ÿWPC ŽZl1àzœÿÎ÷.-w|:](™Ò¢Bò9%¶òŸžs4-RéÌ']]f+&>0^ñÀVaŒ¨¢&Òbé„2#YÜ/¹þ7sºˆ{%>“]#нçrn3pPª~Ë¿‘V›à´†¯û‘*<[–Û øí8)ÃA+ü3°è€å˜Û‹9>~$, ½ÌùÆe@SÏäýÒ"ªëx²é(ŒDLSOu8i¢X@MoU.1ÊŒáÿ&Z)nõ?®98c³ž:wŒPÒB3ù\M»»ô¼Gg7Å #dik·¬*òR›ødÛíãGphÞÁ8»Cê!€DGn¯w{^×µ˜#g‚<­ “7¸--"Õ«œcš)Q;“„8Â;íhoÜMMF$/’~ʘñ2IDÁLÉqâ¡ +%{Ígµ:HÊÛ1GÖ¿#þdÁÓÓû–;3ÌÀàbR C¢Ë×ÏLÝÇ9®™ rå²t\J[’5Tr8¿MQïƒ6jHL¥‚à¯*# LUNW %¥ 0(«w@Ó4'6UN> 0lŒ 0Dø!< AQ] ® ; U:> x U:z´U:¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶¶ BðÆ  0DÓ 0D 0D[[ D/ŸŸ BÎ D3ë˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ v w£xyzD{|Ó€†ˆ‰Ö~-&3|x‰(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝWe€note,€however,€that€Legion€Insurance€Company€(Legion€Insurance)€filed€anÐ ° Ðintervening€complaint€seeking€to€recover€workers€compensation€benefits€paid€to€Ms.€JohnsonÏstating€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:ÌÌà8  àà ` à6.à ¸ àThe€defendants€are€guilty€of€negligence,€in€that€they€failed€toÐ pÀ Ðexercise€reasonable€care€and€diligence€in€their€actions€to€avoid€injury€to€MildredÏJohnson.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à7.à ¸ àThe€defendant,€Charles€T.€Cantrell,€owed€a€duty€to€MildredÐ 0 € ÐJohnson€not€to€wilfully€injure€her€on€the€premises€at€500€Maple€Leaf€Drive,ÏNashville,€Tennessee.€€Charles€Cantrell€is€guilty€of€negligence€for€breach€of€thatÏduty.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌLegion€Insurance€has€not€appealed€the€ruling€of€the€trial€court€or€been€made€a€party€to€thisÏappeal.€€We€thus€conclude€that€the€allegations€of€Legion€Insurance€may€not€be€relied€upon€onÏappeal€by€the€Plaintiffs.Ì!"#$&Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ ƒÝ ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThere€is€no€evidence€in€this€record€that€Mr.€Cantrell€was€armed. ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X×UXXXÔÔ€ XX×UÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X×UX ÔÐ  ÐÌJanuary€20,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular øÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X×UXXXÔÔ€ XX×UÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X×UX ÔÐ  ÐÌJanuary€7,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular øÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X×UXXXÔÔ€ XX×UÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X×UX ÔÐ  ÐÌJanuary€7,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd 'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ|ñ›ñ|ñÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ'°,X°À”X°œX'Óò òñ†ññ|ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` 8ttxP°ð  rßñ|ññ†ññˆññ†ñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` 8ttxP°ð  rßñ†ññˆññ‰ññˆñßr€ )<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` 8ttxP°ð  rßñˆññ‰ññ‰ññ‰ññ‰ññ|ñ›ñ|ññ‰ññ‰ñßt€ )>.*jxÝÿÍ` `€€@E¥}` 8ttxPݵð È tß›ñ‰ñà@O O ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE,€ˆÌà@úú$ìàAT€NASHVILLEó óˆÐ œì ÐÌà@. . ìà_______________________________________________________ˆÌÌà À à)Ìò òMILDRED€JOHNSON€andó óà À à)à  àDavidson€County€Circuit€CourtÐ 8 ˆ Ðò òGARY€JOHNSONó ó,à À à)à  àNo.