ÿWPCú EÒ»Åh&R–&¦×~¸œqœ€$\-4—.‘Gu.X >&^fz¼¼M‹Ù#ÎoTGÊš²™Ë¡dRIi’…µ¼ÃSµW…‚U¾%7©î³×µÓÞ»Òã¼g‚v€ iòç'ªåAT ¦2¦¯“Œ¶ „éÛ[é» ‚ŠxzY=‡>S³Î©6çÉ­gB«êÎvmÜ£Aâ—m#ÿÀ×?‡+^Zy½¡Z‚“ñ§´ÿ×^QF³%uZ<žñK^›n08³ð4Ý®®¾ \ ÝJ¾fëlÀ±úBïÿä5ŒCü¬¹½dɼ˜4—@¦g×x‰ ºC2;¡Îò¹* NãŽnÀ¿žpIUzÞEyíµ¹af{ŠÖ»£ÜöW‹W3K«³KÃÚpœÛöBG0nwð²¹ç!­*=æõ—Zë,dºœU×\bŽúœî:øŒxQ-©hL% ҌٚîY`'CÒˆƒÊñ÷œà,ÐB´.#´ œ> ¸š;3ZOž-ÐF¤Ë)Ò…Ó±ùoóXQ°Bzj5¬Ig[zßSº.ÔÛ4»g0’Š2ñ^Ï0è+YÂýa ·BJÄhÁu?… ¥;$‘%Uñ·q-ØÛ·ÍVӪʀõ*# LUNW %¥ 0³«U<^w@š4ÚîU <ý 0÷9 0D0tU:t ® U:° ° ° ê ê ê ê -ò p v v B{ AQ˜Æé 0D¯ 0Dó 0D77 D/{{ Bª D3ǘHP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX(‹7ÿ$¡¡Ò°ÒÒ„°ÒÓ  ÓÑ7€ü†XXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€Xd|XXXÔ-šBu Z‹$Arrus BT Roman U î!Ó€"Ó€,-‚.Ó€©yË&3|x7)LÀÄ  Z $Arrus BT Roman(§(3Ú~$¤¤Ý ƒ7ÿ!ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÓ  ÓÑ7€|›XXdðdð7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€X*XXXÔÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý öÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€ XªWXXXÔÔ€ õfX XªWÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ XªWX õfÔÐ  ÐÌJuly€27,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular øÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XªWXXXÔÔ€õfXXªWÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XªWXõfÔÐ  ÐÌJuly€27,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular #Ý ƒ žI$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ Xd|XXXÔÓÓÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓC.R.,€Jr.€apparently€believed€he€owned€the€Passway€Parcel€in€fee€simple€at€theÐ ° Ðtime€of€his€death. fÝ ƒ žI$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ€ Xd|XXXÔÓÓÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓReece€sold€a€small€portion€of€the€Patrick€tracts€to€his€son,€Richard€and€hisÐ ° Ðdaughter„in„law.€€It€was€upon€this€small€piece€of€land€that€the€mobile€home€wasÏplaced. lÝ ƒ žI$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡ Xj¸XXXÔÓÓÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓ€Weldonððs€brief€discusses€and€attempts€to€differentiate€the€òòò òDentonó óóó€case€byÐ ° Ðstating:Ìà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àÐ ¸ ¤¸ ¤ Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àThe€òòDentonóó€Court€acknowledges€the€rule€as€statedÐ ² Ðin€Am.€Jur.€2nd,€p.€260€Adverse€Possession,€Section€173:Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àð ðAlthough€there€is€considerable€confusion€in€the€cases€asÏwhether€there€can€be€adverse€possession€by€a€co„tenantÏwhere€he€or€his€co„tenant€or€both€are€ignorant€of€the€co„¼tenancy,€on€principle€it€would€seem€that€one€who€holdsÏsole€possession€of€premises€as€the€exclusive€owner€has€aÏpossession€which€is€adverse€to€the€whole€world,€includingÏhis€co„tenant€out€of€possession€whether€either€or€bothÏwere€ignorant€of€the€co„tenancy;€and€accordingly€in€aÏnumber€of€cases€possession€has€been€deemed€adverseÏalthough€both€parties€are€unaware€of€the€co„tenancyðð.Ï[sic]€(Cases€and€citation€thereunder€omitted).Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà ` àHowever,€Weldon€failed€to€include€the€very€next€line€from€the€òòò òDentonó óóó€caseÐ ² Ðwhich€states:€ò òð ðThis,€however,€is€not€the€rule€in€this€jurisdiction.ðð€ó ó€òòò òDentonó óóó,€627Ð ´ ÐS.W.2d€at€127.€€Appellantsðð€assertion€in€the€brief€is€misleading,€to€say€the€least.€Ð ¶  ÐCounsel€should€carefully€scrutinize€court€filings€to€avoid€such€an€occurrence. lÝ ƒ žI$ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÔ‡ Xj¸XXXÔÓÓÓ  Óà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÓÓ€Weldonððs€brief€discusses€and€attempts€to€differentiate€the€òòò òDentonó óóó€case€byÐ ° Ðstating:Ìà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àÐ ¸ ¤¸ ¤ Ðà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àThe€òòDentonóó€Court€acknowledges€the€rule€as€statedÐ ² Ðin€Am.€Jur.€2nd,€p.€260€Adverse€Possession,€Section€173:Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àð ðAlthough€there€is€considerable€confusion€in€the€cases€asÏwhether€there€can€be€adverse€possession€by€a€co„tenantÏwhere€he€or€his€co„tenant€or€both€are€ignorant€of€the€co„¼tenancy,€on€principle€it€would€seem€that€one€who€holdsÏsole€possession€of€premises€as€the€exclusive€owner€has€aÏpossession€which€is€adverse€to€the€whole€world,€includingÏhis€co„tenant€out€of€possession€whether€either€or€bothÏwere€ignorant€of€the€co„tenancy;€and€accordingly€in€aÏnumber€of€cases€possession€has€been€deemed€adverseÏalthough€both€parties€are€unaware€of€the€co„tenancyðð.Ï[sic]€(Cases€and€citation€thereunder€omitted).Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà ` àHowever,€Weldon€failed€to€include€the€very€next€line€from€the€òòò òDentonó óóó€caseÐ ² Ðwhich€states:€ò òð ðThis,€however,€is€not€the€rule€in€this€jurisdiction.ðð€ó ó€òòò òDentonó óóó,€627Ð ´ ÐS.W.2d€at€127.€€Appellantsðð€assertion€in€the€brief€is€misleading,€to€say€the€least.€Ð ¶  ÐCounsel€should€carefully€scrutinize€court€filings€to€avoid€such€an€occurrence. d!" $&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ7ÿ!ÝÒ°ÒÒ„°ÒÓ  ÓÑ7€|›XXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€X*XXXÔÝ  ÝÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€|›XXdðXXdð7Ññ,ññ"ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eô±` 8ttxP,°ð  rßñ"ññ,ññ-ññ,ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eô±` 8ttxP,°ð  rßñ,ññ-ññ.ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eô±` 8ttxP,°ð  rßñ.ñà@Ì Ì ®àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@¢¢(®àAT€NASHVILLEˆÌà ` àà ¸ à€€€€______________________________________________ÌÌò òREECE€HOWELL,€III,€Ð ° ÐRICHARD€HOWELL€andÌwife,€MITZI€S.€HOWELL,€ó óÐ ´  ÐÌà ` àPlaintiffs„Appellees,Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àLincoln€Circuit€No.€219„94ÌVs.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àC.A.€No.€01A01„9806„CV„00301Ð ¶  ÐÌò òC.€WELDON€HOWELL€andÐ ¶  Ðwife,€LILLY€L.€HOWELL,€ó óÐ ¸  ÐÌà ` àDefendants„Appellants.