ÿWPC! …#†VUFÜ %" 0@(4h| 0„‹ 0D 0¨S 0Åû 0zÀ 0›: n­Õ n­‚ 0J/ 0Ty 0^Í 0h+ 0r“ 0| 0† 0 1u—U,  0d8U,œU6ÈB)þDC' AMjU*· D3á_ƒs 0@öl6v~¢ B vÓ= AOÆ_ 0\% 0D D/Å Bô ˜IBM Laser Printer 4019IBM4019ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0®ØP Ÿ*–ßfc vP<¾½Q 9Z ‹.Courier New RegularX(ù$¡¡Ó  ÓÓ  Óc`…(¡Ó 3|x(4(3DX$¤¤Ý ƒù!ÝÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóPBÿÿ0HeadingChapter HeadingÇà@ì.. àòòò òÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€Ô  ÔÔ  ÔˆÌÌóóó ótO ÿÿ4Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersàÐ.. àÔ2ÔI.Ô3  Ô€ˆÔ úÿ Ôà0..àÌÌR& ÿÿ8BibliogrphyBibliographyà0.. àà°..àÌÌL=ÿÿ6SubheadingSubheadingò òÔ2ÔA.Ô3  Ôà.. àÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÌÌó ó«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXXxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@«<þ6X9`("Courier 10cpiXXxþ6X@É“8Ç;X@2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d&&&&7Border 1dd€-'Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial0000'ÿÿdxd UÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€)ÔÔ€)ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€)XÔÌÌò òJanuary€10,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€)ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó yÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòThough€not€material€to€the€issues€under€consideration€here,€we€noteÏthat€the€case€was€removed€to€the€Federal€District€Court€but€was€remanded€toÏthe€Circuit€Court€for€Hamilton€County.óóÌ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò bÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝòòPenn€National€had€previously€paid€to€Ms.€Cox€the€sum€of€$10,500.00Ïunder€the€collision€provisions€of€Ms.€Cox'€policy€and€had€taken€in€return€aÏ"loan€receipt."€óóÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@ dStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(43=K$¢¢Ý ƒù!ÝÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€$$X„d&ÓÑ#€$$Xd#ÑÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ ¸ ÑÑ Ü ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€™ªXXdÖXXdÖ7ÑÙ€€ÙßL€(+';+'h|` Å `€€Lßà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALSÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌVALORIE€FINE€COX,€Individually€€)à àHAMILTONÏCIRCUITÌand€as€Mother€and€Next€of€Kin€€€)à àC.A.€NO.€03A01„9510„CV„00335Ìof€Wesley€Dillon€Grant,€a€Minor€)ÌChild,€Deceased,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Plaintiff„Appellant€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àHON.€SAMUEL€H.€PAYNEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àJUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)ÌNEWAY„LOVE€DISTRIBUTORS,€INC.,€€)à àREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDÌJOHN€K.€MARSHALL€and€JOHN€DOE,€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Defendant„Appellee€€€€)ÌÌÌÌÌJAMES€R.€McKOON,€Baker,€Donelson,€Bearman€&€Caldwell,€Chattanooga,Ïfor€Appellant.ÌÌÌPAUL€CAMPBELL,€JR.,€Campbell€&€Campbell,€Chattanooga,€for€Appel…lee.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÌÌà€ àMcMurray,€J.ÌÌà àThis€is€an€appeal€from€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€sus…taining€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€PennsylvaniaÏNational€Insurance€Company,€appellant's€uninsured€motorist€carri…er,€and€dismissing€the€appellant's€complaint.