’WPCŌ ŹķϼĖ(›ša‡t4„įØ‡¹ÕŒöųĢ›·ćģ’‡tL„XāŃA ĖńĘŲ–…"EO©Vę–FķˆüƒÕ×KEą*ØBßĶ\BąšĀ("= #£t¶ń/ŻPSž*č·ČÓšŽĪ«£E­‚V!"Čd§ÕŚ~TÆ#U†QĘ8Ś>ŠōbēĶÖŪęčH¾ę8TÉcĒ 6L…ŖÜMÖ±H‘PV«j¾f½‚r|ŗńsc× ĶŽŽa’ĻŅī_ٮٌma棠$Q=„¬Ļ!ģżū3׌®p(©äO-ĄN‡±ĘŲü]6ó\ä½łäŽ`ČtŇc–ŒgÄĶŚÖҚŅéw(M%č?šCģåō{IņVMMBŠłXģō@UI.Ø” ‡šāčʵ+†_iƒAœ5u±¾ViŠ‚^)7õxžŽYÅĒ1(x!oūnv<ƒÆ ƤĀéŚÓ Ż$/EĪ]ĘŅTĆD5UEW‹0¦,zéz„×q,“+̌ƒŽ‚W5ĄŠĢF-ųM1ńqZˆ=\ōŸQXu”&Ø%rxbqę²fRP®€sˆ,BQźS‘m•q¬KA½įK†q€½· ć–¶J#ŪŪ¶Ō䱁q£W8ų‚,¶1· uG‹yˆ b#Į\ % ^ # 0ˆ/ U0N· w 4 z Ņ— i x mz ž‘ ʏ ĘUĘĘį 0D§Nė}ķĮjE+UN-UN{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{bÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ 0ėŃŃŃŃ B¼¼ 0¤Ł D3} D-° 0KŻŻ AS(Ę{ 0¤A 0Då A«)˜HP LaserJet 4Si,ü,,,,,ü0»eŸņ(L (`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  Ó(ķ€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular9?Ę(" ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ ōŻ ƒRÜ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€X”ĖX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ‡ōלņXX”ĖŌTHE€COURT:€Alright,€do€I€understand€then€that€youššre€telling€me€that€you€do€recall€and€can€tell€me€positivelyŠ ° Šthat€you€think€Ms.€McKinnon€understood€that€this€was€an€Ō_ŌantenuptŌ_Ō€agreement?€€A:€€Yes,€thatššs€what€we€discussed€thatŠ xČ Šday.Ō#†X”ĖXņōל~#ԁLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó sŻ ƒRÜ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€X”ĖX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ‡ōלņXX”ĖŌŌ_ŌHe€testified€that€he€placed€the€documents€in€a€š šwill€filešš€because€such€a€file€has€the€longest€retention€periodŠ ° Šof€all€the€files€he€stores€in€his€office.Ō#†X”ĖXņōלn#Ō ·Ż ƒRÜ$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€X”ĖX»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_ŌHe€explained€that€he€did€not€have€use€of€all€of€that€š šincome,šš€because€it€was€š špass€throughŠ ° Šincome,šš€š špaidšš€to€him€personally€and€income€tax€paid€by€him€personally,€but€retained€by€hisŠ  š Šcompany€in€order€to€increase€its€capital€and€š šgrowšš€the€company.(ÖĆ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(ÖĆ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular- ł-(|G2Ü$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€¬t»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€X”ĖX»»Ō d(|3Į$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€¬t»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Į$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€¬t»»dd8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€¬t»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŌ€¼¬t»»»Ōą@¦ ¦ ģąIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@””$ģąAT€KNOXVILLEˆŠ Č ŠÓ  ÓJune,€2000€SessionŠ ą0 ŠÓ*ÓŌ‡X”ĖX»¼¬tŌĢĢĢņ ņŌ#†¼¬t»XX”Ėm#ŌÓ  ÓKAREN€Ō_ŌGARRETTŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHUMPHRIESŌ_Ō€v.€DAVID€ALISON€Ō_ŌHUMPHRIESŌ_ŌŌ‡X”ĖX»¼¬tŌó óŠ Č  ŠÓµÓĢą@: : ģąņ ņ€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Washington€CountyˆŠ Š  Šą@$ $ ģąNo.€32330€€€€€€Hon.€Jean€A.€Stanley,€ChancellorˆŠ Ą   ŠĢĢŌ_Ōą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąŌ_Ōą h ąFILED€JULY€18,€Ō_Ō2000Ō_ŌĢą@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` A߈Š €Š  ŠĢą@µµģąNo.€E1999„02694„R3„CV€ˆŠ Ļ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<^` Aߊ _Æ Šó óĢĢą  ąą ` ąBoth€parties€appeal€the€Trial€Courtššs€Judgment€in€this€divorce€case.€€Wife€appeals€theŠ Nž ŠTrial€Courtššs€enforcement€of€a€prenuptial€agreement.€€Husband€appeals€the€Trial€Courtššs€divisionŠ >Ž Šof€the€marital€assets€and€the€amount€and€duration€of€rehabilitative€alimony€awarded€to€Wife.€€ForŠ .~ Šthe€reasons€herein€stated,€we€find€the€Trial€Court€erred€in€enforcing€the€prenuptial€agreement.€€WeŠ n Šreverse€and€vacate€the€decision€of€the€Trial€Court€and€remand€the€case€to€that€Court€for€furtherŠ ^ Šproceedings€consistent€with€our€Opinion.€€Š žN ŠĢĢņ ņÓ  ÓTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Courtó ó€ņ ņŠ Ī ŠReversed€and€Vacated;€Case€Remanded.ó óŌ#†¼¬t»XX”ĖR#ŌŌ‡X”ĖX»¼¬tŌŠ ¾ ŠÓÓĢĢņņD.€Michael€Ō_ŌSwineyŌ_Ō,€J.Ō#†¼¬t»ąX”Ė3#ŌŌ‡X”ĖX.¼¬tŌóó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€ņņHouston€M.€Ō_ŌGoddardŌ_Ōóó,ņņ€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_Ō,óóŠ Ž!Ž  Šand€ņņHerschel€P.€Franks,€J.óó,€joined.Š ~"Ī! ŠĢDavid€S.€Haynes,€Bristol,€for€the€Defendant/Appellant,€David€Alison€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō.Š ^$®# ŠĢRobert€D.€Arnold,€Johnson€City,€for€the€Plaintiff/Appellee/Counter„Appellant,€Karen€Ō_ŌGarrettŌ_ŌŠ >&Ž!% ŠŌ_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō.Š .'~"& ŠĢĢą@ėė'ģąŌ#†¼¬t»XX”ĖŌ#Ōņ ņOPINIONó óˆŠ ž)N%) ŠĢą@ŪŪ%ģąņ ņņņŌ‡X”ĖX»¼¬tŌBackgroundóóó óŌ#†¼¬t»XX”ˤ #ԈŠ .,~'+ ŠŠ -n(,ż Šą  ąą ` ąŌ€X”ĖX»¼¬tŌKaren€Ō_ŌGarrettŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō€(š šWifešš)€and€David€Alison€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō€(š šHusbandšš)€wereŠ ° Šmarried€on€October€22,€1994.€€There€are€no€children€born€to€this€marriage.€€Each€of€the€parties€wasŠ  š Šmarried€previously€and€each€has€children€of€the€previous€marriages.€€Wifeššs€children,€who€resideŠ ą Šwith€her,€are€13€and€15€years€of€age.€€Husbandššs€children,€who€do€not€reside€with€him,€are€adults.€Š €Š ŠWhen€the€parties€married,€Wife€was€a€self„employed,€part„time€interior€design€consultant,€earningŠ pĄ Šnine€or€ten€thousand€dollars€a€year.€€She€testified€that€she€was€physically€able€to€work€full„time€butŠ ` ° Šshe€does€not€do€so€because€š šI€have€kids€and€I€have€to€š!š€once€schoolššs€out€they€run€my€life.šš€€WhenŠ P   Šthe€parties€married,€Husband€was€also€self„employed€as€one„half€owner€of€Smoky€MountainŠ @  ŠFreightliners,€Smoky€Mountain€Properties€and€Smoky€Mountain€Leasing,€three€businesses€involvedŠ 0 € Šin€sales€and€leasing€of€tractor€trailer€rigs.€€He€also€owned€a€Ō_ŌquadriplexŌ_Ō€condominium€building€fromŠ  p  Šwhich€he€received€regular€rental€income.Š `  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€anticipation€of€marriage,€Husband€asked€Mr.€Jack€Bonner,€his€C.P.A.,€to€meet€withŠ š@  Šhim€and€Wife.€€Bonner€testified€that€he€has€been€€a€C.P.A.€for€the€Smoky€Mountain€FreightlinerŠ ą0  Šbusinesses€since€the€companiesšš€inception.