˙WPCn  …UNV %¤ 0ŌĒB| 4ž Ō UPá X1 X‰ 0Jáw@+ 0Tk 0^ŋ R 0ho 0r× 0|I 0†Å 0K 1uÛU,P 0d| BāU,ũU>)U*gB)‘ D3ēDCí AM0 0@}U*Ŋ‘įv~xvĶö AOÉÆ 0DŪ D/" BQ (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX(Ēš$ĄĄÔ€XbXXXÔŅTR[  AØ'˙ Legal[  AØ'˙ Legal AØ'˙ Legal AØ'˙ LegalTŅŅ7€xXXdėXXdđ7ŅC:\WPWIN60\TEMPLATE\TOMLINOP.WPTíb¸ 3|x’.æF)Z8NewCenturySchlbk Regular˙Woodrow˙˙Sammie˙˙Mai˙˙Davises˙˙Pamela˙˙Mulliniks˙˙Marty˙˙McClure˙˙Claunch˙˙Greenberg˙˙Paige˙˙Cummings˙˙J.L.˙˙Hooper˙˙Lowrance˙˙Thornburg˙˙Pritchard˙˙Rebori˙"˙monumentation˙"˙Mynatt˙˙McCloud˙˙Hoyt˙˙McHenry˙˙Galbreath˙˙S.Ct˙˙L.Ed˙˙Perry˙˙Doss˙˙Woodrow˙˙Sammie˙˙Mai˙˙Davises˙˙Pamela˙˙Mulliniks˙˙Marty˙˙McClure˙˙Claunch˙˙Greenberg˙˙Paige˙˙Cummings˙˙J.L.˙˙Hooper˙˙Lowrance˙˙Thornburg˙˙Pritchard˙˙Rebori˙"˙monumentation˙"˙Mynatt˙˙McCloud˙˙Hoyt˙˙McHenry˙˙Galbreath˙˙S.Ct˙˙L.Ed˙˙Perry˙˙Doss˙2 ˙˙0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô ~E€[[‚[ƒ„E…[†‡Ķ€2" ˙˙0Indent2ā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ˙˙0Indent3ā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔHiller> WIc:\windows\temp\WPÔl Ôôū˙ū˙ū˙ū˙26 ˙˙0Indent4ā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ˙˙0Indent5ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ˙˙0Indent6ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ˙˙0Indent7ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ˙˙0Indent8ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ˙˙?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ˙˙8Mac DefaultMac DefaultĶ ` °šXĶ d< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Times% Line 7 d%%%%'˙˙dxd))))7Border 1dd€-+Cū˙ << G˙˙("˙˙$ŖŖŌ  ŌŌ  Ō< Œ 9p`(Arial ‡Ũ ƒ!ŨÔ€ÔÔ€'ÔÔ€ÔŅ\R AØ'\ŅŅ#€d#ŅŨ  ŨÔ€.ÔÔ€.ÔĶ  ĶÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€.XÔĖĖō ōMay€31,€1996ĖĖCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ĖÔ€.ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkķ ķPtPtHHÚ(˙á˙âųFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃĐ ĐĐHHĐĐ  ĐĐ2ĐĐ˙˙¸æ$˙ĐĐHHĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ  ĐĐ ĐĐ ĐŅŅŅGenevaŅŅ ŅŅ € ŅŅ<Px–ČŅŌŌŌ443!#4ŌŌ$ *$ŌŌ$*$ŌŌ ˙KK ŌŌ  Geneva ŌŌ  Geneva ŌĶ.,ĶĶĶĶ6ĶĶ ĶßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßŅMonacoŅŅ ŅŌ  BA Op Monaco ŌŌ  BA Op Monaco Ō€-‚ƒCū˙<< C˙˙ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ō ōÚ  Ú1Ú  Úķ ķ„„'÷˙ dxdü˙P PdŨ ƒ!ŨÔ . ÔÔ€ÔĶ&€&&X„d&ĶŅ#€&&Xd#ŅÔ€'ÔÔ€ÔŅ\R AØ'\ŅŅ#€((Xd#ŅŅ#€((Xd#ŅŨ  ŨÔ€'ÔÔ% € ÔŅ7€…#XXdėXXdė7Ņō ōŲ€€ŲßL€,/+;+'h|` Å `€€Lßā@ āIN€THE€COURT€OFĪAPPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEķ ķĖā@ āō ōWESTERN€SECTION€ATĪJACKSONĖā āā āā āōō€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ĖĖķķĖĖWOODROW€DAVIS€AND€€€€€€€€€€ā āā ā)ā āĖSAMMIE€MAI€DAVIS,€€€€€€ā āā āā ā)Ėā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ā āĖā āķ ķPlaintiffs/Appellants,ō ōā āā āā ā)ā āĖā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ā ā€ķ ķDyer€Equity€No.€91„589ō ōĖvs.