˙WPC– …U:V %b–žn­Ž 04[w:—4Ņ 0xå 0D] 0JĄ 0Të 0^? 0h 0r 0|w 0†ķ 0y 1u 0d~ U>â B) DCI AMŒU*Ų v~vĶŽ D3a B” 0@ą AOņÆ@ 0D D/J By<ū6X9`("Courier NewTTX- ų-3|xĢ<ū6X9`("Courier NewTTXXxū6X@ÉDQX@( ¤T$ĄĄĶ  Ķ E€‚ƒE„Ķ€ŽDŌ (((3Ū $¤¤Ũ ƒ¤T!ŨĶ  ĶŨ  Ũā  āōōÚ  Ú0Ú  Úķķ(#Ã$ōōÚ  Ú0Ú  Úķķ2 ˙˙0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ˙˙0Indent2ā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ˙˙0Indent3ā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ˙˙0Indent4ā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ˙˙0Indent5ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ˙˙0Indent6ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ˙˙0Indent7ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ˙˙0Indent8ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ˙˙?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ˙˙8Mac DefaultMac DefaultĶ ` °šXĶ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d####7Border 1dd€-$Cū˙ << G˙˙< Œ 9p`(Arial Ũ ƒ!ŨŅ  ŅŅ#€d#ŅÔ€ÔŨ  ŨÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔĶ  Ķō ōÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔĖĖJuly€16,€1997ĖĖCecil€W.€CrowsonĖAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôķ ķPtPtHHÚ(˙á˙âųFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃĐ ĐĐHHĐĐ  ĐĐ2ĐĐ˙˙¸æ$˙ĐĐHHĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ  ĐĐ ĐĐ ĐŅŅŅGenevaŅŅ ŅŅ € ŅŅ<Px–ČŅŌŌŌ443!#4ŌŌ$ *$ŌŌ$*$ŌŌ ˙KK ŌŌ  Geneva ŌŌ  Geneva ŌĶ.,ĶĶĶĶ6ĶĶ ĶßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßŅGenevaŅŅ ŅŌ  h HD: Geneva ŌŌ  h HD: Geneva Ō,,,,'˙˙dxd d("˙˙$ŖŖŌ  ŌŌ  Ō€-‚ƒCū˙<< C˙˙ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ō ōÚ  Ú1Ú  Úķ ķ„„'÷˙ dxdü˙P PdŨ ƒ!ŨÔ . ÔÔ€ÔŨ  ŨŅ\R AØ'\ŅŅ ` ŅŅ\R AØ'\ŅŅ7€ÖņXXdÖdČ7ŅŅ€ŅŅ  ŅŌ  ŌŌ X ŌÔ€"Ôō ō›Ū ŪĖANNABEL€DROUSSIOTIS,ā āā  €)ā āAppeal€No.Ėā āā āā āā āā āā  €)€ā ā01A01„9612„CV„00548˜Ų€€ŲßR€%'$A1-j|h` į `€€@˙Rߛā āPlaintiff/Appellant,ā āā  €ā  €)ā āĖā āā āā āā  €ā āā  €)€ĖVS.ā āā āā āā āā āā  €)ā āRutherford€CircuitĖā āā āā āā āā āā  €)€ā āCase€No.€31892ĖCINDY€DAMRON,€DONALD€DAMRON,€€€)Ėand€MRS.€DONALD€DAMRON,ā āā  €)Ėā āā āā āā āā āā  €)Ėā āDefendants/Appellees.ā āā  €)ķ ķĖā āā āā āā āā āā āĖĖō ōĶ  ĶIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEĖMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEĖĖAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€RUTHERFORD€COUNTYĖAT€MURFREESBORO,€TENNESSEEĖĖHONORABLE€J.€S.€DANIEL,€JUDGEĖĶ  ĶĖķ ķĖFrank€FlyĖ301€North€Spring€StreetĖMurfreesboro,€TN€37130ĖATTORNEY€FOR€œPLAINTIFF/APPELLANT,›ĖĖSteven€A.€DixĖ201€West€Main€StreetĖMurfreesboro,€TN€37130ĖATTORNEY€FOR€œDEFENDANTS/APPELLEES›ĖĖĖō ōĶ  ĶAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDķ ķĖĶ  ĶĖĖĖā āā āā āā āā āā āHENRY€F.€TODDĖā āā āā āā āā āā āPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONĖĖĖĖĖĖĖĖCONCURS:ĖĖBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGE,ĖWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEĖĖĖĖĖĖĖō ōANNABEL€DROUSSIOTIS,ā āā  €)ā āAppeal€No.Ėā āā āā āā āā āā  €)€ā ā01A01„9612„CV„00548Ėā āPlaintiff/Appellant,ā āā  €ā  €)ā āĖā āā āā āā  €ā āā  €)€ĖVS.ā āā āā āā āā āā  €)ā āRutherford€CircuitĖā āā āā āā āā āā  €)€ā āCase€No.€31892ĖCINDY€DAMRON,€DONALD€DAMRON,€€€)Ėand€MRS.€DONALD€DAMRON,ā āā  €)Ėā āā āā āā āā āā  €)ĖĶĶā āDefendants/Appellees.