ÿWPCñ  2L³ –2B¥hc%¬#k­ÿ5JÇNÙ<ÇpVºŒÈDx¡žœ­Š_Ø2ŒF›¶“cì­±Ñî^¹×…ìµj·º›M8‚ͳ‚Fòéü륔À[wm„;ŽÉ…öUÉk𦈉?‹ðzó³ß e—AÖ˜]ØzX¯Ä»£~).‹QD»NÜ=YnµIí,ì´ášõ­z:ßœ±ü_½^û­ø^Éêv„‰o–Äpÿåɸ…E- ûêò9ªdÅU’o[¥“ŽaOuÙñ¦ÀÉAÒëÒï|8Êå .H×*6f0rÞ2Æì–Áámèd±ÈauܱDœ …*±É^ºYi×¾a›‹Ž8 ºf˜ûúZ¨äÝþAHs(=¬Í«Óá#Õ2‡ªÐ¨žö:6ò„ÏŸIòç 2²×ÎľÙbyŲö‰Uéeâ;&ªx(s,^O¦¬aê¶À6­þÅѺñX*qã+ûž±ýGÎܸ‡*æT3š´J*G·§ÜZ™1Ò°pëS:Æ6ÄbÛ(Ä+Ô:R^€Ÿý~DýZTÁ’wy1í!æ`J ÂÙŠ<ñ•µ¹^Ày¨ÿº2¼ÖNò4(Ø\ZmeäL¦þþƒ$âèÆP*# LU:W %‘ 0(—b ¿w@Ë4 .6U:888888888888888888888 AQrÆà 0D‰ 0DÍ 0D  D/U B„ B¡ D3¾ ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ, øð AZ‹"Arial RegularX($¡¡- ù - §D¨©Dª«D¬­D®¯Ó€¹©yË&3|x¹ øÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€ XèXXXÔÔ€ “X XèÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ XèX “ÔÐ  ÐÌJuly€16,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular!"#$&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxd düÿP Pd'''''ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ¯ñ›ñ¯ñÑ°ÑÒ€°ÒÒ„°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ€ÑÑ7€èXXdæXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ñò òÔ€¼†¼XXÔÓ  Óñ¹ññ¯ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eô ` 8ttxP,ð  rßñ¯ññ¹ññ¹ññ¹ññ¯ñ›ñ¯ñà@  êàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌñ¹ñœßt€ )>.*jx` `€€@E÷!` 8ttxP/ð  tß›ñ¹ñà@¦¦(êàAT€NASHVILLEó óÔ€XèX¼¼†ÔˆÐ  ÐÌÌÌÌÌAARON€DANIEL€HARPER€and€wife,à  à)Ð ® ¦ ÐAMY€ELIZABETH€HARPER,€survivingà  à)Ð ”Œ Ðnatural€parents€of€CHRISTOPHERà  à)Ð zr  ÐDANIEL€HARPER,€deceased,à 8 àà  à)Ð `X  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àPlaintiffs/Appellants,à 8 àà  à)Ð ,$  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àAppeal€No.Ð   Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è à01„A„01„9809„CV„00503Ð øð  ÐœVS›.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ð ÞÖ  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àDavidson€CircuitРļ Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àNo.€œ97C›„2156Ð ª¢ ÐJ.D.€ELLIOTT€and€wife,à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð àà H! àà  # àÐ ˆ ÐANITA€R.€ELLIOTT,à à àà 8 àà  à)Ð vn Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àDefendants/Appellees.à 8 àà  à)Ð B: ÐÌÌà@ï ï êàAPPEALED€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€DAVIDSON€COUNTYˆÌà@#êàAT€NASHVILLE,€TENNESSEEˆÌÌà@Ÿ Ÿ êàTHE€HONORABLE€MARIETTA€M.€œSHIPLEY›,€JUDGEˆÌÌÌÌRICHARD€H.€œBATSON›€IIÌ329€Union€StreetÌP.€O.€Box€198725ÌNashville,€Tennessee€37219„8725Ìà Ø àAttorney€for€Plaintiffs/AppellantsÌÌDAVID€S.€ZINNÌSuite€102Ì2000€Glen€Echo€roadÌNashville,€Tennessee€37215„2857Ìà Ø àAttorney€for€Defendants/AppelleesÌÌÌÌÌà@¤¤$êàAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDˆÌÌÌÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.ÌÌCONCUR:ÌKOCH,€J.ÌœCOTTRELL›,€J.ÌÓÓò òÔ€„|Y„XXèÔòòà@tt(êàO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÔ€XèX„„|YԈРš:’399 Їà Ø àà 0 àThe€œplaintiffsðð›€four„year„old€son€wandered€onto€the€defendantsðð€propertyÏand€drowned€in€their€backyard€pool.