Ì____________________________________________________________________________ÌÌà@ö ö ®àFROM€THE€LINCOLN€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTˆÌà@© © ®àTHE€HONORABLE€LEE€RUSSELL,€JUDGEˆÌÌÌÌà@ðð!®àJohn€J.€Archer€of€NashvilleˆÌà@II(®àFor€AppelleesˆÌÌà@««®àHenry,€Henry€&€Speer,€P.C.,€of€PulaskiˆÌà@'®àFor€AppellantsˆÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@] ] ®àò òòòREVERSED€IN€PART,€AFFIRMED€IN€PART€AND€REMANDEDˆÐ º& "" ÐÌà@'®àó óóóññOpinion€filed:€ˆÐ º( $$ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àò òññññW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,Ð º1 -- Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àPREññññSIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEÌÌHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEññññó óññññÐ Ê955 ÐÌÐ Ì;77 Ðñññ ññ ññ!ñÓÓñ!ññ ñ›à ` àThis€appeal€involves€a€dispute€among€landowners€over€two€small€parcels€ofÏproperty.€€Defendants/appellants,€C.€Weldon€and€Lilly€Howell€(collectivelyÏhereinafter€ð ðWeldonðð),€appeal€the€trial€courtððs€order€partially€granting€judgment€inÏfavor€of€plaintiff/appellee,€C.€Reece€Howell,€III€(Reece).Ìà ` àThe€parties€to€this€appeal€are€closely€related€as€Reece€and€Weldon€are€nephewÏand€uncle€respectively.€€Reece€owns€approximately€seventy€(70)€acres€known€as€theÏNorth€and€South€Patrick€tracts€(Patrick€tracts)€contiguous€on€the€north€and€east€withÏWeldonððs€land€of€approximately€twenty€(20)€acres€known€as€the€UCL€tract.€€A€platÏof€the€properties€is€attached€as€an€addendum€to€this€Opinion.Ìà ` àA€brief€history€of€the€subject€land€is€warranted.€€In€1936,€C.€R.€Howell,€Sr.Ï(C.R.,€Sr.)€purchased€a€tract€of€land€of€approximately€twenty€(20)€acres€from€theÏUnion€Central€Life€Insurance€Company.€€This€property€became€known€as€the€UCLÏtract.€€That€same€year€C.R.,€Sr.€sold€the€UCL€tract€but€retained€a€strip€of€landÏapproximately€sixteen€and€one„half€(16.5)€feet€wide€and€one€thousand€feet€(1000)Ïlong€that€ran€along€the€western€border€of€the€UCL€tract.€€This€strip€of€land€becameÏknown€as€the€Passway€Parcel.€€C.R.,€Sr.€also€retained€a€small€portion€of€land€on€theÏeastern€boundary€of€the€UCL€tract€which€contained€a€spring€and€was€known€as€theÏSprings€Parcel€or€West€Waterworks€Parcel€(Springs€Parcel).€€In€1950,€C.R.,€Sr.Ïconveyed€the€Springs€Parcel€to€Norman€who€subsequently€conveyed€it€to€Farrar.Ìà ` àC.R.,€Sr.€died€a€widower€in€1958.€€His€will€directed€his€executors,€C.R.€Howell,ÏJr.€(C.R.,€Jr.)€and€Weldon,€to€sell€all€his€real€estate€and€distribute€the€proceedsÏequally€among€his€nine€children.€€At€the€time€of€his€death,€C.R.,€Sr.€owned€theÏPassway€Parcel,€yet€his€executors€failed€to€sell€it.Ìà ` àC.R.,€Jr.,€Reeceððs€father,€acquired€title€to€the€UCL€tract€and€later€sold€it€to€hisÏbrother€Don€Stanley€Howell€(Stanley),€Weldonððs€brother€and€Reeceððs€uncle,€in€1966.€ÏThe€deed€transferring€the€UCL€to€Stanley€specifically€excluded€both€the€PasswayÏParcel€and€the€Springs€Parcel.Ð °844 Ðà ` àC.R.,€Jr.€died€in€1988€leaving€all€of€his€real€property€including€the€PatrickÏtracts€and€the€Passway€Parcel€to€his€wife,€Reeceððs€mother׃×Ý ƒ##ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€€She€in€turn€conveyed€theÐ ° ÐPatrick€tracts€and€the€Passway€Parcel€to€Reece€by€quitclaim€deed€in€1989.€€€€Ìà ` àIn€1991,€Stanley€sold€the€UCL€tract€to€his€brother€Weldon.€€The€deedÏspecifically€excludes€the€Passway€Parcel€and€the€Springs€Parcel.€€In€1996,€ReeceÏpurchased€the€Springs€Parcel€from€the€record€owner€Mary€Alice€Farrar€Shideler.Ìà ` àNo€one€disputed€the€use€of€the€Passway€Parcel€until€1994.€€At€a€birthday€partyÏfor€one€of€the€older€members€of€the€family,€Reece€told€Weldon€that€he€planned€toÏput€a€mobile€home€for€his€mother€and€grandmother€on€part€of€the€Patrick€tracts.׃×Ý ƒ##ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р° ÐReece€also€told€Weldon€that€he€wanted€to€use€the€Passway€Parcel€as€it€was€the€easiestÏmeans€of€ingress€and€egress€from€the€proposed€area.€€The€parties€disputed€theÏownership€of€the€Passway€Parcel€and€discussion€took€place€over€the€use€of€the€stripÏof€land.€€Ìà ` àThe€parties€did€not€reach€an€agreement;€however,€Reece€placed€the€mobileÏhome€on€his€property€and€began€the€placement€of€a€waterline€across€the€PasswayÏParcel.€€In€retaliation,€Weldon€locked€a€gate€from€the€road€into€the€Passway€whichÏdenied€Reece€access€to€the€Patrick€tracts€by€way€of€the€Passway.€Ìà ` à€Reece,€along€with€his€son€and€daughter„in„law,€filed€suit€for€damages€and€toÏenjoin€Weldon€from€interfering€with€their€means€of€ingress€and€egress€along€theÏPassway€Parcel.€€At€this€point€both€parties€apparently€believed€that€each€owned€theÏPassway€Parcel€outright€by€express€deed.€€However,€after€checking€the€chain€of€title,ÏReece€learned€that€the€Passway€Parcel€should€have€been€sold€by€the€executors€ofÏC.R.,€Sr.€estate€in€1958.€€The€failure€of€the€executors€to€sell€the€property€made€allÏnine€children€co„tenants€in€the€property.€€The€trial€court€ordered€Reece€to€join€all€theÐ °2.. Ðother€co„tenants€in€the€suit,€but€before€he€could€do€so,€the€owners€of€the€other€seven„¼ninths€conveyed€their€interests€to€Weldon.€€Also,€Reeceððs€son€and€daughter„in„lawÏconveyed€their€interests€in€their€lot€back€to€Reece,€and€the€litigation€involved€aÏdispute€between€Reece€and€Weldon€and€his€wife.Ìà ` àSubsequently,€Reece€amended€his€complaint€to€include€a€claim€that€he€andÏWeldon€owned€the€Passway€Parcel€as€tenants€in€common.€€However,€Reece€alsoÏclaimed€that€the€Passway€Parcel€was€an€apparent,€visible,€recognized€and€necessaryÏmeans€of€access€to€the€Patrick€tracts€and€thus€he€had€an€easement€by€implication.€ÏFurther,€he€claimed€that€for€at€least€thirty€(30)€years€owners€of€the€œPatrick€tractsÏhave›€made€open,€notorious€and€actual€use€of€the€Passway€Parcel,€and€thus€aÏprescriptive€easement€existed.€€Finally,€Reece€claimed€that€Weldon€had€denied€himÏaccess€to€the€Springs€Parcel€by€erecting€a€fence.€€Reece€requested€the€court€to€orderÏWeldon€to€remove€the€locked€gate€denying€access€to€the€Passway€Parcel,€to€grant€himÏan€easement€across€the€Passway€Parcel,€and€to€enjoin€Weldon€from€trespassing€onÏthe€Springs€Parcel.