€97C„55Ð ( x Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Plaintiffs/Appellants.à À à)Ð  T  Ðà À à)ÌVS.à À à)à  àC.A.€No.€01A01„9712„CV„00690Ð Ü,  Ðà À à)Ìò òCHARLES€T.€CANTRELL€andó óà À à)Ð ´  Ðò òPATRICIA€CANTRELL,ó óÐ ¤ô  Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Defendants/Appellees.à À à)Ð |Ì Ðà À à)Ì______________________________________________________________________________ÌÌFrom€the€Circuit€Court€of€Davidson€County€at€Nashville.Ìò òHonorable€Barbara€N.€Haynes,€Judge€ó óÐ h ÐÌÌÌò òJ.€Mitchell€Grissim,€Jr.ó ó,Ð È Ðò òHarry€L.€Weddle,€IIIó ó,Ð ¸ ÐMITCH€GRISSIM€&€ASSOCIATES,€Nashville,€TennesseeÌAttorneys€for€Plaintiffs/Appellants.ÌÌÌò òHal€D.€œHardinó ó,ñ{ñ€Nashville,€Tennesseeñ{ñ›Ð X!¨ Ðò òJohn€T.€Reese,€œó óñzñÐ °"  ÐñzñEVANS,›€TODD€&€FLOYD,€PLC,€Nashville,€TennesseeÐ H"˜  ÐAttorneys€for€Defendants/Appellees.ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:ÌÌò òAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDó óÐ À($' ÐÌÌà À àò òFARMER,€J.ó óÐ „+Ô&* ÐÌò òCRAWFORD,€P.J.,W.S.ó ó:€(Concurs)Ð \-¬(, Ðò òHIGHERS,€J.ó ó:€œ(Concurs)Ð L.œ)- ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ›ñvññuñÓ6°,X°` ‚XÀ”X°,X°À”X6ÓñuññvññvñÓ0°,X°` ˜X°,X°À”X0ÓñvññwñÓ  ÓñwññxñÓÓœñxññyñÔ‡ XŽXXXÔà ` àPlaintiffs€Mildred€and€Gary€Johnson€appeal€an€order€of€the€trial€court€grantingÐ 8;ˆ6; Ðsummary€judgment€in€favor€of€Defendants€Charles€T.€and€Patricia€Cantrell.€€For€the€reasons€set€forthÏbelow,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€ruling.ÌÌà@ÃÃìàò òòòFactual€and€Procedural€HistoryˆÐ P   ÐÌà ` àóóó óCharles€R.€Cantrell€and€his€brother€owned€a€business€and€some€real€property.€€InÐ `  Ð1992,€the€brothers€sold€their€business€and€began€renting€their€real€property€to€Rocket€Express,€Inc.Ï(Rocket€Express).€€Rocket€Express€owned€an€entity€known€as€Red€Arrow€Delivery€Service€Co.,€Inc.Ï(Red€Arrow).€€Mildred€Johnson€was€employed€by€Red€Arrow€as€a€human€resources€director.€€InÏFebruary€of€1996,€Red€Arrow€was€in€the€process€of€closing€its€operations.€€Mr.€Cantrell€becameÏconcerned€that€equipment€was€being€removed€from€the€building€that€he€rented€to€Red€Arrow€in€orderÏto€defeat€Mr.€Cantrellððs€rights€as€a€creditor.€€Consequently,€Mr.€Cantrell€obtained€a€temporaryÏrestraining€order€prohibiting€Red€Arrow,€Rocket€Express,€and€any€of€their€agents€or€employees€fromÏremoving€from€the€state€any€personal€property€located€in€the€building€owned€by€Mr.€Cantrell.€€Mr.ÏCantrell€and€his€attorney€went€to€Red€Arrow€on€the€evening€of€February€27,€1996€and€served€a€copyÏof€the€temporary€restraining€order€on€Ed€Andrews,€the€president€of€Red€Arrow.€€Mr.€Cantrell€andÏMr.€Andrews€engaged€in€a€heated€argument,€during€the€course€of€which€Mr.€Cantrell€threatened€toÏcall€the€police€and€have€the€building€locked€up.€€The€following€morning,€Mr.€Cantrell€returned€toÏRed€Arrow,€accompanied€by€his€wife.€€Ms.€Johnson€overheard€Mr.€Cantrell€ask€whether€the€policeÏhad€arrived€yet.€€Mr.€Cantrell€asked€Nancy€Alverson,€one€of€Ms.