ā āā  €)ķ ķĖō ōōōĶ  ĶÔ€"ŧÔO€€P€€I€€N€€I€€O€€NÔ€"XÔķķķ ķĖĶĶĶĶĶ  Ķā āThe€captioned€plaintiff€has€appealed€from€a€summary€judgment€œoverruling€her€motion€forĪsummary€judgment€against€the€defendants,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Donald€Damron,€and€rendering€summaryĪjudgment€dismissing›€her€suit€against€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Donald€Damron,€parents€of€the€third€defendant,ĪCindy€Damron,€against€whom€a€jury€verdict€of€$552,500.00€was€rendered€and€made€the€judgmentĪof€the€Trial€Court.ĖĖā āThe€complaint€alleges€that€plaintiff€was€injured€when€struck€by€a€vehicle€operated€by€CindyĪDamron,€22€year€old€daughter€of€the€appellees.€€As€to€the€liability€of€appellees,€the€complaintĪstates:ĖĶĶā āā ā6.€€€Plaintiff€states€that€the€vehicle€operated€by€Defendant,€CindyĖā āā āDamron€œ€was›€purchased€and/or€maintained€by€Defendants,€Mr.&Ėā āā āMrs.€Donald€Damron,€who€are€the€natural€parents€of€Defendant,Ėā āā āCindy€Damron,€for€the€general€use,€pleasure€and€convenience€ofĖā āā āthe€family€œmembers,›€including€Defendant€Cindy€Damron.€€Plain„Ėā āā ātiff€€states€€that€€at€€the€€time€€of€€said€collision,€Defendant€CindyĖā āā āDamron€€was€€living€at€home€with€the€parents€as€a€dependent€ofĖā āā āsaid€€parents€€and€œthat›€Defendant,€Cindy€Damron€was€using€saidĖā āā āvehicle€€for€€the€family€purpose€of€driving€herself€back€and€forth€Ėā āā āfrom€€said€€home€€in€Coffee€€County,€Tennessee€to€her€classes€at€Ėā āā āMTSU€€in€€furtherance€€of€€the€€family€€purpose€€of€€providing€€a€Ėā āā ācollege€education€for€Defendant€Cindy€Damron€with€the€expressĖā āā āknowledge€€and€€consent€€of€€œ€Defendants,›€€Mr.€&€€Mrs.€€Donald€Ėā āā āDamron,€at€the€time€of€said€collision.ĖĖā āā ā7.€€€In€€the€€alternative,€Plaintiff€€states€€that€€Defendants,€€Mr.€&€Ėā āā āMrs.€€Donald€€Damron,€purchased,€€provided€or€maintained€saidĖā āā āvehicle€€as€€a€€joint€€enterprise€€with€€Defendant,€œCindy€›€Damron,€Ėā āā ābased€€upon€€the€€expressed€€or€€implied€agreement€between€said€Ėā āā āparties€€to€€carry€€out€€the€€common€€purpose€€of€providing€trans„Ėā āā āportation€for€the€college€education€of€Defendant,€Cindy€Damron€Ėā āā āand€€to€€engage€€in€€the€expense€sharing€for€said€educational€pur„Ėā āā āpose€€with€€each€€party€€having€€an€€equal€€œright€›€œto€›€voice€œ€in›€œ€the›€Ėā āā ādirection€and€€to€engage€œ€in›€œ€the€›€expense€sharing€for€said€educa„Ėā āā ātional€€purpose€€with€€each€€party€€having€€an€€equal€€œright€›€to€a€Ėā āā āvoice€œ€in›€the€direction€and€control€of€said€common€educational€€Ėā āā āœpurpose.€›€Accordingly,€œ€under›€the€facts€of€this€case€and€the€law€Ėā āā āof€€Tennessee,€œ€any›€negligence€attributable€to€Defendant€CindyĖā āā āDamron€€€œis›€€€hereby€€€imputed€€€to€œ€›€Defendants,€€Mr.€€œ&€›€€Mrs.€Ėā āā āDonald€€Damron€€under€€the€€Family€œ€Purpose€›€Doctrine€and/or€ĖĶĶā āā āthe€Joint€Enterprise€theory€of€law.ĖĖā āTo€these€allegations,€Mr.€&€Mrs.€Damron€responded:ĖĶĶā āā ā6.€€€€The€€œ€Defendants›€œ€›€deny€œ€›€œthe€›€€allegations€€contained€€with€Ėā āā āParagraph€€VI€€of€€the€œComplaint,€›€and€œ€therefore,€›€strict€œ€proof›Ėā āā āis€demanded€thereof.ĖĖā āā ā7.€€€€The€€œ€Defendants›€€œdeny€›€€œthe€›€€allegations€€contained€€with€Ėā āā āParagraph€VII€œ€of›€œ€the›€œ€Complaint,›€and€€therefore,€œ€strict›€proofĖĶĶā āā āis€demanded€thereof.ĖĖĶĶĶĶā āMr.€&€Mrs.€Damronđđs€Motion€for€Summary€Judgment€states€as€grounds€only€theĪfollowing:ĖĶĶā āā āCome€€now€€the€€Defendants,€DONALD€and€MRS.€DONALDĖā āā āDAMRON€(hereinafter,€DONALD€and€DONNA€DAMRON),Ėā āā āby€€œ€and›€€through€€counsel,€€and€€would€€respectfully€move€this€Ėā āā āCourt,€€pursuant€€to€€Rule€€56€of€œ€the›€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Ėā āā āProcedure,€€for€€summary€€judgment.