€€In€1994,€when€Husband€and€Wife€married,€theŠ Š  Šcompanies€were€š šjust€barely€making€it€.€.€.€it€was€really€a€Ō_ŌguesstimationŌ_Ō€as€to€„€„€as€to€[whether]€theŠ Ą Šentity€was€going€to€survive€or€not.€€It€could€have€easily€failed€or€it€could€have€easily€succeeded.šš€Š ° ŠHowever,€when€the€business€moved€from€Bristol€to€the€intersection€of€Interstates€81€and€181€inŠ  š ŠJohnson€City,€š šit€greatly€increased€the€value€of€the€business€because€sales€got€bigger,€they€had€moreŠ ą Šparts€and€service€income€and€they€have€more€visibility€from€the€highway.šš€€Š €Š ŠĢą  ąą ` ąBonner€testified€that€Husband€called€him€on€October€3,€1994€and€asked€him€to€meetŠ `° Šwith€him€and€Wife€about€a€prenuptial€agreement.€€Bonner€called€Mr.€Don€Cooper,€an€attorney€andŠ P  ŠC.P.A.€who€had€also€been€involved€with€the€businesses,€and€asked€him€to€fax€š ša€blank€copy€or€aŠ @ Šdraft€copy€of€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_Ō€so€I€can€go€over€one€with€them.šš€€Bonner€testified€that€he€received€the€faxedŠ 0€ Šdocument€from€Cooper€and€drove€to€Husbandššs€office€that€day€and€met€with€Husband€and€Wife.€Š  p ŠWife€denied€at€trial€that€this€meeting€occurred.€€Husband€did€not€recall€the€meeting.€€Bonner€testifiedŠ ` Šthat€he€explained€to€Wife€that€š šwe€wanted€to€get€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_Ō€before€they€got€married€.€.€.€.šš€€BonnerŠ P Štestified€that€Wife€joked€about€it€and€then€replied,€š šI€donššt€care€anything€about€his€money,€all€I€do€Š š@ Šcare€about€is€him€and€that€doesnššt€matter,šš€and€started€laughing.€€Bonner€said€he€remembered€theŠ ą0 Šmeeting€clearly€because€š šit€was€a€very€monumental€moment€for€me€because€he€had€given€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_ŌŠ Š  Što€another€person€upon€my€advice€.€.€.€six€to€eight€months€earlier,€and€she€had€actually€walked€awayŠ Ą! Šfrom€being€engaged€to€him€and€they€ended€up€not€getting€married.šš€€He€testified€that€during€theŠ °"  Šmeeting,€heŠ  #š! ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą.€.€.€went€through€what€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_Ō€was€and€I€basically,€I€told€her€thatŠ €%Š # Šthis€secured€her€assets,€secured€his€assets,€if€he€died€his€childrenŠ p&Ą!$ Šwould€get€all€of€his€assets;€if€she€died€her€children€would€get€all€ofŠ `'°"% Šher€assets.€€If€they€got€divorced,€then€the€assets€would€be€split€theŠ P( #& Šsame€way,€he€would€get€his,€she€would€get€hers.€€Š@)$'` x` x ŠĢBonner€testified€that€he€went€through€the€sample€document€with€them,€and€he€thinks€the€prenuptialŠ  +p&) Šagreement€that€the€parties€ultimately€signed€was€š šalmost€exactly€like€[the€one€they€went€over].€€InŠ ,`'* Šfact,€I€think€all€that€Cooper€did€was€put€the€names€in.šš€€Bonner€told€them€š što€go€see€Cooperšš€becauseŠ ° Šhe,€Bonner,€was€not€an€attorney€and€didnššt€practice€law.€€Bonner€did€not€ask€the€parties€about€theirŠ  š Šseparate€assets€or€discuss€the€values€of€those€assets€during€the€meeting.€€He€was€at€the€business€onŠ ą ŠOctober€21,€1994€and€witnessed€the€partiesšš€signing€the€document.€€There€was€no€discussion€of€theŠ €Š Švalues€of€the€partiesšš€assets€at€the€meeting€when€the€document€was€signed,€and€there€were€noŠ pĄ Šfinancial€statements€attached€to€the€document.€€At€trial,€the€following€inquiry€to€Bonner€from€theŠ ` ° ŠCourt€occurred:Š P   ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąTHE€COURT:€First€š!š€the€first€page€says,€š šEach€of€the€parties€hasŠ 0 € Šmade€a€full€disclosure.šš€€Did€you€all€talk€about€that?Š p ` x` x Šą8  ąŠ Š Š  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA:€No€maššam,€we€went€straight€to€the€š!š€what€the€agreement€was,Š P  Šbased€on€what€I€can€remember,€that€we€talked€about€what€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_ŌŠ š@  Šwas€basically€and€basically€what€an€agreement€would€look€like.Šą0 ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąTHE€COURT:€You€pretty€much€skipped€the€first€page€then?ŠĄ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA:€€Yes€maššam.€€I€left€that€to€the€attorney.Š š` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąTHE€COURT:€Did€you€go€over€the€third€page?Š€Š` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąA:€No,€most€of€mine€was€dealt€with€what€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_Ō€was€and€what€wasŠ `° Šon€the€second€page.ŠP ` x` x ŠĢĢą  ąą ` ąThe€parties€met€with€Cooper€on€October€10,€1994.€€The€meeting€was€scheduled€by€Š  p ŠBonner.€€Wife€testified€that€she€thought€the€only€purpose€of€the€meeting€was€to€prepare€wills€and€thatŠ ` Ša€prenuptial€agreement€was€not€mentioned€at€the€meeting.€€Husband€testified€that€he€had€discussedŠ P Šthe€prenuptial€agreement€with€Wife€previously€and€that€both€he€and€Wife€knew€the€purpose€of€theŠ š@ Šmeeting€was€to€prepare€wills€and€a€prenuptial€agreement.€€Cooper€testified€that€he€had€never€metŠ ą0 ŠWife€before€October€10,€1994€and€never€saw€her€after€that€until€this€case€came€to€trial.€€He€testifiedŠ Š  Šthat€he€did€not€advise€Wife€that€he€represented€Husband€in€the€matter€and€did€not€recall€whether€heŠ Ą! Šadvised€her€that€she€should€consider€seeking€independent€legal€advice,€but€that€š šI€would€have€in€theŠ °"  Šusual€course€of€events.šš€He€testified€that€š š[Ō_Ōw]henŌ_Ō€they€walked€in€I€wasnššt€representing€either€of€themŠ  #š! Šand€I€did€š!š€of€the€two€I€would€have€considered€Mr.€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō€my€client.šš€At€the€October€10thŠ $ą" Šmeeting,€Cooper€obtained€some€basic€information€from€Husband€and€Wife€to€use€in€preparing€willsŠ €%Š # Šand€a€trust€for€Wifeššs€minor€children€in€the€event€of€her€death.€€He€also€asked€the€parties€to€prepareŠ p&Ą!$ Šcurrent€financial€statements,€which€he€needed€to€prepare€a€prenuptial€agreement.€€He€did€not€recallŠ `'°"% Šā ādiscussing€with€the€parties€why€he€needed€the€financial€statements.€€However,€he€thinks€WifeŠ P( #& Šunderstood€that€he€was€going€to€draft€an€antenuptial€agreement.Ō_Ō׃ ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ×Ō_Ō€€The€parties€and€the€Trial€CourtŠ ° Šā āused€both€terms,€š šantenuptialšš€and€š šprenuptialšš,€throughout€the€trial.