ÿWPC‘ …# VUFa %§ 07­äO 4R f u w u 0J 0TÉ 0^ 0h{ 0rã 0|U 0†Ñ 0W 1uç U,\ 0dˆ U,ì U6B)NDCw AMºU* B1 0UNþ£‡¡v~( D3¦vÓÙ 0@¬ AOìÆ; 0D D/E Bt˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0†<¾½Q 9Z ‹.Courier New RegularX&âõ$¡Ñ€²Ñ Ö€ÿÿÖ EÝ ƒ&¦)ÝÝ  Ýà@°°*ìàÚ  Ú2Ú  Úv‡d 3|x€uÓ€2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d!!!!7Border 1dd€-"Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial d(-3¦$©©Ý ƒâõ!ÝÑ€²ÑÝ  Ý ôÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÔ€$ÔÔ€$ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€$XÔÌÌò òMarch€6,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€$ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó }Ý ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ&)ÝÝ  Ýà@ àÚ  ÚÚ  ÚPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@%%%%'ÿÿdxdStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA: T Monaco ÒÒ  BA: T Monaco Ò("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÒ Ü ÒÒ ° ÒÙ€€ÙÑ  ÑÑ € ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑßL€#'";+'h|` Å `€€LßÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€IN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OFÏTENNESSEEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌJULIE€HARLAN,€Individually€€€€:€€€€SULLIVAN€LAW€Ìand€as€Next€Friend€of€€€€€€€€€:€€€€CA€No.€03A01„9509„CV„00311ÌJAMES€K.€HUNT,€II,€a€minor€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€Plaintiffs„Appellees€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:ÌJAMES€F.€LOVETT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€Defendant„Appellant€€€€€€:ÌÌÌand€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€HON.€RICHARD€LADDÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€JUDGEÌÌSONJA€BLACKBURN€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€Plaintiff„Appellee€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:ÌJAMES€F.€LOVETT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€:Ì€€€€€Defendant„Appellant€€€€€€:€€€€€AFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌBURKETT€C.€McINTURFF,€OF€KINGSPORT,€TENNESSEE,€and€ÌSHELBURNE€FERGUSON,€JR.,€OF€KINGSPORT,€TENNESSEE,ÌFOR€APPELLANTÌÌJOSEPH€F.€HARRISON,€WITH€HARRISON€&€KENNEDY,€OF€BRISTOL,ÏTENNESSEE,€FOR€APPELLEES€JULIE€HARLAN€AND€JOHN€K.€HUNT,€II€ÌÌDAVID€S.€BUNN,€WITH€MASSENGILL,€CALDWELL,€HYDER€&€BUNN,€OFÏBRISTOL,€TENNESSEE,€FOR€APPELLEE€SONYA€BLACKBURNÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÖ€(ÖÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€O€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Sanders,€Sp.J.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àThe€Defendant€has€appealed€from€a€jury€verdictÏawarding€compensatory€and€punitive€damages€for€his€conversion€ofÏseven€saddle€horses.€ÌÌà àà àIn€May,€1992,€the€Plaintiff„Appellee,€Julie€Harlan€andÏDefendant„Appellant€James€F.€Lovett€entered€into€an€oral€leaseÏagreement€whereby€Mr.€Lovett€leased€to€Ms.€Harlan€a€tract€ofÏfarm€land€containing€approximately€83€acres€located€in€the€5thÏCivil€District€of€Sullivan€County.€€The€lease€was€on€a€month„to„month€basis€for€which€Ms.€Harlan€was€to€pay€$275€per€month€inÏadvance.€€The€land€was€fenced€and€had€a€barn€located€on€it.€€Ms.ÏHarlan€was€to€have€the€use€of€the€barn€and€was€to€make€necessaryÏrepairs€to€the€fence.