€€The€plaintiffs€charged€the€defendants€withÏmaintaining€an€attractive€nuisance€and€in€failing€to€take€reasonable€steps€to€preventÏœforseeable›€harm€to€trespassing€children.€€The€Circuit€Court€of€Davidson€CountyÏgranted€summary€judgment€to€the€defendants.€€We€affirm.ÌÌà@²²-êàò òI.ó óˆÐ ÐÈ  ÐÌà Ø àà 0 àThe€defendants€own€a€home€on€Due€West€Avenue€in€Madison.€€In€1978Ïthey€constructed€an€in€ground€pool€behind€their€house.€€In€July€of€1996€a€wrought€ironÏfence€surrounded€the€pool;€the€vertical€bars€in€the€fence€are€spaced€five€and€three„¼eighths€inches€apart€and€are€forty„six€inches€high.€€œAccess›€to€the€pool€area€is€throughÏtwo€gates€with€simple€latches.€€The€pool€is€also€surrounded€by€a€stone€or€concreteÏdeck.€€A€low€diving€board€and€a€slide€are€permanent€fixtures.€€On€the€date€of€theÏaccident€a€portable€slide€was€also€on€the€pool€œdeck,›€and€colorful€inflatable€toys€wereÏœlocated›€in€and€around€the€pool.ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àDue€West€Avenue€is€a€busy€four€lane€street€at€the€location€of€theÏdefendantsðð€home.€€In€June€of€1996€the€plaintiffs€rented€a€duplex€apartment€a€fewÏdoors€east€and€on€the€same€side€of€the€street.€€The€plaintiffs€had€two€sons,€four„year„¼old€œChristopher,›€and€Matthew,€aged€two.€€On€July€9,€1996,€between€7:00€and€8:00Ïa.m.,€while€his€father€was€away€on€a€job€interview€and€his€mother€was€asleep,ÏChristopher€left€the€house€alone.€€œLater›€that€morning€searchers€found€his€body€in€theÏdefendantsðð€swimming€pool.€€The€defendants€were€away€from€home.€€There€is€noÏevidence€of€the€route€œthe€child›€œtook,›€or€how€he€entered€the€pool€area.€€A€œpolice€offficer›Ïspeculated€that€he€œsqueezed€between›€the€bars€of€the€fence,€took€œoff›€his€clothes,€andÏslid€down€the€slide€into€the€pool.Ìâ âÐ ˜706 Ðà Ø àà 0 àThe€plaintiffs€sued€the€defendants€for€the€wrongful€death€of€their€child.€Ïâ âThe€plaintiffs€argued€two€separate€but€related€theories.€€The€first€was€a€theory€ofÏgeneral€œnegligence:›€the€defendants€had€a€duty€to€prevent€the€harm€that€occurred€toÏChristopher€Harper.€€The€second€was€that€the€pool€was€an€attractive€nuisance.€€TheÏCircuit€Court€of€Davidson€County€granted€summary€judgment€to€the€defendants.ÌÌà@––-êàò òII.ó óˆÐ èà ÐÌà Ø àà 0 àEveryone€owes€to€everyone€else€a€duty€of€care€that€is€reasonable€underÏthe€circumstances.€€òòDoe€v.€œLinder›€Construction€Co.óó,€845€S.W.2d€173€(Tenn.€1992).€Ð ˆ€ ÐA€property€ownerððs€duty€to€third€persons€depends€on€the€relationship€of€the€injuredÏparty€to€the€owner.€€To€those€persons€on€the€ownerððs€property€with€his/her€consent,Ïexpress€or€œimplied,›€the€owner€owes€a€duty€to€prevent€œforseeable›€harm€to€theÏinvitee/licensee.€€òòHudson€v.€œGaitan›óó,€675€S.W.2d€699€(Tenn.€1984);€òòEaton€v.€œMcLain›óó,Ð %  Ð891€S.W.2d€587€(Tenn.€1994).€€To€trespassers,€on€the€other€hand,€the€œtraditional€rulesÏhave€provided€very€little€protection.›€€òòœToole›€v.€Levittóó,€492€S.W.2d€230€(Tenn.€App.Ð È(À!$ Ð1972).€€Although€the€experts€cite€different€reasons€for€these€distinctions,€òòsee€œProsser›Ð ¨* #& Ðon€Tortsóó€ðð€58€(1984);€Harper€&€James,€òòLaw€of€Tortsóó€ðð€27.3€(1986),€we€think€as€goodÐ ˆ,€%( Ða€reason€as€any€is€the€knowledge€of€the€landowner€that€other€persons€may€be€onÏhis/her€property.