€€During€the€meeting,€CooperŠ  š Šhad€an€outdated€financial€statement€from€Husband€on€his€desk,€which€he€did€not€discuss€with€theŠ ą Šparties€and€did€not€consider€to€be€acceptable€because€of€its€date.€€Cooper€asked€Husband€to€prepareŠ €Š Šan€updated€statement.€€€He€opened€a€š šwill€filešš€in€his€office,€in€which€he€placed€his€notes€of€theŠ pĄ Šmeeting.׃čׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€Those€notes€do€not€mention€š šdivorce,šš€š šalimony,šš€š šŌ_ŌprenuptŌ_Ōšš€or€š šantenuptial.šš€€Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAfter€the€meeting€with€Cooper,€Wife€prepared€the€requested€financial€statement€onŠ @  ŠOctober€11,€1994.€€Husband€also€prepared€an€updated€financial€statement€and€dated€it€October€14,Š 0 € Š1994.€€Cooper€testified€that€on€October€13,€1994,€Husband€delivered€the€partiesšš€financial€statementsŠ  p  Što€his€office,€and€he€placed€them€in€his€office€š šwill€file,šš€where€they€remained€until€this€litigationŠ `  Šarose.€€When€asked€whether€he€ever€drafted€a€will€for€either€of€the€parties,€Cooper€testified€š šI€wentŠ P  Šback€and€looked.€€I€could€not€find€one.šš€€He€also€stated€that€he€has€no€recollection€of€giving€WifeŠ š@  Ša€copy€of€Husbandššs€financial€statement,€and€that€he€š šwould€have€had€no€reason€tošš€discuss€assetŠ ą0  Švalues€with€her.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€draft€an€agreement€when€Husband€and€Wife€were€in€hisŠ Š  Šoffice€on€October€10,€1994.€€He€thinks€he€prepared€the€first€draft€of€an€agreement€on€October€16thŠ Ą Šor€17th€and€revised€it€on€October€20th,€after€he€got€a€phone€call€from€Husband€š šasking€what€I€hadŠ ° Šdone.€€He€also€told€me€they€were€going€„„€they€wanted€to€sign€it.šš€At€Husbandššs€request,€CooperŠ  š Šfaxed€the€second€draft€to€him.€€Cooper€did€not€intend€this€October€20th€document€to€be€a€finalŠ ą Šversion.€€He€testified€that€š š€.€.€.€clearly€a€draft€document€was€sent€to€Mr.€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō€for€comment€andŠ €Š Šš!š€ššcause€I€had€no€way€to€contact€Ms.€McKinnon€(Wife).šš€€He€thought€the€parties€were€planning€toŠ pĄ Šexecute€the€document€the€next€day€š šwith€any€modifications€that€they€wanted.šš€€The€draft€documentŠ `° Šthat€he€faxed€to€Husband€contained€the€statement:€€š šAttached€to€this€agreement€is€a€copy€of€the€mostŠ P  Šcurrent€financial€statement€of€each€of€the€parties.šš€€However,€Cooper€did€not€fax€those€attachments.€Š @ ŠWhen€asked€why€not,€he€replied:Š 0€ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąBecause€it€wasnššt€sent€as€a€document,€it€was€š!š€my€š!š€again,€forŠ ` Šbusiness€practice€I€would€have€sent€it€to€a€š!š€would€have€sent€it€to€aŠ P Šclient,€the€clients€would€have€reviewed€it.€€It€would€have€been€signedŠ š@ Šin€my€office€in€multiple€copies€with€documents€attached.€Šą0` x` x ŠĢCooper€testified€that€he€was€not€involved€with€the€execution€of€the€document€by€the€parties.€€HeŠ Ą! Šreceived€the€executed€agreement,€postmarked€October€21,€1994,€in€the€mail€at€his€office€on€OctoberŠ °"  Š24,€1994.€€The€document€he€received€did€not€have€any€financial€statements€attached.€€He€filed€theŠ  #š! Šdocument€in€the€š šwill€filešš€where€the€financial€statements€were€filed.€€Š $ą" ŠŠ €%Š # Šą  ąą ` ąWife€testified€that€she€and€Husband€discussed€š šsome€type€of€agreementšš€before€theyŠ ° Šwere€married€because€they€were€planning€to€honeymoon€in€the€Bahamas€š šand€he€presented€it€to€meŠ  š Šas€though,€since€we€were€both€taking€a€plane€trip€that€we€should€protect€our€children€in€caseŠ ą Šsomething€ever€happened€to€us€while€we€were€gone.šš€€She€testified€that€Husband€never€mentionedŠ €Š Šprenuptial€or€antenuptial€or€what€would€happen€if€there€were€a€divorce.€€Husband€told€her€to€š šprepareŠ pĄ Ša€list€of€protected€assets,šš€which€she€did,€and€then€he€took€her€to€Don€Cooperššs€office.€€She€neverŠ ` ° Šsaw€any€financial€statements€or€papers€that€Husband€may€have€prepared.€€She€never€saw€anyŠ P   Šfinancial€statement€of€Husbandššs€until€six€weeks€before€trial,€and€when€she€saw€it€then,€š šI€wasŠ @  Šamazed€by€this€material.€€I€had€no€idea.€.€.€.€€I€had€no€idea€that€he€was€„„€his€total€assets€wereŠ 0 € Š$575,000€when€I€married€him€.€.€.€I€knew€he€had€a€house.€€I€knew€he€owned€the€apartments€and€IŠ  p  Šknew€he€had€a€business.šš€€When€asked€whether€she€knew€the€value€of€these€properties,€she€replied,Š `  Šš šI€donššt€know€how€you€can€look€at€a€building€and€determine€what€a€business€is€worth.šš€€HusbandŠ P  Šnever€told€her€anything€before€the€marriage€about€the€value€of€his€business,€the€total€sales,€theŠ š@  Šoverhead€costs,€or€his€indebtedness.€€However,€on€cross„examination,€she€answered€š šNo,šš€whenŠ ą0  Šasked,€š šHave€you€learned€anything€that€now€surprises€you€about€the€business€.€.€.€the€apartmentsššŠ Š  Švalue€.€.€.€the€house€also?šš€€€Wife€was€at€Husbandššs€business€office€with€him,€his€secretary€and€AndyŠ Ą ŠBonner€when€she€signed€the€agreement€on€October€21,€1994.€€There€were€no€financial€statementsŠ ° Šattached€to€the€document,€and€there€was€no€discussion€about€the€contents€of€the€document€when€itŠ  š Šwas€signed.€€She€testified€that,€when€the€divorce€was€first€set€for€trial:Š ą ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąI€had€an€argument€with€Andy€Bonner€.€.€.€€about€whether€or€not€thereŠ pĄ Šwas€an€antenuptial€agreement€.€.€.€we€had€a€big€argument€on€theŠ `° Šphone€about€it€ššcause€I€„€„€I€didnššt€recall€this€„€„€I€didnššt€look€at€this€asŠ P  Šan€antenuptial€agreement.€€This€was€protection€for€the€children€in€theŠ @ Šcase€of€our€death.Š0€` x` x ŠĢOn€cross„examination,€she€testified€that€she€has€four€years€of€college€education.€€When€asked€to€readŠ ` Šthe€prenuptial€agreement€during€trial,€Wife€stated,€š šI€understand€every€word.ššŠ P ŠĢą  ąą ` ąHusband€testified€that€he€dated€Wife€for€a€couple€of€years€before€they€married.€€WhenŠ ą0 Šasked€about€Wifeššs€premarital€knowledge€about€his€assets,€he€testified:Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąShe€visited€my€house€on€a€regular€basis.