ÿWPCÇ /# ¢UN­ %û 0(w@)4i}Œ 0J” 0TÞ 0^2 0h 0rø 0|j 0†æ 0l 1uü 0dqU>ÕB) 0@< D3| B¯ DCÌ AM U*\ † v~‹ vÓ AQÜÆ- 0Dó 0D7 D/{ Bª˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ dDefDgVhiDjDklÓ€x§aö"3|xx2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò""""'ÿÿdxd d7Border 1dd* #Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial ûÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òAugust€12,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ýò òÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEó óÌò òà@ àWESTERN€SECTION€AT€JACKSONÌà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌóóÌAPRIL€L.€€DAVIDSON€(COOK),€€€à à)à àÌó óà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àPlaintiff/€Appellee,ò òà àà àà à)à àó óWeakley€Equity€No.€12465€€€€€Ìò òœÙ€*ÙßR€$&#A1-j|û` Å `€€@ÿRß›à àà àà àà àà àà à)ó óà àà àÌò òv.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌJEFFREY€VENSON€DAVIDSON,€à à)à àó óAppeal€No.€02A01„9607„CH„00173ò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àó óDefendant/Appellant,ò òà àà àà à)ÌÌ€ÌÌà@ àó óAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURT€OF€WEAKLEY€COUNTYÌà@ àAT€DRESDEN,€TENNESSEE€€ÌÌÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€WILLIAM€MICHAEL€MALOAN,€CHANCELLORÌòòÌÌÌFor€the€Plaintiff/Appellee:à àà àà àFor€the€Defendant/Appellant:ÌóóÌPamela€S.€Jones€€€€€à àà àà àà àJesse€H.€Ford,€III€€€€€€€ÌDresden,€Tennessee€€€à àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Jackson,€Tennessee€€ÌÌÌò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAFFIRMED€œAND€REMANDED›ÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àó óHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCURS:ÌòòÌóóALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌÌDAVID€R.€FARMER,€J.ÌÌò òÇØØÙ  ÙÓÓÑ7€<™XXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñà@ àOPINIONó óÌÓ  Óà àThis€is€a€child€custody€case€in€which€custody€of€the€children€has€changed€several€timesÏbetween€the€father€and€mother.€€In€this€proceeding,€the€trial€court€found€a€material€change€ofÏcircumstances€œwarranting€a›€change€of€custody€from€the€father€to€the€mother.€€We€affirm.Ìà àAppellant€Jeffery€Venson€Davidson€(ð ðFatherðð)€and€Appellee€April€L.€Davidson€(Cook)Ï(ð ðMotherðð)€were€married€in€1986.€€During€the€marriage,€they€had€two€children,€Crystal€and€Justin.€ÏThey€were€also€raising€Motherððs€child€from€a€previous€relationship,€Shayna.€€The€parties€divorcedÏin€1992.€€Father€received€temporary€custody€of€all€three€children€pending€the€divorce,€but€the€finalÏdivorce€decree€awarded€custody€of€the€children€to€Mother.€€A€little€over€five€months€later,€FatherÏfiled€a€petition€seeking€change€of€custody.€€In€March€1993,€the€trial€court€granted€Father€custody€ofÏthe€children€based€on€the€following€Findings€of€Fact€and€Conclusions€of€Law:ÌÓÓà8 àà àThis€case€began€with€a€temporary€custody€hearing€on€February€10,€1992.€ÏThe€Court€awarded€the€temporary€custody€of€the€partiesðð€minor€children€to€theÏdefendant€father.€€The€Court€found€the€mother€had€moved€from€the€maritalÏresidence€in€Greenfield,€Tennessee,€and€her€housing€and€job€situation€wereÏuncertain.€€The€Court€felt€it€would€be€in€the€best€interest€of€the€children€that€theyÏremain€in€the€marital€home€on€a€temporary€basis.