€€She€owned€five€horses€and€a€pony.€€HerÏminor€son,€James€K.€Hunt,€II,€owned€a€joint€interest€with€her€inÍone€of€the€horses.€€At€the€time€the€lease€was€entered€into€Ms.ÏHarlan€stated€her€purpose€in€leasing€the€property€was€forÏbreeding,€raising,€and€training€jumping€horses.ÌÌà àà àMs.€Harlan€paid€her€first€month's€rent€in€advance€onÏMay€27€when€she€made€her€lease€with€Mr.€Lovett€but€there€wereÏdelays€in€the€payment€of€the€June,€July,€and€August€rents.€€SheÏpaid€the€rent€for€these€months€except€for€$25€on€the€August€rentÏand€she€did€not€pay€any€rent€after€the€partial€payment€forÏAugust.ÌÌà àà àImmediately€after€signing€the€lease€agreement,€Ms.ÏHarlan€moved€her€five€horses€and€the€pony€onto€the€property.€ÏApproximately€a€month€later€the€Plaintiff„Appellee,€SonjaÏBlackburn,€with€the€consent€of€Ms.€Harlan,€but€without€theÏknowledge€of€Mr.€Lovett,€moved€two€of€her€saddle€horses€onto€theÏproperty.€€Although€Mr.€Lovett€was€aware€of€the€fact€that€twoÏadditional€horses€had€been€placed€on€the€property,€he€assumedÏthey€belonged€to€Ms.€Harlan€or€members€of€her€family.ÌÌà àà àAfter€Ms.€Harlan€stopped€paying€rent€on€the€property,ÏMr.€Lovett€called€her€on€the€telephone€requesting€payment.€€SheÏpromised€to€get€back€in€touch€with€him,€but€never€did.€€OnÏOctober€27,€1992,€he€wrote€her€a€certified€letter€stating€heÍwould€turn€the€matter€over€to€his€attorney€if€she€did€not€payÏher€rent€within€five€days.€€She€did€not€respond.€€Also,€byÏOctober€most€all€the€grass€on€the€property€had€been€grazed€offÏby€the€horses€and€they€began€breaking€through€the€fence€on€theÏproperty,€apparently€in€search€of€food.€€They€were€getting€onÏthe€property€and€into€the€fields€of€adjoining€property€owners€asÏwell€as€on€the€greens€and€fairways€of€Rock€Creek€Golf€Course,Ïwhich€was€located€nearby,€and€damaging€the€golf€course.ÌÌà àà àMr.€Lovett€continued€his€efforts€to€establishÏcommunications€with€Ms.€Harlan.€€He€called€her€residence€but€sheÏwould€not€return€his€calls.€€It€reached€the€point€where€he€wouldÏcall€and€when€his€voice€was€apparently€recognized,€the€partyÏwould€"hang€up."€€Mr.€Lovett€did€not€know€Ms.€Blackburn€nor€didÏhe€know€two€of€the€horses€belonged€to€her,€so€she€was€neverÏcalled.€€Ms.€Blackburn€testified€she€made€her€arrangements€withÏMs.€Harlan€and€not€Mr.€Lovett€to€put€her€horses€on€Mr.€Lovett'sÏproperty.€€The€record€also€shows€that,€although€Ms.€BlackburnÏfed€her€horses€regularly,€by€December,€1992,€the€horsesÏbelonging€to€Ms.€Harlan€had€become€so€poor€and€emaciated€"youÏcould€count€their€ribs."ÌÌà àà àMr.€Lovett€testified€he€was€fearful€he€would€be€liableÏfor€damages€which€might€be€caused€by€the€horses€to€otherÍproperties,€both€private€and€public.€€He€was€fearful€they€mightÏinjure€some€child€or€other€person€or€they€might€get€on€theÏhighway€and€be€involved€in€an€accident.€€He€further€contended€heÏhad€concluded€that,€since€Ms.€Harlan€would€not€return€his€callsÏand€the€horses€had€gotten€in€such€poor€condition,€she€hadÏdecided€to€abandon€them,€and€he€decided€to€send€them€to€theÏstockyard€for€sale.€€He€called€Mr.€Dennis€Widener,€who€hauledÏlivestock€and€told€him€he€had€some€horses€for€sale€and€asked€himÏto€take€them€to€the€stockyard.€€Mr.€Widener€went€to€the€premisesÏand€Mr.€Lovett€sold€them€to€him€for€$1,200.