€€She€visited€the€apartmentsŠ °"  Šfrom€time€to€time€with€me€and€sheššs€come€by€the€truck€dealership€toŠ  #š! Šgo€to€lunch€or€something€like€that€every€now€and€then.€€Š$ą"` x` x ŠĢHe€testified€that€she€probably€did€not€know€the€amount€of€rent€he€collected€from€his€apartments€untilŠ p&Ą!$ Šš šabout€the€time€we€got€married.šš€€He€didnššt€recall€whether€she€had€ever€visited€the€new€property€onŠ `'°"% ŠI„81€at€I„181€before€the€marriage.€€Before€the€marriage,€Husbandššs€business€was€barely€solvent,€andŠ P( #& Šthe€move€to€I„81€at181€(after€the€marriage)€š šmade€a€difference€overnightšš.€€He€stated€that€he€andŠ @)$' ŠWife€first€discussed€a€prenuptial€agreement€while€on€a€five„hour€drive€from€her€condominium€atŠ 0*€%( ŠHilton€Head€about€six€months€before€they€married.€€He€thought€she€was€very€positive€about€the€ideaŠ  +p&) Šthen.€€He€was€uncertain€about€whether€he€and€Wife€met€with€Bonner€before€the€agreement€wasŠ ,`'* Šsigned:€Š ° ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąMy€recollection€was,€that€the€discussion€with€Andy€took€placeŠ ą Šbasically€the€same€day€that€we€signed€this€agreement.€€That€has€sinceŠ €Š Šturned€out€to€be€a€wrong€recollection,€but€that€was€my€recollection€ofŠ pĄ Šit€originally€and€for€that€matter€still€is.€€But€Bonner€and€I€discussed,Š ` ° Šhe€discussed€with€Karen€things€about€a€Ō_ŌprenuptŌ_Ō€.€.€.€I€donššt€recallŠ P   Šspecifics.Š@ ` x` x ŠĢĢAlthough€Husband€has€very€little€recall€about€specific€events€prior€to€the€partiesšš€signing€theŠ `  Šagreement,€he€did€testify€that€š šIššm€sure€we€discussed€it€with€each€other€with€it€in€front€of€us€.€.€.Š P  Šbefore€the€signing€of€it.šš€€However,€he€later€testified€that€she€could€not€have€reviewed€the€documentŠ š@  Šwith€him€before€it€was€signed€because€she€did€not€have€it.€€He€did€not€recall€whether€or€not€he€helpedŠ ą0  ŠWife€prepare€her€financial€statement€which€Cooper€had€requested.€€When€asked€what€he€recalledŠ Š  Šabout€the€preparation€of€the€financial€statements,€he€replied,€š šI€donššt€recall€much€at€all.šš€€He€neverŠ Ą Šgave€Wife€a€copy€of€his€financial€statement€and€never€got€a€copy€of€hers.€€He€doesnššt€know€what€wasŠ ° Šin€her€financial€statement€and€he€š šcanššt€say€for€certainšš€that€she€knew€what€was€in€his€financialŠ  š Šstatement.€€His€understanding€of€the€agreement€that€was€to€be€signed€was€that€š šanything€we€do€afterŠ ą Šthe€marriage€would€be€together,€but€prior€to€the€marriage€what€we€had€was€being€separated.šš€€HeŠ €Š Šdoes€not€consider€the€appreciation€in€value€of€his€business€after€the€marriage€to€belong€to€the€partiesŠ pĄ Štogether,€but€he€did€not€discuss€that€with€Wife.€€He€and€Wife€never€had€any€discussion€specificallyŠ `° Šabout€valuations€or€asset€values.€€He€recalls€that€when€the€prenuptial€agreement€was€signed,€theŠ P  Šmeeting€was€very€brief,€š šKaren€made€a€joke€and€jumped€up€and€said,€ššIššm€not€marrying€this€man€forŠ @ Šhis€moneyšš€and€made€a€joke€out€of€it.ššŠ 0€ ŠĢą  ą€ą ` ąą ø ąAs€stated,€the€parties€signed€the€agreement€on€October€21,€1994€and€wereŠ ` Šmarried€the€following€day.€€They€lived€together€for€three€years,€were€separated€on€February€1,€1998,Š P Šand€were€granted€this€divorce€on€November€24,€1999.€€Husband€testified€that,€despite€his€purportedŠ š@ Šdesire€to€keep€the€partiesšš€pre„marital€assets€separate,€numerous€transactions€occurred€during€the€firstŠ ą0 Šyear€of€the€marriage€in€which€Wife€invested€her€separate€assets€in€jointly€held€property.€€ForŠ Š  Šinstance,€she€received€$126,000€from€the€sale€of€her€home€and€invested€$32,000€of€that€cash€to€payŠ Ą! Šoff€the€mortgage€on€Husbandššs€rental€condominiums.€€She€also€took€care€of€the€condominiums€andŠ °"  Šmore€or€less€managed€them€after€the€marriage.€€Despite€that€investment,€Husband€did€not€give€WifeŠ  #š! Ša€note€for€the€investment€or€put€her€name€on€the€deed€to€the€condominiums.€€Husband€and€WifeŠ $ą" Šbought€a€lot€to€build€a€house€for€$30,000€with€Wifeššs€cash,€and€the€lot€was€deeded€in€the€name€ofŠ €%Š # Šboth€parties.€€Wife€invested€$48,000€of€her€own€cash€in€the€construction€of€the€partiesšš€new€home,Š p&Ą!$ Šwhich€the€parties€owned€together.€€She€testified€that€she€also€paid€the€partiesšš€household€expensesŠ `'°"% Šout€of€her€child€support€payments€during€the€first€year€of€the€marriage,€when€Husband€lived€at€herŠ P( #& Šhome.Š @)$' ŠĢą  ąą ` ąAfter€the€marriage,€Husbandššs€business€moved€from€Bristol€to€Johnson€City.€€WifeŠ  +p&) Šassisted€with€or€did€most€of€the€interior€design€of€the€new€facility.€€Expert€testimony€indicated€thatŠ ,`'* Šthe€appraised€value€of€Husbandššs€ownership€interest€in€Smoky€Mountain€Freightliner€as€ofŠ ° ŠDecember€31,€1994,€soon€after€the€parties€married,€and€before€the€move,€was€$121,000.€€TheŠ  š Šbusiness€grew€phenomenally€after€the€move,€during€the€marriage.€€The€business€had€ordinary€incomeŠ ą Šin€1998€of€$1.16€million€on€gross€receipts€or€sales€in€excess€of€$26€million.€€Husbandššs€1998Š €Š Šadjusted€gross€income€as€shown€on€his€income€tax€form€for€that€year€was€$755,637.׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€The€appraisedŠ pĄ Švalue€of€Husbandššs€50€percent€ownership€interest€in€his€company€as€of€April€15,€1999€was€$1.44Š ` ° Šmillion.€€The€real€estate€on€which€the€business€is€located€had€an€additional€appraised€value€at€theŠ P   Štime€of€the€divorce€of€$2€million€with€a€mortgage€of€$1.3€million.€€Š @  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€Trial€Court€upheld€the€validity€of€the€prenuptial€agreement.€€In€doing€so,€theŠ  p  ŠCourt€reasoned:Š `  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąMs.€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō€testified€in€her€deposition€that€she€has€notŠ š@  Šsubsequently€learned€anything€of€surprise€to€her€about€Mr.Š ą0  ŠŌ_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ōšš€assets€or€the€value€of€those€assets€as€they€existed€at€theŠ Š  Štime€of€the€marriage.€€It€appears€to€the€Court€that€while€the€parties€didŠ Ą Šnot€receive€copies€of€each€other€financial€statement,€they€were€wellŠ ° Šaware€of€the€assets€each€owned€and€the€approximate€value€thereof.€€Š š` x` x ŠĢThe€Trial€Court€then€divided€the€partiesšš€marital€property€and€awarded€Wife€rehabilitative€alimony€Š €Š Šof€$800€per€month€for€four€years.