Ìà ` àWeldon€answered€Reeceððs€complaint€and€filed€a€counterclaim€which€assertedÏownership€of€the€Passway€Parcel€by€adverse€possession,€asked€for€damages€in€theÏamount€of€$25,000,€and€in€the€alternative,€asked€that€if€the€easement€is€granted€byÏthe€court€that€the€easement€be€one€for€ingress€and€egress€only€and€forbidding€theÏplacement€of€a€water€line.€€In€Weldonððs€answer€to€the€amended€complaint,€a€claimÏwas€made€for€all€property€located€within€the€fenced€boundaries€of€the€UCL€tractÏincluding€the€Springs€Parcel.Ìà ` àAfter€a€trial€on€the€merits€with€testimony€of€numerous€witnesses,€the€trialÏcourt€issued€an€order€which€stated€in€pertinent€part:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 @` àà8@¸ ` ü!` ü!àòòORDERóóÐ °400 ÐÓ8!ÓÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àThis€cause€came€to€be€heard€on€the€19th€day€ofÏMarch,€1997€before€the€Honorable€Lee€Russell,€Judge,Ï17th€Judicial€District€(Part€II),€upon€the€Complaint€andÏAmended€Complaint€filed€by€the€Plaintiffs,€the€responsesÐ °955 Ðof€the€Defendants€thereto,€the€counter„claim€filed€by€theÏDefendants,€the€response€of€the€Plaintiffs€thereto,€theÏopening€statements€by€counsel€of€record,€the€testimony€ofÏwitnesses€for€all€parties€in€open€court,€the€depositionÏtestimony€of€various€witnesses,€and€upon€the€entireÏrecord€from€all€of€which€the€Court€finds€as€follows:Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àà h à*à À àà  à*à p àà È à*а ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à6.€€Each€party€now€claims€to€own€the€Passway€inÏits€entirety€by€various€theories€of€adverse€possession€orÏprescription.€€Each€side€claims€that€they€have€beenÏdamaged€by€the€other€sideððs€use€of€the€property€since€theÏdispute€began.€€Plaintiff€Reece€Howell€claims€that€theÏDefendants€owe€him€money€for€land€rental,€unrelated€toÏthe€boundary€dispute,€and€the€Defendants€counter€thatÏthey€should€be€credited€for€expenditures€for€fence€repairÏdone.€€The€Defendants€claim€that€the€Defendant€wifeððsÏlonghorn€cattle€had€horns€damaged€due€to€theirÏfrightened€reactions€to€the€Plaintiffððs€traffic€on€theÏPassway.€€The€Defendants€complain€that€the€PlaintiffsÏplaced€a€waterline€on€the€Passway,€thereby€damaging€it.€ÏThe€Plaintiffs€have€amended€their€Complaint€to€seekÏresolution€of€an€alleged€dispute€over€an€additional€smallÏparcel€on€the€boundary€between€Reece€Howellððs€propertyÏand€that€of€Weldon€Howell.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àà h à*à À àà  à*à p àà È à*а¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à10.€€The€Plaintiffs€and€the€Defendants€are€relativeÏnewcomers€to€any€claim€of€ownership€to€the€Passway,Ïtaking€their€deeds€in€1989€and€1991€respectively.€ÏHowever,€there€was€abundant€proof€at€trial€about€the€useÏof€the€Passway€during€the€ownership€of€the€partiesððÏpredecessors€in€title.€€This€trial€court€concludes€that€theÏPassway€and€the€balance€of€the€UCL€property€were€notÏseparated€by€any€fence€and€that€the€owners€of€the€UCLÏproperty€and€their€renters€generally€made€use€of€theÏPassway€for€agricultural€purposes.€€At€times€during€theÏperiod€since€1936€the€UCL€tract€was€row€cropped€and€theÏcrops€were€planted€up€to€the€fence€on€the€west€boundaryÏof€the€Passway,€so€that€the€Passway€was€at€times€croppedÏby€the€owners€or€renters€of€the€UCL€tract.€€At€otherÏtimes,€the€owners€or€renters€of€the€UCL€tract€ranÏlivestock€in€the€Passway.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à11.€€On€the€other€hand,€this€trial€court€finds€thatÏperiodically€the€Passway€was€used€as€a€means€of€access€forÏthe€owners€or€renters€of€the€Patrick€tracts€to€have€accessÏto€that€property€from€Prospect€Road.€€At€times€theÏPassway€was€not€cropped€to€the€fences€so€that€access€wasÏpossible,€and€at€times€there€appeared€to€be€a€crude€roadÏalong€the€Passway.€€The€predecessors€in€title€of€the€partiesÏhere,€and€the€renters€from€those€predecessors€in€title,Ð °955 Ðgenerally€did€not€obtain€the€permission€of€theÏpredecessors€in€title€of€the€other€parties€to€make€use€ofÐ °955 Ðthe€Passway.€€The€various€uses€of€the€Passway€apparentlyÏgenerated€no€friction,€no€adverse€claims€until€the€1990's.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à12.€€The€proof€in€the€case€will€not€support€anÏabandonment€of€the€Passway€by€C.R.€Howell,€Sr.,€or€byÏthose€who€inherited€from€him.€€The€parties€to€thisÏlitigation€and€the€other€residuary€beneficiaries€of€C.R.ÏHowell,€Sr.,€were€therefore€co„tenants€of€the€Passway.€€AsÏsuch€the€possession€of€the€Passway€would€not€be€adverseÏto€each€other€unless€one€party€communicated€to€theÏothers€an€intention€to€the€co„tenancy€of€the€other€party,Ïto€attempt€an€ouster€of€the€other€co„tenants.€.€.€.€TheÏevidence€in€the€present€case€is€devoid€of€any€suchÏexpression€of€intention€to€claim€an€adverse€interest€or€toÏaccomplish€an€ouster,€at€least€before€Reece€HowellððsÏmother€purported€to€convey€the€entire€Passway.€ÏEveryone€assumed€ownership€of€the€strip,€incorrectly€asÏit€turns€out,€but€no€one€attempted€to€exclude€anyone€elseÏfrom€exercise€of€joint€ownership.€€No€one€challengedÏanyone€elseððs€use€of€the€land€until€the€1990's.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  àà h à*à À àà  à*à p àà È à*а¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à14.€€The€Plaintiffs€claim€an€interest€in€orÏprerogatives€for€use€across€the€Passway€based€on€necessityÏor€implication.€€The€claim€is€made€that€the€Passway€is€theÏonly€practical€access€that€the€Plaintiffs€have€to€the€ð ðmesaððÏor€western€portion€of€their€property.€€Although€theÏwestern€portion€of€the€Plaintiffððs€property€is€in€fact€higherÏthan€the€rest€of€the€property€and€more€easily€accessed€byÏthe€Passway,€the€proof€at€trial€will€not€support€theÏproposition€that€the€Passway€is€the€only€practical€accessÏto€the€mesa.€€The€evidence€is€overwhelming€that€otherÏroutes€up€to€the€mesa€are€available€and€have€in€fact€beenÏused€and€are€practical€even€for€light€vehicle€traffic.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à15.