€€We€reverse€theÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court.ÌÌà àThe€facts€pertinent€to€this€appeal€are€undisputed.€€There…fore,€our€duty€is€to€ascertain€the€state€of€the€law€and€apply€itÏto€the€facts€of€this€case.ÌÌà@ àò òSTANDARD€OF€REVIEWÌÌÓÓó óà8 àà àThe€standards€governing€an€appellate€court's€reviewÏof€a€trial€court's€action€on€a€motion€for€summary€judg…ment€are€well€settled.€Since€our€inquiry€involves€purelyÏa€question€of€law,€no€presumption€of€correctness€atta…ches€to€the€trial€court's€judgment,€and€our€task€isÍconfined€to€reviewing€the€record€to€determine€whetherÏthe€requirements€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56€have€been€met.ÏòòCowden€v.€Sovran€Bank/Central€Southóó,€816€S.W.2d€741,€744Ï(Tenn.€1991).€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56.03€provides€thatÏsummary€judgment€is€only€appropriate€where:€(1)€there€isÏno€genuine€issue€with€regard€to€the€material€factsÏrelevant€to€the€claim€or€defense€contained€in€the€mo…tion,€òòByrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€208,€210€(Tenn.€1993);Ïand€(2)€the€moving€party€is€entitled€to€a€judgment€asÏmatter€of€law€on€the€undisputed€facts.€òòAnderson€v.ÏStandard€Register€Coóó.,€857€S.W.2d€555,€559€(Tenn.€1993).ÏThe€moving€party€has€the€burden€of€proving€that€itsÏmotion€satisfies€these€requirements.€òòDownen€v.€AllstateÏIns.€Coóó.,€811€S.W.2d€523,€524€(Tenn.€1991).ÌÌà8 àà àThe€standards€governing€the€assessment€of€evidenceÏin€the€summary€judgment€context€are€also€well€estab…lished.€Courts€must€view€the€evidence€in€the€light€mostÏfavorable€to€the€nonmoving€party€and€must€also€draw€allÏreasonable€inferences€in€the€nonmoving€party's€favor.ÏòòByrdóó,€847€S.W.2d€at€210„11.€Courts€should€grant€a€summa…ry€judgment€only€when€both€the€facts€and€the€conclusionsÏto€be€drawn€from€the€facts€permit€a€reasonable€person€toÏreach€only€one€conclusion.€Id.ÌÌÌòòCarvell€v.€Bottomsóó,€900€S.W.2d€23€(Tenn.€1995).ÌÌÓÓÌà@ àò òTHE€FACTSó óÌÌà àOn€August€26,€1989,€the€plaintiff,€Valerie€Fine€Cox,€(Former…ly€Grant),€was€driving€a€Jeep€vehicle€on€Interstate€75.€€An€unƒidentified€vehicle€being€driven€by€an€unidentified€driver€hereinÍreferred€to€as€the€defendant,€John€Doe,€changed€lanes€and€struck€aÏcar€in€front€of€the€plaintiff's€vehicle.€€The€plaintiff€slowed€orÏstopped€her€vehicle€and€was€struck€in€the€rear€by€a€tractor„trailer€truck€being€driven€by€the€defendant,€John€K.€Marshall€andÏowned€by€the€Defendant,€Neway„Love€Distribution,€Inc.€€Penn‚sylva…nia€National€Insurance€Company€was€the€uninsured€motorist€carrierÏfor€the€plaintiff.€€The€defendant,€John€Doe,€was€never€identified.€ÏMs.€Cox€alleges€that€she€suffered€serious€injuries€as€a€result€ofÏthe€accident€and€that€her€son,€Wesley€Dillon€Grant,€was€pronouncedÏdead€at€the€scene.ÌÌà àThe€plaintiff€filed€her€action€against€Neway„Love€Distribu…tion,€Inc.,€John€K.€Marshall,€and€John€Doe.€€Pennsylvania€NationalÏwas€served€with€process€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€56„7„1206.× ƒ, ××  ×€€PennÏNational€filed€its€answer€alleging€negligence€on€the€part€of€theÏplaintiff,€Ms.€Cox,€and€John€K.€Marshall,€driver€of€the€tractor„trailer€truck€owned€by€Neway.€€Penn€National€also€relied€on€allÏthe€policy€defenses,€contractual€or€otherwise.ÌÌà àNeway€was€insured€by€Integral€Insurance€Company.€€A€receiverÏand€Rehabilitator€was€appointed€for€Integral€by€order€of€theÏCircuit€Court€of€Jackson€County,€Missouri,€due€to€financial€diffi…culties.