€€Mr.€Widener€pickedÏthe€horses€up€on€December€2,€1992,€and€took€them€to€theÏstockyard€where€he€sold€them€for€$1,750.ÌÌà àà àAfter€the€horses€had€been€taken€to€the€stockyard€andÏsold€by€Mr.€Widener,€Ms.€Blackburn€went€to€the€premises€whereÏthe€horses€had€been€kept€and€discovered€they€were€missing.€€Ms.ÏBlackburn€reported€to€Ms.€Harlan€the€horses€were€missing€and€Ms.ÏHarlan€gave€her€Mr.€Lovett's€telephone€number€and€suggested€sheÏcall€him,€which€she€did.€€Mr.€Lovett€told€her€he€had€sold€theÏhorses€to€Mr.€Widener.€€Ms.€Blackburn,€in€turn,€called€Mr.ÏWidener€and€then€went€to€the€stockyard€in€search€of€the€horses,Ïbut€they€could€not€be€located.€€Some€two€or€three€weeks€later,Ïthe€pony€and€one€of€the€horses€belonging€to€Ms.€Harlan€wereÏlocated€and€returned€to€her.€€In€the€interim,€Mr.€LovettÍdeducted€$850€for€rent€from€the€$1,200€which€he€had€gotten€fromÏthe€sale€of€the€horses€and€sent€Ms.€Harlan€a€check€for€theÏbalance.ÌÌà àà àMs.€Blackburn€and€Ms.€Harlan€each€filed€separate€suitsÏagainst€Mr.€Lovett.€€Ms.€Harlan€also€brought€suit€on€behalf€ofÏher€infant€son,€James€K.€Hunt,€II,€who€was€co„owner€with€her€ofÏone€of€the€horses.€€The€Plaintiffs€alleged€in€their€complaintsÏthat€the€Defendant,€by€selling€their€horses,€had€wrongfullyÏconverted€them€to€his€own€use€and€benefit.€€They€each€asked€forÏcompensatory€and€punitive€damages€and€demanded€a€jury€to€try€theÏcause.ÌÌà àà àThe€Defendant,€for€answer,€filed€a€general€denial€ofÏthe€allegations€in€the€complaints.€€As€an€affirmative€defense,Ïhe€alleged€that€the€Plaintiffs'€failure€to€keep€their€animalsÏwithin€the€confines€of€the€fence€and€letting€them€run€at€largeÏsubjected€him€to€damages.€ÌÌà àà àAn€agreed€order€of€consolidation€of€the€cases€forÏtrial€was€entered€and€after€pretrial€depositions€were€taken€theÏPlaintiffs€each€filed€motions€for€partial€summary€judgment€onÏthe€issue€of€liability€pursuant€to€Rule€56,€TRCP.€€In€support€ofÍthe€motion,€they€relied€upon€the€pleadings,€the€affidavits€ofÏthe€Plaintiffs,€and€the€deposition€of€the€Defendant.ÌÌà àà àThe€Defendant€filed€a€response€to€the€motions€forÏsummary€judgment€denying€the€Plaintiffs€were€entitled€to€summaryÏjudgment€because€there€were€genuine€issues€of€material€facts€forÏtrial.€€He€also€filed€an€affidavit€in€support€of€his€response.ÌÌà àà àThe€affidavits€of€the€Plaintiffs€stated€they€were€theÏrespective€owners€of€the€horses.€€They€had€not€given€theÏDefendant€permission€to€sell€their€horses€and€they€did€not€knowÏthey€were€going€to€be€sold.ÌÌà àà àIn€Mr.€Lovett's€deposition,€he€admitted€he€sold€theÏhorses€to€Mr.€Widener€for€$1,200€and€he€was€not€the€owner€of€theÏhorses.ÌÌà àà àUpon€the€hearing,€the€court€found€there€was€no€genuineÏissue€as€to€the€material€facts€concerning€conversion€of€theÏhorses,€and€sustained€the€motions€for€summary€judgment.€ÌÌà àà àUpon€the€trial€of€the€case,€the€court€instructed€theÏjury€he€had€previously€held€the€Defendant€was€liable€for€damagesÏand€it€was€their€duty€to€determine€the€amount€of€those€damages.ÌÌà àà àAs€pertinent,€Ms.€Blackburn€testified€one€of€herÏhorses€was€a€14„year„old€thoroughbred€quarter€horse€which€hadÏwon€a€number€of€ribbons€as€a€show€horse€and€was€worth€$5,000€onÏDecember€2,€1992,€the€day€he€was€sold.