€€As€to€the€Passway,€this€trial€court€finds€thatÏneither€side€has€suffered€any€damages€as€a€result€of€theÏother€co„tenants€using€the€property€in€a€mannerÏinconsistent€with€the€other€partiesðð€use€of€the€property.€ÏThe€testimony€on€the€injury€to€the€longhorn€cattle€was,Ïin€addition,€highly€speculative.€€The€rental€agreement€isÏfound€to€have€been€for€a€period€of€nine€and€a€halfÏmonths,€and€credit€is€given€to€the€Defendants€for€theÏexpense€of€the€fencing.€€As€to€the€issue€of€the€other€parcelÏof€property,€the€ð ðWest€Waterworksðð€property,€it€is€heldÏthat€parcel€as€it€appears€on€the€survey,€Exhibit€2,€belongsÏto€the€Plaintiffs.€€The€proof€in€this€case€does€not€supportÏa€claim€by€the€Defendants€to€that€property€by€adverseÏpossession€or€otherwise.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àà  à16.€€The€final€issue€is€how€to€deal€with€future€useÏof€the€passway€now€that€it€has€been€adjudicated€to€belongÏone€ninth€to€the€Plaintiffs€and€eight€ninths€to€theÐ °955 ÐDefendants.€€Arguably€the€parties€could€be€left€as€jointÏtenants€until€such€time€as€a€partition€is€sought,€but€theirÏproposed€prospective€uses€of€the€property€appear€to€theÏcourt€to€be€so€inconsistent€that€continued€co„tenancyÏwould€guarantee€future€conflict€and€litigation.€€TheÏproperty€could€not€practically€be€partitioned,€theÏPlaintiffs€have€no€practical€use€for€less€than€all€of€theÏPassway€and€the€threat€to€the€Defendantsðð€cattle€beingÏthe€same€if€the€Plaintiffs€have€use€of€any€portion€of€theÏPassway.€€The€Passway€will€therefore€be€sold€with€one„¼ninth€of€the€net€proceeds€going€to€the€Plaintiffs€and€eightÏninths€to€the€Defendants.€€If€parties€cannot€agree€to€aÏprivate€sale,€then€the€property€will€be€sold€by€the€clerk.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌÓÓà ` àWeldon€ññœññappealsññ›ññ€the€order€of€the€trial€court€and€requests€this€Court€toÏdetermine€the€following€issues€presented€in€appellantsðð€brief:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àI.€€Whether€the€defendant€Weldon€Howell€owns€theÏPassway€Parcel€by€adverse€possession.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àII.€€Whether€the€defendants€own€the€Springs€Parcel€byÏadverse€possession.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àIII.€€Whether€the€defendantsðð€counter„claim€for€damagesÏshould€have€been€sustained.€.€.€.Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌÓÓà ` àReece€also€presents€the€following€issues€in€his€brief:ÌÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!à1.€€Whether€the€plaintiff€Reece€Howell,€III,€owned€anÏeasement€for€ingress€and€egress€over€and€across€theÏpassway€parcel?Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!à2.€€Whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€ordering€a€sale€of€theÏPassway€Parcel,€although€none€of€the€parties€asked€for€aÏsale€of€the€Passway€Parcel€or€requested€relief€of€thatÏnature€or€type?Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!à3.€€Whether€the€court€erred€in€finding€that€the€plaintiffÏReece€Howell,€III,€owned€a€one„ninth€(1/9)€interest€in€theÏPassway€Parcel€instead€of€a€one„eight[h]€(1/8)€interest?Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌÓÓà ` àÔ‡Xj¸XXXj¸ÔSince€this€case€was€tried€by€the€trial€court€sitting€without€a€jury,€we€review€theÐ °.** Ðcase€ò òòòde€novoóóó ó€upon€the€record€with€a€presumption€of€correctness€of€the€findings€of€factÐ °0,, Ðby€the€trial€court.€€Unless€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€findings,€we€Ô#‡ Xj¸XX Xj¸Z?#ÔÔ‡Xj¸XXXj¸ÔmustÐ ´2.. Ðaffirm,€absent€error€of€law.€€T.R.A.P.€13(d).Ô#‡ Xj¸XX Xj¸Ê@#ÔÐ ´400 Ðà ` àWe€believe€that€a€brief€summarization€of€witness€testimony€is€helpful€inÏdetermining€the€preponderance€in€the€present€case.Ð ´844 Ðà ` àò òDanny€Sheltonó ó,€a€native€of€Lincoln€county€and€a€cattle€farmer,€worked€for€theÐ ° ÐDelap€brothers€when€they€rented€the€UCL€and€Patrick€tracts€in€the€1970's.€€He€thenÏrented€the€Patrick€tracts€himself€from€1984€to€1992.€€He€testified€by€deposition€€thatÏbeginning€in€the€early€1970's€until€the€late€1970's€he€used€the€Passway€Parcel€toÏaccess€the€Patrick€tracts€from€Prospect€Road€at€least€once€a€week.€€He€further€claimedÏthat€the€Passway€Parcel€appeared€to€be€a€field€road,€and€he€did€not€recall€it€everÏbeing€planted€over.Ìà ` àò òJerry€Delapó ó,€nephew€of€C.R.,€Jr.€and€Weldon,€testified€by€deposition€that€heÐ ´ Ðand€his€brother€rented€both€the€UCL€and€Patrick€tracts€from€Stanley€Howell€fromÏthe€early€1970's€until€the€late€1970's€and€continued€to€rent€only€the€UCL€until€1984.€ÏHe€claimed€that€the€UCL€tract€was€planted€in€cotton€all€the€way€to€the€western€fenceÏline€and€that€the€Passway€Parcel€was€also€planted€over.€€He€stated€that€he€wasÏunaware€that€a€farm€road€even€existed€on€the€UCL€until€the€late€1970's€when€he€usedÏthe€Passway€Parcel€a€few€times€to€access€the€Patrick€tracts€in€order€to€remove€hay.Ìà ` àò òJames€V.€Beyeró ó,€a€ññœññprofessionalññ›ññ€land€surveyor,€testified€that€he€prepared€aÐ ¸  Ðsurvey€of€the€UCL€and€Patrick€tracts€for€Reece.€€He€also€testified€that€in€1977€heÏused€the€Passway€Parcel€to€access€and€survey€the€property€to€the€west€of€the€UCLÏand€Patrick€tracts.€€He€stated€that€it€appeared€to€be€a€farm€road,€and€that€during€theÏfew€days€he€used€the€Passway€he€saw€other€people€using€it€to€access€the€PatrickÏtracts.€€€As€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€Beyer€testified€that€he€surveyed€it€prior€to€trial€andÏobserved€an€old€fence€that€had€grown€into€the€trunk€of€several€trees€bisecting€theÏparcel.€€He€observed€that€part€of€the€fence€was€rebuilt€with€newer€wire€and€posts.Ìà ` àò òReece€Howell,€IIIó ó,€the€plaintiff€in€this€action,€testified€that€he€was€56€yearsÐ ¼0 ,, Ðold€and€had€lived€near€the€disputed€property€for€40€years€before€moving.€€He€testifiedÏthat€when€he€was€younger€he€used€the€Passway€Parcel€as€an€access€to€the€PatrickÏtracts€for€farming€and€hunting.€€He€stated€that€for€as€long€as€he€could€remember€aÏculvert€had€existed€allowing€access€to€the€Passway€Parcel€from€Prospect€Road,€andÐ À844 Ða€gate€had€existed€on€the€northern€boundary€of€the€Passway€leading€into€the€PatrickÏtracts.