€€€The€€œdefendants€›€would€Ėā āā āshow€€that€€there€€is€€no€€genuine€€œissue€›€as€to€any€material€fact€Ėā āā āregarding€€€the€€€theories€€€of€€€œliability€›€asserted€€against€€these€Ėā āā āDefendants.€€œIn€›€support€of€this€Motion,€a€contemporaneously€Ėā āā āfiled€€brief€€is€submitted,€€along€€œwith€›€the€Affidavit€of€CINDYĖā āā āDAMRON.€€ĖĶĶĖā āThe€unsworn€memorandum€contains€no€admissible€evidence.ĖĖā āA€subsequently€filed€affidavit€of€Cindy€Damron€states:ĖĶĶā āā ā1.€€€The€€vehicle€€I€€drove€€on€œ€the€›€date€of€the€accident€in€this€Ėā āā ācase€(March€31,€œ1993),€›€was€œ€titled›€to€me.€€A€copy€of€the€title€Ėā āā āis€attached€hereto€as€Exhibit€1.ĖĖā āā ā2.€€€€I€had€owned€the€car€since€1991.ĖĖā āā ā3.€€€€I€maintained€my€own€policy€of€insurance€on€the€vehicle.Ėā āā āĖā āā ā4.€€€€I€was€22€years€of€age€on€the€date€of€the€accident.ĖĖā āā ā5.€€€€œI›€œ€›€had€€complete€œcontrol€›€and€discretion€over€the€use€of€Ėā āā āthe€vehicle.ĖĖā āā ā6.€€€€œI€›€was€œ€going›€œ€to›€one€of€my€college€classes€at€the€time€ofĖā āā āthe€accident.ĖĖ€ĖĶĶā āThe€title€certificate€does€not€appear€in€the€record€with€the€affidavit.ĖĖĶĶĶĶā āSubsequently,€plaintiff€moved€for€summary€judgment€against€Mr.€&€Mrs.€Damron,€relyingĪupon€the€affidavit/depositions€of€plaintiff,€and€the€depositions€of€Mr.€&€Mrs.€Damron€whichĪcontain€evidence€of€the€following€facts:ĖĶĶā āā ā(1)€€€€Cindy€€œDamronđđs€›€parents€had€given€her€older€œbrother€€a›€Ėā āœā āvehicle›€after€he€became€old€enough€to€drive.ĖĖā āā ā(2)€€€€œCindy€›€€€Damronđđs€€œ€›€œparents€›€€€likewise€œ€›€€provided€€€her€Ėā āā āœyounger€›€brother€œ€with›€œ€a›€œ€vehicle›€after€he€became€old€enoughĖā āā āto€€drive,€€the€œsame€›€vehicle€œ€they€›€had€œ€originally›€given€to€her€Ėā āā āolder€brother.ĖĖā āā ā(3)€€Neither€œ€Cindy›€œ€Damron€›€œnor€›€œher€›€parents€bought€or€paidĖā āā āfor€€the€€vehicle€€Cindy€€was€€driving€œ€at€›€the€œ€time›€of€the€acci„Ėā āā ādent€because€it€was€given€to€her€by€her€Grandfather.ĖĖā āā ā(4)€€œCindyđđs›€€father€€sometimes€œ€›€pays€€œto€›€renew€œ€the€›€licenseĖā āā āplates€on€said€vehicle.ĖĖā āā ā(5)€€œCindyđđs›€parents€œsometimes›€œpay›€for€the€insurance€œ€on€said›€Ėā āā āœvehicle.›ĖĖā āā ā(6)€€Cindyđđs€œ€younger€›€œbrother€›€œsometimes€›€does€the€tune„upsĖā āā āon€said€vehicle.ĖĖā āā ā(7)€€As€€a€€œpart€›€œof€›€œthese€›€tune„ups,€Cindyđđs€œyounger€›€brother€Ėā āā āworked€€on€€the€€transmission,€œ€radiator,€›€œand€›€œbrakes€›€of€said€Ėā āā āvehicle.ĖĖā āā ā(8)€€€œWhen›€œ€Cindy€›€œpaid€›€her€younger€brother€for€repair€work€Ėā āā ādone€€on€€said€€vehicle,€€she€€paid€€œwith€›€money€œ€that€›€she€got€Ėā āā āfrom€her€mother.ĖĖā āā ā(9)€€€Every€€time€€said€œ€vehicle›€œ€needed›€repairs€that€were€not€Ėā āā ādone€€by€€Cindyđđs€€younger€€brother,€Cindyđđs€œ€father€›€carriedĖā āā āsaid€vehicle€to€the€repair€shop€and€paid€for€all€such€repairs.Ėā āā āĖā āā ā(10)€In€€addition,€€Cindyđđs€€father€€bought€€œand€›€œpaid€›€œfor€›€the€Ėā āā ānew€€battery€€in€€said€€vehicle€€and€€her€œ€father€›€œpaid€›€for€new€Ėā āā ātires€on€said€vehicle.€ĖĖā āā ā(11)€€€Cindyđđs€€older€€brother€€œinstalled€›€a€œ€new›€œ€radio›€on€saidĖā āā āvehicle.ĖĖā āā ā(12)€€€Cindyđđs€€father€€filled€€up€€said€€vehicle€€œwith€›€gasoline€Ėā āā āpractically€€every€€œSunday›€€œ€afternoon›€€so€€that€€Cindy€œ€could›€Ėā āā āreturn€€from€€home€€in€Tullahoma€œ€to›€MTSU,€and€he€œ€always›Ėā āā āpaid€for€said€gas€himself.