ā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ā ā€Ėā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ĖPAUL€W.€BAKER€AND€€€€€€€€€€ā  €€€ā ā)ā āķ ķAppeal€No.€Ėō ōPAMELA€M.€BAKER,ķ ķ€ō ō€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ķ ķ€ā āā āō ō)ā āķ ķ02A01„9410„CH„00232ō ōĖā āā āā āā āā āā ā)Ėķ ķā āDefendants/Appellees.ā āō ōā ā)ā āĖķ ķōōĖķķō ōĖ€€€ĖĖĖā@ āķ ķAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURT€OF€DYER€COUNTYĖā@ āAT€DYERSBURG,€TENNESSEEĖĖĖĖā@ āTHE€HONORABLE€J.€STEVEN€STAFFORD,€CHANCELLORĖōōĖĖĖFor€the€Plaintiffs/Appellantsķķ:ōōā āā āā āFor€the€Defendants/AppelleesĖķķĖJohn€W.€Palmer€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ā āā āā āNathan€J.€Dearing,€IIIĖDyersburg,€Tennesseeā āā āā āDyersburg,€TennesseeĖ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ĖĖō ōĖĖĖā@  €€€€€€AFFIRMED€ĖĖĖĖĖā āā āā āā āā āā āķ ķHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEĖĖĖĖCONCUR:ĖĖōōĖķķW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ĖĖĖALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ōōĮØØŲ  ŲŅ  ŅĶĶŅ7€…#XXdėXXdė7ŅĖ›ā āķķThis€is€a€boundary€line€dispute€involving€the€ownership€and€right€of€possession€of€a€stripĪof€land€lying€between€the€properties€of€Plaintiffs,€Woodrow€Davis€and€Sammie€Mai€DavisĪ("Plaintiffs"€or€"the€Davises"),€and€Defendants,€Paul€W.€Baker€and€Pamela€M.€BakerĪ("Defendants"€or€"the€Bakers").€€After€a€lengthy€bench€trial€the€Chancellor€established€theĪboundary€at€the€fence€line€erected€by€the€Defendants€and€entered€judgment€accordingly.€€TheĪDavises€appealed€this€decree.€€We€affirm€the€decision€of€the€trial€court.Ėā āThe€Davises€are€the€owners€of€a€tract€of€land€in€Dyer€County€(the€"Davis€property"),€whichĪis€described€in€a€deed€recorded€in€Deed€Book€88,€page€135,€of€the€Register's€Office€of€DyerĪCounty,€Tennessee.€€The€Davises€acquired€title€to€the€property€in€1956.€€The€Bakers€own€a€tract€ofĪland€in€Dyer€County€(the€"Baker€property")€that€lies€to€the€west€of€and€adjacent€to€the€Davises'Īproperty.€€The€Baker€property€is€described€in€a€deed€recorded€in€Deed€Book€262,€page€687,€of€theĪRegister's€Office€of€Dyer€County,€Tennessee.€€€€The€Bakers€acquired€title€to€their€property€in€1989.€Ėā āIn€1990,€Paul€Baker€built€a€fence€on€the€area€in€dispute.€€The€Davises€then€brought€thisĪsuit,€claiming€that€the€fence€encroached€on€their€property.€€€€In€their€œComplaint,›€the€Davises€askedĪthe€Chancery€Court€of€Dyer€County€to€establish€the€boundary€line€between€the€two€properties€inĪaccordance€with€a€survey€conducted€by€Marty€McClure€("McClure"),€a€licensed€surveyor.€€€Ėā  At€trial,€the€Davises€offered€into€evidence€the€survey€prepared€by€McClure.€€McClureĪtestified€at€length€about€the€method€utilized€in€conducting€his€survey.€€McClure€concluded€that€theĪfence€erected€by€Baker€encroached€approximately€forty„three€feet€on€the€eastern€boundary€of€theĪDavis€property.