Š pĄ ŠĢą@))%ģąņ ņņņDiscussionóóó óˆŠ P  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąBoth€parties€appeal€the€Trial€Courtššs€decision.€€Wife€argues€that€the€evidenceŠ 0€ Špreponderates€against€the€finding€by€the€Trial€Court€that€the€prenuptial€agreement€was€valid.€Š  p ŠHusband€maintains€that€the€Trial€Court€improperly€awarded€Wife€$235,800€in€marital€assets€whileŠ ` Šawarding€Husband€marital€debt€in€excess€of€the€marital€assets€he€was€awarded,€resulting€in€aŠ P Šnegative€net€award€to€Husband€of€„$148,500.€€Husband€also€raises€the€issue€that€the€Trial€CourtššsŠ š@ Šaward€of€rehabilitative€alimony€to€Wife€was€improper€because€of€the€short€duration€of€the€marriageŠ ą0 Šand€Wifeššs€increase€in€income€and€net€worth€during€the€marriage.€€Š Š  ŠĢŌ‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌą  ąą ` ąOur€review€is€ņņde€novoóó€upon€the€record,€accompanied€by€a€presumption€of€theŠ °"  Šcorrectness€of€the€findings€of€fact€of€the€Trial€Court,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€isŠ œ#ģ! Šotherwise.€€Rule€13(d),€T.R.A.P.;ņņ€Davis€v.€€Ō_ŌInmanŌ_Ō,€óó974€S.W.2d€689,€692€(Tenn.€1998).€€The€TrialŠ ˆ$Ų" ŠCourtššs€conclusions€of€law€are€subject€to€a€ņņde€novoóó€review€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€Š t%Ä # ŠņņŌ_ŌGanzevoortŌ_Ō€v.€€Russell,€óó949€S.W.2d€293€(Tenn.€1997).Ō#†X”ĖX XXŖµÜi#ŌŠ `&°!$ ŠŠ L'œ"% Šą  ąą ` ąPrenuptial€agreements€are€statutorily€favored€in€Tennessee:€Š ° ŠĢą  ąą8 ` ąņ ņAntenuptial€or€prenuptial€agreements.ó ó€€Notwithstanding€any€other€Š ą Šprovision€of€the€law€to€the€contrary,€except€as€provided€in€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌššŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµČm#Ō€36„3„502,Š €Š Šany€antenuptial€or€prenuptial€agreement€entered€into€by€spousesŠ €Š Šconcerning€property€owned€by€either€spouse€before€the€marriageŠ p Ą Šwhich€is€the€subject€of€such€agreement€shall€be€binding€upon€anyŠ ` ° Šcourt€having€jurisdiction€over€such€spouses€and/or€such€agreement€ifŠ P   Šsuch€agreement€is€determined,€in€the€discretion€of€such€court,€to€haveŠ @  Šbeen€entered€into€by€such€spouses€freely,€knowledgeably€and€in€goodŠ 0 €  Šfaith€and€without€exertion€of€duress€or€undue€influence€upon€eitherŠ  p  Šspouse.€€The€terms€of€such€agreement€shall€be€enforceable€by€allŠ `  Šremedies€available€for€enforcement€of€contract€terms.ŠP ` x` x ŠĢT.C.A.€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌššŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ>q#Ō€36„3„501€(1991).€€Prenuptial€contracts€are€also€favored€by€public€policy€in€Tennessee.€Š ą0  ŠņņŌ_ŌPerkinsonŌ_Ō€v.€Ō_ŌPerkinsonŌ_Ō,€óó802€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµSr#Ō€600,€601€(Tenn.€1990);€ņņHoyt€v.€Hoyt,€óó372€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµĖr#Ō€300,€303Š ą0 Š(Tenn.€1963);€ņņKey€v.€Collins,€óó236€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌŌ_ŌS.W.Ō_ŌŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµYs#Ō€3,€4€(Tenn.€1921).€€Prenuptial€contracts€benefit€the€partiesŠ ą0 Šby€defining€their€marital€rights€in€property€which€tends€to€be€among€the€most€frequent€causes€ofŠ ą0 Šfamily€discord.€€ņņSanders€v.€Sanders,€óó288€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµµt#Ō€473,€477€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1955).€€They€also€enhanceŠ Š  Šthe€opportunities€for€middle„aged€persons€to€re„marry€by€protecting€their€separate€assets€for€theŠ Š  Šchildren€of€previous€marriages.€€ņņWilson€v.€Moore,€óó929€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ÷u#Ō€367,€370€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€AnŠ Ą Šengagement€to€marry€establishes€a€confidential€relationship€between€the€parties.€€ņņBaker€v.€Baker,€óó142Š Ą ŠŌ‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµųv#Ō€737,€745€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1940).€€Accordingly,€engaged€persons€who€plan€to€execute€aŠ ° Šprenuptial€agreement€must€make€š ša€full€disclosure€of€the€nature,€extent€and€valuešš€of€their€propertyŠ ° Šin€order€to€enable€their€prospective€spouse€to€make€a€knowledgeable€decision€about€entering€into€theŠ  š Šagreement.€ņņWilliams€v.€Williams,€óó868€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµĢx#Ō€616,€619€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1992).€€The€requiredŠ ą Šdisclosure€may€be€accomplished€through€a€formal,€explicit€process,€such€as€exchanging€lists€ofŠ ą Šholdings,€or€it€can€be€made€more€informally€over€the€course€of€the€relationship.€€ņņKahn€v.€Kahn,€óó756Š €Š ŠŌ‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµHz#Ō€685,€695€(Tenn.€1988).€Š pĄ Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąŠ ` x` x Šą  ąą ` ąOur€Supreme€Court€addressed€the€validity€of€an€antenuptial€agreement€in€ņņKahn€v.Š `!° ŠKahn,€óó756€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ€{#Ō€685€(Tenn.€1988).€€In€that€case,€the€husband€had€told€the€prospective€wife,Š P"  Šeighteen€months€before€the€signing€of€the€agreement,€š šthat€he€had€four€plants€and€was€worthŠ P#   Šmillions;šš€that€he€š šwas€worth€approximately€8€to€9€million€dollars;šš€and€š šthat€he€was€making€aroundŠ @$! Š$360,000€a€year€from€all€of€his€investments.šš€€The€Trial€Court€upheld€the€agreement€but€the€CourtŠ 0%€ " Šof€Appeals€declared€the€agreement€to€be€void€for€the€husbandššs€failure€to€make€full€disclosure€of€hisŠ  &p!# Šwealth€immediately€prior€to€the€execution€of€the€agreement.€€The€Supreme€Court€discussed€what€itŠ '`"$ Šcalled€š šthe€ņņBaker€óórule:šš€Š (P#% ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąNo€reported€case€in€Tennessee€has€addressed€a€disclosure€issue€in€anŠ ą)0%' Šantenuptial€agreement€since€the€enactment€of€Public€Acts€1980,Š Š* &( Šchapter€492,€T.C.A.€Sec.€36„3„501.€[Statute€quoted.]€A€comparisonŠ Ą+') Šof€the€requirements€of€the€statute€and€the€ņņBakeróó€rule€reveals€that€theŠ ° Šstatute€makes€no€reference€to€the€requirement€in€ņņBakeróó€that€where€theŠ  š Šprovision€for€wife€in€an€antenuptial€agreement€is€whollyŠ ą Šdisproportionate€to€the€husbandššs€wealth,€a€full€disclosure€of€theŠ €Š Šnature,€extent€and€value€of€husbandššs€property€is€required€to€sustainŠ pĄ Šthe€validity€of€the€agreement.