€€The€plaintiff€successfully€negotiated€a€settlement€withÏthe€rehabilitator€of€Integral€by€which€Integral€paid€to€the€plain…tiff€$200,000.00€for€her€injuries€and€$200,000.00€for€the€death€ofÏher€son.€€Subsequently,€an€order€was€entered€in€the€HamiltonÏCounty€Circuit€Court€dismissing€this€action€òòwith€prejudiceóó,€as€toÏNeway€and€Marshall,€thus€leaving€John€Doe€(Penn€National)€as€theÏonly€remaining€defendant.€€Penn€National's€uninsured€motoristÏcoverage€limit€was€$100,000.00.ÌÌà àPenn€National€filed€a€motion€for€summary€judgment€pursuant€toÏRule€56,€et€seq.,€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure,€on€theÏgrounds€that€"there€is€no€genuine€issue€as€to€any€material€factÏand€that€it€is€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law."€€TheÏmotion€further€asserted€that€there€were€only€two€issues€to€beÏdecided:€(1)€€Whether€Ms.€Cox€is€entitled€to€recover€from€PennÏNational€under€the€Uninsured€Motorist€section€of€her€policy,€andÍ(2)€Whether€Penn€National€is€entitled€to€recover€from€Ms.€CoxÏmonies€paid€under€the€€collision€coverage€by€Penn€National.× ƒ. ××  ×ÌÌà@ àò òDISCUSSIONó óÌÌà àSimply€stated,€Penn€National€claims€a€credit€for€all€sumsÏreceived€by€Ms.€Cox€for€her€injuries€and€the€death€of€her€son€fromÏNeway's€insurance€carrier.€€Since€the€sums€paid€exceed€the€limitsÏof€Penn€National's€coverage,€Penn€National€claims€that€it€cannotÏbe€held€liable€for€any€amount,€but€on€the€other€hand,€is€entitledÏto€recover€the€amounts€paid€under€the€collision€provisions€of€itsÏpolicy,€less€attorney's€fees.ÌÌà àT.C.A.€ðð€56„7„1202(a)€provides€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 àò ò56„7„1202.€"Uninsured€motor€vehicle"€defined.€ð"ðó óÏ(a)€€For€the€purpose€of€this€coverage,€"uninsured€motorÏvehicle"€means€a€motor€vehicle€whose€ownership,€mainte…nance,€or€use€has€resulted€in€the€bodily€injury,€death,Ïor€damage€to€property€of€an€insured,€and€for€which€òòò òtheÍsum€of€the€limits€of€liability€available€to€theÏinsured€under€all€valid€and€collectible€insuranceÏpoliciesóóó ó,€bonds,€and€securities€applicable€to€theÏbodily€injury,€death,€or€damage€to€property€is€less€thanÏthe€applicable€limits€of€uninsured€motorist€coverageÏprovided€to€the€insured€under€the€policy€against€whichÏthe€claim€is€made.€€(Emphasis€added.)ÌÌÓÓÌà àThe€provisions€of€the€policy€in€question€provide€in€pertinentÏÓÓpart€as€follows:ÌÌÌò òINSURING€AGREEMENTÌÌó óà8 àA.à0 àWe€will€pay€damages€which€an€"insured"€is€legallyÏentitled€to€recover€from€the€owner€or€operator€ofÏan€"uninsured€motor€vehicle"€because€of€...€.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*ÌÌà8 à...€.€€We€will€pay€under€this€coverage€only€after€theÏlimits€of€liability€under€ò òòòany€applicable€liabilityÏbonds€or€policiesóóó ó€have€been€exhausted€by€payment€ofÏjudgments€or€settlements.€€(Emphasis€added).ÌÌò òLIMIT€OF€LIABILITYó óÌÌÒ  ÒÒ  Òà0 àà àA.à àThe€limit€of€liability€shown€in€the€Schedule€or€inÏthe€Declarations€for€this€coverage€[$100,000.00]€isÏour€maximum€limit€of€liability€for€all€damagesÏresulting€from€any€one€accident.€€This€is€the€mostÏwe€will€pay€regardless€...ÌÌB.à0 àà àà àThe€limit€of€liability€shall€be€reduced€by€allÏsums:ÌÌà0 à1.à0 àPaid€because€of€the€"bodily€injury"€or€"proƒperty€damage"€by€or€on€behalf€of€persons€orÍorganizations€who€may€be€ò òòòlegally€responsi…bleóóó ó.€€This€includes€all€sums€paid€under€PartÏA€of€the€policy:€and€...€.