€€If€the€owner€has€no€reason€to€know€that€œoutsiders€are€presentñ¤ñsomeone›€may›Ïtrespassñ¤ñ›€on€theÏproperty,€there€is€no€duty€to€make€the€property€safe.€€If,€however,€trespassersÏhabitually€use€the€property,€and€that€fact€is€known€by€the€owner,€a€different€duty€mayÏarise.€€òòSeeóó€62€œAm.Jur›.2d€òòPremises€Liabilityóó€ðð€207;€œòòRestatement€of€Torts›€2dóó€ðð€335.Ð è5à.2 Ðâ âÐ È7À04 Ðà Ø àà 0 àœñ¥ñMñ¥ññ¦ñHowever,›€as›€in›€mñ¦ñost›€œñ§ñother›€ñ§ññ¨ñ›ñ¨ñjurisdictionsñ¨ñ€haveñ¨ññ©ñ,€our›€state›€hasñ©ñ›€adopted€some€special€rules€for€trespassingÏâ âchildren.€€œ€òòSeeóó€62€Am.Jur.2d€òòPremises€Liabilityóó€ðð€208,€et€seq.€€ñªñIn€our€state,ñªññ«ñIfñ«ññ¬ñ€ifñ¬ñ›€a€childÐ èà Ðhas€been€enticed€or€lured€onto€the€premises€by€the€instrumentality€or€conditionÏcausing€the€harm€(the€attractive€nuisance€doctrine)€or€if€the€owner€knows€or€shouldÏknow€that€children€habitually€use€the€property€as€a€playground€(the€playgroundÏdoctrine),€the€owner€has€a€duty€to€exercise€reasonable€care€to€eliminate€theÏdangerous€condition€or€otherwise€to€protect€the€child€or€children.€€òòMetropolitanÐ H@  ÐGovernment€of€Nashville€v.€œCountsóó,›€541€S.W.2d€133€(Tenn.€1976).Ð (  ÐÌà Ø àà 0 àRoll€the€two€doctrines€together€and€you€have€something€approximatingÏthe€first€subsection€of€the€òòRestatement€œof›€œTorts€2dóó›€ðð€œ339.€€òòSee€MetropolitanÐ ÈÀ ÐGovernment€of€Nashville€v.€Countsóó,€541€S.W.2d€133€(Tenn.€1976);€John€Wade,€òòÐ ¨  ÐTennessee€Survey„Tortsóó,€7€Vand.€L.€Rev.€931,€967€(1954).€€The€òòRestatementóó€outlinesÐ ˆ€ Ðthe€conditions€that€must€exist€for€a€trespassing€child€to€recover€from€the€landowner.€ÏThe€first€condition€is:€›€ð ð(a)€the€place€where€the€condition€exists€is€one€upon€which€theÏpossessor€knows€or€has€reason€to€know€that€children€are€likely€to€trespass.ðð€€€So€farÏas€we€are€able€to€tell,€however,€the€Tennessee€courts€have€not€adopted€theÏòòRestatementóó€position€outright,€but€still€treat€the€œattractive€nuisance€doctrine€separateÐ è&à" Ðfrom€the€playground€doctrine.ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àThe›€plaintiffs€do€not€allege€in€this€case€that€the€defendants€knew€orÏshould€have€known€that€children€habitually€used€the€property€as€a€playground.€ÏHowever,€they€do€assert€that€facts€exist€from€which€an€inference€could€be€drawn€thatÏChristopher€was€enticed€onto€the€premises€by€the€placement€of€colorful€toys,€theÏslides,€and€the€diving€board.€€òòSee€Dupont€Rayon€Co.€v.€œRoberson›óó,€12€Tenn.€App.€261Ð 4-0 Ð(1930).Ìâ âÐ È7À04 Ðà Ø àà 0 àThe€trouble€with€this€theory€is€that€there€is€no€evidence€of€where€theÏâ âchild€entered€the€defendantsðð€property€or€what€could€be€seen€by€a€four„year„old€childÏfrom€the€sidewalk€in€front€of€the€house.€€The€father€stated€in€his€deposition€that€sinceÏthe€accident,€he€had€been€able€to€see€the€pool€area€from€a€car€on€the€street€whileÏtraveling€on€the€west€side€of€the€house.€€Even€then€he€was€not€sure€what€portion€ofÏthe€pool€he€could€see.