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ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€##X„d&ÓÑ#€##Xd#ÑÔ€$ÔÝ  ÝÑ7€e+XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€ÔÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÒ  ÒÒ „ Òà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àWESTERN€SECTION€AT€JACKSONÌà àà à€€Ï________________________________________________ÌÌò òGERALD€ROY€LANDRY,ó óÌà àÌà àPlaintiff„Appellant,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àFayette€Circuit€No.€3325ÌÙ€€ÙÙ€€ÙßL€')&;+'h|pç` Å `€€LßVs.à àà àà àà àà àà àà àCA€No.Ï02A01„9508„CV„00194ÌÌò òROBERT€DOOD,€Individually€and€Ìin€his€capacity€as€Chief€of€Police€ofÌthe€City€of€Rossville,€Tennessee;Ìand€THE€CITY€OF€ROSSVILLE,ÌTENNESSEE,€ó óÌÌà àDefendants„Appellees.Ì___________________________________________________________________________ÌÌà@ àFROM€THE€FAYETTE€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€JON€KERRY€BLACKWOOD,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌà@ àMichael€W.€Whitaker€of€CovingtonÌà@ àFor€Plaintiff„AppellantÌÌà@ àPaul€F.€Rice,€Utley€&€Latimer€of€JacksonÌà@ àFor€Defendant,€Robert€C.€DoodÌÌà@ àCharles€A.€Sevier€and€Reid€R.€Phillips,Ìà@ àThe€Sevier€Law€Firm€of€MemphisÌà@ àFor€Defendant,€City€of€RossvilleÌÌÌà@ àò òòòAFFIRMEDÌó óÌà@ àóóOpinion€filed:€ÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEÌÌHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEó óÌ›Ñ7€e+XXdìXXdì7ÑÑ  ÑÓÓà àPlaintiff,€Gerald€Roy€Landry,€filed€suit€against€defendants€RobertÏDood,€individually€and€in€his€official€capacity€as€Chief€of€Police€of€theÏCity€of€Rossville,€Tennessee,€and€the€City€of€Rossville,€Tennessee,Ïclaiming€deprivation€of€his€constitutional€rights€under€42€U.S.C.€€ððÏ1983€(West€1994),€as€well€as€other€theories€of€liability.€€Prior€to€trialÏplaintiff€waived€or€abandoned€all€theories€of€liability€except€thoseÏclaims€arising€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983.€€The€case€was€tried€by€the€courtÏsitting€without€a€jury€and,€at€the€close€of€plaintiffððs€proof,€defendantsÏmoved€for€dismissal€pursuant€to€Tenn.R.Civ.P.€41.02€(2).€€TheÏdefendantsðð€motion€was€granted,€and€this€€appeal€followed.Ìà àRoy€Landry€was€hired€by€the€City€of€Rossville€as€a€rookieÏpatrolman€in€1989.€€In€1990,€Landry€approached€Chief€Dood,€seekingÏDoodððs€assistance€in€training€Landryððs€personal€dog,€Cody,€to€become€aÏpolice€dog.€€Landry€stated€that€he€needed€to€use€guns€and€drugs€whichÏhad€been€confiscated€by€the€police€department€to€train€the€dog€at€hisÏhome€in€Collierville,€Tennessee.€€Pursuant€to€this€request,€Chief€DoodÏwrote€the€following€letter:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àà àà àà àà àà àà àAugust€3,Ï1990ÌÌà8 àà8 àTo€Whom€It€May€Concern:Ìà8 àà8 àOfficer€Roy€Landry,€of€the€Rossville€PoliceÏDepartment,€is€given€this€day€permission€by€thisÏdepartment,€to€maintain€in€his€possessionÏcertain€materials,€objects€and€weaponsÏconfiscated€by€this€department.€€These€articlesÏare€to€be€used€in€the€training€of€his€dog,€Cody,Ïfor€his€use€by€this€department.€€These€articlesÏare€to€be€maintained€by€Officer€Landry€in€a€safeÏand€secure€manner.€€Officer€Landry€will€beÏsubject€to€the€accountability€of€these€articlesÏdeemed€the€property€of€the€Rossville€PoliceÏDepartment€at€any€and€all€times.€€ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à__/s/__________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àRobert€C.€DoodÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àChief€of€PoliceÌÌà àÓÓIn€about€July€of€1992,€Dood€became€concerned€about€someÍunaccounted€for€guns€and€sought€the€advise€of€the€District€AttorneyÏGeneral.€€The€Attorney€General,€on€Doodððs€behalf,€informed€theÏTennessee€Bureau€of€Investigation€(TBI).€€In€the€fall€of€1992,€JohnnieÏSimmons,€a€TBI€Agent,€came€to€Landryððs€home€inquiring€about€theÏlocation€of€certain€weapons.€€In€a€sworn€statement,€Landry€explainedÏthat€he€had€seized€three€weapons€from€persons€he€had€arrested€betweenÏJune€and€September€of€1992,€including€a€.38€Smith€&€Wesson€revolver,€aÏ.32€H&R€revolver,€and€a€.25€Titan€semiautomatic€pistol.€€€When€asked€byÏthe€TBI€agent€why€he€kept€these€guns€at€his€home€instead€of€at€theÏpolice€department,€he€stated:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àFor€one€we€donððt€have€a€secure€place€to€store€theÏguns.€€We€have€a€filing€cabinet€for€guns€andÏdrugs€but€only€Chief€Dood€has€a€key.€€If€he€isnððtÏaround€no€one€can€get€in€the€cabinet€to€store€theÏguns€there.€€ÌÌà8 àà8 àI€also€have€talked€to€the€mayor€about€the€factÏthat€several€guns€have€come€up€missing€fromÏcity€hall€after€the€flood€last€year€and€since.€€HeÏtold€me€not€to€store€the€Smith€&€Wesson€.38€orÏthe€.32€H&R€at€city€hall€because€he€wanted€themÏfor€his€personal€protection.€€I€have€intended€toÏgive€the€mayor€the€.32€H&R€since€it€wasÏforfeited€to€the€city€but€havenððt€had€theÏopportunity.ÌÌà8 àà8 àI€have€intended€to€keep€the€.25€Titan€.€.€.€and€useÏit€as€a€back„up€weapon.€€I€havenððt€use€it€becauseÏI€havenððt€taken€the€time€to€clean€it€yet.ÌÌÓÓà àThe€TBI€officer€also€asked€Landry€why€his€arrest€reportsÏindicated€that€the€weapons€had€been€confiscated€by€the€court,€when€inÏfact€Landry€had€possession€of€those€weapons.€€Landry€responded€that€heÏthought€when€guns€were€initially€seized€they€were€being€surrendered€toÏthe€court€and€that€the€court€was€confiscating€the€weapon.€€He€statedÏthat€he€did€not€realize€that€he€was€supposed€to€put€the€final€destinationÏof€the€weapon;€to€wit,€his€home,€on€the€arrest€report.€€Ìà àAs€a€result€of€Landryððs€interview€with€the€TBI€agent,€Chief€DoodÏsent€the€following€letter€to€Landry× ƒ+ ××  ×:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àOn€June€28,€1992,€and€August€8,€1992,€youÏseized€pistols€incidental€to€arrests.€€After€bothÏcases€were€prosecuted€in€Fayette€County€GeneralÏSessions€Court,€the€guns€were€turned€over€to€theÏCity€of€Rossville€by€Court€decree€thus€makingÏthem€City€property.€€You€did€then€take€and€keepÏthis€property€for€yourself€and€did€not€return€itÏto€the€City.ÌÌà8 àà8 àAgain€on€September€11,€1992,€you€seizedÏanother€pistol€from€a€citizen€and€once€more,Ïafter€prosecution€of€this€case€in€court,€youÏfailed€to€turn€this€gun€over€to€the€City€forÏproper€disposal€and€did€keep€it€for€yourself.€€YouÏare€therefore€charged€with€the€following:€1.ÏTheft€of€City€property€by€mis„appropriation€inÏkeeping€the€City€of€Rossville€property€for€yourÏown.€2.€Violation€of€City€Ordinance€1„606,€whereÏyou€seized€private€property€and€did€keep€it€forÏyour€own€gain.€€ÌÌà8 àà8 àYou€will€be€given€a€chance€to€answer€to€theseÏcharges€before€the€City€Personnel€Committee€onÏThursday€October€29,€at€7:00€p.m.€in€theÏRossville€City€Hall.€€ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà à_____/s/_____________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àRobert€C.€DoodÌÌÓÓà àOfficer€Landry€attended€the€personnel€committee€meeting€onÏOctober€29,€1992.€€On€November€2,€1992,€the€mayor€and€Board€ofÏAldermen€(Board)€unanimously€voted€to€terminate€Officer€Landry.