€(Emphasis€added).ÌÌÌÒ ° ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà àThere€is€little€question€but€that€the€position€of€Penn€Na…tional€would€have€been€correct€prior€to€the€Supreme€Court's€deci…sion€in€òòMcIntyre€v.€Ballentineóó,€833€S.W.2d€52€(Tenn.€1992).€€InÏòòMcIntyreóó,€the€court€abolished€the€defense€of€contributory€negli…gence,€gave€birth€to€the€comparative€fault€doctrine€in€this€juris…diction€and€announced€the€demise€of€joint€and€several€liability.€ÏWhile€the€filing€of€this€action€predates€the€decision€in€òòMcIntyreóó,Ïthe€pronouncements€of€òòMcIntyreóó€are€to€be€applied€to€(1)€all€casesÏtried€or€retried€after€the€date€of€the€òòMcIntyreóó€opinion€[May€4,Ï1992],€and€(2)€all€cases€on€appeal€in€which€the€comparative€faultÏissue€has€been€raised€at€an€appropriate€stage€in€the€litigation.€ÏòòMcIntyreóó,€at€page€58.€€The€hearing€in€this€case€post„dates€theÏòòMcIntyreóó€decision,€therefore,€the€principles€announced€in€òòMcIntyreóóÏmust€be€applied€here.ÌÌà àInsofar€as€we€have€been€able€to€ascertain,€the€precise€issueÏpresented€by€this€appeal€has€not€been€considered€by€any€ap‚pellateÏcourt€in€this€jurisdiction.€€It€has,€however,€been€considered€andÍdiscussed€in€other€jurisdictions€which€have€adopted€the€compara…tive€fault€doctrine€and€abolished€joint€and€several€liability.€€ItÏappears€that€the€majority€of€cases€in€other€states€have€disallowedÏa€credit€to€a€non„settling€defendant€for€the€proceeds€of€anyÏsettlement€received€from€a€settling€defendant.€€òòSee€e.góó.€òòRoland€v.ÏBernsteinóó,€828€P.2d€1237€(Ariz.€App.€1991);€òòGreen€v.€UnitedÏStatesóó,€709€F.2d€1158€(7th€Cir.€1983);€òòKusman€v.€City€of€Denveróó,Ï706€P.2d€776€(Colo.€1985);€òòThomas€v.€Soleburgóó,€442€N.W.2d€73€(IowaÏ1989);€òòD.D.€Williamson€&€Co.€v.€Allied€Chem.€Corpóó.,€569€S.W.2d€672Ï(Ky.€1978);€òòWilson€v.€Galtóó,€668€P.2d€1104€(N.M.€1983);€òòCharles€v.ÏGiant€Eagle€Marketsóó,€522€A.2d€1€(1987);€and€òòDuncan€v.€CessnaÏAircraft€Coóó.,€665€S.W.2d€414€(Tex.€1984)ÌÌà àòòRoland€v.€Bernsteinóó,€supra,€(citing€all€the€above€cases)€isÏperhaps€the€most€persuasive€of€authorities€because€of€its€similar…ity€to€the€case€under€consideration.ÌÌà àIn€òòRolandóó,€supra,€the€plaintiff€brought€a€medical€malpracticeÏcomplaint€against€a€neurosurgeon,€his€professional€corporation,€anÏanesthesiologist,€and€a€hospital.€The€hospital€and€the€anesthesi…ologist€settled€the€plaintiff's€claim€against€them€for€$700,000Ïeach€and€the€case€€proceeded€to€trial€against€the€neurosurgeon€andÏhis€corporation.€€The€jury€found€€plaintiff's€damages€to€beÏ$1,965,000€and€assessed€fault€against€the€neurosurgeon€at€47%,€28%Ïto€the€anesthesiologist,€and€25%€to€the€hospital.€€The€questionÏthen€arose€as€to€whether€Arizona's€contribution€among€tortfeasorsÏact€should€apply.€€The€trial€€court€held€that€it€should€and€thusÏentered€a€judgment€for€$565,000€rather€than€for€$923,550€(47%€ofÏ$1,965,000).€€On€appeal€the€Court€of€Appeals€of€Arizona€reversedÏthe€judgment€of€the€trial€court.€€The€court€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà à[1]€When€more€than€one€defendant€caused€plaintiff'sÏinjuries€the€rule€originally€was€that€each€such€defen…dant€was€liable€for€the€whole€injury,€that€€recoveryÏagainst€one€eliminated€the€claim€against€the€others,€andÏthat€no€right€of€contribution€existed€among€defendants.€ÏòòSeeóó€generally€W.€Prosser€&€W.€€Keeton,€Torts€ðððð€46„52Ï(5th€ed.€1984).