ÿWPC¨ 0# °UN» %  0Yw@h4¨¼Ë {(Ó {Yû 0JT 0Tž 0^ò 0hP 0r¸ 0|* 0†¦ 0, 1u¼ 0d1 U>• 0@Ó D3 BF B)c DCŒ AMÏ U* &F v~l AQê Æ; 0D 0DE D/‰ B¸vÓÕ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX(1oÅ$¡¡Ô€4Ù•4XXÔÓ ýÓ E‘[’“D”V•/–Ó€¢£¦äzz!3|x¦($¡¡(1¶Æ$¡¡Ô€à¼XXÔÓ°ïÓ2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò""""'ÿÿdxd d% Line 7 d####7Border 1dd* $Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial Ý ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÓ ýÓÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€&ÔÔ€&ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€&XÔÌÌò òJuly€08,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€&ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'h*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÔ€&ÔÓ ýÓÝ  ÝÔT€ ÔÔT€ Ôò òÓÓÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€XÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÞ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEó óÌà@ àò òWESTERN€SECTION€AT€JACKSON€€Ìà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌóóANTONIO€T.€GRAY,à à€Ïà àà à)à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌÌà àó óPlaintiff/Appellant,ò òà àà àà à)à àó óMadison€Circuit€No.€C95„279€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)Ìvs.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ì26th€JUDICIAL€DRUG€TASK€FORCE;€€à à)à àó óAppeal€No.€02A01„9609„CV„00218Ìò òÙ€*ÙßR€%'$A1-j|ÒùE` “ `€€@ÿRßRICK€STAPLES,€Chief€of€Police;€à àà à)ÌWARREN€ROBERTS,€Former€Madison€à à)ÌCounty€Sheriff;€DTF€POLICE€CAPT.à à)ÌT.€A.€COLEMAN;€DTF€POLICE€CAPT.à à)ÌMARK€CALDWELL;€DTF€POLICE€€€€€à à)ÌINV.€DANNY€MULLIKIN;€DTF€€€€€€€à à)ÌPOLICE€INV.€JAMES€TRUELOVE;à à)ÌCITY€OF€JACKSON€and€COUNTY€OFà à)ÌMADISON,à àà àà àà àà à)Ìó óà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)ó óÌà àDefendants/Appelleesò òà àà à)à àÌòòó óÌò òóó€€€Ìà@ àó óAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€MADISON€COUNTY€€€Ìà@ àAT€JACKSON,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€WHIT€LAFON,€JUDGE€€€€€òòÌÌÌFor€the€Plaintiff/Appellantóó:òòà àà àà àFor€the€Defendants/Appellees,€26th€Judicial€DrugÌà àà àà àà àà àà àTask€Force,€Richard€Staples,€T.€A.€Coleman,€MarkÏóóAntonio€T.€Gray,€Pro€Seòòà àà àà àCaldwell,€Danny€Mullikan€and€James€Trueloveóó:òòÌóóHenning,€TennesseeÌà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€W.€Burson€€€Ìà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àDavid€T.€Whitefield€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àNashville,€TennesseeÌÌòòFor€Defendants/Appellees,€Madisonóó€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òòFor€Defendant/Appellee,€City€of€Jackson:óóÌòòCounty€Tennessee€and€Warren€Roberts:ÌÌóóJames€I.€Pentecostò òà àà àà àà àó óJohn€D.€BurlesonÌJackson,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà àPatrick€W.€RogersÌà àà àà àà àà àà àJackson,€Tennesseeò òÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àAFFIRMEDÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àó óHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌòòÌóóW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ÇØØÙ  ÙÓÓÓ  ÓÑ7€¼Ü4Xdð44dâ7ÑÑ  Ñà@ àò òOPINIONó óà@ àÌà àThis€case€arises€out€of€the€plaintiffððs€arrest.€€The€charges€against€him€were€later€dismissed,Ïand€he€filed€a€lawsuit€against€the€city€police€chief,€city€police€officers,€sheriffððs€departmentÏofficers,€€members€of€the€drug€task€force,€and€the€city,€for€various€violations€of€his€civil€rights.