€€Her€other€horse€was€aÏdappled€gray€Arabian€saddlebred€cross€four€years€old,€who€had€aÏlot€of€training€and€had€a€value€of€$10,000€at€the€time€he€wasÏsold.€ÌÌà àà àMs.€Harlan€testified€as€to€the€value€of€the€fiveÏhorses€she€had€on€the€farm€at€the€time€they€were€sold€and€listedÏthem€by€their€names€as€follows:€€Tiny€„€a€dappled€grayÏregistered€English€Shire€stallion,€$13,500;€White€Oak€„€aÏthoroughbred€two„year„old€quarter€horse,€$8,000;€Chesty€„€a€14„year„old€crossbred€brood€mare,€$3,000;€Black€Star€„€a€nine„month„old€filly,€$5,000;€Valor€„€a€young€horse€owned€jointlyÏwith€her€son,€$2,500,€for€a€total€of€$32,000.ÌÌà àà àThere€was€considerable€disagreement€among€theÏwitnesses€as€to€the€physical€condition€of€Ms.€Harlan's€horses€onÏthe€date€of€sale.€€She€testified€they€were€in€good€condition€atÏthe€time€she€last€saw€them€two€days€before€they€were€sold.€ÏOther€witnesses€who€saw€them€shortly€before€the€sale€and€thoseÏwho€saw€them€on€the€date€of€the€sale€testified€they€were€in€veryÍpoor€condition.€€The€Defendant€introduced€a€picture€of€Tiny,€theÏregistered€stallion,€which€was€made€after€the€sale.€It€depictedÏhim€in€extremely€poor€condition,€having€lost€about€50%€of€hisÏnormal€weight.€€A€veterinarian€testified€his€condition€was€theÏresult€of€starvation.€€Ms.€Harlan€insisted€this€weight€loss€hadÏoccurred€during€the€two€or€three€weeks€between€his€sale€and€whenÏhe€was€returned€to€her.€€Other€witnesses€testified€that€was€hisÏcondition€at€the€time€of€the€sale.ÌÌà àà àAt€the€close€of€Plaintiffs'€proof,€Defendant€moved€forÏa€directed€verdict€as€to€the€complainant's€claim€for€damages€forÏthe€loss€of€Tiny,€the€registered€Shire€stallion,€because€she€hadÏreclaimed€the€horse€and€had€offered€evidence€only€as€to€hisÏvalue€as€of€the€date€of€the€sale.ÌÌà àà àThe€court€overruled€the€motion€and€over€Defendant'sÏobjection€permitted€counsel€for€the€Plaintiff€to€recall€Ms.ÏHarlan€to€testify€as€to€the€difference€in€the€value€of€the€horseÏbetween€the€date€of€sale€and€the€date€she€recovered€him.ÌÌà àà àOn€recall,€Ms.€Harlan€testified€that€on€the€date€ofÏsale€he€had€a€value€of€$13,500;€when€he€was€returned€he€had€aÏvalue€of€$7,000.ÌÌà àà àAt€the€conclusion€of€all€the€proof,€the€court€againÏcharged€the€jury€he€had€found€the€Defendant€liable€in€damages€toÏthe€Plaintiffs€and€it€was€their€duty€to€fix€the€amount€ofÏdamages.€€The€jury€was€given€special€verdicts€to€fix€the€amountÏof€compensatory€damages€for€the€conversion€of€each€horse.€€TheyÏwere€also€asked€to€say€"yes"€or€"no"€to€the€question€of€whetherÏby€clear€and€convincing€evidence€the€Defendant€was€liable€forÏpunitive€damages.€€Upon€consideration€of€the€issue€of€punitiveÏdamages,€the€jury€found€the€Defendant€liable€for€punitiveÏdamages€in€the€following€amounts:€€To€Ms.€Harlan€$10,000,€toÏJohn€K.€Hunt,€II,€$50,€and€to€Ms.€Blackburn€$3,500.€€JudgmentsÏwere€entered€in€keeping€with€the€jury€verdict.ÌÌà àà àThe€Defendant€filed€a€motion€for€a€new€trial,€whichÏwas€overruled,€and€he€has€appealed,€presenting€the€followingÏissues€for€review:€€1.€€"Did€the€trial€court€err€when€it€enteredÏsummary€judgment€for€the€Plaintiffs€against€the€DefendantÏfinding€that€the€Defendant€converted€the€horses€of€theÏPlaintiffs€when€in€fact€and€law€the€Defendant€had€a€lien€on€saidÏhorses€for€his€rental€for€pasturage?"€€2.