€Over€time€the€rigor€of€these€rules€was€Ïrelaxed,€permitting€settlement€by€one€of€the€defendantsÏwithout€eliminating€€rights€against€the€others,€so€longÏas€double€recovery€did€not€occur,€and€€contributionÏamong€tortfeasors.€€That€result€was€accomplished€inÏArizona€by€€passage€of€the€Uniform€Contribution€AmongÏTortfeasors€Act,€A.R.S.€ðð€12„2501€et€€seq.€€SectionÏ12„2504,€at€issue€in€this€case,€provides€that€a€settle…ment€with€€"one€of€two€or€more€persons€liable€in€tortÏfor€the€same€injury€...€does€not€€discharge€any€of€theÏother€tortfeasors€from€liability€for€the€injury€...€butÏit€€reduces€the€claim€against€the€others"€by€the€amountÍof€the€settlement.€€If€that€section€were€applicable€hereÏthe€trial€judge's€ruling€would€be€correct€because€theÏ$1,400,000€settlement€would€be€deducted€from€theÏ$1,965,000€verdict€to€€arrive€at€a€$565,000€judgmentÏagainst€[the€non„settling€defendant].ÌÌà8 àà àWe€conclude,€however,€that€ðð€12„2504€does€not€applyÏbecause€it€was€enacted€as€part€of€a€statute€permittingÏcontribution€between€defendants€liable€for€the€entireÏamount€of€damages€caused€by€the€concurrent€negligence€ofÏeach€of€them.€€It€was€not€designed€for€this€case€whichÏwas€tried€under€A.R.S.€ðð€12„2506,€a€more€recently€enact…ed€statute.€€Section€12„2506€abolished€joint€and€severalÏliability,€limiting€recovery€against€any€defendant€toÏthat€percentage€of€a€plaintiff's€total€injuries€repre…senting€that€defendant's€degree€of€fault.€€BecauseÏrecovery€is€so€limited,€contribution€can€never€occur.Ï...Ì€à8 à€€€€€€Ì€€à8 àà àThis€result€can€be€easily€squared€with€the€statuto…ry€language.€€Section€12„2504€applies€when€"two€or€moreÏpersons€[are]€liable€in€tort€for€the€same€injury."€ÏSection€12„2506,€on€the€contrary,€provides€that€"theÏliability€of€each€defendant€for€damages€is€several€onlyÏand€is€not€joint."€€In€short,€each€€defendant€is€liableÏonly€for€the€portion€of€the€injury€he€caused,€not€theÏwhole€€injury;€€no€two€are€liable€for€the€same€injury.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòKussman€v.€City€and€€County€of€Denveróó,€706€P.2d€776Ï(Colo.1985).ÌÌà8 àà àIn€addition,€we€believe€that€it€would€be€anomalousÏto€give€the€benefit€of€an€advantageous€settlement,€notÏto€the€plaintiff€who€negotiated€it,€but€to€theÏnon„settling€tortfeasor.€Had€plaintiff€made€a€disadvan…tageous€settlement,€she€would€have€borne€that€conse…quence€because€her€recovery€against€[the€non„settlingÏdefendant]€€would€have€been€limited€to€$923,550.€At€aÏminimum,€symmetry€requires€that€if€€the€disadvantage€ofÏsettlement€is€hers€so€ought€the€advantage€be.€€BeyondÏthat,€we€see€no€reason€why€a€non„settling€tortfeasorÍought€to€escape€the€liability€that€is€his€by€reason€ofÏthe€faulty€assessment€of€probabilities€by€a€settling€Ïtortfeasor.€Indeed,€such€a€rule€might€well€discourageÏsettlement€by€the€last€tortfeasor€on€the€reasoning€thatÏhis€exposure€is€limited€to€his€degree€of€fault€€and€evenÏthat€might€be€reduced€by€reason€of€pre„existing€settle…ments.€€These€€considerations€have€led€most€courtsÏconsidering€this€question€to€apply€the€rule€we€areÏadopting.€(Citations€omitted).ÌÌÌÓÓà àThe€court€remanded€the€case€for€the€entry€of€a€judgment€€inÏplaintiff's€favor€for€$923,550.ÌÌà àòòRolandóó€is€strikingly€similar€to€the€case€under€considerationÏhere.€€The€primary€difference€is€that€Arizona€abolished€joint€andÏseveral€liability€by€statute.€€Here,€the€adoption€of€comparativeÏfault€and€the€abolition€of€joint€and€several€liability€was€done€byÏthe€Supreme€Court€in€òòMcIntyreóó,€supra.