€ÏThe€trial€court€granted€the€defendantsðð€motions€for€summary€judgment,€and€we€affirm.Ìà àOn€January€14,€1994,€members€of€the€26th€Judicial€Drug€Task€Force€observed€AppellantÏAntonio€Gray€(ð ðGrayðð)€let€a€white€female€enter€a€house€in€Jackson,€Tennessee.€The€woman€wasÏknown€by€police€to€be€involved€in€the€use€and€sale€of€crack€cocaine.€€The€officers€later€observedÏGray,€the€woman,€and€another€man€leave€the€house€and€drive€away€in€a€truck.€€The€officersÏstopped€the€truck€when€the€driver€committed€a€traffic€violation€and€searched€the€vehicle€with€theÏdriverððs€permission.€€During€the€search,€the€woman€surrendered€a€plastic€bag€of€crack€cocaineÏwhich€she€had€hidden€on€her€person.€€The€officers€then€arrested€the€woman,€Gray,€and€the€otherÏoccupant€of€the€truck.€€Charges€of€possession€of€crack€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell€were€filed€againstÏthe€three€individuals.€€The€Madison€County€General€Sessions€Court€found€probable€cause€toÏsupport€the€charges€against€Gray€and€the€other€occupants€of€the€truck,€and€the€Grand€jury€returnedÏindictments€against€them.€€Subsequently,€in€September€1994,€the€cause€was€dismissed€as€to€Gray.Ìà àOn€August€24,€1995,€Gray€filed€this€lawsuit.€€€In€the€complaint,€Gray€named€as€defendantsÏthe€26th€Judicial€Drug€Task€Force€(ð ðtask€forceðð),€City€of€Jackson€Police€Chief€Rick€Staples,€Ïformer€Madison€County€Sheriff€Warren€Roberts,€task€force€members€T.€A.€Coleman,€MarkÏCaldwell,€Danny€Mullikin,€and€James€Truelove,€the€City€of€Jackson,€Tennessee,€and€MadisonÏCounty,€Tennessee.€€€à àGrayððs€lawsuit€alleged€that€his€arrest€and€the€prosecution€of€the€chargesÏagainst€him€violated€his€federal€constitutional€rights,€and€he€asserted€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ððÏ1983.€€He€also€asserted€claims€under€state€law€for€false€arrest,€false€imprisonment,€and€maliciousÏprosecution.€€He€contended€that€supervisory€officials€were€liable€under€the€doctrine€of€respondeatÏsuperior.€€He€asserted€that€he€had€mailed€a€letter€to€Police€Chief€Staples,€purportedly€clearing€himÏof€wrongdoing,€and€that€his€letter€was€ignored.€Ìà àAll€of€the€defendants€filed€motions€to€dismiss€or€for€summary€judgment.€€Gray€filedÍresponses€to€each€motion.€€The€trial€court€heard€oral€argument€on€all€of€the€motions.€ÏSubsequently,€€it€entered€an€order€granting€all€of€the€defendantsðð€motions€and€dismissing€GrayððsÏcomplaint.€€From€this€decision,€Gray€now€appeals.Ìà àIn€its€order€dismissing€Grayððs€claims,€the€trial€court€noted€that€he€was€arrested€on€JanuaryÏ14,€1994€and€indicted€on€approximately€May€2,€1994,€but€that€his€lawsuit€was€not€filed€untilÏAugust€24,€1995.€€The€order€did€not€state€expressly€that€the€dismissal€was€based€on€the€statute€ofÏlimitations;€however,€this€was€argued€by€the€defendants€in€their€pleadings€on€the€summaryÏjudgment€motions.€€Consequently,€we€first€examine€whether€the€trial€courtððs€dismissal€of€GrayððsÏlawsuit€was€warranted€under€the€statutes€of€limitations€applicable€to€each€of€Grayððs€claims.Ìà àGray€asserts€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€for€deprivation€of€his€constitutional€rights.€ÏSection€1983€does€not€set€forth€a€statute€of€limitations.€€In€such€instances,€courts€generally€willÏadopt€a€state€statute€of€limitations€which€is€not€inconsistent€with€federal€law€or€policy.