€€Of€course,€numerous€factual€scenariosŠ ` ° Šcould€occur€in€which€the€failure€to€make€a€full€disclosure€of€assets,Š P   Šliabilities€and€values€would€breach€the€statutory€requirement€that€theŠ @  Šcontract€was€entered€into€freely,€knowledgeably€and€in€good€faith.€Š 0 € ŠHowever,€in€this€case,€it€is€not€necessary€that€we€resolve€the€apparentŠ  p  Šconflict€between€the€ņņBakeróó€rule€and€the€statute€because€we€find€thatŠ `  Šthe€antenuptial€agreement€between€these€parties€fully€complies€withŠ P  Šthe€tests€imposed€in€either€of€those€rules.Šš@ ` x` x ŠĢThe€Court€then€reversed€the€Court€of€Appealsšš€decision€in€ņņKahn€óóand€held€the€agreement€valid,Š Š  Šfinding€š šthat€there€is€not€a€scintilla€of€evidence€in€this€record€that€husband€owned€a€single€asset€ofŠ Ą Šany€value€not€described€above€or€that€husband€underestimated€or€overstated€the€value€of€any€assetŠ ° Šor€the€amount€or€source€of€his€income.šš€€The€Supreme€Court€opined:Š  š ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ą[a]€detailed€financial€and€operating€statement€of€the€Fred€S.€KahnŠ €Š ŠCompany€and€a€listing€of€the€assets,€liabilities€and€net€worth€of€FredŠ pĄ ŠS.€Kahn€individually,€accompanied€by€certified€appraisals€of€theŠ `° Švarious€assets,€would€not€have€provided€any€financial€information€toŠ P  ŠSusan€Beam€that€she€did€not€then€know€that€would€have€had€anyŠ @ Šsignificant€impact€upon€her€decision€to€accept€or€reject€theŠ 0€ Šantenuptial€agreement.Š p` x` x ŠĢą@uu$ģą*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆŠ P ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąWe€find€the€antenuptial€agreement€valid€because€wife€had€fullŠ ą0 Šknowledge€of€the€nature,€extent€and€value€of€the€intended€husbandššsŠ Š  Šproperty€at€the€time€she€executed€the€agreement,€making€fullŠ Ą! Šdisclosure€at€that€time€unnecessary.€€That€circumstance€and€the€factŠ °"  Šthat€she€was€never€misled€and€that€she€knowingly€and€voluntarilyŠ  #š! Šexecuted€the€agreement€fully€satisfy€the€ņņBaker€óótest€and€the€statutoryŠ $ą" Šrequirements.Š€%Š #` x` x ŠĢņņKahn€v.€Kahn,€óó756€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ:‹#Ō€685,€695€(Tenn.€1988).€€Š `'°"% ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThis€Court€applied€the€reasoning€of€ņņKahnóó€in€ņņWilliams€v.€Williams,€óó868€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµŒ#Ō€616Š P) $' Š(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1992).€€In€that€case,€the€wife€sought€to€dissent€from€her€deceased€husbandššs€will€andŠ P* %( Štake€an€elective€share€as€his€surviving€spouse.€€Husbandššs€son€presented€his€fatherššs€antenuptialŠ @+&) Šagreement€in€opposition€to€wifeššs€petition.€€The€Chancery€Court€found€in€favor€of€the€son€and€theŠ ° ŠCourt€of€Appeals€reversed,€finding€that€husband€had€not€disclosed€the€full€extent€of€his€estate€priorŠ  š Što€executing€the€antenuptial€agreement,€and€thus€the€agreement€was€ineffective.€€The€Court€opined:Š ą ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąThe€1980€statute€does€not€specifically€recognize€the€rule€that€fullŠ pĄ Šdisclosure€of€the€nature,€extent€and€value€of€the€property€[of€the]Š ` ° Šspouseššs€estate€is€required€when€the€contract€provides€for€aŠ P   Šdisproportionate€distribution€of€that€estate.Š@ ` x` x ŠĢą@uu$ģą*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆŠ  p  Šą8  ąą8` Š Š ąThe€ņņKahnóó€courtššs€interpretation€of€the€statute€as€requiring€fullŠ `  Šdisclosure€where€one€spouse€is€to€receive€a€disproportionate€share€ofŠ P  Šthe€other€spouseššs€estate€under€the€agreement€is€in€accord€with€theŠ š@  Šweight€of€authority€in€other€states€which€have€considered€the€validityŠ ą0  Šof€ante„nuptial€agreements.€€Most€of€these€courts€reason€thatŠ Š  Šdisclosures€are€required€in€this€situation€because€the€parties€to€ante„Š Ą Šnuptial€agreements€do€not€deal€with€each€other€at€arms€length€as€doŠ ° Šthe€parties€to€an€ordinary€commercial€transaction.€€Instead,€the€intentŠ  š Što€marry€gives€rise€to€a€confidential€relationship€that€imposes€on€eachŠ ą Šthe€duty€to€make€a€full€and€fair€disclosure€of€the€nature,€extent€andŠ €Š Švalue€of€the€property€that€he€or€she€presently€holds,€so€that€the€otherŠ pĄ Šparty€may€make€an€intelligent€decision€as€to€what€would€be€gained€orŠ `° Šlost€by€entering€into€the€agreement.€€ŠP ` x` x Šą  ąą ` ąĢņņWilliams€v.€Williams,€óó868€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ^•#Ō€616,€619€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1992)Š 0€ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąOur€Supreme€Court€clarified€the€statutory€standard€by€which€the€validity€ofŠ  p Šantenuptial€agreements€should€be€judged€in€ņņRandolph€v.€Randolph,€óó937€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµž–#Ō€815€(Tenn.€1996).€Š ` ŠIn€that€case,€the€Trial€Court€invalidated€an€antenuptial€agreement,€finding€that€the€wife€did€notŠ ` Šš šknowledgeablyšš€sign€the€agreement,€as€required€by€statute.€€The€Court€of€Appeals,€in€a€splitŠ  P Šdecision,€reversed,€finding€the€totality€of€the€circumstances€established€that€the€wife€possessedŠ š @ Šsufficient€knowledge€of€the€husbandššs€business€affairs€and€financial€status€at€the€time€she€signed€theŠ ą!0 Šagreement€to€meet€the€statutory€requirement€of€š šknowledgeablyšš€executing€the€agreement€and€thatŠ Š"   Šthe€agreement€was€therefore€enforceable.€€The€Supreme€Court€reversed,€and€explained:Š Ą#! ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąWe€interpret€the€statutory€requirement€that€an€antenuptial€agreementŠ  %š # Šis€enforceable€only€if€entered€into€š šknowledgeablyšš€to€mean€that€theŠ &ą!$ Šspouse€seeking€to€enforce€an€antenuptial€agreement€must€prove,€byŠ €'Š"% Ša€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€either€that€a€full€and€fair€disclosureŠ p(Ą#& Šof€the€nature,€extent€and€value€of€his€or€her€holdings€was€provided€toŠ `)°$' Šthe€spouse€seeking€to€avoid€the€agreement,€or€that€disclosure€wasŠ P* %( Šunnecessary€because€the€spouse€seeking€to€avoid€the€agreement€hadŠ @+&) Šindependent€knowledge€of€the€full€nature,€extent,€and€value€of€theŠ ° Šproponent€spouseššs€holdings.