Ėā āDefendant€Paul€Baker€testified€that€prior€to€constructing€the€new€fence€he€hired€BobbyĪClaunch,€a€licensed€surveyor,€to€survey€the€Baker€property€in€order€to€determine€the€properĪboundary€line€between€it€and€the€Davis€property.€€Claunch€was€called€as€a€witness€and€testified€inĪdetail€about€the€methods€he€used€in€conducting€his€survey,€œand€that›€the€fence€erected€by€Baker€wasĪon€the€true€boundary€line.€€ĖœĮĖ›ā āIn€addition€to€the€testimony€of€Claunch,€several€witnesses€testified€on€behalf€of€defendantĪBaker.€€€These€witnesses€included€former€owners€of€the€Baker€property€as€well€as€others€who€hadΜfarmed›€the€property€or€had€owned€adjacent€property.€€All€of€these€witnesses€testified€that€the€œfence›Īerected€by€the€Bakers€marked€the€boundary€line€that€had€been€widely€recognized€for€years.€Ėā āAfter€hearing€lengthy€testimony€from€both€parties,€the€trial€court€ruled€that€the€boundaryĪline€between€the€property€of€the€parties€was€located€on€the€fence€line€erected€by€the€Bakers.€€€€TheĪDavises€have€appealed€the€trial€court's€ruling.€€The€relevant€issues€on€appeal€are€€ĖĶ ` ¸ “XĶwhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€considering€the€testimony€of€former€œowners,›€œtenants€and€adjacentĪlandowners,›€and€whether€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€court's€decision.€€Ėā āOur€review€of€this€case€is€governed€by€T.R.A.P.€13(d),€which€provides€that€review€ofĪfindings€of€fact€by€the€trial€court€shall€be€ōōde€novoķķ€upon€the€record€of€the€trial€court,€accompaniedĪby€a€presumption€of€correctness€of€the€findings,€unless€the€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€ĪT.R.A.P.€13(d);€ō ōōōUnion€Carbide€Corp.€v.€Huddlestonķķ,€ķ ķ854€S.W.2d€87,€91€(Tenn.€1993).€€ĪWhere€the€evidence€is€conflicting,€findings€of€the€trial€court€are€entitled€to€great€weight€on€appealĪbecause€the€œtrial›€judge€had€the€opportunity€to€observe€the€manner€and€demeanor€of€the€witnessesĪwhile€testifying.€€On€an€issue€which€hinges€on€the€credibility€of€witnesses,€the€trial€court€will€notĪbe€reversed€unless€there€is€found€on€the€record€clear,€concrete,€and€convincing€evidence€other€thanĪthe€oral€testimony€of€witnesses€which€contradict€the€trial€courtđđs€findings.€€ō ōōō€Galbreath€v.ĪHarrisķ ķķķ,€811€S.W.2d€88,€91€(Tenn.€App.€1990).Ėā āIn€determining€disputed€boundaries,€"resort€is€to€be€had€first€to€natural€objects€orĪlandmarks,€because€of€their€very€permanent€character;€next,€to€artificial€monuments€or€marks,€thenĪto€the€boundary€lines€of€adjacent€landowners,€and€then€to€courses€and€distances."€€ōōō ōThornburg€v.ĪChaseķ ķķķ,€606€S.W.2d€672,€675€(Tenn.€App.€1980).€€€In€the€instant€case,€the€trial€courtĪacknowledged€this€principle€and€considered€the€testimony€and€surveys€of€two€licensed€surveyors,Īwho€based€their€respective€surveys€on€the€deeds€of€the€parties€as€well€as€existing€artificialÍmonumentation€and€the€boundary€lines€of€adjacent€properties.€€The€surveyors€reached€differingĪconclusions,€and€the€trial€court€stated€that€it€was€đ đunable€to€determine€the€location€of€the€boundaryĪline€from€this€testimony.