€Johnsonððs€co„workers,€who€sheÏworked€for€and€Ms.€Alverson€replied€that€she€worked€for€Red€Arrow.€€Mr.€Cantrell€asked€where€Mr.ÏAndrews€was€and€was€told€that€Mr.€Andrews€had€locked€himself€in€his€office.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€CantrellÏthen€entered€Ms.€Johnsonððs€office€and€asked€her€who€she€worked€for.€€Like€Ms.€Alverson,€Ms.ÏJohnson€replied€that€she€worked€for€Red€Arrow.€€Mr.€Cantrell€continued€to€question€Ms.€Johnson,Ïasking€her€what€she€was€doing.€€Ms.€Johnson€began€to€cry.€€At€Mr.€Cantrellððs€request,€Ms.€JohnsonÏshowed€him€which€checks€she€intended€to€use€to€complete€the€payroll€for€Red€Arrowððs€employees.€ÏMrs.€Cantrell€then€leaned€into€Ms.€Johnsonððs€face€and€asked€if€Ms.€Johnson€knew€what€she€and€herÏhusband€had€been€through.€€Mr.€Cantrell€also€asked€Ms.€Johnson€who€was€going€to€sign€the€checks.€ÏMs.€Johnson€started€to€hyperventilate€and€subsequently€fainted.€€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Cantrell€temporarilyÏleft€Ms.€Johnsonððs€office€but€then€re„entered€the€room€after€Ms.€Johnson€regained€consciousness.€Ð ;`6: ÐThereafter,€Ms.€Johnson€began€to€hyperventilate€again€and€passed€out€a€second€time.€€She€awoke€inÏthe€hospital€and€was€told€that€she€had€suffered€a€mini€stroke.€€For€approximately€nine€monthsÏfollowing€this€incident,€Ms.€Johnson€underwent€speech€therapy€to€treat€her€loss€of€speech€andÏphysical€therapy€in€order€to€regain€the€use€of€her€right€side.ò òòòÐ 0 € ÐÌà ` àó óóóOn€January€6,€1997,€Mildred€and€Gary€Johnson€filed€a€complaint€against€Charles€R.Ð ð@  Ðand€Patricia€Cantrell,€seeking€damages€for€personal€injuries€sustained€by€Ms.€Johnson€as€a€result€ofÏthe€events€of€February€28,€1996.€€Mr.€Johnson€sued€for€loss€of€consortium.€€On€August€1,€1997,€theÏDefendants€filed€a€motion€for€summary€judgment,€accompanied€by€the€affidavits€of€Charles€R.ÏCantrell€and€Nancy€Alverson.€€On€September€2,€1997,€the€Plaintiffs€filed€a€response€in€oppositionÏto€the€motion€for€summary€judgment,€accompanied€by€the€affidavits€of€Kathye€Beech,€TomÏCaldwell,€and€Jennifer€Duncan.€€The€Defendants€filed€a€statement€of€undisputed€facts€on€SeptemberÏ29,€1997.€€Thereafter€on€October€2,€1997,€the€Defendants€filed€a€motion€to€strike€the€affidavits€ofÏKathye€Beech,€Tom€Caldwell,€and€Jennifer€Duncan,€alleging€that€they€had€not€been€properlyÏnotarized.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€Defendantððs€motion€to€strike€but€allowed€the€Plaintiffs€toÏreexecute€and€refile€the€affidavits€of€Ms.€Beech,€Mr.€Caldwell,€and€Ms.€Duncan.€€Additionally,€theÏPlaintiffs€filed€the€affidavit€of€Mike€Chilcoat€and€the€deposition€of€Mildred€Johnson.€€Finally,€onÏOctober€9,€1997,€the€Plaintiffs€filed€a€response€to€the€Defendantsðð€statement€of€undisputed€facts.€ÏAfter€a€hearing,€the€trial€court€initially€took€the€matter€under€advisement€and€on€November€5,€1997,Ïentered€an€order€granting€the€Defendantsðð€motion€for€summary€judgment.€€This€appeal€followed.