€€He€had€never€noticed€the€pool€prior€to€the€accident.€€œA›€videoÏtape€of€a€news€broadcast€from€a€local€television€station€showed€the€colorful€objectsÏaround€the€pool,€but€there€is€no€indication€that€these€things€could€be€seen€from€theÏsidewalk.ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àThe€same€video€tape€includes€an€interview€with€a€resident€at€aÏretirement€home€to€the€rear€and€east€of€the€defendantsðð€property.€€He€recites€how€theÏchild€frequently€came€back€to€visit€him;€how€he€would€give€him€candy€and€send€himÏback€home.€€We€think€it€is€just€as€plausible€that€the€child€entered€the€defendantsððÏproperty€from€the€east,€and€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€pool€area€can€be€seen€at€allÏfrom€that€perspective.ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àIn€òòMcCormick€v.€Williamsóó,€397€P.2d€392€œ(Kan.›€1964),€the€Supreme€CourtÐ è&à" Ðof€Kansas€addressed€the€requirement€that€the€dangerous€condition€must€entice€theÏchild€onto€the€property.€€The€Court€said,€ð ðIt€is€necessary€that€the€instrumentalityÏalleged€to€be€an€attractive€nuisance€should€have€been€situated€as€to€entice€the€childÏonto€the€premises€.€.€.€It€is€not€sufficient€that€it€attract€him€after€he€has€already€becomeÏa€trespasser.ðð€€397€P.2d€at€395.€€Although€we€find€no€Tennessee€cases€usingÏlanguage€that€specific,€that€is€apparently€what€the€rule€in€Tennessee€means.€€InÏòòCooper€v.€œOverton›óó,€52€S.W.€183€(Tenn.€œ1899),›€the€œCourt›€said€that€liability€for€injuriesÐ 4-0 Ðto€trespassing€children€did€not€exist€unless€they€are€induced€to€òòenteróó€upon€the€landÐ è5à.2 Ðby€something€unusual€and€œattractively›€placed€upon€it€by€the€owner.€€òòSee€alsoÐ È7À04 ÐœBloodworth›€v.€Stuartóó,€428€œS.W.2d›€786€(Tenn.€1968);€òòPardue€v.€City€of€œSweetwater›óó,Ð ¨9 26 Ð390€S.W.2d€683€(Tenn.€App.€1965).€€We€think€the€rule€in€Tennessee€still€is€œñ­ñto›€the›€effect›€ñ­ñthat›€theÏallurement€or€enhancement€must€be€visible€from€a€place€where€the€trespassing€childÏhad€a€right€to€be;€it€is€not€enough€that€the€condition€came€into€view€after€the€childÏbecame€a€trespasser.€€There€is€no€evidence€in€this€record€to€support€an€inference€thatÏthe€child€was€lured€onto€the€defendantsðð€property€by€any€thing€in€or€about€the€pool.€ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àWe€are€also€convinced€that€the€result€would€be€the€same€if€we€were€toÏadopt€the€òòRestatementóó€position€œfully.›€€It€is€simply€too€much€to€say€that€the€defendantsððÐ (  Ðknew€or€should€have€known€that€children€were€likely€to€trespass€on€their€property.€€InÏall€the€years€since€they€built€the€pool€œthey›€œhad›€never€known€of€a€child€coming€ontoÏtheir€property€uninvited.€€œThe€street›€is€a€busy,€four„lane€street,€making€it€œhighly›Ïimprobable€that€a€œchild›€œsmall€enough€to€fail€to€appreciate€the€danger€of€a€swimmingÏpool€would€be€wandering€alone€in€the€neighborhood.›ÌÌà Ø àà 0 àWe€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€lower€court€and€remand€this€cause€to€theÏCircuit€Court€of€Davidson€County€for€any€further€proceedings€necessary.