate€cause€of€the€plaintiffððsÏinjury."€€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Educ.,€óó692€S.W.2dÏ863,€870òò€óó(Tenn.App.€1985).€€ÌÌà à€While€school€teachers€and€administrators€have€a€duty€toÏsupervise€their€students€in€order€to€protect€them€from€injury,€theÏfact€that€an€injury€to€a€student€has€occurred€does€not,€in€and€ofÏitself,€prove€that€a€teacherððs€supervision€was€negligent.€€òòSeeÏBrackman€v.€Adrianóó,€472€S.W.2d€735,›€739€(Tenn.App.€1971).€ÏFurther,€œ"[t]eachers›€and€local€school€districts€are€not€expectedÏto€be€insurers€of€the€safety€of€students€while€they€are€at€school.ÏòòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2d€863,€870Ï(Tenn.App.€1985);€òòciting€Ankers€v.€District€School€Board€of€PascoÏCo.,€óó406€So.2d€72,73ÌÌà àNegligence€can€be€established€only€upon€a€showing€that€theÏteacherððs€or€supervisorððs€actions€amounted€to€a€deviation€fromÏwhat€a€reasonable€and€prudent€person€would€do€under€the€same€orÏsimilar€circumstances.€€òòSee€Groce€Provision€Co.€v.€Dortch,€óó350ÏS.W.2d€409,€413€(Tenn.App.€1961).€€Simply€stated,€there€is€noÏliability€for€the€results€of€an€accident€that€could€not€have€beenÏforeseen€by€a€reasonably€prudent€person.€€òòBrackman€v.€Adrianóó,€472ÍS.W.2d€725,€739€(Tenn.App.€1971).€€However,€an€adultððs€standard€ofÏcare€toward€children€should€be€tempered€by€the€recognition€ofÏchildrenððs€impulsiveness€and€inexperience.€òòRoberts€v.€RobertsonÏCounty€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2d€863€(Tenn.App.€1985);€òòcitingÏTownsley€v.€Yellow€Cab€Co.,€óó237€S.W.€58€(1922).€We€believe€thatÏMs.€Yeary€owed€Todd€Cadorette,€as€well€as€all€of€her€pupils,€aÏduty€to€act€reasonably€under€the€circumstances.€€MoreÏspecifically,€œin›€order€for€Ms.€Yeary€to€discharge€this€duty€sheÏmust€instruct€and€supervise€her€students€in€a€manner€whichÏrecognizes€their€age€and€maturity.€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌ€€à àAfter€the€trial€court€determines€that€the€defendant€owed€theÏplaintiff€a€duty,€then€it€must€be€proven€that€the€defendantððsÏactions€or€inaction€constituted€a€breach€of€that€duty.€The€failureÏof€proper€supervision€of€students€is€not€sufficient€to€fixÏliability€on€the€school€unless€it€is€also€shown€that€such€failureÏwas€the€proximate€cause€of€the€plaintiffððs€injuries.€€òòBrackman€v.ÏAdrian,€óó472€S.W.2d€735,€739€(Tenn.App.€œ1971).›€The€œ"ultimate›Ïœquestion"›€however,€and€the€final€element€of€proof€in€a€negligenceÏaction€is€the€issue€of€causation.€€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.Ïof€Education,óó€692€S.W.2d€863,€871€(Tenn.App.€1985).€€òòMcClenahan€v.ÏCooley,€óó806€S.W.2d€767,€774€(Tenn.€œ1991).›ÌÌÌÌœà@ àB.›€òòProximate€CauseóóÌÌÌÌà àThe€Supreme€Court€of€Tennessee€has€defined€proximateÏcausation€as:ÌÌà8 à[t]hat€act€or€omission€which€immediately€causes€or€failsÏto€prevent€the€injury;€an€act€or€omission€occurring€orÏconcurring€with€another€which,€if€it€had€not€happened,Ïthe€injury€would€not€have€been€inflicted.€€Ìà àòòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2d€863,Ï871€(Tenn.App.€1985);òò€citing€Tennessee€Trailways,€Inc.€v.€Ervin,Ïóó222€Tenn.€523,€528,€438€S.W.2d€733,€735€(1969).€As€long€as€theÏdefendantððs€conduct€is€a€substantial€factor€causing€the€injury,€itÏneed€not€be€the€sole€cause€or€even€last€act€prior€to€the€injury.€ÏòòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2d€863Ï(Tenn.App.€1985).