ÌÌà8 àà àOn€March€30,€1992,€the€Court€granted€a€divorce€and€awarded€custody€ofÏthe€partiesðð€three€minor€children€to€the€plaintiff€mother.€€The€Court€felt€the€motherððsÏsituation€had€stabilized.€€The€Court€further€criticized€the€defendant€father€forÏallowing€his€girlfriend€to€spend€the€night€in€the€marital€home€with€the€childrenÏpresent.ÌÌà8 àà àThe€father€filed€a€petition€for€change€of€custody€which€was€heard€onÏDecember€18,€1992.€€The€Court€found€significant€change€of€circumstances.€€TheÏfather€had€married€his€girlfriend€and€continued€to€reside€in€the€former€maritalÏresidence.€€The€children€were€attending€church€on€a€regular€basis€while€with€theÏfather.€€The€father€was€concerned€about€behavioral€problems€with€his€daughter,ÏShayna,€and€took€her€to€Northwest€Counselling€Center€in€Martin,€Tennessee.€€PamÏHenson€at€Northwest€Counselling€Center€saw€Shayna€on€several€occasions.€ÏShayna€disclosed€to€Ms.€Henson€that€one€or€more€boyfriends€had€spent€the€nightÏwith€the€mother.€€Ms.€Henson€contacted€the€mother€and€asked€that€she€participate€inÏthe€counseling€sessions.€€The€mother€did€not€participate.€€Ms.€Henson€stated€theÏð ðchildððs€present€life€is€too€confusingðð€and€the€children€were€growing€up€on€theirÏown€without€any€parental€supervision.€€The€mother€was€not€taking€the€children€toÏchurch.ÌÌà8 àà àPlaintiff€admitted€on€cross„examination€that€she€had€a€live„in€boyfriend€whoÏhad€stayed€in€her€home€for€approximately€eight€weeks.€€The€Court€was€furtherÏconcerned€about€the€children€staying€in€the€plaintiffððs€fatherððs€mobile€home€whereÏfive€persons€resided.ÌÌà8 àà àBased€on€all€the€foregoing,€the€Court€finds€it€is€in€the€best€interest€of€theÏminor€children€that€custody€be€changed€from€the€mother€to€the€father.ÌÌÓÓThe€order€changing€custody€to€Father€was€not€œappealed.›ÌœÇ›à àIn€October,€1995,€Father€filed€a€Petition€to€Modify€Visitation,€in€which€he€proposedÏmoving€to€Walnut€Ridge,€Arkansas.€€The€purported€reason€for€the€move€was€a€job€opportunityÏwhich€would€double€his€salary.€€Mother€responded€by€filing€a€Petition€to€Change€Custody.€€SheÏalleged€a€change€in€circumstances,€citing,€among€other€things,€Fatherððs€unstable€job€history€and€hisÏaffair€with€another€woman€while€separated€from€his€new€wife.Ìà àAt€the€€trial,€it€was€undisputed€that,€since€the€Father€took€custody€of€the€children,€he€andÏhis€current€wife,€Debbie€Davidson,€had€separated€once,€reconciled,€and€then€separated€again.€ÏPrior€to€€their€second€separation,€Debbie€Davidson€had€an€altercation€with€Fatherððs€mother€inÏwhich€she€struck€Fatherððs€mother.€€The€children€witnessed€this€assault€on€their€grandmother.Ìà àDuring€Fatherððs€second€separation€from€Debbie€Davidson,€another€woman,€RubyÏBeauchamps€(ð ðBeauchampsðð),€moved€into€Fatherððs€house€with€her€own€two€œchildren.›€€During€thisÏtime,€Debbie€Davidson€attempted€suicide€and€then€signed€herself€into€a€mental€facility€forÏapproximately€six€days.€€Debbie€Davidson€also€filed€for€divorce€during€this€œperiod.€€After›€livingÏwith€Father€and€the€partiesðð€children€for€six€weeks,€Beauchamps€œreconciled›€with€a€prior€œboyfriendÏand€moved€out.€€Debbie›€œDavidson€moved›€back€into€the€house€with€œFather.€€Debbie€DavidsonÏsubsequently€asked€her€lawyer€to€non„suit€her€petition€for€divorce.Ìà àFather€acknowledged€that,€since€he€was€awarded€custody€of€the€children,€he€has€lived€atÏfour€different€locations€and€has€held›€four€different€jobs.