€€òòò òÐ 0*€%( ÐÌà@ìì'ìàIssuesˆÌÌà ` àó óóóThe€issues€presented€on€appeal,€as€we€perceive€them,€are€as€follows:€€(1)€Did€the€trialÐ °1-0 Ðcourt€err€in€granting€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€the€Defendants€with€respect€to€the€PlaintiffsððÏclaims€based€on€assault?€€€(2)€Did€the€trial€court€err€in€granting€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€theÏDefendants€with€respect€to€the€Plaintiffsðð€claim€based€on€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress?€Ï(3)€€Does€the€Plaintiffsðð€complaint€allege€negligence€as€a€theory€of€recovery,€and,€if€so,€does€theÏproof€relied€upon€by€the€Plaintiffs€state€a€prima€facie€case€of€negligence?Ð ;`6: Ðòòò òÌà@ÆÆ!ìàStandard€of€ReviewˆÌÌà ` àó óóóSummary€judgment€is€appropriate€only€if€the€party€seeking€summary€judgmentÐ P   Ðdemonstrates€that€there€are€no€genuine€issues€of€material€fact€and€further€shows€that,€under€theÏundisputed€facts,€the€moving€party€is€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòò òSee€White€v.Ð `  ÐLawrenceó óóó,€975€S.W.2d€525,€528€(Tenn.€1998)(citing€òòò òByrd€v.€Halló óóó,€847€S.W.2d€208,€210€(Tenn.Ð ð@  Ð1993)).€€When€ruling€on€a€motion€for€summary€judgment,€the€court€must€view€the€evidence€in€theÏlight€most€favorable€to€the€party€opposing€the€motion,€drawing€all€reasonable€inferences€in€favor€ofÏthe€nonmoving€party€and€discarding€all€countervailing€evidence.€€ò òòòSee€id.€óóó óat€529€(citing€ò òòòByrdóóó ó,€847Ð à ÐS.W.2d€at€210„11).€€If€there€is€a€dispute€as€to€any€material€fact€or€any€doubt€as€to€the€conclusion€toÏbe€drawn€from€the€evidence,€the€motion€must€be€denied.€€òòò òSee€Dooley€v.€Everettóóó ó,€805€S.W.2d€380,Ð P  Ð383€(Tenn.€App.€1990)(citing€òòò òPhillips€v.€Pittsburg€Consol.€Coal€Co.óóó ó,€541€S.W.2d€411,€413€(Tenn.Ð 0€ Ð1976)).€€Because€this€is€solely€a€legal€determination,€our€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€aÏmotion€for€summary€judgment€is€ò òòòde€novo€ó óóówith€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòò òSee€Whiteó óóó,€975Ð ð@ ÐS.W.2d€at€528„29€(citing€òòò òRobinson€v.€Omeróóó ó,€952€S.W.2d€423,€426€(Tenn.€1997);€ò òòòBain€v.€Wellsóóó ó,€936Ð Ð  ÐS.W.2d€618,€622€(Tenn.€1997));€T.R.A.P.€13(d).€ò òòòÐ °"  ÐÌà@¹¹'ìàAssaultˆÌÌó óóóà ` àIn€Tennessee,€the€tort€of€assault€is€defined€as€ð ðany€act€tending€to€do€corporal€injuryÐ 0*€%( Ðto€another,€accompanied€with€such€circumstances€as€denote€at€the€time€an€intention,€coupled€withÏthe€present€ability,€of€using€actual€violence€against€the€person.ðð€€òòò òThompson€v.€Williamson€Countyóóó ó,Ð ð-@), Ð965€F.€Supp.€1026,€1037€(M.D.€Tenn.€1997);€ò òòòVafaie€v.€Owensó óóó,€No.€92C„1642,€1996€WL€502133,Ð Ð/ +. Ðat€*3€(Tenn.€App.€Sept.€6,€1996);€€ò òòòHuffman€v.€Stateóóó ó,€292€S.W.2d€738,€742€(Tenn.€1956),€òòò òoverruledÐ °1-0 Ðin€part€on€other€grounds€by€State€v.€Irvin,ó óóó€603€S.W.2d€121,€123€(Tenn.€1980).€€Under€thisÐ 3à.2 Ðdefinition,€a€defendant€is€not€subject€to€liability€for€assault€unless€he€or€she€commits€an€intentionalÏact€creating€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€imminent€physical€harm€on€the€part€of€the€plaintiff.