ÿWPCã …# VU:a %› 0(¡b Éw@Õ4 ) 8 0J@ 0TŠ 0^Þ 0h< 0r¤ 0| 0†’ 0 1u¨ 0d U* B)« DCÔ AMùdv~] BÛvÓø D3Ë 0@þ AO>Æ 0DS D/— BƘHP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 ,†r‰AZ‹"Arial RegularX($¡¡- ù - BDCDDEFUGDHUIJÓ€TDÒ xD8D3|xT2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d 7Border 1dd€-!Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ïÝ ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€XÔÌÌMarch€12,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'h dStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›Ñ  ÑÒ € ÒÒ ° ÒÒ € ÒÒ „ ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€7»XXdædÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑœÞ ÞÌALICE›€LIVINGSTON,€as€parent€andà à)Ìnext€friend€of€DAVID€JONATHANà à)ÌLIVINGSTON,€a€minor,€and€DAVIDà à)ÌJONATHAN€LIVINGSTON€individually,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiffs/Appellees,à àà à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à01„A„01„9609„CV„00391Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à̜ـ€ÙßR€"#!A1-j|¢v` ç `€€@ÿRß›VS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àDeKalb€CircuitÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€6971Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌUPPER€CUMBERLAND€HUMANà àà à)ÌRESOURCE€AGENCY,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendant/Appellant.à àà à)ÌÌÌà@ àCOURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌAPPEALED€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€DEKALB€COUNTYÌAT€SMITHVILLE,€TENNESSEEÌÌTHE€HONORABLE€JOHN€A.€TURNBULL,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌJERRY€LEE€BURGESSÌCourthouse€SquareÌOne€South€Jefferson€StreetÌCookeville,€Tennessee€38501Ìà àAttorney€for€Plaintiffs/AppelleesÌÌJ.€RUSSELL€FARRARÌWILLIAM€N.€BATESÌ211€Seventh€Avenue€No.,€Suite€320ÌNashville,€Tennessee€37219„1823Ìà àAttorney€for€Defendant/AppellantÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌTODD,€P.J.,€M.S.ÌLEWIS,€J.ÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà@ àò òòòÔ€„ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€Nó óóóÔ€XÔÌÌà àà àThe€issues€in€this€œcase,›€brought€under€the€Tennessee€GovernmentalÏTort€Liability€œAct,›€include€the€trial€judgeððs€allocation€of€fault€and€the€award€ofÏdamages.€€We€affirm.ÌÌà@ àò òI.ó óÌÌà àà àDavid€Jonathan€Livingston,€a€thirteen€year€old€boy€attending€aÏchurch€retreat,€was€injured€on€the€premises€of€the€Upper€Cumberland€HumanÏResource€Agency€(UCHR).€€Walking€barefoot€at€dusk€in€a€grassy€area€near€aÏgravel€road,€Mr.€Livingston€stepped€into€an€eight€inch€clay€pipe€that€had€beenÍsunk€into€the€ground€approximately€eighteen€inches€to€provide€access€to€a€waterÏvalve.€€The€jagged€edges€of€the€pipe€near€the€ground€surface€lacerated€Mr.ÏLivingstonððs€leg€just€below€the€knee.€€The€wound€did€not€heal€properly€andÏultimately€required€surgery€to€reposition€a€leg€œmuscle,›€and€a€œskin›€graft€to€cover€theÏarea.ÌÌà àà àAfter€a€bench€trial€before€the€Circuit€Court€of€DeKalb€County,€the€trialÏjudge€found€UCHRððs€negligence€caused€ninety„five€percent€of€the€injury€and€Mr.ÏLivingstonððs€negligence€five€percent.€€The€court€awarded€damages€in€theÏfollowing€specific€amounts:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à1.à à$15,000€for€pain€and€suffering€up€to€the€date€ofÏthe€à àtrial;Ìà8 àà8 à2.à à$15,000€for€future€pain€and€suffering;Ìà8 àà8 à3.à à$40,000€for€permanent€impairment€andÏà àœà àdisfigurement.›Ìà8 àà8 à4.à à$17,500€for€œthe€loss€of€past›€enjoyment€of€life;Ïand€Ìà àà à5.à à$40,000€for€œthe€loss€of€future›€enjoyment€of€life.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àò òII.