€€"Was€the€charge€toÏthe€jury€as€presented€by€the€trial€court€stated€in€language€thatÏwas€at€such€an€elevated€educational€level€that€a€jury€of€averageÏintelligence€would€be€unable€to€comprehend€and€follow€itsÏinstructions€all€to€the€detriment€of€the€Defendant€in€thisÍcase?"€€3.€€"Did€the€trial€court€err€in€charging€the€juryÏregarding€the€proper€measure€of€damages€when€the€trial€courtÏfailed€to€explain€how€the€jury€could€determine€fair€market€valueÏas€opposed€to€diminution€of€value?"ÌÌà àà àWe€find€no€reversible€error€in€any€of€the€issuesÏpresented,€and€affirm€for€the€reasons€hereinafter€stated.ÌÌà àà àIn€support€of€Appellant's€insistence€that€the€courtÏwas€in€error€in€holding€he€had€converted€the€horses€when,€inÏfact,€he€had€a€lien€on€the€horses€for€rental€pasture,€he€€reliesÏupon€TCA€ðð€66„20„101€which€provides:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÓÓà àò òPasturage€lien.ó ó„„€When€any€horse€or€otherÏanimal€is€received€for€pasture€for€a€consideration,Ïthe€farmer€shall€have€a€lien€upon€the€animal€for€theÏfarmer's€proper€charges,€the€same€as€the€innkeeper'sÏlien€at€common€law;€and€in€addition€the€farmer€shallÏhave€a€statutory€lien€for€six€(6)€months.ÌÌÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà àà àThe€Appellant,€in€his€brief,€presents€a€persuasiveÏargument,€supported€by€good€authority,€that€the€holder€of€a€lienÏunder€the€statute€quoted€above€has€priority€over€the€owner€ofÏthe€property.€€Under€the€facts€in€the€case€at€bar,€however,€theÏreliance€by€the€Appellant€upon€the€statute€is€misplaced.€€TheÏAppellant€did€not€"receive€to€pasture€for€a€consideration"€theÏhorses€of€the€Plaintiffs.€€He€leased€his€83„acre€tract€of€landÍto€the€Plaintiff,€Ms.€Harlan,€for€her€to€breed,€train,€feed€andÏpasture€her€horses.ÌÌà àà àThere€is€another€compelling€reason,€however,€why€theÏAppellant€cannot€prevail€on€this€issue.€€He€did€not€raise€thisÏissue€in€the€trial€court€and€raises€it€for€the€first€time€onÏappeal,€which€cannot€be€done.€€ò òThomas€v.€Noeó ó,€42€Tenn.App.Ï234,€301€S.W.2d€391€(1956:€ò òTops€Bar„B„Q,€Inc.€v.€Stringeró ó,ÏTenn.App.,€582€S.W.2d€756€(1977)ò ò€Moran€v.€City€of€Knoxvilleó ó,ÏTenn.App.,€600€S.W.2d€725€(1979);€ò òHarrison€v.€Schraderó ó,ÏTenn.,€569€S.W.2d€822€(1978).ÌÌà àà àIssues€2€and€3€in€the€Appellant's€brief€relate€to€theÏcontent€of€the€court's€charge€and€were€both€raised€for€the€firstÏtime€in€the€Appellant's€motion€for€a€new€trial.€€They€will€beÏconsidered€together.ÌÌà àà àThe€second€issue€avers€that€the€language€of€theÏcourt's€charge€to€the€jury€was€elevated€to€an€educational€levelÏabove€what€an€average€juror€could€comprehend€and€understand.€ÏApparently,€because€of€the€unique€nature€of€Appellant'sÏobjection€to€the€charge,€the€court€entered€an€order€permittingÏthe€Appellant€to€supplement€the€record€with€the€deposition€ofÏDr.€John€Taylor,€a€professor€in€the€College€of€Education€at€EastÍTennessee€State€University€with€a€specialty€in€readingÏeducation.ÌÌà àà à€€We€have€very€carefully€considered€the€testimony€ofÏDr.€Taylor€and€find€it€persuasive.€€We€find€it€enlightening€onÏways€our€usual€complicated€charges€to€a€jury€could€be€improvedÏinsofar€as€being€more€intelligible€and€understandable€to€theÏaverage€juror.€€Dr.€Taylor€testified€he€had€read€the€court'sÏcharge€and€had€analyzed€it€for€readability.