€€ò òòòWilson€v.ÏGarciaóóó ó,€471€U.S.€261,€266„267,€105€S.€Ct.€1938,€1942,€85€L.€Ed.€2d€254€(1985);€ò òòòSevier€v.ÏTurneróóó ó,€742€F.2d€262,€272€(6th€Cir.€1984).€€Tennesseeððs€one„year€statute€of€limitations€has€beenÏdeemed€applicable€to€Section€1983€actions.€€ò òòòSee€ó óóóTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€28„3„104(a)(1),€(a)(3)Ï(1996);€ò òòò€Holmes€v.óóó ó€ò òòòDonovanóóó ó,€984€F.2d€732,€738€&€738€n.11(6th€Cir.€1993);€ò òòòBerndt€v.ÏTennesseeóóó ó,€796€F.2d€879,€883€(6th€Cir.€1986).€€Therefore,€a€plaintiff€such€as€Gray€must€bringÏhis€lawsuit€under€Section€1983€within€one€year€after€accrual€of€the€claim.€€Similarly,€under€theÏTennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,€actions€against€governmental€entities€must€be€broughtÏwithin€one€year€of€the€date€the€cause€of€action€accrued.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„20„305(b)€(1996).€ÏTherefore,€state€law€claims€for€false€arrest,€false€imprisonment€and€malicious€prosecution€mustÏalso€be€brought€within€one€year€after€the€accrual€of€such€claims.€€Ìà àA€cause€of€action€accrues€when€the€injury€on€which€the€action€is€based€is€known€or€shouldÏhave€been€discovered€by€a€reasonable€person.€€ò òòòSevieróóó ó,€742€F.2d€at€273.€€In€ò òòòMcCune€v.€CityÏof€Grand€Rapidsóóó ó,€842€F.2d€903,€906€(6th€Cir.€1988),€the€Sixth€Circuit€held€that€claims€for€falseÏarrest€accrue€when€the€arrest€is€made€and€the€imprisonment€occurs.€€Ìà àIn€this€case,€Grayððs€claims€for€false€arrest€and€false€imprisonment€accrued€on€January€14,Ï1994,€the€date€of€his€arrest.€€Likewise,€his€claim€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€for€violation€of€hisÏconstitutional€rights,€arising€out€of€his€arrest,€accrued€on€the€date€of€his€arrest.€ò òòòMcCuneó óóó,€842ÏF.2d€at€906.€€Gray€filed€his€complaint€on€August€24,€1995,€well€over€one€year€after€these€claimsÏaccrued.€€Therefore,€Grayððs€state€law€claims€for€false€arrest€and€false€imprisonment,€as€well€as€theÏSection€1983€claims€that€arose€out€of€his€arrest,€are€time„barred.Ìà àUnlike€the€claims€for€false€arrest,€false€imprisonment,€and€the€claims€under€Section€1983,ÏGrayððs€claim€for€malicious€prosecution€did€not€accrue€at€the€time€of€his€arrest.€€The€elements€of€aÏclaim€for€malicious€prosecution€are:ÌÓÓà8 à(1)€€A€prior€suit€or€judicial€proceeding€was€instituted€without€probable€cause,Ïà à(2)€defendant€brought€such€prior€action€with€malice,€and€(3)€the€prior€actionÏwas€finally€terminated€in€plaintiffððs€favor.ÌÌÓÓò òòòRoberts€v.€Federal€Express€Corp.ó óóó,€842€S.W.2d€246,€247„248€(Tenn.€1992);€ò òòòsee€alsoÏDunn€v.€Tennesseeó óóó,€697€F.2d€121,€125€n.4€(6th€Cir.€1982),€ò òòòcert.€deniedó óóó,€ò òòòWyllie€v.ÏDunnó óóó,€460€U.S.€1086,€103€S.Ct.€1778,€76€L.€Ed.€2d€349€(1983).€€Thus,€an€action€for€maliciousÏprosecution€cannot€be€maintained€until€the€termination€of€the€original€action€in€the€plaintiffððs€favor,Ïand€the€cause€of€action€does€not€accrue€until€that€point.€€ò òòòDunnó óóó,€697€F.2d€at€127.€€Consequently,ÏGrayððs€claim€for€malicious€prosecution€did€not€accrue€until€the€underlying€cause€of€action€againstÏGray€was€dismissed€in€September,€1994.€€Gray€filed€this€lawsuit€on€August€24,€1995;€thus,€hisÏclaim€for€malicious€prosecution€is€not€barred€by€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations.€€Similarly,€anyÏclaims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€for€constitutional€violations€arising€out€of€the€alleged€maliciousÏprosecution€are€not€time„barred.Ìà àAs€noted€above,€lack€of€probable€cause€for€the€institution€of€the€underlying€judicialÏproceeding€is€an€essential€element€of€a€claim€for€malicious€prosecution.€€ò òòòRobertsó óóó,€842€S.W.2d€atÏ247„48;€ò òòòDunnó óóó,€697€F.2d€at€125€n.4.€€€Probable€cause€exists€where€ð ð€ððfacts€and€circumstancesÏ[are]€sufficient€to€lead€an€ordinarily€prudent€person€to€believe€the€accused€was€guilty€of€the€crimeÏcharged.ðð€ðð€€òòò òRobertsó óóó,€842€S.W.2d€at€248€(quoting€ò òòòLogan€v.€Kuhnððs€Big€K€Corp.ó óóó,€676ÍS.W.2d€948,€951€(Tenn.€1984)).€€Thus,€the€question€is€not€whether€the€accused€was€actuallyÏguilty,€but€rather€whether€reasonable€grounds€existed€for€the€defendant€to€believe€he€was.€Ïòòò òMullins€v.€Wellsó óóó,€450€S.W.2d€599,€603€(Tenn.€App.€1969).€€The€plaintiff€bears€the€burden€ofÏproof€to€show,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€a€lack€of€probable€cause.€€òòò òSmith€v.ÏHartford€Mut.€Ins.€Co.ó óóó,€751€S.W.2d€140,143„44€(Tenn.€App.€1987);€ò òòòKerney€v.€AetnaÏCas.€&€Sur.€Co.ó óóó,€648€S.W.2d€247,€251„52€(Tenn.€App.€1982).Ìà àThe€issue€of€whether€probable€cause€existed€is€normally€a€question€of€fact€for€a€jury€toÏdecide.€€ò òòòRobertsó óóó,€842€S.W.2d€at€249.€€However,€where€reasonable€minds€could€not€differ€on€the€Çexistence€of€probable€cause,€summary€judgment€is€appropriate.€€ò òòòMorat€v.€State€Farm€Mut.ÏAuto.€Ins.€Co.ó ó,€óóNo.€02A01„9412„CV„00270,€Slip€Op.€at€6„7€(Tenn.€App.€Jan.13,€1997).Ìà àMoreover,€a€Section€1983€action€for€malicious€prosecution€may€be€maintained€only€if€itÏð ðhad€the€effect€of€causing€a€violation€of€a€constitutional€guarantee.ðð€€òòò òBraley€v.€City€ofó óóó€òòò òPontiacó óóó,Ï906€F.2d€220,€227€(6th€Cir.€1990).€€The€misuse€of€a€legal€proceeding€must€be€ð ðso€egregiousðð€as€toÏamount€to€ð ða€deprivation€of€constitutional€dimension.ðð€€òòò òRichardson€v.€City€of€South€Euclidó óóó,Ï904€F.2d€1050,€1053€(6th€Cir.€1990),€òòò òcert.€deniedó óóó,€498€U.S.€1032,€111€S.€Ct.€691,€112€L.€Ed.Ï2d€681€(1991).€€ð ðThe€Constitution€does€not€guarantee€that€only€the€guilty€will€be€arrested.ðð€€ò òòòBakerÏv.€McCollanó óóó,€443€U.S.€137,€145,€99€S.€Ct.€2689,€2695,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€433€(1979).€€ð ðFreedomÏfrom€criminal€prosecution€is€not€an€interest€that€is€accorded€constitutional€protection.ððÏò òòòRichardsonó óóó,€904€F.2d€at€1054.€€Where€appropriate€procedures€are€followed,€there€is€noÏprotectable€interest€to€be€free€from€the€burden€of€defending€against€an€unsuccessful€prosecution.Ïò òòòIdóó.€€ó óRegardless€of€the€arresteeððs€ultimate€innocence,€an€arrest€pursuant€to€probable€cause€ð ðgivesÏrise€to€no€claim€under€the€United€States€Constitution.ðð€€òòò òBakeró óóó,€443€U.S.€at€144,€99€S.Ct.€at€2694.€ÏTherefore,€for€Grayððs€state€law€claim€for€malicious€prosecution,€as€well€as€his€Section€1983€claimÏarising€out€of€the€alleged€malicious€prosecution,€the€central€issue€is€whether€probable€cause€existedÏfor€his€arrest€and€the€charges€against€him.Ìà àIn€this€case,€it€is€undisputed€that€task€force€officers€observed€a€white€female€going€into€theÏhouse€after€being€met€at€the€door€by€Gray.€€Gray€subsequently€left€the€house€in€a€truck€with€theÏwoman€and€another€individual.