€€ò òòòSeeÐ P7 26 ÐBaker€v.€Morelandóóó ó,€No.€89„62„II,€1989€WL€89758,€at€*6€(Tenn.€App.€Aug.€9,€1989)(citing€6A€C.J.S.Ð 09€48 ÐòòAssault€&€Batteryóó€ðð€65€(1975)).Ð ;`6: Їò òà ` àó óIn€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€Defendants€were€entitled€to€aÐ ° Ðjudgment€as€a€matter€of€law€with€respect€to€the€Plaintiffsðð€claim€based€on€the€theory€of€assault.€€InÏtheir€complaint,€the€Plaintiffs€allege€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ à5.€€On€that€date,€while€on€the€Rocket€Express€TerminalÏProperty,€both€Defendants€came€in€to€the€area€of€the€office€where€theÏPlaintiff€Mildred€Johnson€was€working.€€Plaintiffs€allege€that€theÏDefendants€entered€the€office€area€where€the€Plaintiff€was€workingÏand€without€provocation,€began€shouting,€cursing€and€otherwiseÏverbally€assaulting€Rocket€Express€office€personnel€in€the€area,Ïincluding€the€Plaintiff€Mildred€Johnson.€€Plaintiffs€further€allege€thatÏon€that€occasion,€the€Defendants€threatened€to€have€Rocket€ExpressÏoffice€personnel,€including€Plaintiff€Mildred€Johnson€arrested€andÏforcefully€removed€from€the€property.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à6.€€On€the€same€date,€and€sometime€after€entering€the€officeÏarea,€the€Defendants€went€to€Plaintiff€Mildred€Johnsonððs€work€area,Ïand€stood€next€to€Plaintiffððs€desk,€in€close€proximity€to€the€Plaintiff,Ïand€began€screaming€and€shouting€at€the€Plaintiff€Mildred€JohnsonÏin€a€loud€and€abusive€manner.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à7.€€As€a€result€of€the€Defendantððs€abusive€verbal€assaultsÏdirected€at€her,€the€Plaintiff€Mildred€Johnson€became€upset€and€beganÏopenly€weeping€and€crying.€€Notwithstanding€the€Plaintiffððs€obviousÏanxiety€and€fright€resulting€from€the€Defendantððs€actions,€theÏDefendant€Charles€Cantrell€continued€his€angry€verbal€assault€andÏabuse€of€the€Plaintiff€for€several€more€minutes€while€standing€next€toÏthe€Plaintiffððs€desk€and€in€close€proximity€to€the€Plaintiff€with€hisÏfists€clenched€in€a€threatening€manner.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à8.€€Plaintiffs€allege€that,€despite€Plaintiffððs€obvious€anxietyÏand€fright€resulting€from€Defendantððs€actions,€the€Defendant€CharlesÏCantrell€continued€to€threaten€to€have€everyone€in€the€office,Ïincluding€the€Plaintiff,€arrested€and€forcefully€removed€from€theÏpremises.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à9.€€All€of€the€actions€of€the€Defendants€as€described€hereinÏabove€were€done€without€any€provocation€from€the€Plaintiff€MildredÏJohnson.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à10.€€During€the€time€that€the€Defendants€were€verballyÏassaulting€and€abusing,€the€Plaintiff€continued€to€cry€and€weep€soÏheavily€that€other€personnel€in€the€office€asked€the€DefendantsÏrepeatedly€to€leave€the€premises€and€to€cease€their€assault€and€abuseÏof€the€Plaintiff.€€Notwithstanding€those€requests,€the€DefendantsÏmomentarily€left€the€scene€and€then€returned€and€continued€theirÏangry€and€abusive€verbal€assault€upon€the€Plaintiff.