€ÏLandry€was€not€present€at€the€November€2,€1992€meeting.€€The€BoardÏinformed€Landry€that€he€would€have€an€opportunity€for€a€post„deprivation€hearing,€and€this€occurred€on€November€10,€1992.€€At€theÏpost„deprivation€hearing,€Landry,€for€the€first€time,€presented€to€theÏBoard€€€the€August,€1990,€letter,€which€gave€him€permission€to€possessÍcertain€confiscated€weapons€and€drugs€for€the€purpose€of€training€hisÏdog.€€As€was€later€revealed€during€trial€testimony,€both€Landry€andÏChief€Dood€had€completely€forgotten€about€the€August,€1990,Ïð ðpermission€letter.ðð€€According€to€the€testimony€of€Currie€Morrison,ÏVice€Mayor€of€Rossville,€the€Board€didnððt€think€the€letter€pertained€toÏthe€situation€at€hand,€nor€did€it€find€that€the€letter€excused€LandryððsÏconduct.€€On€November€16,€1992,€following€the€November€10th€appeal,ÏLandry€was€formally€informed€of€his€€€dismissal€from€the€City€ofÏRossville€Police€Department,€effective€November€2,€1992.€€On€NovemberÏ23,€1992,€Landry€was€indicted€by€the€Fayette€County€Grand€Jury€forÏtheft€of€less€than€$500.00€and€official€misconduct.€€Ìà àOn€appeal,€plaintiff€presents€two€issues€for€this€Courtððs€reviewÏwhich,€as€stated€in€appellantððs€brief,€are€as€follows:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à1.€€Whether€plaintiff€was€terminated€as€a€policeÏofficer€by€the€City€of€Rossville€without€dueÏprocess€of€law.ÌÌà8 àà8 à2.€€Whether€defendants€violated€plaintiffððs€civilÏrights€by€prosecuting€him€for€stealing€weaponsÏwhen€defendants€had€actual€knowledge€thatÏChief€Dood€had€given€him€permission€to€useÏthem.ÌÌÓÓà àThe€standard€of€review€on€a€case€dismissed€pursuant€to€Tenn.€R.ÍCiv.€P.€€41.02(2)€is€de€novo€upon€the€record€of€the€trial€court,Ïaccompanied€by€a€presumption€of€the€correctness€of€the€findings€ofÏfact€of€the€trial€court,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€isÏotherwise.€€T.R.A.P.€13(d)Ìà àPlaintiffððs€first€issue€on€appeal€concerns€whether€or€not€plaintiffÏwas€provided€with€adequate€procedural€due€process€prior€to€hisÏtermination.× ƒ, ××  ×€€However,€we€find€that€plaintiff€has€waived€his€right€toÏraise€any€procedural€due€process€claims€on€appeal.€€The€record€revealsÏthat€plaintiff€made€a€conscious€choice€not€to€proceed€under€aÏprocedural€due€process€claim.€€In€the€opening€statement,€plaintiffððsÏcounsel€said:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àIf€youððre€going€on€a€procedural€deprivation€ofÏrights,€such€that€there€wasnððt€a€fair€hearing€orÏanything,€then€you€might€be€required€to€exhaustÏstate€remedies,€but€we€are€going€underÏsubstantive€deprivation€of€rights,€if€the€courtÏplease€.€.€.€.ÌÌÓÓà àAt€the€conclusion€of€the€plaintiffððs€proof,€plaintiffððs€counselÏmade€the€following€statement:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àJust€briefly,€as€I€said€before€the€trial€started,€IÏwould€forget€about€the€procedural€due€processÏclaims.€€We€are€not€proceeding€on€that€at€all.€€WeÏare€talking€about€substantive€due€process,€alongÏwith€the€deprivation€of€the€Bill€of€œRights€rights›Ïnot€to€be€seized€without€due€process€of€law€orÏto€be€arrested€without€due€process€of€law.€ÏThatððs€substantive€due€process,€and€has€nothingÏto€do€with€procedural€safeguards.€€ÌÌÓÓà àBased€on€these€statements,€we€find€that€the€appellant€has€waivedÏhis€right€for€this€Court€to€consider€a€procedural€due€process€claim.€€ItÏis€well€settled€that€issues€not€presented€at€trial€cannot€be€raised€forÏthe€first€time€on€appeal.€€ò òòòMoran€v.