€€While€we€recognize€that€theÏArizona€court€was€dealing€with€the€Uniform€Contribution€AmongÏTortfeasors€Act,€we€find€the€reasoning€to€be€appropriate€in€itsÏapplication€to€the€facts€of€this€case.ÌÌà àApplying€òòMcIntyreóó€and€òòRolandóó€to€the€facts€of€this€case€re…quires€a€finding€that€John€Doe€(Penn€National)€is€responsible€forÏonly€the€portion€of€the€injury€he€caused,€not€the€whole€€injury.€ÍSimilarly,€Neway„Love€was€responsible€for€only€the€portion€of€theÏinjury€it€caused.€€It€logically€follows,€therefore,€that€no€por…tion€of€the€liability€coverage€of€Neway„Love€could€inure€to€theÏbenefit€of€John€Doe€(Penn€National).€€Taking€this€reasoning€a€stepÏfurther,€it€is€clear€that€the€cap€on€coverage€under€uninsuredÏmotorists€policies€set€out€in€T.C.A.€ðð€56„7„1202€is€inapplicableÏto€the€facts€of€this€case.€€There€are€no€"collectible€insuranceÏpolicies€bonds€and€securities€applicable€to€the€bodily€injury,Ïdeath€and€damage€to€property"€insofar€as€that€portion€of€fault€andÏdamage€resulting€from€the€negligence€of€John€Doe€(Penn€National)Ïis€concerned.ÌÌà àThe€appellee€has€cited€no€cases€from€this€jurisdiction€or€anyÏother€jurisdiction€which€would€require€a€different€result.€AÏmultitude€of€authority€predating€òòMcIntyre€v.€Ballentineóó,€has€beenÏcited,€however,€these€cases€are€no€longer€controlling€under€theÏcircumstances€of€this€case.ÌÌà àThe€appellee€insists€that€summary€judgment€was€a€properÏdisposition€of€this€case€because€by€the€settling€with€Neway„LoveÍand€the€subsequent€dismissal€of€her€action€against€Neway„Love€andÏits€driver,€Penn€National's€right€of€subrogation€is€lost.€€InÏsupport€of€this€position,€the€appellee€cites€us€to€the€unpublishedÏcase€of€òòAetna€Casualty€and€Surety€Company€v.€Tennessee€FarmersÏMutual€Insurance€Companyóó,€Tenn.€App.€1993,€E.S.€opinion€filedÏMarch€30,€1993.€€In€òòAetnaóó,€the€issues€were€not€the€same€as€theÏissues€presented€by€this€appeal.€€In€òòAetnaóó,€Tennessee€Farmer'sÏinsured€€and€Aetna,€without€the€consent€of€Tennessee€Farmers,Ïexecuted€a€release,€releasing€the€sole€tortfeasor€for€all€claimsÏarising€out€of€the€accident€in€question.€€On€the€other€hand,€inÏthis€case,€the€tortfeasor€to€whom€Penn€National€must€look€to€forÏsubrogation€is€John€Doe€and€John€Doe€only€should€he€be€identified.€ÏJohn€Doe€was€in€no€way€released€by€the€Appellant's€settlement€withÏNeway„Love,€hence,€the€right€of€subrogation€belonging€to€PennÏNational€has€not€been€impaired€by€the€settlement.ÌÌà àThis€position€is€bolstered€by€the€provisions€of€T.C.A.€ðð€56„7„1204(a)€which€provides€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓò òà8 àà à56„7„1204.€Payment€by€insurer€„€Subrogation.ó óÏ(a)€€In€the€event€of€payment€to€any€person€under€theÍcoverage€required€by€this€part,€and€subject€to€the€termsÏand€conditions€of€such€coverage,€the€insurer€making€suchÏpayment€shall,€to€the€extent€thereof,€ò òòòbe€subrogated€toÏall€of€the€rights€of€the€person€to€whom€suchÏpayment€has€been€made,€and€shall€be€entitled€toÏthe€proceeds€of€any€settlement€or€judgment€re…sulting€from€the€exercise€of€any€rights€of€recov…ery€of€such€person€against€any€person€or€organi…zation€legally€responsible€for€the€bodily€injuryÏor€property€damage€for€which€such€payment€isÏmadeóóó ó,€including€the€proceeds€recoverable€from€the€assetsÏof€an€insolvent€insurer.