€€Excerpts€from€hisÏtestimony€are€as€follows:Ì"A.à àà àI€applied€a€variety€of€readability€formulas€toÏit...and€I€obtained€results€that€varied€somewhat€from€formula€toÏformula€and€from€passage€to€passage,€but€the€general€conclusionÏis€that€it's€a€very€difficult€piece€of€material€to€„„Ïlinguistically.€€I€compared€it€to€the€results€of€the€sameÏformulas€applied€to€textbooks€used€in€our€College€of€MedicineÏfor€first€year€medical€students,€and€it's€approximately€the€sameÏlevel€of€difficulty€as€the€textbooks€that€med€students€use.Ì"Q.à àà àIs€there€a€way€to€say€what€grade€level€that€thisÏcharge€might€be€read€at?€Ì"A.à àà àApproximately,€the€college€graduate€level.€....Ì"Q.à àà àWhat€do€readability€formulas€look€to,€to€determineÏwhether€something€is€able€to€be€comprehended?Ì"A.à àà àThere€are€a€number€of€variables€depending€upon€theÏspecific€formula,€but€the€two€most€common€variables€are€wordÏlength€and€sentence€length.€€Polysyllabic€words€are€moreÏdifficult€than€monosyllabic€words;€longer€sentences€are€moreÏdifficult€than€shorter€sentences.€....€[A]nd€some€of€themÏinclude€other€variables,€such€as€number€of€personal€pronounsÏmakes€readability€easier.€€In€a€couple€of€formulas,€there€areÏactual€lists€of€words€to€be€considered€easy€words.€€OtherÏwords...are€considered€to€be€difficult€words.€...[A]problem€withÏreadability€difficulty€is€that€it€doesn't€provide€totalÏinformation€in€terms€of€the€conceptual€variables€involved.€€TheyÏdo€not€indicate€the€difficulty€caused€by€lack€of€common€conceptsÏbetween€the€person€presenting€the€material€and€the€personÏreceiving€it.ÌQ.à àà à....ÌA.à àà àA€number€of€concepts€involved€in€this€document€[theÏcourt's€charge]€would€be€difficult€and€unfamiliar€to€most€of€usÏwho€are€not€in€this€field.Ì"Q.à àà àIn€regard€to€this€specific€charge,€are€there€ways€thatÏthis€charge€could€be€presented€that€would€be€more€readable€orÏmore€comprehensive€„„€comprehended€by€individuals€that€you€findÏon€an€ordinary€jury?Ì"A.à àà à....I€would€judge€that€it€could€be€re„presented€inÏsimpler€language.Ì"Q.à àà à....Ì"A.à àà àIt€would€take€both€knowledge€of€the€legal€elementsÏinvolved€and€knowledge€of€the€language.Ì"Q.à àà àSpecifically....Ì"A.à àà àShorter,€less€complicated€sentences.€€And€if€thereÏwere€some€way€to€make€the€entire€document€„„€the€entire€chargeÏbriefer,€it€would€be€of€great€benefit."ÌÌà àà àWe€find€Dr.€Taylor's€testimony€interesting€andÏenlightening€but,€under€the€law€applicable€to€the€case€at€bar,Ïwe€cannot€say€there€is€reversible€error.ÌÌà àà àIn€Appellant's€third€issue€he€says€the€court,€in€itsÏcharge€to€the€jury,€"failed€to€explain€how€the€jury€couldÏdetermine€fair€market€value€as€opposed€to€diminution€of€value."€ÏThe€basis€for€this€insistence€by€the€Appellant€is€the€fact€thatÏout€of€the€seven€horses€sold€on€December€2,€one€of€them€wasÏrecovered€by€the€owner€on€December€19.€€Ms.€Harlan,€the€owner€ofÏthe€horse,€testified€the€value€of€the€horse€was€$13,500€on€theÏday€he€was€sold.€€She€later€testified€his€value€when€sheÏrecovered€him€was€$7,000.€€In€his€charge€on€this€issue,€theÏcourt€charged€the€jury€as€follows:€€"Now,€as€I€said€earlier,€IÏalready€found€liability€by€the€Defendant€to€the€Plaintiffs€forÏthe€compensatory€damages.€€This€is€for€damage€to€Plaintiffs'Íproperty.