€€His€earliest€recollection€of€using€the€Passway€Parcel€was€approximately€ageÏ10€to€12€or€the€mid€1940s.Ìà ` àReece€testified€that€he€had€always€been€told€that€his€father€owned€the€PasswayÏParcel,€and€that€he€believed€his€mother€had€the€power€to€transfer€title€to€the€PasswayÏfollowing€his€fatherððs€death.€€At€a€birthday€party€for€one€of€the€older€family€members,ÏReece€approached€Weldon€and€told€him€that€he€planned€to€place€a€home€on€a€partÏof€the€Patrick€tracts€that€he€had€sold€to€his€son€Richard,€and€that€he€wanted€to€runÏa€waterline€along€the€Passway€Parcel.€€Weldon€objected€and€locked€the€gate€allowingÏaccess€from€Prospect€Road€to€the€Passway.€€Reece€then€spent€$1977.00€fixingÏanother€access€road€to€the€Patrick€tracts€to€make€it€passable.€€Reece€knew€that€DannyÏShelton,€the€Delap€brothers€and€land€surveyors,€John€White€and€Beyer€ññœññhad€usedññ›ññ€theÏPassway€Parcel€at€different€times.€€He€denied€telling€Weldon€that€he€wanted€toÏpurchase€a€16.5€foot€strip€of€land€on€the€west€side€of€the€UCL€during€a€conversationÏin€1994.Ìà ` àAs€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€Reece€testified€in€pertinent€part€that€a€hydraulic€ram€Ïwas€located€there€that€supplied€water€to€the€Patrick€tracts.€€He€stated€that€his€father,ÏC.R.,€Jr.,€maintained€the€€hydraulic€ram€for€many€years€before€he€died.€€The€SpringsÏParcel€was€used€to€water€cattle€by€people€on€both€the€ññœññUCLññ›ññ€and€Patrick€tracts€and€heÏnever€noticed€a€permanent€fence€in€place.€€Ìà ` àò òJeanette€Howelló ó€testified€that€the€access€road€leading€to€the€section€of€theÐ °,(( ÐPatrick€tract€was€difficult€to€travel.Ìà ` àò òGordon€Sheltonó ó,€age€78,€testified€that€he€had€lived€in€Lincoln€County€nearÐ ´0,, Ðthe€property€in€question€all€his€life.€€He€had€bushhogged€the€Patrick€tracts€for€C.R.,ÏJr.€for€14€or€15€years€beginning€in€1982€and€when€bushhogging€would€use€theÏPassway€Parcel.€€He€even€bushhogged€the€Passway€Parcel€approximately€1€to€3€timesÏper€year€at€C.R.,€Jr.ððs€request.€€He€knew€that€Danny€Shelton€used€the€Passway€ParcelÐ ¸844 Ðto€access€the€Patrick€tracts€when€tending€to€cattle.Ìà ` àò òRichard€Howelló ó,€son€of€Reece,€testified€that€he€was€an€original€plaintiff€to€thisÐ ° Ðcase€in€that€he€purchased€a€parcel€of€land€located€on€the€Patrick€tracts€from€his€fatherÏbut€later€resold€the€parcel€to€Reece.€€The€parcel€he€purchased€from€Reece€wasÏoriginally€to€be€the€location€of€a€house€for€his€mother€and€grandmother,€and€theÏdiscussion€of€this€sale€and€the€subsequent€plans€precipitated€the€confrontation€in€thisÏcase.€€He€has€used€the€Passway€Parcel€to€access€the€Patrick€tracts€from€the€time€heÏwas€7€years€old€until€the€present€(he€is€now€27).Ìà ` àò òRandy€Delapó ó,€nephew€to€Stanley€and€Weldon,€testified€that€he€rented€andÐ ´ Ðworked€cotton€in€the€UCL€tract€and€cattle€in€the€Patrick€tracts€during€the€1970's.€ÏHe€initially€accessed€the€Patrick€tracts€from€a€dirt€road€on€the€east€side€of€theÏproperty.€€However,€in€the€mid„1970's€he€began€to€use€the€Passway€Parcel€to€bringÏhay€bales€ññœññfrom€theññ›ññ€Patrick€tracts.€€He€did€not€remember€anyone€else€using€theÏPassway.€€He€stated€that€he€and€his€brother€farmed€the€UCL€tract€from€fence€row€toÏfence€row€and€over€the€Passway,€and€there€was€no€evidence€of€a€road€before€theyÏbegan€to€exit€the€Patrick€tracts€when€they€removed€hay.Ìà ` àò òThomas€Simmonsó ó,€a€lifelong€resident€of€Lincoln€County,€testified€that€heÐ ¸$  Ðrented€part€of€the€Patrick€tracts€for€approximately€10€years€beginning€in€1978.€€HeÏaccessed€the€property€by€a€farm€road€off€Liberty€Road€from€the€east.€€This€farm€roadÏprovided€good€access€to€the€Patrick€tracts,€and€he€did€not€have€any€problems€gettingÏaround€the€property.€€In€the€early€ññœññ1980s,ññ›ññ€he€began€to€use€the€gate€at€the€northwestÏcorner€of€the€UCL€tract€to€access€the€Passway€Parcel€about€4€or€5€times€a€year.Ìà ` àAs€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€Simmons€testified€that€there€was€an€old€fence€thatÏdivided€the€parcel,€but€that€it€was€down€in€a€few€places€and€the€cattle€could€freelyÏmove€from€the€Patrick€tracts€to€the€spring.Ìà ` àò òWilliam€Simmsó ó€testified€that€he€delivered€hay€to€Weldon€along€the€westernÐ ¼6 22 Ðboundary€of€the€UCL€tract€approximately€5€times€in€1995€and€at€that€time€there€wasÐ À844 Ðno€visible€evidence€of€a€farm€road.Ìà ` àò òDon€Stanley€Howelló ó,€brother€of€Weldon€and€uncle€of€Reece,€testified€that€heÐ ° Ðowned€the€UCL€tract€from€1966€to€1991€when€he€sold€the€property€to€Weldon.€€HeÏhad€examined€the€property€recently,€and€the€fences€that€are€there€now€are€in€theÏsame€location€that€they€were€when€he€was€a€child€in€the€1930s€and€40s.€€When€heÏpurchased€the€property€in€1966,€he€understood€that€he€had€purchased€the€land€fromÏð ðfence€to€fenceðð€and€that€is€ññœññwhat€heññ›ññññññ€thought€he€sold€to€Weldon.€€He€did€not€thinkÏthat€any€right€of€ways€existed€through€the€UCL.€€He€gave€permission€to€C.R.,€Jr.€toÏuse€the€Passway€Parcel.€€He€did€not€remember€a€gate€at€the€boundary€of€the€PasswayÏParcel€and€the€Patrick€tracts€during€his€youth.€€While€he€owned€the€UCL€tract,€cropsÏsuch€as€cotton,€soy,€and€corn€were€sowed€and€grown€on€the€entire€tract€from€fenceÏto€fence€and€the€Passway€Parcel€was€planted€over.€€€€€€Ìà ` àAs€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€he€testified€that€he€had€recently€examined€the€fenceÏsplitting€the€Springs€Parcel,€and€it€was€in€the€same€location€as€when€he€was€a€child.€ÏHe€described€the€fence€as€old€and€that€it€had€grown€into€the€trees€that€grew€along€it.Ìà ` àOn€cross€examination,€Stanley€testified€that€was€in€the€military€from€1950€toÏ1970€and€then€retired€to€Tampa,€Florida€until€1985.€€He€did€not€observe€the€UCLÏon€a€frequent€basis€and€rented€the€land€to€others.€€In€1993,€he€moved€back€to€HowellÏHill€after€selling€the€UCL€to€Weldon.Ìà ` àò òWeldon€Howelló ó,€Defendant/€Appellant,€testified€that€he€was€born€in€1921Ð ´*&& Ðand€had€lived€his€entire€life€in€the€general€area€around€the€contested€land.€€He€statedÏthe€fences€on€the€UCL€are€in€the€same€position€as€they€were€when€he€was€a€child.