€€Tax€theÏcosts€on€appeal€to€the€appellants.ÌÌÓÓà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àà è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð àà H! àà  # à¼à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à_________________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌÌœCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌœ_____________________________›ÌWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌœ_____________________________›ÌPATRICIA€J.€œCOTTRELL›,€JUDGEÌÐ  È7À04 ÐÑÜÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼GÖ¼XXY2Ôò òà@êê.êàœñ®ñIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ Ü Ðà@™™(êàAT€NASHVILLEˆÌÌÌÌñ®ñó óñ®ñÔ‡XY2X¼¼GÖÔAARON€DANIEL€HARPER€and€wife,à  à)Ð J n ÐAMY€ELIZABETH€HARPER,€survivingà  à)Ð : ^ Ðnatural€parents€of€CHRISTOPHERà  à)Ð * N ÐDANIEL€HARPER,€deceased,à 8 àà  à)Ð > Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àPlaintiffs/Appellants,à 8 àà  à)Ð ú  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àAppeal€No.Ð ê  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è à01„A„01„9809„CV„00503Ð Úþ  ÐœVS›.à Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ð Êî  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àDavidson€CircuitÐ ºÞ  Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)à è àNo.€œ97C›„2156Ð ªÎ ÐJ.D.€ELLIOTT€and€wife,à à àà 8 àà  à)à è àà @ àà ˜ àà ð àà H! àà  # àÐ š¾ ÐANITA€R.€ELLIOTT,à à àà 8 àà  à)Ð Š® Ðà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àà  à)Ìà Ø àDefendants/Appellees.à 8 àà  à)Ð jŽ ÐÔ#†¼GÖ¼XXY25#ÔÔ€XY2X¼¼GÖÔÌÔ€¼GÖ¼XXY2Ôò òòòà@uu'êàJ€U€D€G€M€E€N€Tóóó óˆÐ Jn ÐÌÓÓÔ€XY2X¼¼GÖÔà Ø àà 0 àThis€cause€came€on€to€be€heard€upon€the€record€on€appeal€from€theÐ vš ÐCircuit€Court€of€Davidson€County,€briefs€and€argument€of€counsel;€upon€considerationÏwhereof,€this€Court€is€of€the€opinion€that€in€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€there€is€noÏreversible€error.€Ìà Ø àà 0 àIn€accordance€with€the€opinion€of€the€Court€filed€herein,€it€is,€therefore,Ïordered€and€adjudged€by€this€Court€that€the€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€ÏThe€cause€is€remanded€to€the€Circuit€Court€of€Davidson€County€for€the€execution€ofÏthe€judgment€of€that€court€and€for€the€collection€of€the€costs€accrued€below.Ìà Ø àà 0 àCosts€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€against€Aaron€Daniel€Harper€and€AmyÏElizabeth€Harper,€Principals,€and€Richard€H.€œBatson›€II,€Surety,€for€which€executionÏmay€issue€if€necessary.ÌÓÓÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 à______________________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€PRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.ÌÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 à______________________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌÌà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 à______________________________________Ìà Ø àà 0 àà ˆ àà à àà 8 àPATRICIA€J.€œCOTTRELL›,€JUDGEñ®ñ›