ĖĖā āā ā(13)€€€The€€tank€€of€€œ€gas›€€provided€€by€€Cindyđđs€€œfather€›€each€Ėā āā āœSunday›€€œafternoon›€€would€€last€€her€€œall€›€week,€œuntil€›€the€œnext›Ėā āā āSunday€afternoon.Ėā āā āā āā āā āā ā„€„„€„ĖĖā āā ā(1)€€€€€Cindy€drove€said€vehicle€whenever€she€wanted.ĖĖā āā ā(2)€€€€€Cindy€€did€€not€œ€need›€œ€anyoneđđs€›€specific€permission€to€Ėā āā ādrive€said€vehicle.ĖĖā āā ā(3)€€€€€Cindyđđs€€€father€€€and€€younger€€œ€brother€›€€œwould€›€€also€€Ėā āā ādrive€said€vehicle€from€time€to€time.ĖĖā āā ā(4)€€€€€Cindy€€œ€used›€€said€€œvehicle›€€to€€go€€from€œ€›€œher€›€parentđđs€Ėā āā āhome€€in€€Tullahoma€€œto€›€œthe€›€grocery€store,€post€office,€and€Ėā āā āto€visit€friends€and€relatives.ĖĖā āā ā(5)€€€€€When€œ€Cindy€›€used€said€car€to€go€to€the€grocery€storeĖā āā āin€€Tullahoma,€€she€€would€€sometimes€€œget€›€œfood€›€for€every„Ėā āā ābody€in€her€family.ā āĖā āĖā āā ā(6)€€€€œCindy›€œalso›€œused›€said€car€to€run€errands€for€the€œday€care›Ėā āā āœbusiness›€œ€›€operated€œ€›€œ€by€›€€œ€her€›€€mother€œ€›€at€œ€›€œtheir€€›€œhome€€›€inĖā āā āTullahoma,€€œ€such›€€as€€œto€›€œgo€›€to€œ€the›€€grocery€€store€€and€buy€Ėā āā āfood€for€all€the€children.ĖĖā āā ā(7)€€€€Cindyđđs€œ€›€œgrandfather€›€€gave€€her€€the€€œcar€›€œbecause€›€she€Ėā āā āneeded€€transportation€to€go€from€her€home€in€œTullahoma€toĖ›ā āā āœtown,›€to€church,€to€run€errands€and€to€do€things.ĖĖā āā ā(8)€€€€Cindyđđs€œparents›€would€œsometimes›€œride›€with€her€œ€in€€said›€Ėā āā āœcar›€to€church€and€to€visit€relatives.ĖĖā āā ā(9)€€€€Cindyđđs€œmother›€œwould›€œsometimes›€œride›€œin›€said€œ€car€€with›€Ėā āā āœCindy›€to€town,€to€the€store,€and€to€ball€games.ĖĖā āā ā(10)€€Other€family€members€would€sometimes€ride€in€œsaid€car›Ėā āā āœwith›€Cindy€to€the€grocery€store€and€post€office.ĖĖā āā ā(11)€€œ€From›€€time€€to€€œtime€›€œCindy€›€would€œ€carry›€œ€her›€younger€Ėā āā ābrother€œplaces›€œsuch›€œas›€to€band€practice,€to€town,€and€œto€€visit›€Ėā āā āœhis›€friends.€ā āĖĖā āā ā(12)€€€In€€œ€addition,›€€Cindyđđs€œ€younger€›€œbrother€›€œwould€›€some„Ėā āā ātimes€œride›€œin›€œsaid›€œcar›€œwith›€œher›€œto€church›€€and€€to€œvisit€relatives.›€Ėā āĖā āā ā(13)€€€Cindyđđs€œ€grandfather€›€œprovided›€œsaid›€œcar€to›€œher›€œat€about›Ėā āā āœthe›€same€time€she€started€school€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(14)€€€At€€the€€time€€her€œgrandfather€provided›€œsaid€car,€€it€€was›€Ėā āā āœunderstood›€€that€€œpart€of›€€œwhat€Cindy›€œwould€›€œuse€›€the€œ€car€€for€›Ėā āā āœwas›€to€go€back€and€forth€from€home€to€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(15)€€€Cindy€œ€did,›€œ€in›€œ€fact,€›€œuse€›€œsaid€›€œcar€›€œto€go›€back€and€œforth›€Ėā āā āfrom€home€to€school€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(16)€€€Actually,€€Cindy€€œdid€›€œvery€›€little€œ€driving›€œ€except€›€œto€›€go€Ėā āā āback€and€forth€from€home€to€school€at€MTSU.ā āĖā āā āā āā āā āā ā„€„€„€„Ėā āā ā(1)€€€€€Cindy€€œlived€›€œat€›€home€œ€with€›€œher€›€œparents€›€her€entire€life€Ėā āā āexcept€when€she€was€in€the€dorm€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(2)€€€€€After€€œ€graduating›€€from€œ€high›€œ€school,€›€œCindy€›€attendedĖā āā āMotlow€€College€for€three€years€and€then€attended€MTSUĖā āā āfor€three€years.ĖĖā āā ā(3)€€€€While€œattending›€œMotlow›€œCollege,›€Cindy€€lived€€œat€€home›€Ėā āā āœwith›€her€parents€in€Tullahoma.ĖĖā āā ā(4)€€€€Cindy€œ€continued›€œ€to€›€œlive€›€œat€›€the€home€of€her€parents€as€Ėā āā āher€principal€residence€even€after€she€enrolled€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(5)€€€€When€€€in€€œ€›€Murfreesboro€€œ€to›€€œ€attend›€œ€›€MTSU,€€œ€Cindy›€Ėā āā āstayed€only€in€the€dormitory€on€the€MTSU€Campus.