€City€of€Knoxvilleó óóó,€600€S.W.2dÏ725,€728€(Tenn.€App.€1979);€ò òòòAlumax€Aluminum€Corp.,€Magnolia€Div.Ïv.€Armstrong€Ceiling€Sys.,ó óóó€744€S.W.2d€907,€910€(Tenn.€App.€1987).€Ïà àPlaintiffððs€second€issue€on€appeal€concerns€his€substantive€dueÏprocess€claims.€€Landry€asserts€that€Chief€Dood€instigated€theÏprosecution€against€him€in€retaliation€for€a€successful€workersððÏcompensation€claim€brought€by€Landry€in€1991,€as€well€as€aÏdisagreement€he€had€with€the€Chief€over€the€color€of€the€officersððÍuniforms.× ƒ. ××  ×€€Furthermore,€Landry€asserts€that€Chief€Dood€knew€about€theÏAugust,€1990,€permission€letter€prior€to€the€time€that€Landry€wasÏindicted,€and€that€Dood€knowingly€and€intentionally€allowed€anÏindictment€to€be€handed€down€against€him€when€Dood€knew€that€LandryÏhad€permission€to€use€the€confiscated€weapons.€€Dood,€on€the€otherÏhand,€claims€that€he€had€entirely€forgotten€about€the€letter,€as€hadÏLandry,€and€that€it€was,€at€the€most,€negligence€on€his€part,€not€to€haveÏinformed€General€Rice€of€the€permission€letter€after€Landry€showed€itÏto€him€at€the€November€10,€1992,€appeal€hearing,€which€occurred€priorÏto€the€time€the€indictment€was€handed€down.× ƒ/ ××  ×€€Ìà à42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€provides,€in€pertinent€part:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àEvery€person€who,€under€color€of€any€statute,Ïordinance,€regulation,€custom,€or€usage,€of€anyÏState€or€Territory€or€the€District€of€Columbia,Ïsubjects,€or€causes€to€be€subjected,€any€citizenÏof€the€Unites€States€or€other€person€€within€theÏjurisdiction€thereof€to€the€deprivation€of€anyÏrights,€privileges,€or€immunities€secured€by€theÏConstitution€and€laws,€shall€be€liable€to€theÏparty€injured€in€an€action€at€law,€suit€in€equity,Ïor€other€proper€proceeding€for€redress.€ÌÌò òòòIdó óóó.€€ÓÓIn€order€for€this€Court€to€consider€whether€a€plaintiff€hasÏsustained€an€injury€to€which€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€provides€redress,€weÏmust€determine€ð ðwhether€the€plaintiff€was€deprived€of€a€protectedÏinterest;€and,€if€so,€what€process€was€due.ðð€€ò òòòLee€v.€Laddó óóó,€834€S.W.2dÏ323,€325€(Tenn.€App.€1992).€€Although€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€provides€aÏremedy€for€both€substantive€and€procedural€due€process€violations,Ïò òòòUnited€States€v.€Salernoó óóó,€481€U.S.€739,€746,€107€S.€Ct.€2095,€2101,Ï95€L.Ed.€2d€697€(1987),€it€ð ðis€not€itself€a€source€of€substantive€rightsÏbut€merely€provides€a€method€for€vindicating€federal€rights€elsewhereÏconferred.ðð€€ò òòòAlbright€v.€Oliveró óóó,€„„„€U.S.€„„„,€114€S.€Ct.€807,€811Ï(1994)€(citing€ò òòòBaker€v.€McCollanó óóó,€443€U.S.€137,€144€n.€3,€99€S.€Ct.Ï2689,€2694,€n.€3,€61€L.Ed.2d€433€(1979)).Ìà àThe€first€step€in€a€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€claim€involving€allegationsÍthat€substantive€due€process€rights€have€been€violated€is€to€ð ðidentifyÏthe€specific€constitutional€right€allegedly€infringed.ð ð€€ò òòòAlbrightó óóó,€114€S.ÏCt.€at€811.€€The€ò òòòAlbrightó óóó€Court€stated€that,€ð ð[w]here€a€particularÏamendment€ððprovides€an€explicit€textual€source€of€constitutionalÏprotectionðð€against€a€particular€sort€of€government€behavior,€ððthatÏAmendment,€not€the€more€generalized€notion€of€ððsubstantive€dueÏprocess,ðð€must€be€the€guide€for€analyzing€these€claims.ðððð€€ò òòòId.ó óóó,€114€S.€Ct.Ïat€813.€€Ìà àIn€ò òòòPearson€v.€City€of€Grand€Blancó óóó,€961€F.2d€1211€(6th€Cir.