Ð ` x` x Ðò òòòà8 ` àà ¸ àó óóó11.€€On€the€same€date,€and€as€a€result€of€the€DefendantððsÐ Ð/ +. Ðabusive€verbal€assault€upon€the€Plaintiff,€the€Plaintiff€suffered€aÏmassive€stroke€which€has€caused€her€to€have€a€substantial,€permanentÏphysical€and€mental€disability.Ð ` x` x Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à12.€€The€Defendants€are€guilty€of€assaulting€the€Plaintiff€asÏdescribed€above€in€that€the€defendants€purposefully€and€intentionallyÏcaused€the€Plaintiff€to€be€placed€in€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€anÏimminent€threat€of€harmful€or€offensive€contact€with€PlaintiffððsÏperson.€Ð ` x` x ÐÌÌÌÓ˜+ÓThe€Plaintiffs€thus€contend€that€Mr.€Cantrell€committed€two€acts€constituting€an€assault.€€First,€theyÐ ;`6: Ðallege€that€Mr.€Cantrell€threatened€to€have€Ms.€Johnson€arrested,€causing€her€to€fear€that€Mr.€CantrellÏwould€carry€out€this€threat.€€Additionally,€they€contend€that,€because€Mr.€Cantrell€shouted€at€Ms.ÏJohnson€in€a€loud€and€abusive€manner,€she€believed€that€she€was€in€imminent€physical€danger.€€WeÏaddress€each€of€these€acts€separately.ÌÌà ` àMs.€Johnson€testified€that,€on€at€least€one€occasion,€Mr.€Cantrell€threatened€to€callÏthe€police€and€have€Ms.€Johnson€and€her€co„workers€removed€from€the€building.€€Ms.€JohnsonÏfurther€testified€that€she€thought€that€Mr.€Cantrell€was€going€to€have€her€arrested€for€trespassing,Ïstating€ð ðin€the€back€of€my€mind€the€whole€time€I€was€thinking,€oh,€God,€heððs€going€to€have€meÏarrested.ðð€€When€Ms.€Johnson€regained€consciousness€after€fainting,€her€first€words€were€that€Mr.ÏCantrell€was€calling€the€police€and€that€she€was€going€to€be€arrested.€€In€order€to€recover€under€theÏtheory€of€assault,€a€plaintiff€must€prove€that,€as€a€result€of€the€defendantððs€actions,€he€or€she€wasÏplaced€in€apprehension€of€immediate€or€imminent€harm.€€ò òòòSee€Vafaieó óóó,€1996€WL€502133€at€*4;€ò òòòseeÐ 0€ Ðalso€Raines€v.€Shoneyððs,€Inc.ó óóó,€909€F.€Supp.€1070,€1083€(E.D.€Tenn.€1995)(holding€that€threat€ofÐ ` Ðfuture€violence€was€not€suggestive€of€an€immediate€harm;€thus,€plaintiff€did€not€allege€factsÏsufficient€to€maintain€an€action€for€assault).€€In€the€instant€case,€Mr.€Cantrell€threatened€to€call€theÏpolice€in€the€future.€€Likewise,€Ms.€Johnson€feared€that€Mr.€Cantrell€might€call€the€police€and€haveÏher€arrested€in€the€future.€€Thus,€the€Plaintiffsðð€complaint€alleges€that€Mr.€Cantrellððs€threat€placedÏMs.€Johnson€in€apprehension€of€future€rather€than€immediate€or€imminent€harm.€€Accordingly,€weÏfind€that€this€allegation€is€insufficient€to€state€a€claim€for€relief€under€the€theory€of€assault.ÌÌà ` àThe€Plaintiffs€also€allege€that€Ms.€Johnson€was€ð ðverbally€assaultedðð€by€theÏDefendants.€€Specifically,€Ms.€Johnson€testified€that€Mr.€Cantrell€questioned€her€in€a€loud€and€angryÏmanner,€cursing€at€her€and€using€profane€and€offensive€language€in€her€presence.