€€One€of€the€jobs€was€that€of€a€policeÏofficer€with€the€McKenzie€Police€Department.€€The€chief€of€police€testified€that,€during€FatherððsÏtenure€as€a€police€officer,€œhe›€received€several€complaints€about€him.€€One€complaint€was€that€FatherÏhad€been€œseen›€œwith›€Beauchamps€in€his€police€car€while€on€duty.€€Ultimately,€Father€was€asked€toÏresign€from€the€police€force.Ìà àMoreover,€a€police€officer€testified€that,€during€the€time€Beauchamps€was€living€withÏFather,€the€police€officer€found€a€child€standing€in€the€street€outside€Fatherððs€residence,€with€noÏadult€supervision.€€He€testified€that€it€took€several€minutes€for€anyone€to€respond€to€his€knocks€atÏthe€door,€and€that€he€assumed,€from€their€œappearance€when€they€finally€answered€the€door,›€thatÍFather€and€Beauchamps€had€been€sleeping.€€The€police€officer€thought€the€child€in€the€street€wasÏFatherððs,€but€Beauchamps€testified€that€the€child€was€€hers.̜Ǜà àœMother€presented›€disputed€evidence€that€Debbie€Davidson€repeatedly€telephoned€ÏBeauchamps€and€called€her€obscene€names.€€These€calls€were€taped€on€the€answering€machine.€ÏBeauchamps€also€asserted€that€Debbie€Davidson€cursed€and€threatened€œher€in›€the€œpartiesðð€childrenððs›Ïpresence.€€œMoreover,€there›€was€œtestimony›€that,€after€Beauchamps€moved€out€and€Father€reconciledÏwith€Debbie€Davidson,€Father€and€the€children€drove€Debbie€Davidson€to€Beauchampsðð€home,Ïwhere€Debbie€Davidson€had€a€verbal€confrontation€with€Beauchampsðð€œboyfriend€over€someÏphotographs€of€Father€and€Beauchamps.›€Ìà àBeauchamps€testified€that€she€was€pregnant€with€Fatherððs€child,€but€Father€disputed€that€theÏchild€was€his.€€Mother€also€presented€disputed€testimony€that€Father€often€drank€and€smoked€inÏfront€of€the€children,€that€Beauchampsðð€two„year„old€child€drank€some€beer€from€a€bottle€FatherÏhad€left€on€a€table,€that€one€of€the€children€had€picked€up€œFatherððs›€service€revolver€when€it€wasÏhanging€from€the€back€of€a€chair,€and€that€Father€œhad€had›€the€children€lie€for€him€on€occasion.€Ìà àFather€testified€that€his€life€œhas›€stabilized€since€he€reconciled€with€Debbie€Davidson.€€HeÏtestified€that€his€family€was€living€with€Debbie€Davidsonððs€mother€in€Arkansas.€€In€his€originalÏœpetition›€to€modify€visitation,€Father€cited€a€monetarily€favorable€job€opportunity€in€Arkansas.€€InÏhis€testimony€at€trial,€Father€admitted€that€he€did€not€obtain€this€job.€€Father€blamed€his€failure€toÏget€œthis›€œjob€on›€missing€an€application€deadline€because€Mother€œpurportedly›€refused€to€care€for€theÏchildren,€forcing€him€to€stay€in€Tennessee€to€care€for€them.€€He€testified€that€he€and€DebbieÏDavidson€were€both€employed€at€a€Wal„Mart€store€in€Arkansas,€and€œacknowledged€that›€he€was€notÏmaking€any€more€money€œthan€he›€had€made€in€Tennessee.€€Father€stated€that€the€children€wereÏhappy€in€Arkansas€and€doing€well€in€school.Ìà àMother€testified€that€her€life€has€stabilized€since€she€lost€custody€of€her€children.€€She€hasÏgotten€out€of€debt€and€is€living€by€herself€in€a€rented€four„bedroom€house,€with€a€bedroom€for€eachÏchild.€€During€the€time€in€which€Father€had€custody,€Mother€admitted€to€having€lived€in€severalÏdifferent€locations€and€to€having€had€several€relationships,€including€one€failed€marriage.