Š š` x` x ŠĢThe€Supreme€Court€applied€that€standard€and€found€that,€in€ņņRandolph,óó€the€wife€did€notŠ €Š Šš šknowledgeablyšš€sign€the€antenuptial€agreement.€€In€that€case,€the€wife€read€the€antenuptialŠ pĄ Šagreement€in€the€car€while€driving€to€her€husbandššs€lawyerššs€office€to€sign€it€the€day€before€theŠ ` ° Šwedding.€€She€knew€about€some€of€her€husbandššs€property€holdings€but€was€not€aware€of,€nor€didŠ P   Šanyone€disclose€to€her,€š šthe€full€extent€and€value€of€his€assets€and€holdings.šš€€She€was€notŠ @  Šrepresented€by€counsel€when€she€signed€the€agreement,€which€was€drafted€by€her€husbandššs€attorney.€Š 0 € ŠThat€attorney€testified€that€it€was€his€normal€practice€to€explain€such€documents€to€both€parties€butŠ  p  Šhe€could€not€specifically€recall€following€that€practice€in€this€case.€€He€also€testified€that€he€did€notŠ `  Šprovide€the€wife€with€a€copy€of€her€husbandššs€financial€statement€prior€to€execution€of€theŠ P  Šagreement,€nor€did€he€discuss€the€specific€dollar€value€of€the€husbandššs€holdings€with€her,€butŠ š@  Šinstead€only€discussed€her€husbandššs€assets€in€general€terms.€€The€husband€also€testified€that€heŠ ą0  Šnever€advised€his€wife€of€his€net€worth,€but€asserted€that€she€was€aware€of€the€nature€of€his€holdings,Š Š  Šsince€they€had€lived€together€for€more€than€one€year€before€the€agreement€was€signed,€and€she€hadŠ Ą Šaccompanied€him€to€many€of€his€properties€to€collect€rent.€€The€Trial€Court€found€the€agreementŠ ° Šinvalid€for€failure€of€the€husband€to€prove€that€the€wife€signed€it€š šknowledgeably.šš€€The€Court€ofŠ  š ŠAppeals€reversed,€finding€that€neither€independent€counsel€nor€a€financial€statement€is€absolutelyŠ ą Šnecessary€to€satisfy€the€š šknowledgeablyšš€requirement€of€the€statute.€€The€Supreme€Court€grantedŠ €Š Špermission€to€appeal€on€the€single€issue€of€whether€the€agreement€was€entered€intoŠ pĄ Šš šknowledgeably.šš€€The€Court€opined:Š `° ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąPrior€to€the€statute,€at€common€law,€the€rule€governing€the€disclosureŠ @ Šrequired€to€validate€antenuptial€agreements€was€announced€by€theŠ 0€ ŠCourt€of€Appeals€in€ņņBaker€v.€Baker,€óó24€Ō_ŌTenn.AppŌ_Ō.€220,€142€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµĖ¦#ŌŠ  p Š737€(1940).Š p` x` x ŠĢą@uu$ģą*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆŠ P ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąThis€Court€first€addressed€the€disclosure€issue€following€adoption€ofŠ ą 0 ŠTenn.€Code€Ann.€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌššŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµØ#Ō€36„3„501€in€ņņKahn€v.€Kahn,€óó756€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ}Ø#Ō€685Š Š!  Š(Tenn.€1988).ŠŠ"  ` x` x ŠĢą@uu$ģą*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆŠ °$ " ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąInitially,€this€case€requires€that€we€resolve€the€issue€left€open€in€ņņKahnóóŠ &ą!$ Š„€whether€the€statute€abrogated€the€rule€announced€in€ņņBakeróó€requiringŠ €'Š"% Šproof€of€full€disclosure€or€independent€knowledge€to€validate€anŠ p(Ą#& Šantenuptial€agreement.€€It€is€instructive€to€note€that€the€ruleŠ `)°$' Šannounced€in€ņņBaker€óóremains€the€prevailing€view€throughout€theŠ P* %( Šcountry.€€Moreover,€unlike€the€court€in€ņņKahn,óó€we€do€not€perceive€aŠ @+&) Šconflict€between€the€rule€announced€in€ņņBakeróó€and€the€statuteŠ ° Šproviding€for€enforcement€of€antenuptial€agreements€entered€intoŠ  š Šš šknowledgeably.šš€€As€we€interpret€the€knowledge€element€of€theŠ ą Šstatute,€the€spouse€seeking€to€enforce€an€antenuptial€agreement€mustŠ €Š Šprove,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€either€that€a€full€and€fairŠ pĄ Šdisclosure€of€the€nature,€extent,€and€value€of€his€or€her€holdings€wasŠ ` ° Šprovided€to€the€spouse€seeking€to€avoid€the€agreement,€or€thatŠ P   Šdisclosure€was€unnecessary€because€the€spouse€seeking€to€avoid€theŠ @  Šagreement€had€independent€knowledge€of€the€full€nature,€extent,€andŠ 0 € Švalue€of€the€proponent€spouseššs€holdings.€€Under€the€statute,Š  p  Šdisclosure€or€full€knowledge€is€required€in€all€cases,€not€just€thoseŠ `  Šwhich€involve€an€agreement€in€which€the€provision€for€one€spouse€isŠ P  Šwholly€disproportionate€to€the€means€of€the€other€spouse.Šš@ ` x` x ŠĢņņRandolph€v.€Randolph,€óó937€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµ°#Ō€815,€821€(Tenn.€1996).€€€The€Supreme€Court€also€described€whatŠ Š  Šis€required€to€meet€the€burden€of€proving€knowledge:Š Š  ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąAs€we€view€the€statute,€knowledge€is€simply€an€element€that€must€beŠ ° Šproven€to€establish€the€existence€of€a€valid€contract.€€Ordinarily,€theŠ  š Šburden€of€proving€the€existence€of€a€valid€contract€is€upon€the€personŠ ą Šrelying€on€the€contract.€€In€the€context€of€antenuptial€agreements,€theŠ €Š Šsame€is€true.€€The€proponent€has€the€burden€of€establishing€theŠ pĄ Šexistence€and€terms€of€the€agreement,€as€would€be€the€situation€in€anyŠ `° Šother€contractual€setting.ŠP ` x` x ŠĢą@uu$ģą*€€€*€€€*€€€ˆŠ 0€ ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąWhile€disclosure€need€not€reveal€precisely€every€asset€owned€by€anŠ ` Šindividual€spouse,€at€a€minimum,€full€and€fair€disclosure€requires€thatŠ P Šeach€contracting€party€be€given€a€clear€idea€of€the€nature,€extent,€andŠ š@ Švalue€of€the€other€partyššs€property€and€resources.€€Though€notŠ ą 0 Šrequired,€a€fairly€simple€and€effective€method€of€proving€disclosureŠ Š!  Šis€to€attach€a€net€worth€schedule€of€assets,€liabilities,€and€income€toŠ Ą"  Šthe€agreement€itself.€€Š°#!` x` x ŠĢą8  ąą8` Š Š ąIn€the€absence€of€full€and€fair€disclosure,€an€antenuptial€agreementŠ %ą # Šwill€still€be€enforced€if€the€spouse€seeking€to€avoid€the€agreement€hadŠ €&Š!$ Šindependent€knowledge€of€the€full€nature,€extent,€and€value€of€theŠ p'Ą"% Šother€spouseššs€property€and€holdings.€€Of€course,€the€particular€factsŠ `(°#& Šand€circumstances€of€each€case€govern,€to€a€great€degree,€theŠ P) $' Šdetermination€of€knowledge.