ó óÌÌà@ àò òComparative€Faultó óÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àWith€respect€to€the€allocation€of€fault,€the€trial€judge€found€that€byÏleaving€this€open€hole€and€allowing€grass€to€grow€up€and€cover€it,€the€defendantÏcreated€a€virtual€trap€in€an€area€where€it€should€have€foreseen€that€people€mightÏbe€playing€night€or€day.€€œHe›€also€found€that€if€Mr.€Livingston€œhad€had›€a€flashlight€itÏwould€not€have€helped€him€to€see€the€dangerous€condition.ÌÌà àà àThe€œappellant›€does€not€argue€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÏagainst€these€particular€findings,€see€Rule€13(d),€Tenn.€R.€App.€Proc.,€but€theÏœappellant›€does€argue€that€Mr.€Livingston€was€more€than€five€percent€at€faultÏbecause€he€was€in€an€area€where€he€should€not€have€been€walking€at€night€andÏhe€was€not€paying€attention€to€the€ground€in€front€of€him.ÌÌà àà àMr.€Livingston€testified€that€he€had€been€to€the€dining€hall€and€wasÏwalking€back€to€his€bunk€area€with€some€snacks€in€his€hands.€€It€was€œalmost›€darkÏbut€some€security€lights€œand›€œlight›€from€the€sky€illuminated€the€area.€€He€wasÏbarefooted,€and€the€gravel€on€the€œroad›€hurt€his€feet,€so€he€walked€in€the€grass€toÏthe€left€side€of€the€narrow€roadway.€€He€was€with€some€other€boys€and€was€notÏpaying€particular€attention€to€where€he€was€going.ÌÌà àà àThe€allocation€of€fault€by€the€court€in€a€non„jury€case€is€presumed€toÏbe€correct€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€òòWright€v.€CityÏof€Knoxvilleóó,€898€S.W.2d€177€(Tenn.€1995).€€We€have€examined€the€record€in€thisÍcase€and€we€think€the€trial€judgeððs€findings€were€correct.€€Therefore,€we€affirm€theÏallocation€of€fault.ÌÌÌà@ àò òIII.ó óÌà@ àò òDamagesó óÌÌà àà àThe€appellant€does€not€dispute€the€trial€courtððs€award€for€past€andÏfuture€pain€and€suffering.€€The€appellant€does,€however,€take€issue€with€theÏcourtððs€award€of€œ$57,500›€for€past€and€future€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.€€Loss€ofÏenjoyment€of€life€is€one€of€the€intangible€elements€of€damages,€along€with€pain,Ïsuffering,€and€inconvenience.€€òòMartin€v.€Southern€Railwayóó,€463€S.W.2d€œ745›Ïœ(Tenn.€App.›€1971);€see€also€€òòDixie€Feed€&€Seed€Co.€v.€Byrdóó,€376€S.W.2d€765Ï(Tenn.€1963).ÌÌà àà àThe€proof€showed€that€Mr.€Livingston€was€an€excellent€athlete€priorÏto€the€accident.€€He€played€baseball,€basketball,€football,€and€enjoyed€scubaÏdiving€with€his€father.€€After€the€accident€and€the€subsequent€skin€graft,€he€gaveÏup€baseball€and€football€altogether€because€he€feared€that€sliding€into€base€or€aÏblow€to€his€leg€would€ð ðmess€it€up.ðð€€There€is€a€dispute€in€the€record€about€whetherÏhe€has€permanently€given€up€contact€sports,€but€it€is€clear€that€he€no€longerÏexcels€in€these€activities.€€He€now€runs€track€in€high€school,€but€he€has€gone€fromÍbeing€one€of€the€fastest€runners€to€being€ð ðbehind€everybodyðð€in€the€400€meterÏcompetition.€€When€he€runs€for€a€long€period€of€time€œhis›€leg€tightens€up€and€startsÏto€burn.€€œSometimes›€his€ankle€swells€after€periods€of€physical€activity.ÌÌà àà àIn€addition€to€giving€Mr.€Livingston€an€impairment€rating€of€fifteenÏpercent€to€the€body€as€a€whole,€the€surgeon€who€performed€the€skin€graft€saidÏthat€in€his€opinion€the€area€of€the€wound€would€remain€susceptible€to€trauma.€€AsÏa€result,€Mr.€Livingston€should€wear€a€pad,€or€a€wrap€over€the€area€if€he€œengages›Ïin€contact€sports.€€Because€of€the€tendency€of€the€ankle€to€swell,€Mr.€LivingstonÏshould€wear€an€elastic€wrap€if€he€is€going€to€be€on€his€feet€for€long€periods€ofÏtime.