ĖĖā āā ā(6)€€€€Cindy€€œ€came›€€œ€home›€œ€›€from€œ€›€MTSU€€œ€practically€›€€every€Ėā āā āweekend,€sometimes€beginning€on€Thursday€afternoons.ĖĖā āā ā(7)€€€€While€€at€€home€œ€on›€œ€these€›€weekends,€œ€Cindy›€would€do€Ėā āā āher€laundry,€attend€church,€and€eat€all€her€meals€at€home.ĖĖā āā ā(8)€€€€Cindy€œ€lived›€œ€at€›€œhome€›€full€time€while€doing€her€student€Ėā āā āteaching€during€her€last€semester€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(9)€€€€Cindy€never€had€a€full„time€job.ĖĖā āā ā(10)€€Cindy€œ€›€worked€œ€›€œfor€›€€œher€›€€œmotherđđs€›€œday€›€œcare›€€business€Ėā āā āduring€œ€the›€œ€Summer€›€œbut€›€œshe€does›€not€know€how€much,€how€Ėā āā āoften,€or€at€what€rate€her€mother€paid€her.ĖĖā āā ā(11)€€€Cindy€€never€€worked€€for€œ€anyone›€œ€else€except€›€œfor€›€her€Ėā āā āmother.ĖĖā āā ā(12)€€€Cindy€œ€worked›€œas›€œan›€Avon€representative€for€about€two€Ėā āā āyears€but€did€not€really€make€much€money.ĖĖā āā ā(13)€€€Cindy€never€had€any€income€other€than€from€her€mother€Ėā āā āand€Avon.ĖĖā āā ā(14)€€€Cindyđđs€œ€›€parents€œ€›€œprovided›€œ€financial›€€œsupport€›€œfor€›€her€Ėā āā āthroughout€her€life.ĖĖā āā ā(15)€€€Cindyđđs€€parents€€œ€continued›€€to€€provide€œ€›€œher›€€financialĖā āā āsupport€€after€€she€graduated€from€high€school€and€through„Ėā āā āout€the€time€she€attended€college.ĖĖā āā ā(16)€€€œIn€›€addition€œ€to€›€œthe€›€œother€›€financial€support€provided€to€Ėā āā āCindy€€by€€her€€parents€€while€€she€€was€€œin€›€œcollege,€›€œthey€›€also€Ėā āā āgave€her€spending€money.ĖĖā āā ā(17)€€€Cindy€€never€œ€made€›€enough€œ€money›€œ€on›€her€own€to€pay€Ėā āā āfor€her€college€expenses.ĖĖā āā ā(18)€€€While€œ€at›€MTSU,€whenever€Cindy€needed€more€money,€Ėā āā āher€€mother€€would€€take€€œmoney€›€out€œof€›€her€parentsđđ€account€Ėā āā āand€put€it€in€Cindyđđs€account.ĖĖā āā ā(19)€€€Cindyđđs€€mother€€is€€on€€œboth€›€œCindyđđs€checking›€account€Ėā āā āand€savings€account€with€her.ĖĖā āā ā(20)€€€In€€addition€€to€œ€the€›€above€support,€Cindyđđs€father€pays€Ėā āā āall€€her€€medical€€insurance€€and€€œpays€›€œfor€›€all€her€medical€and€Ėā āā ādental€œ€expenses›€œ€not›€covered€by€insurance€including€expenses€Ėā āā āincurred€while€in€college.ĖĖā āā ā(21)€€€Cindyđđs€father€also€provides€her€life€insurance.ĖĖā āā ā(22)€€€œCindy€›€œhas€›€never€paid€her€parents€for€any€rent,€utilities,€Ėā āā āfood,€telephone,€or€cable€TV.ĖĖā āā ā(23)€€€Cindyđđs€€parents€€have€€paid€€for€€œ€all›€€œof€›€€œher€›€vacations€Ėā āā āexcept€for€one€school€trip€while€at€MTSU.ĖĖā āā ā(24)€€€Cindyđđs€œ€›€œparents€›€€have€€provided€€all€€of€€the€€furniture€Ėā āā āCindy€œ€has€›€ever€had,€and€Cindyđđs€mother€buys€her€clothes€for€Ėā āā āher.ĖĖā āā ā(25)€€€œCindyđđs€›€parents€œ€set›€up€a€trust€account€for€her,€mostly€Ėā āā āto€pay€for€her€college€education.ĖĖā āā ā(26)€€€The€œ€trust€›€account€is€in€her€mother€and€fatherđđs€names€Ėā āā āas€trustees.ĖĖā āā ā(27)€€€Cindyđđs€€mother€€and€€father€€regularly€œ€contributed€›€to€Ėā āā āthe€trust€with€money€earned€from€their€jobs.ĖĖā āā ā(28)€€€Cindyđđs€€parents€œ€have€›€complete€control€over€the€trust€Ėā āā āaccount.ĖĖā āā ā(29)€€€Although€€she€€sometimes€œ€contributed€›€money,€Cindy€Ėā āā āknows€nothing€about€the€details€of€the€trust€œaccount.Ė›Ėā āā ā(30)€€€The€€trust€€account€€œconsists€›€only€œ€of€›€œa€›€certificate€of€Ėā āā ādeposit€€and€€a€€œsavings€›€œaccount,€›€and€œ€never›€had€more€than€Ėā āā ā$10,000€or€$12,000€in€it.