ÿWPC - ‡Íêò«ßCqùÖgûT³¬vò¯&IˆCùfˆ¶¼q¼ Ð0ãwÜç´L…=E§Ãc„¯tÌ \‘ð°ܦºŒÿDË\ö…4ç®^ìŒU4möq&Ò yõ´êH:TøÒ¦Æ7 1îÔ#F»dµn]î Îp œ7‡úúWòŒbP¥è†*µXˆªo½º¹ÂvEK~ÚõeËB²jZØýé~9ÊòŽéÍG€ñâóa2DŽs4`±1Rðs8 ¥¢Œæ ÌËÃOlç’µêÇIØ[óÑO Ë,˜ž†Ay+©q &lÂ.ðQ³©>‘;Ì †0±•øPQ™ŸUõ¦É ŽÜÎmï1±‘qâ ÖÙ^¢Õv/‚•ë“‘2+Ö“ srd”ZËQÝFp K`N6)3ƒ9L"¬ý>‹‡$ ±ìgŸAŸ óÈš[ₚúÙç}÷ã÷wÐ#ïåÖÖ…Ïg/³†:9q«Êd6…D«$ðFâ#€þmýh>EÙ&bƆÜ…\‰ã<ôÐý î Î ¿»>†¥óüF¿Õp”ÉX‡†‡»Pòìá‚˜ÖØr†p˜ŽZ¸mO£š<Á ƒ)~F;¿npD\ޯг,b# \UNg %µ 04» 0 Ïïb¾ ^ Æ w@Ò 4 & 5 m7 xN ÆÆ ÆŒ ÆRÆÆÞФ 0 Dt.¸Næbè|J AQÆ~ä•Ìy®E Bó#$ö%U: ' 0DC'ª‡' 0D1*u* D/x+U:§+§+ D3á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+á+ B,, 0P1,1, D+, 0K¬,¬,¬,¬,¬,¬, A©÷,˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular»( ¤U$¡¡Ó  Ó((2Ló$¤¤Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X_wX»»ÔÑ  ÑÑÑà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-ê‚=&c 9U:U;<D=>E?@AÓ€KÖ~-&ê:i¢Ø+003|xMÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Unicoi Eady T]heAlsipMorrisseyGagnonScarpelli L.EdTraughberDenter J.H.WigmoreChadbournfactfinderMattoxdisobeyancerecommitmentSouterresultinglyreviewableCarvellDeuterachiev[ingserv[ingadversarilyaccusedsexcusalP]aroleadversariallyLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ÆÝ ƒLó$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X_wX»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Tennessee€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€subsequently€affirmed€both€his€conviction€andÐ ° Ðsentence.€€òòSee€Miller€v.€Stateóó,€No.€36,€1988€WL€33867,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€Apr.€12,€1988),Ð  ð Ðperm.€app.€denied€(Tenn.€July€25,€1988).€€Three€years€later,€the€Court€of€Criminal€Appeals€deniedÏMr.€Millerððs€petition€for€post„conviction€relief.òò€€See€Miller€v.€Stateóó,€No.€51,€1991€WL€180613€(Tenn.Ð €Ð ÐCrim.€App.€Sept.€17,€1991)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed).€€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó $Ñ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ „ Ñ XÝ ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee,€e.g.,€State€v.€Myattóó,€697€P.2d€836,€841€(Kan.€1985);€Robert€P.€Mosteller,€òòRemakingÐ ° ÐConfrontation€Clause€and€Hearsay€Doctrine€Under€the€Challenge€of€Child€Sexual€AbuseÐ  ð  ÐProsecutionsóó,€1993€U.€Ill.€L.€Rev.€691,€695;€Judy€Yun,€òòA€Comprehensive€Approach€to€ChildÐ ° ÐHearsay€Statements€in€Sex€Abuse€Casesóó,€83€Col.€L.€Rev.€1745,€1751€(1983).€€ rÝ ƒLó$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X_wX»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€record€contains€sketchy,€unreliable€hearsay€evidence€concerning€the€circumstancesÐ ° Ðsurrounding€Mr.€Millerððs€decision€to€move€from€Unicoi€County€to€Bradley€County."X$&Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ tÝ ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee€Valmonte€v.€Baneóó,€18€F.3d€992,€1003„04€(2d€Cir.€1994);€Christopher€J.