€€Some€factors€relevant€to€the€assessmentŠ @*%( Šinclude,€but€are€not€limited€to,€the€partiesšš€respective€sophisticationŠ 0+€&) Šand€experience€in€business€affairs,€the€duration€of€the€relationshipŠ ° Šprior€to€the€execution€of€the€agreement,€the€time€of€the€signing€of€theŠ  š Šagreement€in€relation€to€the€time€of€the€wedding,€and€the€partiesššŠ ą Šrepresentation€by,€or€opportunity€to€consult€with,€independentŠ €Š Šcounsel.€€ŠpĄ` x` x ŠĢņņRandolph,€óó937€Ō‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌS.W.2dŌ#†X”ĖX XXŖµLŗ#Ō€at€822.€Š P   ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWe€have€carefully€reviewed€the€evidence€in€the€record€before€us€to€determine€whetherŠ @  Šit€preponderates€against€the€Trial€Courtššs€finding€that€€š šwhile€the€parties€did€not€receive€copies€ofŠ 0 €  Šeach€other€financial€statements,€they€were€well€aware€of€the€assets€each€owned€and€the€approximateŠ  p  Švalue€thereof.šš€€We€find€Wife€was€aware€of€Husbandššs€assets.€€She€testified€that€she€knew€he€hadŠ `  Ša€house,€a€business€and€a€condominium€building.€€She€had€visited€each€of€these€properties€withŠ P  ŠHusband€on€a€number€of€occasions€before€the€marriage.€€However,€the€proof€preponderates€againstŠ š@  Šthe€Trial€Courtššs€finding€that€Wife€knew€the€value€of€€Husbandššs€assets.€€Š ą0  ŠĢą  ąą ` ąBonner,€C.P.A.€for€Husbandššs€businesses,€testified€that€he€met€with€the€parties€toŠ Ą Šinform€Wife€that€Husband€wanted€a€prenuptial€agreement,€but€he€did€not€ask€them€about€theirŠ ° Šseparate€assets€or€discuss€the€values€of€those€assets€during€the€meeting.€€He€was€present€on€OctoberŠ  š Š21,€1994€when€the€prenuptial€agreement€was€signed,€and€there€was€no€discussion€of€the€values€ofŠ ą Šthe€partiesšš€assets€at€that€time.€€There€were€no€financial€statements€attached€to€the€document.€€TheŠ €Š ŠTrial€Court€asked€Bonner:€š š[Ō_Ōt]heŌ_Ō€first€page€says,€ššEach€of€the€parties€has€made€a€full€disclosure.šš€€DidŠ pĄ Šyou€all€talk€about€that?šš€€Bonner€responded:€š šNo€maššam...šš€€Don€Cooper,€attorney€for€HusbandššsŠ `° Šbusinesses,€testified€that,€although€he€had€Husbandššs€outdated€financial€statement€on€his€desk€on€theŠ P  Šone€occasion€when€he€met€with€the€parties,€he€did€not€discuss€it€with€them,€but€rather€asked€themŠ @ Što€prepare€new€financial€statements€and€bring€them€back€to€his€office.€Husband€later€deliveredŠ 0€ Šfinancial€statements€to€Cooperššs€office,€and€Cooper€filed€them€in€his€file,€where€they€remained€untilŠ  p Šthis€matter€came€to€litigation.€€He€had€no€recollection€of€giving€Wife€a€copy€of€Husbandššs€financialŠ ` Šstatement,€and€testified€that€he€would€have€had€no€reason€to€discuss€asset€values€with€her€becauseŠ P Štheir€meeting€was€a€preliminary€one€and€he€expected€to€see€them€again€when€the€prenuptialŠ š@ Šagreement€was€to€be€signed.€€Although€he€faxed€a€second€draft€to€Husband€on€October€20,€1994,€andŠ ą 0 Šthat€document€contained€the€phrase€š š[Ō_Ōa]ttachedŌ_Ō€to€this€agreement€is€a€copy€of€the€most€currentŠ Š!  Šfinancial€statement€of€each€of€the€parties,šš€he€did€not,€in€fact,€fax€any€financial€statements€toŠ Ą"  ŠHusband.€€He€expected€the€parties€to€review€the€draft€and€come€to€his€office€to€sign€the€document,Š °#! Šwhere€he€would€attach€the€financial€statements.€€However,€the€draft€document€was€returned€to€himŠ  $š" Šby€mail€several€days€later,€and€it€had€been€signed€as€the€final€agreement,€without€the€financialŠ %ą # Šstatements€attached.€€Š €&Š!$ ŠĢą  ąą ` ąWife€testified€that€she€never€saw€Husbandššs€financial€statements€until€six€weeksŠ `(°#& Šbefore€this€trial,€and€when€she€saw€one€then,€š šI€was€amazed€by€this€material.€€I€had€no€idea€.€.€.€I€hadŠ P) $' Šno€idea€that€he€was€„€„€his€total€assets€were€$575,000€when€I€married€him€.€.€.€I€knew€he€had€a€house.€Š @*%( ŠI€knew€he€owned€the€apartments€and€I€knew€he€had€a€business.šš€€She€testified€that€Husband€neverŠ 0+€&) Štold€her€anything€before€the€marriage€about€the€value€of€his€business,€the€total€sales,€the€overheadŠ ° Šcosts,€or€his€indebtedness.€€Husband€testified€that€he€could€not€recall€any€meeting€with€Bonner€beforeŠ  š Šthe€agreement€was€signed.€€He€does€not€recall€much€at€all€about€the€preparation€of€financialŠ ą Šstatements,€but€he€does€know€that€he€never€gave€Wife€a€copy€of€his€financial€statement€and€neverŠ €Š Šgot€a€copy€of€hers.€€He€š šcanššt€say€for€surešš€that€she€knew€what€was€in€his€financial€statement.€€HeŠ pĄ Šand€Wife€never€had€any€discussions€specifically€about€valuation€or€asset€values.€€Š ` ° ŠĢą  ąą ` ąIn€summary,€we€find,€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence,€that€Husband,€as€theŠ @  Šspouse€seeking€to€enforce€the€prenuptial€agreement,€failed€to€prove€either€that€a€full€and€fairŠ 0 € Šdisclosure€of€the€nature,€extent,€and€value€of€his€holdings€was€provided€to€Wife€or€that€Wife€hadŠ  p  Šindependent€knowledge€of€the€full€nature,€extent,€and€value€of€Husbandššs€property€and€holdings.€Š `  ŠAs€was€the€case€in€ņņRandolphóó,€Wife€did€not€š šknowledgeablyšš€sign€the€prenuptial€agreement.€Š P  ŠAccordingly,€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€which€upheld€the€prenuptial€agreement.€Š š@  ŠThis€reversal€requires€a€reconsideration€by€the€Trial€Court€of€all€related€€issues,€including€theŠ ą0  Šdivision€of€marital€assets€and€the€award€of€alimony.€€Therefore,€we€vacate€the€judgment€of€the€TrialŠ Š  ŠCourt€in€its€entirety€and€remand€the€case€to€that€Court€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€thisŠ Ą ŠOpinion.Š ° ŠĢŌ‡XŖµ XXX”ĖŌą@  %ģąņ ņņņConclusionóóó óˆŠ ą ŠĢą  ąą ` ąThe€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€reversed€and€vacated€and€this€cause€is€remandedŠ hø Što€the€Trial€Court€for€such€further€proceedings€as€may€be€required,€consistent€with€this€Opinion,€andŠ T¤ Šfor€collection€of€the€costs€below.€€The€costs€on€appeal€are€assessed€against€David€Alison€Ō_ŌHumphriesŌ_Ō.Ō#†X”ĖX XXŖµŅŠ#ԀР@ ŠĢĢĢĢĢĢĢĢą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą€__________________________________________Š Ą! Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąD.€MICHAEL€Ō_ŌSWINEYŌ_Ō,€JUDGE