ĖĖā āā ā(31)€€€Cindy€€got€€her€first€œ€driverđđs€›€license€the€Summer€be„Ėā āā āfore€€€she€€€enrolled€€€at€€€MTSU,€€some€œ€›€œthree€›€€œyears€›€€after€Ėā āā āgraduating€from€high€school.ĖĖā āā ā(32)€€€Cindy€never€had€a€car€before€this€one.ĖĖā āā ā(33)€€€Cindyđđs€œ€father›€œfelt€›€that€Cindy€was€capable€of€collegeĖā āā āwork€and€capable€of€getting€a€college€degree.ĖĖā āā ā(34)€€€Accordingly,€€Cindyđđs€€father€€thought€€œthat€›€œit€›€was€inĖā āā āher€best€interest€that€she€go€to€college.ĖĖā āā ā(35)€€€It€was€the€opinion€of€Cindyđđs€father€that€Cindy€wouldĖā āā āearn€more€money€if€she€had€a€college€education.ĖĖā āā ā(36)€€€Cindyđđs€€father€€also€€believed€€that€€it€€would€€be€€less€Ėā āā ālikely€for€him€to€have€to€contribute€to€Cindyđđs€support€if€sheĖĶĶā āā āhad€a€college€education.Ėā āā āĖā āThe€Trial€Court€sustained€the€motion€of€Mr.€&€Mrs.€Damron€for€summary€judgment€andĪoverruled€plaintiffđđs€motion€for€summary€judgment.ĖĖā āAs€stated€above,€a€jury€rendered€a€verdict€in€favor€of€plaintiff€and€against€Cindy€DamronĪfor€$552,500.00€which€was€approved€and€made€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court.€€Cindy€DamronĪhas€not€appealed€from€this€judgment.ĖĖā āOn€appeal,€plaintiff€presents€a€single€issue€as€follows:ĖĶĶā āā āDoes€the€Family€Purpose€Doctrine€apply€to€the€facts€of€this€case€Ėā āā āso€€as€€to€€hold€€the€€parents,€€Mr.€€and€€Mrs.€Damron,€financially€ĖĶĶā āā āresponsible€for€the€negligence€of€their€daughter,€Cindy?ĖĖā āAs€worded,€the€issue€relates€to€the€disposition€by€the€Trial€Court€of€the€motions€of€plaintiffĪand€of€Mr.€&€Mrs.€Damron.Ė˜ĖĖĖ›Ėō ōĶ  ĶI.ĖōōThe€Lawķ ķķķĖĶ  ĶĖā āThe€đ đFamily€Purpose€Doctrineđđ€as€applied€to€automobiles€prevails€in€Tennessee.€€ōōSchwartzĪv.€Johnsonķķ,€152€Tenn.€App.€586,€280€S.W.€32€(1926).ĖĖā āThe€head€of€a€family€is€liable€under€the€family€purpose€doctrine€only€under€the€doctrine€ofÍrespondeat€superior.€€ōōMesser€v.€Reidķķ,€186€Tenn.€App.€94,€208€S.W.2d€528€(1948).€€This€suitĪagainst€both€mother€and€father€presents€an€interesting€question€of€whether€a€family€can€have€twoĪheads.ĖĖā āFor€the€family€purpose€doctrine€to€be€applicable,€two€requirements€must€be€satisfied:€theĪhead€of€the€household€must€maintain€the€automobile€for€the€purpose€of€providing€pleasure€orĪcomfort€for€his€or€her€family,€and€that€the€family€purpose€driver€must€have€been€using€the€motorĪvehicle€at€the€time€of€the€injury€in€furtherance€of€that€purpose€with€the€permission,€either€express€orĪimplied,€of€the€owner.€€ōōCamper€v.€Minorķķ,€Tenn.€œApp.,›€915€S.W.2d€œ437€(1996).›ĖĖā āThe€family€purpose€doctrine€is€inapplicable€unless€the€person€on€whom€liability€is€sought€toĪbe€imposed€owned,€maintained€or€furnished€the€automobile€for€the€benefit€of€his€family€or€had€orĪexercised€some€degree€of€control€over€its€continued€use€by€the€family.€€ōōBoles€v.€Russellķķ,€36€Tenn.ĪApp.€159,€252€S.W.2d€801€(1933).€ĖĖā āUnder€the€family€purpose€doctrine,€the€head€of€a€family€who€maintains€a€motor€vehicle€forĪthe€general€use,€pleasure€and€convenience€of€the€family,€is€liable€for€the€negligence€of€any€memberĪof€the€family€driving€the€vehicle€with€his€consent,€either€express€or€implied,€but€liability€is€imposedĪonly€when€it€can€be€done€consistently€with€the€principles€of€œrespondeat›€superior.ōō€€Redding€v.ĪBarkerķķ,€33€Tenn.€App.€132,€230€S.W.2d€œ202€(1950).›ĖĖā āœIn€ōōHill€v.€Smithķķ,€32€Tenn.€App.€172,€222€S.W.2d€207€(1949),€where›€a€mother€furnishedĪan€automobile€to€her€minor€son€to€drive€to€and€from€a€Y.M.C.A.