€€We€do€not€think€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€judgeððs€findingÏof€$57,500€for€the€past€and€future€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.ÌÌà àà àThe€appellant€also€argues€that€an€award€to€Mr.€Livingston€ofÏ$40,000€for€permanent€impairment€and€disfigurement€òòplusóó€an€award€for€pain€andÏsuffering€and€the€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€awards€him€œa€double›€recovery.€ÏAlthough€the€appellant€does€not€cite€any€authority€supporting€that€argument,€weÏcan€see€how€the€separate€categories€can€be€easily€confused.€€But€they€areÏdifferent.€€As€the€Court€said€in€òòThompson€v.€National€Railroad€Passenger€Corp.óó,Ï621€F.œ2d›€814€(œ6th›€Cir.€1980):ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àœ[C]onceptually,›€these€categories€of€intangible€damagesÏare€distinct€.€.€.€œ[p]ain›€and€suffering,€permanent€injury,Íand€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€each€represent€separateÏlosses€which€the€victim€incurs.€€Permanent€impairmentÏcompensates€the€victim€for€the€fact€of€beingÏpermanently€injured€whether€or€not€it€causes€any€painÏor€inconvenience;€pain€and€suffering€compensates€theÏvictim€for€the€physical€and€mental€discomfort€caused€byÏthe€injury;€and€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€compensatesÏthe€victim€for€the€limitations€on€the€personððs€life€createdÏby€the€injury.ÌÌ621€F.œ2d›€at€824.ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àPart€of€the€confusion,€no€doubt,€results€from€the€fact€that€the€sameÏœelements›€are€factors€to€be€considered€in€different€categories.€€œFor›€instance,Ïpermanent€physical€impairment€is€a€category€all€its€own,€but€it€also€affects€theÏinjured€partyððs€ability€to€do€the€things€he€or€she€likes€to€do.€€Hence,€it€is€a€factor€inÏthe€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.€€Likewise,€pain€and€suffering€may€be€the€cause€of€theÏpermanent€impairment€because€doing€normal€things€causes€too€much€pain.ÌÌà àà àThe€permanent€impairment,€however,€need€not€result€from€pain.€€ItÏmay€be€that€the€injury€damaged€the€nerves€or€muscles€so€that€the€body€simplyÏdoes€not€function€as€well€as€it€did.€€In€that€case,€the€injured€party€has€a€permanentÏimpairment€and€no€doubt,€will€suffer€a€loss€of€the€enjoyment€of€life€„„€separate€andÏapart€from€the€pain€caused€by€the€trauma.€€Such€is€the€case€here.€€Mr.€LivingstonÏlost€the€use€of€a€muscle€in€his€leg€that€had€to€be€moved€over€to€cover€the€bone€inÏthe€area€of€the€laceration.€€His€physical€ability€has€been€impaired€òòandóó€he€cannotÍdo€the€things€he€once€œenjoyed€did›€well.€€He€also€will€suffer€some€pain€in€theÏfuture,€but€the€pain€is€associated€with€nerve€growth€and€the€healing€process,€notÏwith€ordinary€physical€activity.ÌÌà àà àThe€trier€of€fact€must€take€care€not€to€duplicate€an€award€whenÏconsidering€the€intangible€elements€of€damages€associated€with€personalÏinjuries.€€We€do€not€find€that€the€trial€judge€did€so€here.ÌÌà àà àAs€to€the€amount€awarded€for€the€permanent€injury€andÏdisfigurement,€we€do€not€think€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trialÏjudgeððs€finding.ÌÌà àà àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed€and€the€cause€isÏremanded€to€the€Circuit€Court€of€DeKalb€County€for€any€further€proceedingsÏnecessary.€€Tax€the€costs€on€appeal€to€the€appellant.ÌÌà àà àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à_____________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGEÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌHENRY€F.€TODD,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÌMIDDLE€SECTIONÌÌÌœÌ_______________________________›ÌSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEÌÌÑ ° Ñœ›Ñ  Ñà@ àœ›