€€If€the€horses€were€taken€and€not€returned,€theÏmeasure€of€damages€is€the€fair€cash€market€value€of€the€horsesÏas€of€December€2nd,€1992.€€If€the€horse€was€returned,€theÏmeasure€of€damage€is€the€reduced€market€value,€if€any,€of€theÏhorse€as€a€result€of€the€conversion€in€December,€1992.€€In€otherÏwords,€the€measure€of€damages€would€be€the€difference€in€valueÏof€the€horse€at€the€time€it€was€taken€and€at€the€time€it€wasÏreturned,€if€there€was€any€difference."ÌÌà àà àIn€the€case€of€ò òMitchell€v.€Smithó ó,€779€S.W.2d€384,Ï390€(Tenn.App.1989),€as€pertinent,€the€court€said:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ  ÒÓÓà àThe€trial€court's€instructions€are€the€jury'sÏonly€proper€source€of€the€legal€principles€to€guideÏits€deliberations.€€ò òState€ex€rel.€Myers€v.€Brownó ó,Ï209€Tenn.€141,€148„49,€351€S.W.2d€385,€388€(1961).€ÏAccordingly,€trial€courts€should€give€substantiallyÏaccurate€instructions€concerning€the€law€applicable€toÏthe€matters€at€issue.€€ò òStreet€v.€Calvertó ó,€541ÏS.W.2d€576,€584€(Tenn.1976).€€The€instructions€needÏnot€be€perfect€in€every€detail,€ò òDavis€v.€Wilsonó ó,Ï522€S.W.2d€872,€884€(Tenn.Ct.App.1974),€as€long€asÏthey€are,€as€a€whole,€correct.€ò òIn€re€Elam's€Estateó ó,Ï738€S.W.2d€169,€176€(Tenn.1987).ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ X ÒÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X ÒÓÓà àà àWe€find€the€court's€charge€on€the€third€issue€to€be€correctÏand€sufficient.ÌÌà àà àThere€is€another€compelling€reason,€however,€why€we€mustÏaffirm€the€trial€court€on€both€the€second€and€third€issues.€€It€wasÏthe€duty€of€the€Appellant,€at€the€trial,€to€call€to€the€court'sÍattention€the€objectionable€portions€of€the€charge€to€the€jury€aboutÏwhich€he€now€complains€and€to€submit€to€the€court€further€andÏadequate€charges€to€correct€the€portion€of€the€charge€now€complainedÏof.€In€the€case€of€ò òProvence€v.€Williamsó ó,Ì62€Tenn.App.371,€462€S.W.2d€885,€899,€the€court€said:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓIt€is€an€established€general€rule€in€this€state€that€aÏparty€must€call€the€trial€judge's€attention€to€that€part€ofÏthe€jury€instructions€which€the€party€believes€to€beÏòòinadequateóó,€equivocal€òòor€confusingóó,€and€to€submit€a€requestÏfor€additional€instructions,€if€the€party€intends€toÏpredicate€error€upon€meagerness€of€the€charge€or€possibleÏambiguity.€€ò òWomac€v.€Casteeló ó,€200€Tenn.€588,€292€S.W.2dÏ782.€(Emphasis€ours.)ÌÌÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X Òà àà àIn€the€case€of€ò òTrentham€v.€Headrickó ó,€35€Tenn.App.€330,ÌÌ€245€S.W.2d€632,€635€(1950),€the€court€said:ÌÌÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒUnder€our€decisions€inadequate€instructions€in€a€charge€toÏthe€jury€are€not€reversible€error€when€the€party€affectedÏthereby€fails€to€call€the€error€to€the€attention€of€theÏcourt,€and€when€adequate€and€further€instructions€are€notÏrequested.€[Citations€omitted.]€In€considering€thisÏquestion€our€Supreme€Court,€in€ò òCarney€v.€Cookó ó,€supra€[158ÏTenn.€333,€13€S.W.2d€325],€said:€€"...,€counsel€engaged€inÏa€trial€should€aid€the€court€by€calling€his€attention€to€anÏabstraction€or€an€inadvertence€in€delivering€hisÏinstructions€to€the€jury,€and€where€they€fail€to€do€so,Ïthis€court€will€not€reverse€unless€convinced€that€the€partyÏcomplaining€has€been€prejudiced€by€such€instruction,€orÏthat€justice€is€about€to€miscarry."ÌÌÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X ÒÓÓà àà àIn€the€case€of€ò òRule€v.€Empire€Gas€Corp.ó ó,€563€S.W.2d€551Ï(Tenn.1978)€our€supreme€court€made€is€clear€Rule€51.02,€TRCP,€did€notÏalter€the€rule€laid€down€in€prior€decisions€that€"counsel€engaged€inÏa€trial€should€aid€the€court€by€calling€his€attention€to€anÍabstraction€in€delivering€his€instructions€to€the€jury,€and€whereÏthey€fail€to€do€so,€this€court€will€not€reverse€unless€convinced€thatÏthe€party€complaining€has€been€prejudiced€by€such€instruction,€orÏthat€justice€is€about€to€miscarry."€€Id.€553.€€The€ò òRuleó ó€court€wentÏon€to€say:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà àWe€hold€that€Rule€51.02€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€ofÏCivil€Procedure€has€not€abolished€or€altered€the€ruleÏannounced€in€the€ò òProvenceó ó€and€ò òHolmesó ó€cases,€supra,€thatÏin€order€to€predicate€error€upon€an€alleged€omission€in€theÏinstructions€given€to€the€jury€by€the€trial€judge€he€mustÏhave€pointed€out€such€omission€to€the€trial€judge€at€trialÏby€an€appropriate€request€for€instruction.€€ÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X ÒÓÓId.€554.ÌÌà àà àIn€the€later€case€of€ò òForde€v.€Fisk€Universityó ó,€661ÏS.W.2d€883,€887€(Tenn.App.1983)€this€court,€in€addressing€the€issue,Ïsaid:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓà àAppellant€next€insists€that€the€instructions€to€theÏjury€were€inadequate.€€In€such€event,€it€is€the€duty€of€theÏcomplaining€party€to€submit€special€requests€for€additionalÏclarifying€instructions;€and€failure€to€do€so€constitutes€aÏwaiver€of€the€inadequacy.€ò ò€Rule€v.€Empireó ó€ò òGas€Co.ó ó,ÏTenn.1978,€563€S.W.2d€551.ÌÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X ÒÓÓà àà àWe€have€been€cited€to€no€authority,€nor€have€we€found€any,Ïwhere€the€complaint€of€the€court's€charge€was€the€same€or€similar€toÏthe€complaint€of€the€Appellant€in€his€second€issue.€€The€case€we€haveÏfound€that€appears€to€be€related€to€the€case€at€bar€is€the€old€caseÏof€ò òMaloneó ó€ò òv.€Searightó ó,€76€Tenn.€91,€8€Lee€91€(1881)€at€94,€whereÏthe€court€said:ÌÒ 4 ÒÒ ° ÒÓÓThe€trial€judge€can€not€be€put€in€error€by€the€mereÏinaccurate€use€of€words,€not€excepted€to€at€the€time,€whenÏwe€can€see€that€it€was€intended€to€convey€a€correct€rule,Ïand€could€not,€when€taken€in€connection€with€the€residue€ofÏthe€charge,€having€[sic]€misled€the€jury.€€....€If€theÏcharge€actually€assume[s]€as€conceded€a€particular€fact,€itÏis€the€duty€of€the€party€to€object€to€the€assumption€at€theÏtime.ÌÌÌÌÒ Ü ÒÒ X ÒÓÓà àà àThe€issues€are€found€in€favor€of€the€Appellees.€€TheÏjudgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€The€cost€of€this€appeal€isÏtaxed€to€the€Appellant€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€courtÏfor€any€further€necessary€proceedings.ÌÓÓÌÌÌÌÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€__________________________Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Clifford€E.€Sanders,€Sp.J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:€ÌÌÌ______________________ÌHerschel€P.€Franks,€J.ÌÌÌ______________________ÌDon€T.€McMurray,€J.ÌÌÌ