€Sinnott,€òòWhenÐ ° ÐDefendant€Becomes€Victim:€A€Childððs€Recantation€As€New€Discovered€Evidenceóó,€41€Clev.€St.€L.Ð  ð ÐRev.€569,€579€(1993);€Jacqueline€Beckett,€Note,€òòThe€True€Value€of€the€Confrontation€Clause:€AÐ à ÐStudy€of€Child€Sex€Abuse€Trialsóó,€82€Geo.€L.J.€1605,€1606„07,€1632€(1994)€(ð ðBeckettðð). ÚÝ ƒLó$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X_wX»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€trial€court€granted€the€Board€permission€to€submit€the€record€of€the€parole€revocationÐ ° Ðproceedings€under€seal€because€it€contains€documents€disclosing€the€identity€of€an€alleged€victimÏof€child€sexual€abuse.€€We€question€whether€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€37„1„409(1996)€applies€to€evidenceÏintroduced€before€the€Board€of€Paroles€or€in€common„law€certiorari€proceedings.€€However,€becauseÏof€the€nature€of€the€alleged€offense€and€the€age€of€the€alleged€victim,€we€will€refer€to€the€victim€andÏher€family€members€by€their€initials. ÂÝ ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee€Maryland€v.€Craigóó,€497€U.S.€836,€868,€110€S.€Ct.€3157,€3175€(1990)€(Scalia,€J.,Ð ° Ðdissenting);€òòFelix€v.€Stateóó,€849€P.2d€220,€243€(Nev.€1993);€òòState€v.€Matsamasóó,€808€P.2d€1048,€1055Ð  ð Ð(Utah€1991)(Stewart,€J.,€concurring);€Beckett,€82€Geo.€L.J.€at€1636;€Meredith€Sopher,€òòThe€Best€ofÐ à ÐAll€Possible€Worlds:€Balancing€Victimsðð€and€Defendantsðð€Rights€in€the€Child€Sexual€Abuse€Caseóó,Ð €Ð Ð63€Fordham€L.€Rev.€633,€645„46€(1994). ¤Ý ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Donald€C.€Ô_ÔBrossÔ_Ô,€òòTerminating€the€Parent„Child€Relationship€As€a€Response€to€ChildÐ ° ÐSexual€Abuseóó,€26€Ô_ÔLoyÔ_Ô.€U.€Chi.€Ô_ÔL.J.Ô_Ô€287,€289€(1995)€(stating€that€five€studies€conducted€betweenÐ  ð Ð1940€and€1978€indicate€that€from€17%€to€28%€of€middle€class€women€reported€being€the€victims€ofÏsexual€abuse);€Note,€òòThe€Testimony€of€Child€Victims€in€Sex€Abuse€Prosecutions:€Two€LegislativeÐ €Ð ÐInnovationsóó,€98€Ô_ÔHarvÔ_Ô.€L.€Rev.€806,€806€(1985)€(stating€that€as€many€as€one€in€five€females€and€oneÐ pÀ Ðin€eleven€males€are€sexually€abused€as€children).€€€üÿP Pd ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€!»/å »»»ÔÔ€!Ú¿  »!»/åÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€!XêBX !Ú¿ÔÐ  ÐÌFebruary€2,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó ìÝ ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Cynthia€G.€Bowman€&€Elizabeth€Mertz,€òòA€Dangerous€Direction:€Legal€Intervention€inÐ ° ÐSexual€Abuse€Survivor€Therapyóó,€109€Harv.€L.€Rev.€549,€552€(1996);€Lynne€Henderson,€òòWithoutÐ  ð ÐNarrative:€Child€Sexual€Abuseóó,€4€Va.€J.€Soc.€Polððy€&€L.€794,€538€(1997).,@ÓÐAZ‹"Arial Regular(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý  Ý ƒK$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€X{X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOn€March€4,€1997,€D.M.