€ÌÌà àAs€this€Court€stated€in€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€ofÏEducation:€óó€€ÌÌà8 àForeseeability€is€an€essential€element€of€the€proof€ofÏproximate€causation.€€If€the€injury€giving€rise€to€theÏaction€could€not€have€been€reasonably€foreseen€orÏanticipated,€there€is€no€proximate€cause.€However,€thisÏforeseeability€requirement€is€not€so€strict€as€toÍrequire€that€a€defendant€must€foresee€the€exact€mannerÏin€which€an€injury€takes€place.€€The€requirement€is€metÏas€long€as€it€has€been€determined€that€the€defendantÏcould€foresee,€or€through€the€exercise€of€reasonableÏdiligence€should€have€foreseen,€the€general€manner€inÏwhich€the€injury€occurred.€€ÌÌà à692€S.W.2d€863,€871€(Tenn.App.€1985);€òòciting€Wyatt€v.ÏWinnebago€Industries,€Inc.,€óó566€S.W.2d€276,€281€(Tenn.App.€1977).€Ì€€€€€€€€Ìà àFurther,€œ"[t]he›€harm€must€be€foreseeable€from€the€vantageÏpoint€available€to€the€defendant€at€the€time€that€the€allegedlyÏnegligent€conduct€occurred.€òò€Wingo€óóv.€Sumner€Co.€Bd.€of€Educ.,€No.Ï01„A„01„9411„CV„0051,€1995€WL€24133327€(Tenn.App.€April€26,€1995).€ÏAlso,€œ"with›€specific€reference€to€the€conduct€of€teachers,€we€doÏnot€impose€upon€them€the€duty€to€anticipate€or€foresee€theÏhundreds€of€unexpected€student€acts€that€occur€daily€in€our€publicÏschools.€€òòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education,óó€692€S.W.2dÏ863€(Tenn.App.€1985);€òòciting€Verhel€v.€Independent€School€DistrictÏNo.€709,€óó359€N.W.2d€579,€586€(Minn.1984).€€ÌœÌ›à àTriers€of€fact€decide€negligence€cases€œ"in›€light€of€theirÏknowledge€of€how€reasonable€persons€act€in€the€same€or€similarÏœcircumstances."›€€òòKelley€v.€Johnson,€óó796€S.W.2d€155,€158€(Tenn.App.Ï1990).€€Their€decisions€are€not€only€based€upon€factual€mattersÏbut€also€on€mixed€considerations€of€logic,€common€sense,€publicÍpolicy,€and€precedent.€€òòId.,€citing€Wyatt€v.€Winnebago€Indus.,ÏInc.,€óó556€S.W.2d€276,€280€(Tenn.App.€1977).€€ÌÌà àFinally,€œ"[t]he›€degree€of€foreseeability€needed€to€establishÏa€duty€of€care€decreases€in€proportion€to€the€magnitude€of€theÏforeseeable€harm.€As€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€stated€in€òòPittmanÏv.€Upjohn€Co.:ÌÌóóà8 àAs€the€gravity€of€the€possible€harm€increases,€theÏapparent€likelihood€of€its€occurrence€need€beÏcorrespondingly€less€to€generate€a€duty€of€precaution.òò€óóÌÌà à890€S.W.2d€425,€433€(Tenn.€1994)€òòciting€Prosser€and€Keeton€onÏthe€Law€of€Torts,€óóSec.€31,€at€171€(5th€ed.€1984).€€€Ìà àÌÌÌà@ àC.€€òòAnalysisóóÌÌÌà àMs.€Yeary€taught€art€classes€for€25€years,€and€studied€art€asÏa€college€student.€€In€her€tenure€she€estimated€that€nine„hundredÏto€one€thousand€high€school€students€like€Todd€Cadorette€modeledÏon€tables€in€her€classrooms.€€Ms.€Yeary€testified€that€she€hadÏnever€known€a€subject€to€faint€as€Cadorette€did.€€This€courtÏreadily€concedes,€as€the€trial€court€did,€that€proof€that€a€personÍacts€in€a€manner€that€is€consistent€with€custom,€or€a€long„standing€practice,€does€not€necessarily€mean€that€their€action€isÏnot€negligent.€€Thus,€the€fact€that€modeling€on€tables€€might€beÏwidespread€practice€in€high€school€art€classrooms€in€TennesseeÏdoes€not€prevent€us€from€deciding€she€was€negligent.€€€ÌÌà àIn€examining€the€record€we€note€that€the€injury€in€this€suitÏdid€not€involve€a€dangerous€instrumentality€as€it€did€in€theÏòòRoberts€v.€Robertson€County€Bd.€of€Education€œóócase.›€In€òòRoberts,€óóaÏstudent€was€seriously€injured€when€a€bit€from€a€drill€press€struckÏhim€in€the€head€after€being€improperly€used€by€an€unsupervisedÏclassmate.