€ÏHe€described€the€fence€through€the€Springs€Parcel€as€very€old€and€in€the€sameÏposition€as€he€remembered€from€the€age€of€15€or€16.Ìà ` àHe€testified€that€the€only€person€to€ask€his€permission€to€use€the€PasswayÏParcel€was€his€nephew,€Lanny€Howell,€who€used€it€to€access€someone€elseððs€propertyÏwhen€deer€hunting.€€He€claimed€that€Reece€offered€to€buy€a€strip€of€land€across€theÐ ¸844 ÐUCL€so€that€he€could€access€the€Patrick€tracts€from€Prospect€Road.€€He€refused€toÏsell€but€later€he€found€that€Reece€had€dug€a€trench€for€a€water€line.€€Ìà ` àAs€to€Reeceððs€request€for€damages€for€failure€to€pay€rent€on€the€Patrick€tracts,ÏWeldon€testified€that€he€repaired€the€fence€bordering€the€partiesðð€property€after€anÏice€storm€and€credited€his€costs€to€the€rent€owed€Reece.€€He€hired€two€men€thatÏworked€for€three€days€clearing€fallen€trees€and€limbs€from€the€fence.€€Weldon€saidÏthat€his€expenses€amount€to€$746.00€which€he€deducted€from€the€rent€he€owed.€€TheÏexpenses€included€paying€the€hands,€use€of€chain€saws,€new€wire€for€the€fence,€andÏnew€fence€posts.Ìà ` àò òGary€Francis€Howelló ó,€nephew€of€Weldon,€testified€that€he€has€lived€all€51€ofÐ ° Ðhis€years€around€the€land€in€question.€€He€said€there€was€never€any€evidence€of€aÏfarm€road€on€the€UCL,€and€he€never€noticed€anyone€traversing€the€western€boundaryÏof€the€UCL€where€the€Passway€was€located.€€He€stated€that€he€had€heard€of€an€oldÏdeed€that€called€for€a€means€of€ingress€and€egress€to€the€Patrick€tracts€but€was€notÏsure€where€it€was€supposed€to€be€located.€€As€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€he€testified€thatÏthe€fence€bisecting€this€tract€was€in€the€same€location€that€he€remember€as€a€child.Ìà ` àò òArden€Smith€Humphreyó ó,€niece€of€Weldon,€testified€that€she€grew€up€in€theÐ ´$  Ðarea€adjacent€to€the€tracts€in€question€and€never€saw€any€evidence€of€a€farm€road€onÏthe€western€boundary€of€the€UCL.€She€stated€that€she€had€overheard€a€conversationÏbetween€Weldon€and€Reece,€where€Reece€wanted€to€purchase€a€tract€of€the€UCL.€€ÏAs€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€she€had€not€seen€the€tract€in€approximately€25€years€butÏremembered€a€fence€running€through€the€center€of€the€tract€which€she€indicated€onÏthe€diagram€of€the€properties.€€Ìà ` àò òMaude€Smithó ó,€sister€of€Weldon,€testified€that€she€lived€adjacent€and€betweenÐ ¸2.. Ðthe€two€tracts€in€question€since€1961.€€She€noticed€only€a€few€people€using€theÏPassway€Parcel,€and€it€did€not€look€like€a€roadway.€€The€ones€using€the€Passway€wereÏmostly€those€that€ññœññbrought€farmññ›ññññññ€equipment€in€or€out.€€Further,€the€UCL€was€plantedÐ ¼8 44 Ðfrom€fence€to€fence,€but€she€was€not€sure€whether€the€Passway€was€planted€over€orÏnot.Ìà ` àAs€to€the€Springs€Parcel,€she€testified€that€she€had€seen€the€fence€bisecting€theÏparcel€recently,€and€that€it€was€in€the€same€place€that€she€had€always€remembered.€ÏAs€to€the€damage€to€the€long€horn€cattle,€she€testified€that€the€cattle€would€run€awayÏwhen€the€cars€would€use€the€Passway.Ìà ` àò òLanny€Howelló ó,€nephew€of€Weldon,€testified€that€in€1994€he€used€the€PasswayÐ °  ÐParcel€as€a€means€to€access€someone€elseððs€property,€but€that€he€first€asked€WeldonððsÏpermission.€€At€the€time€there€was€not€a€visible€road€on€the€UCL,€and€he€did€notÏknow€of€anyone€else€accessing€the€Patrick€tracts€through€the€UCL.€€As€to€the€SpringsÏParcel,€he€testified€that€he€helped€C.R.,€Jr.€ññœññworkññ›ññññññ€on€the€ð ðramðð€in€the€1970s,€and€theÏfence€is€still€located€in€the€same€place.Ìà ` àò òLilly€Logan€Howelló ó,€wife€of€Weldon,€testified€that€Reece€commented€to€herÐ ´ Ðthat€he€wanted€to€ññœññbuy€aññ›ññññññ€strip€of€land€on€the€western€boundary€of€the€UCL.€€As€to€theÏdamages,€she€stated€that€she€raised€12€head€of€Texas€long€horn€cattle€on€the€UCL€forÏshow€which€were€spooked€by€the€laying€of€the€waterline€and€the€increased€traffic€onÏthe€Passway€Parcel.€€ññœññThreeññ›ññññññ€of€the€cows€had€broken€horns€during€this€time.€€One€cowÏwas€worth€at€least€$4000€before€the€broken€horn€but€only€$200€after;€another€wasÏworth€$2200€but€only€$150€after€the€broken€horn;€and€finally€one€was€worth€$4000Ïbut€worth€nothing€after€the€broken€horn.€€Also,€the€cows€also€lost€weight,€and€theyÏwere€forced€to€purchase€more€grain€and€hay€for€6€months€at€a€cost€of€$3000.Ìà ` àOn€cross€examination,€Lilly€testified€that€she€did€not€see€any€of€the€cowsÏdamage€their€horns€and€does€not€know€how€the€injuries€occurred.Ìà ` àIn€his€first€issue€Weldon€contends€that€he€has€obtained€sole€legal€title€to€theÏPassway€Parcel€by€adverse€possession.€€The€trial€court€ruled,€and€we€agree,€that€whenÏC.R.,€Sr.€died€in€1958,€and€the€Passway€Parcel€was€not€sold€as€required€by€his€will,Ïall€of€C.R.,€Sr.ððs€children€became€owners€as€tenants€in€common.€€Ordinarily,€a€tenantÐ ¸844 Ðin€common€is€presumed€to€hold€on€behalf€of€himself€and€all€other€co„tenants,€andÏtherefore€the€possession€of€one€tenant€in€common€is€not€ordinarily€held€to€be€hostileÏto€the€co„tenants.€€òòò òMoor€v.€Coleó óóó,€200€Tenn.€43,€289€S.W.2d€695€(1956).€€Ð ° Ðà ` àThis€Court€stated€ññœññtheññ›ññññññ€general€rule€as€to€adverse€possession€by€co„tenants€inÏòòò òValley€v.€Lambuthó óóó,€1€Tenn.€App.€ññœññ547,€566ññ›ññññññ€(1925):Ð ´  ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àThe€rule€seems€to€be€that€the€holding€of€a€co-tenant,Ïopenly,€notoriously,€exclusively,€and€exercising€all€rightsÏof€ownership,€by€cultivating€the€land,€collecting€the€rents,Ïenclosing€the€land,€making€improvements,€selling€timber,Ïpaying€the€taxes,€for€a€long€number€of€years,€at€leastÏcovering€the€period€required€by€statute€of€seven€years,€orÏby€prescription€of€twenty€years,€with€the€full€knowledgeÏof€the€co-tenants,€and€no€settlements€made€or€requestedÏfor€rents€and€profits,€the€co-tenants€not€being€under€anyÏlegal€disability,€and€with€full€notice€and€knowledge€uponÏthe€part€of€the€co-tenants€of€such€adverse€holding€andÏclaim€by€the€tenant€in€possession,€would€constitute€anÏactual€ouster.