€meeting€for€his€moral€and€culturalÍbenefit,€œthis€Court€held€that€the›€mother€was€held€liable€for€the€negligence€of€the€son€while€on€saidĪerrand,€quoting€ōōKing€v.€Smythķķ,€140€Tenn.€App.€217,€204€S.W.€œ296€(1918),›€œ5›€œAm.›€Jur.,€Sec.Ī371;€64€A.L.R.€878€wherein€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€said:€€€ĖĶĶā āā āđ đThe€œ€law›€œ€of›€agency€is€not€confined€to€business€transactions.€€ItĖā āā āis€œ€true›œ€›€that€an€automobile€is€not€a€dangerous€instrumentality€soĖā āā āto€€make€€the€€owner€œ€liable,›€as€in€the€case€of€a€wild€animal€loose€Ėā āā āon€œ€the€›€streets;€but,€as€a€matter€of€practical€justice€to€those€who€Ėā āā āare€injured,€we€cannot€close€our€eyes€to€the€fact€that€an€automo„Ėā āā ābile€œpossesses›€excessive€weight,€that€it€is€capable€of€running€at€a€Ėā āā ārapid€€rate€€of€€speed,€and€when€moving€rapidly€upon€the€streets€Ėā āā āof€€a€€populous€€city,€it€is€dangerous€to€life€and€limb€and€must€be€Ėā āā āoperated€with€care.€€If€an€instrumentality€of€this€kind€is€placed€in€Ėā āā āthe€€hands€€of€€his€€family€€by€€a€€father,€for€the€familyđđs€pleasure,€Ėā āā ācomfort,€and€entertainment,€the€dictates€of€natural€justice€should€Ėā āā ārequire€€that€€the€€owner€€should€œ€be›€œ€responsible›€for€its€negligent€Ėā āā āoperation,€€because€€only€€by€doing€so,€as€a€general€rule,€can€sub„Ėā āā āstantial€œ€justice›€€be€attained.€€œA€›€judgment€for€damages€against€an€Ėā āā āinfant€€daughter€€or€€an€infant€€son,€œ€or›€a€son€without€support€and€Ėā āā āwithout€property,€œwho€is›€living€as€a€member€of€the€family,€would€Ėā āā ābe€€an€€œempty€›€œform.›€€The€father,€as€owner€of€the€automobile€and€Ėā āā āœas€›€head€of€œthe›€family,€can€prescribe€the€conditions€upon€which€it€Ėā āā āmay€€be€€œrun€›€œupon›€€the€roads€and€streets,€or€he€can€forbid€its€use€Ėā āā āaltogether.€€He€€must€€know€œ€the›€nature€of€the€instrument€and€the€Ėā āā āprobability€€that€€its€€negligent€€operation€œ€will›€produce€injury€and€Ėā āā ādamage€€to€€others.€€€We€€think€€œ€the›€€practical€€administration€€of€Ėā āā āœjustice€›€between€the€parties€is€more€the€duty€of€the€court€than€theĖā āā āpreservation€€œof€›€€some€€esoteric€€theory€€concerning€€the€€law€œ€of›€Ėā āā āprincipal€€and€€agent.€€€ōōIf€€owners€€of€€automobiles€€are€€œmade€›€to€Ėā āā āunderstand€€that€€they€€will€€be€€œheld€›€œliable€›€for€injury€to€person€€Ėā āā āand€€€property€€€occasioned€œ€›€by€€their€€œnegligent€›€€operation€€by€€Ėā āā āinfants€€or€€others€€who€œ€are›€œ€financially›€irresponsible,€they€will€Ėā āā ādoubtless€€exercise€œ€a€›€greater€degree€œ€of›€care€in€selecting€those€Ėā āā āwho€€are€€permitted€€to€€go€€upon€€the€€public€œ€streets›€œ€with›€such€ĖĶĶā āā ādangerous€instrumentalities.đđķ퀀(Emphasis€supplied.)ĖĖā āIn€ōōDriver€v.€Smithķķ,€47€Tenn.€App.€505,€339€S.W.2d€135€œ(1960),€a›€minor€daughterĪobtained€special€permission€to€use€the€parentđđs€vehicle€for€pleasure€during€which€she€permitted€aĪminor€friend€to€control€the€vehicle,€and€he€negligently€caused€a€collision€which€seriously€injuredÍseveral€occupants€of€the€vehicle.€€This€Court€affirmed€a€judgment€against€the€owner„father€onĪspecial€grounds€set€out€therein,€i.e.,€failure€to€exercise€suitable€control€over€the€daughter.ĖĖā āThe€facts€of€the€present€case€are€not€completely€consonant€with€those€of€any€publishedĪTennessee€decision.ĖĖā āCindy€Damron€was€not€a€minor€at€the€time€of€the€injury.€€She€was€a€college€studentĪattending€Middle€Tennessee€State€University.