€€SheÏtestified€that€she€is€now€employed,€and€that€she€has€located€a€school€for€the€children€with€an€after„school€program€for€the€childrenððs€care€until€she€gets€off€work.€€Her€job€requires€her€to€work€oneÏweekend€per€month,€but€she€testified€that€she€has€made€arrangements€with€her€sister€to€care€for€theÏchildren€during€this€time.Ìà àThe€trial€court€found€that€there€had€been€a€material€change€of€circumstances€and€orderedÏcustody€changed€back€to€Mother.€€From€the€bench,€the€court€recounted€the€reasons€leading€up€toÏthe€first€change€of€custody€to€œFather,›€œand›€then€described€the€reasons€for€changing€custody€backÏagain:ÌÓÓà8 àThey€[Father€and€Debbie€Davidson]€were€living€in€the€home€that€the€children€grewÏup€in,€in€Greenfield,€and€appeared€to€have€a€stable€job€and€a€stable€marriage,€butÏthings€sure€have€changed€since€then.€€Since€then,€.€.€.€Mr.€Davidson€has€changedÏjobs,€changed€homes,€changed€relationships,€and€I€just€canððt€imagine€that€Mr.ÏDavidson,€when€I€changed€custody€to€him€for€his€wifeððs€misconduct,€does€exactlyÏthe€same€thing,€if€not€worse,€and€exposing€the€children€to€an€improper€and€anÏimmoral€relationship,€moved€to€Arkansas.€.€.€.€To€his€credit,€he€has€reconciled€withÏhis€present€wife,€but€all€of€this€turmoil€and€instability€is€bound€to€have€a€negativeÏeffect€on€the€children.€.€.€.€The€Court€finds€that€there€is€sufficient€change€ofÏcircumstance€and€the€Court€is€going€to€change€the€custody€of€these€three€minorÏchildren€to€Mrs.€Cook€[Mother].ÌÌÓÓThe€courtððs€subsequent€Order€stated€that€ð ðDefendant€[Father]€has€shown€a€complete€lack€ofÏstability€and€proper€judgment.ðð€€The€court€also€ordered€Father€to€pay€child€support€and€awardedÏFather€œvisitation.€€Father›€now€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€change€custody€of€the€childrenÏback€to€Mother.€€Ìà àIn€child€custody€cases,€appellate€review€is€ò òòòde€novoó óóó€upon€the€record,€with€a€presumptionÏof€the€correctness€of€the€trial€courtððs€factual€findings.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d);ò òòò€Hass€v.ÏKnightonó óóó,€676€œS.W.2d›€554,€555€(Tenn.€1984);€ò òòòDalton€v.€Daltonó óóó,€858€œS.W.2d›€324,€327Ï(Tenn.€App.€1993).Ìà àœThis€Court›€has€repeatedly€emphasized€the€importance€of€stability€for€children€involved€inÏdivorce.€€ò òòòSee€Contreras€v.€Wardó óóó,€831€œS.W.2d›€288,€290€œ(Tenn.›€App.€1991).€€œAn›€orderÏawarding€custody€cannot€be€changed€in€the€absence€of€a€showing€of€new€facts€or€ð ðchangedÏcircumstancesðð€requiring€an€alteration€of€the€original€custody€award.€€ò òòòWoodard€v.€Woodardó óóó,Ï783€S.W.2d€188,€189€(Tenn.€App.€1989).€€In€order€for€a€change€of€circumstances€to€warrant€aÍchange€of€custody,€the€change€must€be€necessary€to€prevent€substantial€harm€to€the€child.€€òòò òWallÏv.€Walló óóó,€907€S.W.2d€829,€834€(Tenn.€App.€1995).€€As€stated€in€ò òòòWalló óóó:€ÌÓÓà8 àCustody€is€not€changed€for€the€welfare€or€pleasure€of€either€parent€or€to€punishÏeither€parent,€but€to€preserve€the€welfare€of€the€child.€€Custody€is€not€changedÏbecause€one€parent€is€able€to€furnish€a€more€commodious€or€pleasant€environmentÏthan€the€other,€but€where€continuation€of€the€adjudicated€custody€will€substantiallyÏharm€the€child.ÌÌÓÓò òòòId.óóó ó€€The€type€of€behavior€necessary€to€precipitate€a€change€of€custody€must€be€that€ð ð€ððwhich€clearlyÏposits€or€causes€danger€to€the€mental€or€emotional€well„being€of€a€child€(whether€such€behavior€isÏimmoral€or€not).