€€Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌÓÓà ` à€Weldon€argues€that€he€and€his€predecessorððs€in€title€held€the€Passway€ParcelÏopenly€and€exclusively€against€all€the€other€tenants€in€common€and€have€thereforeÏousted€Reece.€€We€believe,€however,€that€the€case€of€òòò òDenton€v.€Dentonó óóó,€627€S.W.2dÐ ¸  Ð124€(Tenn.€App.€1981)€is€on€point€and€controlling€as€to€this€issue.ññœññññ׃×ññññ׃×ññÝ ƒ##ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ññ›ññ€€In€theÐ ¼"  Ðaforementioned€case,€Mr.€O.D.€Denton€died€intestate€in€1944€survived€by€14Ïchildren€and€a€widow€and€leaving€a€53€acre€farm.€€In€1960,€Arthur€Denton,€one€ofÏO.D.ððs€sons,€purchased€the€farm€at€a€tax€sale€and€lived€and€worked€ññœññthere€untilññ›ññ€1979Ïwhen€other€heirs€of€O.D.€filed€suit€alleging€they€were€co„tenants€to€the€farm.Ìà ` àThe€trial€court€ruled€that€Arthur€had€purchased€the€farm€at€the€tax€sale€for€theÏbenefit€of€the€co„tenants€but€held€that€he€had€ousted€the€co„tenants€and€become€theÏsole€owner€of€the€property€by€adverse€possession.€€ññœññOn€appeal,€theññ›ññ€Court€ññœññbeganññ›ññ€byÏstating€that€adverse€possession€ññœññby€a€co„tenantññ›ññ€was€ññœññpossible,€but€that€thisññ›ññ€case€dealsÏññœññspecifically€withññ›ññ€ð ðthe€single€issue€of€what€are€the€rights€of€the€respective€parties€whereÏone€co„tenant€holds€possession€and€both€he€and€the€other€co„tenants€are€ignorant€ofÏthe€existence€of€the€co„tenancy.ðð€òòò ò€Dentonó óóó,€627€S.W.2d€at€127.Ð ° Ðà ` àThe€òòò òDentonó óóó€Court€held€that€where€all€co„tenants€are€ignorant€of€the€co„Ð ´ Ðtenancy€none€can€be€ousted,€and€the€property€cannot€be€adversely€possessed.€€TheÐ ¸ Ðòòò òDentonó óóó€Court€stated€in€pertinent€part:€Ð ¸ ÐÓÓà8 ` àà8¸ ` ü!` ü!àThe€leading€case€in€this€jurisdiction€on€this€issue€is€òòò òHydasÐ ¼  Ðv.€Johnsonó óóó,€28€Tenn.€App.€126,€187€S.W.2d€534€(1944).€Ð ¾! ÐIn€that€case€J.€D.€Hensley€and€wife,€Mary,€purchased€aÏpiece€of€property€in€1917.€€Under€the€law€as€it€existed€atÏthat€time,€each€acquired€a€one-half€undivided€interest€inÏthe€property.€€J.€D.€Hensley€died€intestate€in€1921Ïsurvived€by€his€wife€and€children.€€The€widow€and€WillieÏHensley€continued€to€occupy€the€property€until€the€deathÏof€Mary€Hensley€in€1929.€€Mary€Hensley€left€a€willÏwilling€the€property€to€Willie€Hensley.€€At€that€pointÏWillie€owned€one-half€of€the€property€by€virtue€of€hisÏmother's€will€and€in€the€other€half€he€owned€an€equalÏshare€with€the€other€children.€€Willie€continued€to€live€onÏthe€property,€farming€it€part€time€and€renting€it€out€partÏtime.€€All€of€the€parties€were€of€the€opinion€that€the€deedÏof€1917€created€an€estate€by€the€entireties€and€Mary's€willÏgave€Willie€title€to€the€entire€property.€€In€a€suit€forÏpartition€the€chancellor€held€that€Willie's€holding€of€theÏproperty€was€not€adverse€to€the€other€heirs.€€The€court€ofÏappeals,€in€sustaining€the€chancellor,€said€at€535:Ð ¸ ¤¸ ¤ ÐÌà ` àà8 ¸ àà8¸ ü!¸ ü!àññœññð ðInññ›ññ€this€case,€as€in€òòò òDrewery€v.€Nelmsó óóó€(132€Tenn.Ð À511 Ð254,€177€S.W.€946)€the€defendant€merelyÐ Â622 Ðoccupied€the€property,€appropriating€the€rents,€andÏsold€a€small€amount€of€timber€valued€at€$12Ïwithout€any€question€arising€as€to€his€ownership.€ÏDoes€the€circumstance€that€the€parties€mistakenlyÏthought€he€owned€the€entire€property€by€virtue€ofÏthe€will€of€his€mother€afford€a€distinction€betweenÏthat€case€and€this?€€We€think€not.€€There€was€noÏnotice€to€complainants€of€a€hostile€possession€byÏdefendant€to€arouse€them€to€active€investigationÏand€assertion€of€their€rights€and€it€is€this€which€theÏlaw€requires€before€the€cotenant's€presumptivelyÏfriendly€possession€can€be€converted€into€one€of€aÏhostile€character.€€Defendant€has€not€shown€thatÏhe€has€been€injured€by€complainants'€failure€toÏassert€their€rights.€€On€the€contrary,€he€has€had€theÏfull€use€of€the€property€and,€under€the€Chancellor'sÏdecree,€he€has€been€exonerated€of€any€liability€toÏaccount€for€rents€and€profits€during€his€occupancy.€ÏUnder€the€circumstances,€we€do€not€see€that€thereÏhas€been€any€conscious€acquiescence€on€the€part€ofÏcomplainants€and€are€of€opinion€the€ChancellorÏwas€correct€in€not€dismissing€the€bill€because€ofÏlaches€based€wholly€upon€the€lapse€of€time."Ð ¤¤ ÐÌÓÓ€òòò òDentonó óóó,€627€S.W.2d€at€ññœññ127,€128.ññ›ññÐ ° Ðà ` àThe€issue€presented€and€decided€by€the€òòò òDenton€ó óóóCourt€is€precisely€the€issue€inÐ ´ Ðthe€case€before€this€Court:€whether€parties€ignorant€of€ññœññthe€factññ›ññ€that€they€are€co„¼tenants€may€oust€one€another€and€adversely€possess€property.€€The€òòò òDentonó óóó€ññœññcourtññ›ññÐ ¸" Ðfound€that€they€may€not,€and€we€agree.€€Ìà ` àFurther€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€that€Reece€and€his€predecessors€in€titleÏwere€never€ousted€from€the€Passway€Parcel,€and€in€fact,€used€the€strip€as€ingress€andÏegress€from€the€Patrick€tracts.€€The€testimony€at€trial€does€not€preponderate€againstÏthe€ññœññtrial€courtððs€holding,ññ›ññ€and€we€agree€ññœññthatññ›ññ€under€the€facts€there€was€no€ouster€byÏWeldon€of€his€co„tenants,€and,€therefore,€Weldon€did€not€hold€the€Passway€ParcelÏadversely€to€them.€€òòò òMoore€v.€Coleó óóó,€200€Tenn.€43,€289€S.W.2d€695€(1956);€òòò òHallmarkÐ ¼0 ,, Ðv.€Tidwelló óóó,€849€S.W.2d€787€(Tenn.€App.€1992).Ð À2.. Ðà ` àWe€now€turn€to€Weldonððs€second€contention€that€he€and€his€predecessors€inÏtitle€have€adversely€possessed€a€portion€of€the€Springs€Parcel.€€As€stated€earlier,€theÏSprings€Parcel€is€a€small€tract€of€land€located€partially€within€the€fenced€boundaryÐ Ä844 Ðof€the€UCL€tract€and€partially€within€the€Patrick€tracts.€€It€was€specifically€excludedÏfrom€the€deed€to€the€UCL€tract€in€1936ò ò€ó óalong€with€the€Passway€Parcel.€€However,Ð ° Ðññœññthe€Springs€Parcel€wasññ›ññ€sold€byò ò€ó óC.R.,€Sr.€in€ññœññ1950€to€third€persons.€€Reece€obtained€theÐ ´ ÐSprings€Parcel€from€the€third€persons€and€recorded€the€deed€in€1996.€€Reece€is€notÏa€tenant€in€common€with€Weldon€in€this€tract.Ìà ` àWeldon€claims€that€the€small€portion€of€approximately€seven„tenths€(.7)€of€anÏacre€located€within€the€fenced€boundary€of€the€UCL€has€been€used€continuously€andÏopenly€by€owners€of€the€UCL€for€over€twenty€(20)€years.