€€The€driver€committed€a€traffic€violation€and€was€stopped€by€theÏofficers.€€The€officers€searched€the€vehicle€for€drugs,€and€the€female€occupant€surrendered€a€bag€ofÏcocaine€that€she€had€hidden€on€her€person.€€The€officers€arrested€all€three€occupants€of€the€truckÏand€initiated€charges€of€possession€of€cocaine€with€intent€to€sell€against€all€of€them.€€The€MadisonÏCounty€General€Sessions€Court€found€probable€cause€for€the€charges€against€Gray,€and€the€grandÏjury€subsequently€returned€an€indictment€against€Gray.€€Based€on€these€facts,€the€trial€court€in€theÏcase€at€bar€found€that€probable€cause€existed€for€the€charges€against€Gray.€€Ìà àThe€events€leading€to€the€arrest€would€lead€an€ordinarily€prudent€person€to€believe€thatÏGray€was€involved€in€the€possession€of€an€illegal€substance€with€intent€to€sell.€€The€GeneralÏSession€Court€found€probable€cause€existed,€and€the€grand€jury€indicted€Gray.€€There€is€noÏevidence€in€the€record€indicating€that€either€the€General€Sessions€Court€determination€or€the€grandÏjury€indictment€were€procured€by€fraud,€perjury,€or€other€corrupt€means.€€€ò òòòSee€MemphisÏGayoso€Gas€€Co.€v.€Williamsonó óóó,€56€Tenn.€314,€322„24,€340€(1872),€ò òòòoverruled€on€otherÏgrounds€by€Roberts€v.€Federal€Express€Corp.ó óóó,€842€S.W.2d€246,€249€(Tenn.€1992).€ÏUnder€these€circumstances,€reasonable€minds€cannot€differ€that€there€was€probable€cause€forÏGrayððs€arrest€and€for€the€crime€charged.€€€Since€Gray€cannot€establish€lack€of€probable€cause€by€aÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence,€his€state€law€claim€for€malicious€prosecution€must€fail.€€For€theÏsame€reason,€he€cannot€establish€a€claim€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€arising€out€of€the€allegedÏmalicious€prosecution.Ìà àIn€sum,€Grayððs€claims€for€false€arrest,€false€imprisonment,€and€for€Section€1983€violationsÏarising€out€of€his€arrest€and€false€imprisonment€accrued€on€the€date€of€his€arrest€and€are€barred€byÏthe€one„year€statute€of€limitations.€€Grayððs€claims€for€malicious€prosecution€and€for€Section€1983Ïviolations€arising€out€of€the€purported€malicious€prosecution€accrued€when€the€charges€against€himÏwere€dismissed,€and€thus€are€not€time„barred.€€However,€to€assert€a€claim€for€maliciousÏprosecution€or€for€a€Section€1983€claim€arising€out€of€malicious€prosecution,€Gray€must€prove€lackÏof€probable€cause€for€his€arrest.€€Given€the€circumstances€leading€to€Grayððs€arrest,€the€GeneralÏSessions€Court€determination€of€probable€cause,€and€the€grand€jury€indictment,€reasonable€mindsÏcannot€differ€on€whether€probable€cause€existed€for€Grayððs€arrest€and€the€charges€filed.€€SinceÏGray€cannot€establish€lack€of€probable€cause,€his€claims€for€malicious€prosecution€and€for€SectionÏ1983€violations€arising€out€of€the€alleged€malicious€prosecution€must€be€dismissed.€€Therefore,€theÏtrial€court€properly€dismissed€Grayððs€claims€against€all€of€the€defendants.€€This€holding€pretermitsÏany€other€issues€raised€on€appeal.€€Ìà àThe€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€are€assessed€against€the€Appellant,€forÍwhich€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àò òóóHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.Ìó óà àò òÌCONCUR:ÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.€J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ó óÌ€€€