đđ€€ĖœĖ›ā āThe€trial€court€then€considered€the€testimony€of€lay€witnesses€who€were€former€owners€orĪtenants€of€the€Baker€property€or€former€owners€of€adjacent€property.€€The€Davises€argue€that€this€œĖtestimony›€should€not€have€been€permitted,€citing€ō ōōōNorman€v.€Hoytķ ķķķ,€667€S.W.2d€88€(Tenn.€App.Ī1983).€€The€Davises€assert€that€the€Court€in€ō ōōōNormanķ ķķķ€held€that€the€declarations€of€former€ownersĪor€proprietors€are€admissible€ōōonlyķķ€if€the€declarations€took€place€during€the€period€of€ownership.€ĪWe€disagree.€€ō ōōōNormanķ ķķķ€involved€the€testimony€of€a€third€party€regarding€the€declaration€of€aĪformer€owner€made€in€the€presence€of€the€third€party.€€ō ōōōNormanķ ķķķ€does€not€preclude€the€trial€court€inĪthis€case€from€considering€the€testimony€of€former€owners€or€tenants€or€owners€of€adjacentĪproperty€regarding€their€personal€knowledge€of€the€recognized€boundary€during€the€time€œthey€wereĪin€possession.€€This€issue€is€without€merit.€€Ėā āThe€Davises€assert€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtđđs€decision.€€In€itsĪMemorandum€Opinion,€the€trial€court€reviewed€the€testimony€of€McClure,€the€surveyor›€utilized€byĪthe€Davises,€and€the€testimony€of€Claunch,€the€surveyor€utilized€by€the€Bakers.€€The€results€ofĪthese€surveys€conflicted.€€The€trial€court€then€considered€the€testimony€of€both€parties€and€theĪtestimony€of€the€other€lay€witnesses.€€The€testimony€of€the€other€lay€witnesses€corroborated€theĪtestimony€of€the€Bakersđđ€surveyor,€Claunch.€€The€trial€court€assessed€the€credibility€of€all€of€theĪwitnesses€and€indicated€in€its€Memorandum€Opinion€that€it€found€the€testimony€of€several€of€theĪformer€owners,€tenants€and€owners€of€adjacent€land€to€be€đ đextremely€informative€and€helpful€inĪdetermining€this€case.đđ€€€We€give€great€weight€to€the€credibility€determinations€of€the€trial€court.€Ėā āThe€Davises€have€failed€to€meet€their€burden€to€present€clear€and€convincing€evidence€œotherĪthan€oral€testimony€that›€contradicts€the€trial€court's€finding€œregarding€the€credibility€of€theĪwitnesses.€€ō ōōōGalbreath€v.€Harrisķ ķ,€ķķ811€S.W.2d€88,€91€(Tenn.€App.€1990).€›€€After€reviewing€allÍof€the€proof€presented,€we€find€that€the€evidence€preponderates€in€favor€of€the€trial€court'sĪjudgment€and€we€concur€with€the€findings€of€the€trial€court.€€œĖĮ›ā āAccordingly,€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€taxed€to€theĪAppellant,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.€€œĖĖĶĶā āā āā āā āā āā āōō€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ėā āā āā āā āā āā āō ōķķHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ĖĖĖCONCUR:ĖĖōōĖ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ĖķķW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ĖĖōōĖ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ķķĖALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ķ ķ›