€€The€testimony€at€trialÏsupports€this€contention.€€We€note€that€although€this€issue€was€not€presented€inÏeither€Weldonððs€answer€or€counterclaim,€it€was€tried€and€determined€at€the€trial€levelÏwithout€objection€by€Reece,€and€the€pleadings€are€considered€amended€accordingly.Ìà ` àð ðTo€establish€title€by€adverse€possession,€there€must€be€an€occupation€of€theÏproperty€under€a€claim€of€right€or€title€which€is€open,€actual,€continuous,€exclusive,Ïadverse€and€notorious€for€the€prescriptive€period€of€20€years.ðð€€òòò òCatlett€v.€Whaleyó óóó,Ð ¸ Ð731€S.W.2d€544,€546€(Tenn.€App.€1987).€€See€also€òòò òCoal€&€Iron€Co.€v.€Coppingeró óóó,Ð ¼  Ð95€Tenn.€(Pickle€11)€526,€529„30€(1895);€òòò òTidwell€v.€Van€Deventeró óóó,€686€S.W.2d€899Ð À" Ð(Tenn.€App.€1984).€€Ìà ` àSeveral€witnesses€testified€that€the€fence€bisecting€the€Springs€Parcel€hadÏgrown€into€the€trees€bordering€it.€€Others€testified€that€the€fence€was€in€the€sameÏlocation€that€it€had€been€in€since€the€1930s€and€40s.€€The€evidence€established€thatÏWeldon€has€been€in€open,€public,€hostile€and€adverse€possession€of€the€land€inÏquestion€for€more€than€20€years€without€challenge€by€the€legal€owners€and€acquiredÏtitle€by€adverse€possession€to€the€fenced„in€area€of€the€Springs€Parcel.€€The€evidenceÏpresented€at€trial€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€finding€on€this€issue,€andÏWeldon€has€acquired€a€fee€simple€absolute€title€to€the€land€so€occupied.€€Ìà ` àWeldon€next€contends€that€his€counter€claim€for€damages€to€the€cattle€shouldÏhave€been€granted.€€We€must€first€note€that€Weldon€did€not€request€damages€to€theÐ Ä844 Ðcattle€in€his€counter€claim;€however,€the€issue€was€tried€by€the€lower€court,€ReeceÏraised€no€objection,€and€thus€the€issue€is€deemed€tried€by€consent.€€Ìà ` àThe€trial€court€found€that€the€proof€presented€was€too€speculative€to€awardÌdamages.€€We€agree.€€Lilly€Howell€testified€as€to€the€damages€that€the€cattle€suffered,Ïbut€she€did€not€see€the€injuries€occur€and€could€only€speculate€that€traffic€across€theÏPassway€Parcel€was€the€cause.€€There€seems€to€be€ample€evidence€to€support€the€trialÏcourtððs€finding€on€this€issue.Ìà ` àWe€now€turn€to€Reeceððs€first€issue€asserting€that€he€holds€an€easement€byÏimplication€for€egress€and€ingress€over€the€Passway€Parcel.€€The€trial€court€ruled€thatÏno€easement€existed,€and€the€evidence€supports€this€holding.€€Reece€and€WeldonÏhold€the€tract€as€tenants€in€common.€€In€a€co„tenancy,€the€possession€of€one€is€theÏpossession€of€all,€and€the€possession,€as€well€of€each€part€as€of€the€whole,€is€in€eachÏtenant.€€òòò òCunningham€v.€Robersonððs€Lesseeó óóó,€31€Tenn.€(1€Swann)€138€(1851);€òòò òKing€v.Ð ° ÐRowanó óóó,€57€Tenn.€(10€Heisk.)€675€(1873).€€ð ðEach€has€the€same€right€to€theÐ ´ Ðpossession,€and€the€title€of€each€extends€to€the€whole.ðð€€8€Tenn.€Jur.€òòò òCotenancyó óóó€ðð€6Ð ¸  Ð(1992).€€Any€tenant€in€common€has€the€right€to€enter€upon€the€common€estate€andÏtake€possession€of€the€whole€thereof€subject€only€to€the€equal€right€of€other€co„¼tenant,€whose€possession€may€not€be€interfered€with.€€òòò òGarland€v.€Holston€Oil€Co.ó óóó,Ð ¼& "" Ð53€Tenn.€App.€703,€386€S.W.2d€914€(1964).Ìà ` àAs€a€co„tenant,€Reece€has€the€right€to€use€the€land€as€he€wishes€as€long€as€hisÏuse€does€not€interfere€with€Weldonððs€use,€and€thus€he€has€no€need€for€an€easementÏof€any€kind.€€Weldon€argues€that€the€trial€court€should€have€ordered€the€waterlineÏplaced€by€Reece€on€the€Passway€Parcel€removed.€€Reece,€as€co„tenant,€has€the€rightÏto€use€the€tract,€and€there€has€been€no€showing€that€such€use€interferes€withÏWeldonððs€use€of€the€Passway€Parcel.€Ìà ` àReece€next€raises€the€issue€whether€the€trial€court€exceeded€its€power€inÏordering€the€sale€of€the€Passway€Parcel.€€However,€Reece€does€not€discuss€this€issueÐ À844 Ðin€his€brief.€€Thus,€we€deem€this€issue€waived€and€will€not€consider€it.€€ò òòòState€ex€relÐ ° ÐDept.€of€Transp.€v.€Harvey,€ó óóó680€S.W.2d€792,€795€(Tenn.€App.€1984).Ð ´ Ðà ` àReeceððs€final€issue€asserts€that€he€owns€a€one„eighth€(1/8)€interest€in€theÏPassway€Parcel€instead€of€the€one„ninth€(1/9)€interest€found€by€the€trial€court.€€ItÏappears€that€the€parties€to€this€suit€as€well€as€the€trial€judge€failed€to€realize€that€onlyÏeight€of€the€original€nine€children€of€C.R.,€Sr.€were€still€living€at€the€time€of€trial.€€InÏ1971,€Lon€Howell,€son€of€C.R.,€Sr.,€died€intestate€and€survived€only€by€his€wife.€ò ò€ó óTheÐ ¸  Ðrecord€is€unclear€as€to€the€percentage€of€ownership.€€Therefore,€this€issue€is€to€beÏññreturned€ññññsentÏññññback€ññto€the€trial€court€in€order€to€hold€a€hearing€on€this€matter€and€determineÏthe€correct€ownership€percentages€in€light€of€the€new€information.Ìà ` àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€that€title€to€the€Springs€Parcel€is€vested€inÏœññplaintiffññsññññññappelleesññ›€is€reversed,€and€title€to€said€parcel€west€of€the€existing€fence€is€vested€inÏœññdefendantññsññññññappellantsññ.›€€œThe€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€such€other€proceedings€as€areÏnecessary€including€a€determinationññ€ññññof€the€correct€percentage€of€ownership€of€theÏPassway€Parcel.ññ€The›€judgment€is€affirmed€in€all€other€œrespectsññ€ññññ›ññññ.€€ññññ›ññññsubject›€to€the€trialÏcourtððs€determinationÏon€record›€›€ññCosts›€of€the€appealÏare€assessed€one€half€to€appellant€and€one€half€to€appellee.ÌÓÓÔ‡Xj¸XXXj¸Ôà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_________________________________Ð ¼$  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àò òW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€Ð ¼% !! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ó óÔ#‡ Xj¸XX Xj¸“¬#ÔÐ ¾&"" ÐÌò òCONCUR:ó óÐ À($$ ÐÌò òÔ‡Xj¸XXXj¸Ô____________________________________Ð Â*&& ÐALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEó óÔ#‡ Xj¸XX Xj¸†®#ÔÐ Ä+'' ÐÌò òÔ‡Xj¸XXXj¸Ô____________________________________Ð Æ-)) ÐHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEó óÔ#‡ Xj¸XX Xj¸3¯#ԜԆÿÿÔÔ†ÿÿÔÔ  ÔÔ  Ôñ ñ