Ï1992),€the€court€recognized€that€substantive€due€process€claims€may€beÏinvoked€in€the€context€of€ð ðarbitrary€or€capriciousðð€state€action€or€inÏthose€cases€where€the€actions€of€a€state€or€local€government€ð ðshockÏthe€conscienceðð€of€the€court.€€However,€the€ò òòòPearsonó óóó€court€recognizedÏthat€use€of€a€ð ðshock€the€conscienceðð€test€is€ð ðproblematicðð€in€areasÏother€than€excessive€force€cases.€€ò òòòSee,€e.g.€Rochin€v.€Californiaó óóó,Ï342€U.S.€165,€72€S.€Ct.€205,€96€L.Ed.€183€(1951)€(stating€that€pumpingÏpetitionerððs€stomach€to€obtain€evidence€of€drug€use€ð ðshocks€theÏconscienceðð€of€the€Court).€€Ìà àIn€the€instant€case,€Landry€apparently€claims€that€he€wasÍð ðseizedðð€in€violation€of€the€Fourth€Amendment€to€the€United€StatesÏConstitution.€€The€record€shows€that€Landry€surrendered€himself€to€theÏFayette€County€judge,€and€was€later€fingerprinted€and€booked€at€theÏFayette€County€jail.€€Landry€claims€that€the€defendants,€under€color€ofÏstate€law,€caused€him€to€be€deprived€of€his€constitutional€rightsÏwithout€due€process.€€He€asserts€that€the€defendants€used€aÏgovernmental€office€to€instigate€a€criminal€prosecution€against€LandryÏin€order€to€get€rid€of€ð ða€thorn€in€their€side.ðð€€Landry€claims€that€ChiefÏDood€acted€intentionally€and€maliciously€€by€choosing€not€toÏcommunicate€the€contents€of€the€August,€1991,€permission€letter€toÏthe€District€Attorney€after€he€[Dood]€learned€of€its€contents,€in€effectÏinstituting€a€criminal€prosecution€without€probable€cause.€Ìà àBased€upon€our€review€of€the€record,€we€must€respectfullyÏdisagree€with€Landryððs€claims€that€the€defendants€violated€hisÏsubstantive€due€process€rights.€€The€record€is€clear€that€both€LandryÏand€Chief€Dood€completely€forgot€about€the€permission€letter.€€The€factÏthat€Landry€found€the€letter€prior€to€his€November€10,€1992,€appealÏhearing€was€a€sheer€coincidence.€€These€facts€cause€us€to€conclude€thatÏChief€Dood€did€not€initiate€his€inquiry€about€the€location€of€missingÍweapons€òòknowingóó€that€Landry€might€have€rightfully€possessed€thoseÏweapons€€pursuant€to€a€letter€Dood€wrote€two€years€earlier.€€WhileÏthere€is€ample€evidence€that€Chief€Dood€and€Landry€had,€at€best,€aÏstrained€relationship,€that€fact€is€not€sufficient€to€show€a€violation€ofÏsubstantive€due€process€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983.€€Neither€Chief€DoodððsÏaction€in€contacting€the€District€Attorney€to€report€the€missingÏweapons€nor€his€failure€to€report€the€existence€of€the€permission€letterÏto€the€District€Attorney€after€€Landry€made€him€aware€of€its€existenceÏconstitute€ð ðarbitrary€and€capriciousðð€governmental€action.€€Moreover,Ïwe€find€it€significant€that€Landry€himself€did€not€send€a€copy€of€theÏpermission€letter€€to€the€District€Attorney€since€he€also€rememberedÏthe€letterððs€existence€prior€to€the€date€that€the€indictment€was€handedÏdown.Ìà àBased€on€our€review€of€the€record,€we€cannot€say€that€theÏevidence€preponderates€against€the€findings€of€the€trial€court€thatÏLandry€was€not€denied€substantive€due€process.€€The€judgment€of€theÏtrial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€appellant.€€ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà à_________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àò òW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.ó óÌÌò òCONCUR:ÌÌó ó_________________________________Ìò òALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGEó óÌÌ_________________________________Ìò òHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€JUDGEó ó̜ԀÔÔ€Ô