ÌÌÓÓÌà àIt€seems€clear,€under€the€above€provisions,€that€if€PennÏNational€is€required€to€make€any€payments€to€the€plaintiff,€subro…gation€will€be€limited€to€all€of€plaintiff's€rights€against€JohnÏDoe.€As€hereinabove€noted,€these€rights€have€not€been€impaired.ÌÒ  ÒÒ  ÒÌà àWe€hold€that:ÌÓÓà0 àà à1.à àJohn€Doe€has€not€been€released€by€the€dis‚missal,Ïwith€prejudice,€of€the€action€against€Neway„LoveÏand€its€driver.ÌÌ2.à0 àPenn€National€had€no€right€of€subrogation€againstÏNeway„Love€and,€therefore,€no€right€of€subrogationÏhas€been€impaired€by€the€actions€of€the€plaintiff.ÌÌà0 àà à3.à àPenn€National€is€not€entitled€to€a€credit€for€anyÏamounts€received€by€the€plaintiff€as€a€result€ofÏplaintiff's€settlement€with€Neway„Love.ÌÌà0 àà à4.à àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€must€be€reversedÏand€the€case€remanded€for€a€full€trial€on€theÏmerits€with€an€apportionment€of€fault€and€damagesÏamong€the€principals,€i.e.,€the€plaintiff,€theÏdefendant,€Neway„Love,€and€the€defendant,€John€DoeÏ(Penn€National).€€Neway„Love€should€be€treated€as€aÏnon„party€charged€with€negligence€by€the€de‚fendant,ÏJohn€Doe€(Penn€National),€pursuant€to€the€teachingsÏof€òòMcIntyreóó.ÌÌà0 àà à5.à àPenn€National€is€liable€only€for€damage,€if€any,Ïresulting€from€the€negligence€of€John€Doe€after€aÏproper€apportionment€of€fault€and€damages€has€beenÏmade€by€the€trier€of€fact€or€the€policy€limits€ofÏ$100,00.00,€whichever€is€less,€with€a€right€ofÏsubrogation€against€John€Doe,€when€and€if€identi…fied.ÌÌÌÒ ° ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà àThe€appellee€has€raised€in€its€brief€several€issues€which€areÏdenominated€as€sub„issues.€€All€these€sub„issues€have€been€re…solved€by€our€disposition€of€the€above€issue€except€for€the€fol…lowing:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àDoes€Mrs.€Cox€have€the€burden€of€proving€that€JohnÏDoe€was€uninsured€and€the€cause€of€her€damages€and€ifÏshe€fails€to€do€that,€is€recovery€against€John€DoeÏbarred?ÌÌÓÓÌà àIt€is€elementary€that€before€there€can€be€a€recovery€on€anÏuninsured€motorist€policy,€it€must€be€established€that€the€defen…dant€sought€to€be€charged€was€uninsured€at€the€time€of€the€acci…dent.€€It€need€not€be€established€that€the€negligence€of€theÏuninsured€motorist€was€ò òòòtheóóó ó€cause,€but€only€ò òòòaóóó ó€cause€of€damages.€ÏThe€burden€of€establishing€these€facts€rests€with€the€plaintiff€atÏtrial.€On€motion€for€summary€judgment,€however,€the€burden€ofÏestablishing€that€there€is€no€genuine€issue€of€material€factÏregarding€whether€the€defendant€was€uninsured€is€upon€the€movant.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòByrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€208€(Tenn.€1993).€€The€question€ofÏwhether€or€not€John€Doe€was€uninsured€was€not€addressed€in€theÏappellee's€motion€for€summary€judgment€nor€was€any€evidence€prof…fered€to€demonstrate€that€John€Doe€was€not€uninsured.€€Therefore,Ïas€to€the€motion€for€summary€judgment,€Penn€National€has€failed€toÏmeet€its€burden€of€showing€that€it€is€entitled€to€judgment€as€aÏmatter€of€law.€ÌÌà àThe€appellant€has€presented€another€issue€challenging€theÏcourt's€judgment€in€failing€to€strike€affirmative€defenses€of€theÏappellee€or€in€the€alternative€for€summary€judgment.€€The€motionÏto€strike€or€for€summary€judgment€as€to€the€affirmative€defensesÏresulted€from€the€action€of€the€court€in€allowing€the€defendant€toÍamend€its€answer.