€€It€is€wellÏestablished€that€an€assault€cannot€be€committed€by€words€alone,€no€matter€how€insulting,€offensive,Ïor€abusive€those€words€might€be.€€ò òòòSee€Bakeróóó ó,€1989€WL€89758,€at€*6€(citing€6A€C.J.S.€òòAssault€&Ð 3à.2 ÐBattery€óóðð€66€(1975)).€€Rather,€the€words€must€be€accompanied€by€an€overt€act€or€physical€movementÐ p5À04 Ðcausing€the€plaintiff€to€reasonably€believe€that€he€or€she€is€in€imminent€physical€danger.€€ò òòòId.€€óóó óIn€theÐ P7 26 Ðinstant€case,€Tommy€Caldwell,€one€of€Ms.€Johnsonððs€co„workers€who€witnessed€the€incident,Ïtestified€that€he€saw€Mr.€Cantrell€running€his€hands€in€and€out€of€his€right€hand€pocket€and€thoughtÐ ;`6: Ðthat€Mr.€Cantrell€might€have€a€gun€or€a€weapon.€€Mr.€Caldwell€further€testified€that,€during€Mr.ÏCantrellððs€interrogation€of€Ms.€Johnson,€he€made€threatening€motions€toward€Ms.€Johnson€with€hisÏhands.€€Mike€Chilcoat,€a€second€eyewitness,€testified€that€Mr.€Cantrell€was€intimidating€Ms.€JohnsonÏthrough€his€angry€manner€and€gestures€and€that,€when€Ms.€Johnson€regained€consciousness,€sheÏstated€that€she€thought€Mr.€Cantrell€was€going€to€shoot€her.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€These€witnesses€did€not,€however,€setÐ 0 € Ðforth€specific€facts€describing€these€allegedly€threatening€motions€and€gestures.€€Nor€can€we€find€anyÏevidence€in€the€record€showing€that€Ms.€Johnson€actually€observed€any€threatening€motions€orÏgestures.€€In€her€deposition€testimony,€Ms.€Johnson€recounted€in€great€detail€the€events€of€FebruaryÏ28,€1996.€€At€no€time€during€this€testimony€did€Ms.€Johnson€state€that€Mr.€or€Mrs.€Cantrell€made€anyÏthreatening€motions€or€gestures€toward€her.€€She€also€did€not€allege€that€she€feared€that€Mr.€CantrellÏwas€going€to€shoot€her.€€Thus,€we€must€find€that€the€Plaintiffs€have€failed€to€allege€that€either€of€theÏDefendants€committed€an€act€sufficient€to€create€a€cause€of€action€for€assault€of€which€Ms.€JohnsonÏwas€aware.ÌÌà ` àAccordingly,€with€respect€to€the€Plaintiffsðð€claims€based€on€the€theory€of€assault,€weÏuphold€the€trial€courtððs€order€granting€summary€judgment€in€favor€of€the€Defendants.ÌÌà ` àò òà ¸ àòòà@å å ìàIntentional€Infliction€of€Emotional€DistressˆÐ $à" ÐÌà ` àó óóóThe€Plaintiffsðð€complaint€alleges€that€the€ð ðDefendants€are€further€guilty,€as€describedÐ P( #& Ðherein€above,€of€extreme€and€outrageous€conduct,€in€that€Defendants€recklessly€or€intentionallyÏcaused€severe€emotional€distress€to€the€Plaintiff€which€resulted€in€mental€and€physical€harm,€injuryÏand€disability.ðð€€We€perceive€this€as€an€attempt€to€allege€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distressÏas€a€theory€of€recovery.€€ò òòòSee€Bainóóó ó,€936€S.W.2d€at€622€n.3€(citing€ò òòòMoorhead€v.€J.C.€Penney€Co.óóó ó,€555Ð Ð/ +. ÐS.W.2d€713,€717€(Tenn.€1977))(stating€that€outrageous€conduct€and€intentional€infliction€ofÏemotional€distress€are€different€names€for€the€same€cause€of€action).€€In€order€to€recover€under€thisÏtheory,€a€plaintiff€must€prove€(1)€that€the€defendant€engaged€in€intentional€or€reckless€conduct,€(2)Ïthat€the€defendantððs€conduct€is€so€outrageous€that€is€not€tolerated€by€civilized€society,€and€(3)€that,Ïas€a€result€of€the€defendantððs€conduct,€the€plaintiff€has€suffered€a€serious€mental€injury.