ðð€ðð€€ò òòòMusselman€v.€Acuffóóó ó,€826€S.W.2d€920,€924€(Tenn.€App.€1991)€(quotingÏò òòòBallard€v.€Ballardó óóó,€434€So.€2d€1357,€1360€(Miss.€1983)).Ìà àIn€the€instant€case,€it€was€unrefuted€that€Father€has€changed€jobs€several€times,€has€movedÏseveral€times,€œhas€repeatedly€separated›€and€reconciled€with€his€current€wife,€and€œpermitted›ÏBeauchamps,€a€woman€to€whom€he€was€not€married,€to€move€in€with€œhim›€and€the€children€forÏapproximately€six€weeks.€€The€children€were€exposed€to€conflict€between€Debbie€Davidson€andÏBeauchamps€and€between€Debbie€Davidson€and€their€grandmother.€€The€lack€of€parentalÏsupervision€while€Beauchamps€and€her€children€were€living€with€Father€and€his€children€was€suchÏthat€one€of€Beauchampsðð€children€was€found€wandering€in€the€street.€€In€addition,€there€wereÏallegations€that€Father€failed€to€keep€his€gun€out€of€the€childrenððs€reach€and€that€Father€smoked€andÏdrank€in€the€childrenððs€presence.€€Fatherððs€most€recent€move,€ostensibly€for€a€better€job,€resulted€inÏa€job€which€did€not€improve€the€familyððs€financial€situation.€€It€is€clear€that€Fatherððs€ongoingÏinstability€created€an€unhealthy€environment€for€the€children€and€poses€a€substantial€threat€of€harm,Ïconstituting€a€material€change€of€circumstances€sufficient€to€consider€a€change€of€custody.€€Ìà àAfter€it€has€been€determined€that€a€material€change€in€œcircumstances›€has€occurred,€the€trialÏcourt€must€perform€a€comparative€fitness€analysis€to€determine€if€custody€should€be€changed.€€InÏthis€case,€Mother€also€has€a€history€of€instability.€€During€the€time€in€which€she€did€not€haveÏcustody€of€the€children,€she€lived€in€several€different€places€and€was€involved€in€another€failedÏmarriage.€€However,€the€proof€indicated€that€œMother›€now€has€stable€employment,€has€gotten€out€ofÍdebt,€and€is€living€by€herself€in€a€home€with€plenty€of€room€for€the€children.€€Ìà àIn€œcustody›€cases,€the€trial€court€must€make€a€œchoice›€between€two€imperfect€parents€withÏhuman€failings€and€foibles.€€€At€the€trial€in€this€cause,€the€trial€court€had€the€opportunity€to€observeÏthe€witnessesðð€demeanor,€and€the€weight€and€credit€accorded€the€witnesses€by€the€trial€court€isÏentitled€to€great€weight.€€ò òòòIn€re€Parsonsóóó ó,€914€S.W.2d€889,€895€(Tenn.€App.€1995).€€Given€thisÏdeference,€and€after€reviewing€the€testimony€and€evidence€in€the€record,€we€conclude€that€theÏevidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€change€custody€of€the€childrenÏto€Mother.€€The€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Ìà àMother€also€seeks€an€award€of€œattorneyððs›€fees€and€expenses€incurred€in€this€appeal.€€WeÏfind€that€Mother€should€be€awarded€œattorneyððs›€fees€and€expenses€for€this€appeal,€and€remand€thisÏcause€to€the€trial€court€for€a€determination€of€the€appropriate€amount.€€ò òòòSee€D€v.€Kó óóó,€917€S.W.2dÏ682,€687€(Tenn.€App.€1995).€Ìà àThe€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€This€case€is€remanded€for€a€determination€ofÏAppelleeððs€reasonable€attorneyððs€fees€and€œexpenses€on€appeal.›€€Costs€are€assessed€againstÏAppellant,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àò òóóHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌòòÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ÌÌÌòòÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌDAVID€R.€FARMER,€J.ó óÌÌ