€€Rule€15.01,€T.R.C.P.,€provides€òòinter€aliaóó€thatÏa€party€may€amend€pleadings€by€leave€of€court€which€shall€beÏfreely€given€when€justice€so€requires.€€In€this€case,€the€defen…dant€filed€a€motion€for€permission€to€file€an€amended€answer.€€TheÏmotion€was€allowed€and€the€amended€answer€was€filed.€The€ruleÏallowing€amendment€of€pleadings€is€to€be€liberally€construed.€òòSeeóóÏòòWalden€v.€Wylieóó,€645€S.W.2d€247€(Tenn.€App.€1982);€òòDerryberry€v.ÏLedfordóó,€506€S.W.2d€152€(Tenn.€App.€1973).€The€trial€court'sÏdiscretion€in€allowing€amendments€at€any€stage€of€the€proceedingsÏshould€not€be€disturbed€unless€it€appears€that€such€discretion€wasÏabused.€òòSeeóó€òòMerriman€v.€Smithóó,€599€S.W.2d€548€(Tenn.€App.€1980);ÏòòMcKinney€v.€Educator€&€Executive€Insurers,€Incóó.,€569€S.W.2d€829Ï(Tenn.€App.€1978);€òòDerryberry€v.€Ledfordóó,€supra.€€We€find€no€abuseÏof€discretion€by€the€trial€court.€€We€find€no€merit€in€the€appel…lant's€second€issue.ÌÌà àThe€appellee€has€asked€us€to€find€that€this€is€a€frivolousÏappeal€and€to€impose€sanctions€upon€the€appellant.€€In€view€of€theÏdisposition€of€this€case,€this€request€is€denied.ÌÌà àThe€appellant€filed€a€motion€for€permission€to€supplement€theÏrecord€in€this€case€by€filing€the€depositions€of€Valorie€Fine€CoxÏand€John€Marshall€taken€April€14,€1992,€and€September€27,€1991,Ïrespectively.€€The€court€has€previously€entered€an€order€reservingÏthe€resolution€of€the€motion€until€the€case€was€submitted€forÏdisposition.€€Since,€in€our€opinion,€the€depositions€are€unneces…sary€to€the€disposition€of€this€case,€the€motion€is€denied.ÌÌà àWe€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€in€granting€appel…lee's€motion€for€summary€judgment.€€This€case€is€remanded€to€theÏtrial€court€for€other€and€further€action€consistent€with€thisÏopinion.€€Costs€are€taxed€to€the€appellee.ÌÓÓÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€________________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Don€T.€McMurray,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌHouston€M.€Goddard,€Presiding€JudgeÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.ÌÇÑ  Ñà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALSÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌVALORIE€FINE€COX,€Individually€€)à àHAMILTON€CIRCUITÌand€as€Mother€and€Next€of€Kin€€€)à àC.A.€NO.€03A01„9510„CV„00335Ìof€Wesley€Dillon€Grant,€a€Minor€)ÌChild,€Deceased,€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Plaintiff„Appellant€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àHON.€SAMUEL€H.€PAYNEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àJUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)ÌNEWAY„LOVE€DISTRIBUTORS,€INC.,€€)à àREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDÌJOHN€K.€MARSHALL€and€JOHN€DOE,€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Defendant„Appellee€€€€)ÌÌÌÌÌà@ àò òòòORDERóóó óÌÌÌÓÓà àThis€appeal€came€on€to€be€heard€upon€the€record€from€theÏCircuit€Court€of€Hamilton€County,€briefs€and€argument€of€counsel.€ÍUpon€consideration€thereof,€this€Court€is€of€the€opinion€thatÏthere€was€reversible€error€in€the€trial€court.Ìà àWe€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€in€granting€appel…lee's€motion€for€summary€judgment.€€This€case€is€remanded€to€theÏtrial€court€for€other€and€further€action€consistent€with€thisÏopinion.€€Costs€are€taxed€to€the€appellee.ÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€PER€CURIAMÌ