€€ò òòòSee€id.€óóó óatÐ 09€48 Ð622;€ò òòòNewsom€v.€Textron€Aerostructuresó óóó,€924€S.W.2d€87,€98€(Tenn.€App.€1995);€ò òòòHartsell€v.€FortÐ ° ÐSanders€Regional€Medical€Ctr.ó óóó,€905€S.W.2d€944,€948€(Tenn.€App.€1995).Ð à ÐÌà ` àIn€determining€whether€conduct€may€properly€be€described€as€outrageous,€we€areÏguided€by€the€Restatement€(Second)€of€Torts€which€provides€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 ` àIt€has€not€been€enough€that€the€defendant€has€acted€with€an€intentÏwhich€is€tortious€or€even€criminal,€or€that€he€has€intended€to€inflictÏemotional€distress,€or€even€that€his€conduct€has€been€characterized€byÏð ðmalice,ðð€or€a€degree€of€aggravation€which€would€entitle€the€plaintiffÏto€punitive€damages€for€another€tort.€€Liability€has€been€found€onlyÏwhere€the€conduct€has€been€so€outrageous€in€character,€and€soÏextreme€in€degree,€as€to€go€beyond€all€bounds€of€decency,€and€to€beÏregarded€as€atrocious€and€utterly€intolerable€in€a€civilized€community.Ð ` x` x ÐÌÌÌÓfPÓRestatement€(Second)€of€Torts€ðð€46€cmt.€d;€ò òòòJones€v.€Tennessee€Valley€Auth.óóó ó,€948€F.2d€258,€266€(6thÐ @ ÐCir.€1991);€€ò òòòBainóóó ó,€936€S.W.2d€at€623;€ò òòòNewsomóóó ó,€924€S.W.2d€at€98;€ò òòòFann€v.€City€of€Fairviewóóó ó,€905Ð  p ÐS.W.2d€167,€175€(Tenn.€App.€1994).€€Under€this€high€standard,€ð ðmere€insults,€indignities,€threats,Ïannoyances,€petty€oppression€or€other€trivialitiesðð€are€not€classified€as€outrageous.€€ò òòòJonesóóó ó,€948€F.2dÐ à0 Ðat€266;€€ò òòòBainóóó ó,€936€S.W.2d€at€622;€€ò òòòSwallows€v.€Western€Elec.€Co.ó óóó,€543€S.W.2d€581,€583€(Tenn.Ð À! Ð1976);€€ò òòòMedlin€v.€Allied€Inv.€Co.ó óóó,€398€S.W.2d€270,€274€(Tenn.€1966).Ð  #ð! ÐÌà ` àIn€the€instant€case,€even€if€we€assume€that€the€evidence€submitted€by€the€PlaintiffsÏis€true,€as€we€must€for€purposes€of€summary€judgment,€we€nevertheless€find€that€the€Plaintiffs€doÏnot€state€a€claim€for€intentional€infliction€of€emotional€distress.€€The€Plaintiffs€allege€that€Mr.ÏCantrell€shouted€at€Ms.€Johnson€in€a€loud€and€abusive€manner,€using€offensive€and€profane€languageÏand€that€he€threatened€to€have€her€arrested.€€The€Plaintiffs€further€allege€that€Mrs.€Cantrell€leanedÏinto€Ms.€Johnsonððs€face€and€stated,€ð ð[y]ou€donððt€know€what€all€weððve€been€through!ðð€€AccordingÏto€Ms.€Johnson,€the€entire€incident€lasted€only€about€ten€minutes.€€This€conduct€was€obviouslyÏupsetting€to€Ms.€Johnson€and€may€be€classified€as€rude,€offensive,€and€otherwise€inappropriate.€ÏUnder€the€standard€recognized€in€Tennessee,€however,€it€may€not€be€said,€and€a€reasonable€juryÏcould€not€find,€that€the€conduct€was€outrageous.€€Because€the€Plaintiffs€have€failed€to€allege€anyÏoutrageous€conduct€on€the€part€of€the€Defendants,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€properly€grantedÏsummary€judgment€in€favor€of€the€Defendants€with€respect€to€the€Plaintiffsðð€claim€for€intentionalÐ