€€She€was€driving€a€vehicle€which€she€had€ownedĪsince€1991,€which€was€titled€in€her€own€name€and€over€the€use€of€which€she€exercised€completeĪcontrol.€€She€was€on€her€way€to€meet€one€of€her€college€classes€at€the€time€of€the€injury.ĖĖā āThe€vehicle€was€given€to€Cindy€Damron€by€her€grandfather€for€her€particular€use€inĪattending€school,€but€various€members€of€the€family€rode€with€her€from€time€to€time€andĪoccasionally€used€it.ĖĖā āWhile€in€college,€Cindy€Damron€usually€spent€the€weekend€at€home€where€she€did€herĪlaundry,€attended€church€and€ate€her€meals€during€the€weekend.ĖĖā āCindy€Damron€never€had€remunerative€employment.€€At€all€material€times,€her€support€wasĪfurnished€by€her€parents€out€of€trust€funds€contributed€by€them€and€by€contributions€in€kind,€suchĪas€gasoline,€utilities,€insurance,€furniture€and€clothing.€€ĖĖā āMr.€Damron€desired€that€his€daughter€attend€college€and€considered€that€it€was€in€her€bestÍinterest€to€do€so.ĖĖā āEach€of€Cindy€Damronđđs€siblings€was€presented€with€a€personal€automobile€upon€receivingĪa€driverđđs€license.ĖĖā āCindy€Damronđđs€brother€performed€the€labor€for€maintaining€her€vehicle.ĖĖā āOne€question€arising€from€these€facts€is€whether€multiple€automobiles€furnished€specificallyĪto€particular€members€of€a€family€and€not€for€the€general€and€unrestricted€use€of€all€members€of€theĪfamily€are€đ đfamily€purposeđđ€vehicles?ĖĖā āAnother€question€is€where€the€head€(or€heads)€of€the€family€do€not€furnish€the€automobile,Ībut€đ đmaintainđđ€it€by€furnishing€fuel,€oil,€and€parts,€license€and€insurance,€does€this€participationĪconstitute€đ đmaintenanceđđ€or€furnishing€of€the€vehicle€to€support€the€family€purpose€œdoctrine›œ?›ĖĖā āA€third€issue€is,€whether€furnishing€100%€of€support€(but,€not€furnishing€the€automobile)Īto€a€minor€for€attending€college€render€a€parent€liable€under€the€family€purpose€doctrine?ĖĖā āA€fourth€issue€is€whether€such€support€without€furnishing€the€vehicle€to€an€adult€collegeĪstudent€renders€a€parent€liable€under€the€family€purpose€doctrine€or€the€doctrine€of€respondeatĪsuperior?ā āā āĖĖā āThis€Court€concludes€that€the€facts€of€the€present€case€do€not€qualify€under€the€familyÍpurpose€doctrine€or€the€doctrine€of€respondeat€superior.ĖĖā āEven€though€a€vehicle€might€be€purchased€and€maintained€by€the€head€or€heads€of€a€familyĪfor€the€sole€benefit€of€a€single€member€of€a€family,€the€vehicle€in€the€present€case€was€notĪpurchased,€owned€or€controlled€by€the€heads€of€the€family€who€provided€maintenance.ĖĖā āAlthough€the€education€of€a€minor€student€might€be€said€to€be€the€đ đbusinessđđ€of€theĪstudents€parents,€the€operator€or€the€vehicle€in€the€present€case€was€not€a€minor€for€whom€herĪparents€had€an€obligation€to€furnish€an€education€to€furnish€an€advanced€education,€and€was€notĪgenerally€subject€to€the€control€of€the€parents.Ė˜ĖĖ›ā āFor€the€reason€stated,€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€areĪtaxed€against€plaintiff€and€her€surety.€The€cause€is€remanded€to€the€Trial€Court€for€furtherĪnecessary€proceedings.ĖĶ  ĶĖĶĶō ōĶ  ĶAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDķ ķĖĶ  ĶĖĖĖā āā āā āā āā ā_____________________________________Ėā āā āā āā āā āHENRY€F.€TODDā āĖā āā āā āā āā āPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONĖĖĖCONCUR:ĖĖĖ________________________________ĖBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGEĖĖĖ________________________________ĖWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÔ€Ô