€€Here,€we€have€an€outgoing€and€vigorously€œhealthy›Ïfifteen€year€old€œwho›€volunteered€to€stand€on€a€table€and€model€forÏhis€art€class.€€Their€is€no€evidence€that€the€table€was€unsteady,Ïnor€is€there€any€proof€that€Todd€Cadorette€indicated€to€hisÏteacher€that€he€was€in€any€way€ill,€or€physically€unable€toÏperform€the€task.€œ€Even›€after€taking€into€consideration€the€factÏthat€Cadorette€stood€on€a€four€foot€high€table,€thereby€increasingÏthe€œ"gravity›€of€the€possible€œharm,"›€we€cannot€say€that€a€œ"falling›Ïtype€œinjury,"›€is€foreseeable€when€viewing€the€record€as€a€whole.€ÌœÌ›€€à àAs€to€Ms.€Yearyððs€knowledge€at€the€time€of€the€fall€theÏrecord€contains€two€statements€indicative€of€her€perception€of€theÏsituation.€€The€first€was€her€deposition€where€she€was€asked:€ÌÌà8 àQuestion:€œ"But›€itððs€your€testimony€that€your€generalÍconversation€to€student€models€includes€your€tellingÏthem€to€„„€what€did€you€say?€To€let€you€know€if€theyÏwere€having€any€problems?ÌÌà àAnswer:€œ"If›€they€feel€anything,€but€no€one€has€ever€doneÏà8 àthat,€but€yes,€a€child€could€get€up€there€and€feel€faintÏor€œsomething."›ÌÌà àAt€trial€Ms.€Yeary€was€asked:ÌÌà8 àQuestion:€œ"When›€you€instructed€Todd€to€stand€up€on€theÏtable,€you€knew€that€a€child€could€get€up€there€andÏfaint€didnððt€you?ÌÌà8 àAnswer:€œ"Not›€necessarily,€no€œsir."›€ÌÌà àThe€Appellant€argues€that€Ms.€Yearyððs€trial€testimonyÏdemonstrates€her€awareness€of€the€danger€posed€to€Cadorette.€€WeÏbelieve€her€testimony€contemplates€the€physical€possibility€of€aÏfall,€but€not€the€òòreasonable€foreseeabilityóó€or€òòprobabilityóóÏrequired€for€liability€to€result.€€Ms.€Yeary€had€been€a€artÏinstructor€for€approximately€25€years€and€had€used€œthis€technique›Ïthroughout€her€tenure.€€In€her€experience,€nothing€like€theÏaccident€which€injured€Cadorette€had€ever€happened€to€her.€ÌAt€trial€expert€medical€testimony€explained€the€phenomena€whichÏcaused€Todd€Cadorette€to€faint,€that€is€that€his€locked€kneesÍprevented€the€normal€flow€of€blood€to€the€head.€€WhileÏcomprehending€this€expert€testimony€is€not€too€difficult€for€aÏlayman,€we€do€not€think€it€can€be€considered€to€be€a€matter€ofÏcommon€knowledge.€€€€ÌÌà àThe€question€of€whether€Cadoretteððs€fall€was€foreseeable€is€aÏlegal€one.€Thus,€after€reviewing€the€record€òòde€novo,€óóthis€CourtÏconcludes€that€the€evidence€supports€the€trial€courtððs€findingÏthat€Ms.€Yeary€was€not€negligent€in€permitting€Todd€Cadorette€toÏstand€on€a€four€foot€high€table€in€order€to€provide€a€model€for€anÏart€class.€€We€specifically€here€state€that€our€decision€is€madeÏexclusive€of€Ms.€Yearyððs€testimony€at€trial€regarding€theÏpractices€of€art€instructors€in€other€school€systems€near€SumnerÏCounty.€€€ÌòòÌÌÌà@ àConclusionÌÌÌÌà àœóóThe›€judgment€of€the€trial€court€œis€affirmed.€€Costs€on€appealÏare€taxed€to€the€Appellants€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€trialÏcourt€for€any€additional€proceedings.€€òòÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à________________________________›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœóóSAMUEL›€L.€LEWIS,€J.ÌòòÌÌóóœÌÌÌÌÌCONCUR:›ÌœÌ›Ìœ________________________________›ÌHENRY€F.€TODD,€P.J.,€M.S.̛̜̜_________________________________òò›ÌóóWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€œJR.,€J.›€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ïóóà àÌÌ