€stated€that€she€had€been€in€Mr.€Millerððs€bedroom€looking€at€a€BibleÐ ° Ðand€that€Mr.€Miller€had€not€done€anything€in€the€bedroom.€€On€August€12,€1997,€D.M.€told€KimÏBrown€that€she€had€gone€into€Mr.€Millerððs€bedroom€looking€for€ð ðrings€for€an€African€AmericanÏproject€for€schoolðð€and€that€Mr.€Miller€had€followed€her€into€the€bedroom€and€had€touched€both€ofÏher€breasts€with€his€hands€and€had€ð ðtouched€me€on€my€vagina€with€both€hands.ðð($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€'»/å »»»ÔÔ€'Ú¿  »'»/åÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€'XêBX 'Ú¿ÔÐ  ÐÌFebruary€1,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó'÷ÿ dxd,@ÓÐAZ‹"Arial RegularVVVV'ÿÿdxd d((3¾¸$££Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxd( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z›&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ„°ÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€7»»ddÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€„ÌZ„»»Ôò òÑ  ÑñKññAñßr€)<,(j 8` `€€@E ±` 8ttxPX°ð  rßñAññKññKñßr€%)<,(j 8` `€€@E ±` 8ttxPX°ð  rßñKñà@¡ ¡ DàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌà@ÜÜ)DàAT€NASHVILLEó óÔ€¼·¼„„ÌZԈРh ÐÌÌÌLOYAL€MILLER,à h àà À àà  àà p à)Ð   Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ìà ` àPlaintiff/Appellant,à À àà  àà p à)à È àDavidson€ChanceryÐ î > Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)à È àNo.€97„4127„IÐ T  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ð j  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)à È àAppeal€No.Ð 0€  ÐTENNESSEE€BOARD€OF€PAROLES,à p à)à È à01A01„9806„CH„00293Ð F–  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ìà ` àDefendant/Appellee.à À àà  àà p à)Ð r  ÐÌÌÌÌà@ß ß DàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURTˆÌà@ââ&DàFOR€DAVIDSON€COUNTYˆÌà@88$DàAT€NASHVILLE,€TENNESSEEˆÌÌà@Î Î DàTHE€HONORABLE€IRVIN€H.€KILCREASE,€JR.,€CHANCELLORˆÌÌÌÌÌòòFor€the€Plaintiff/Appellantóó:à0 À àà0À€%À€%àà0p€%€%àà0Èp€%p€%àòòFor€the€Defendant/Appelleeóó:Ц"öÈ€%È€% ÐÌKenneth€L.€Millerà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àJohn€Knox€WalkupÐ Ò$"  ÐÔ‡Š“ÓŠ¼¼·ÔLogan€Thompson€Miller€Bilbo€Thompson€&€FisherÔ#†¼·¼ŠŠ“Ók #Ôà È àAttorney€General€and€ReporterÐ è%8! ÐCleveland,€TennesseeÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àMichael€E.€MooreÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àSolicitor€GeneralÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àPatricia€C.€KussmannÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àAssistant€Attorney€GeneralÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@%DàÔ‡„ÌZ„¼¼·Ôò òREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDó óÔ#†¼·¼„„ÌZ #ԈР4V/+ ÐÌÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÐ  Ü:,61 Ðò òÔ€„ÌZ„¼¼·ÔÓ€ÓÑ€Aý ÑÌà@ÎÎ)DàòòO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÔ€¼·¼„„ÌZÔˆÐ Ì ÐÌÔ€Š“ÓŠ¼¼·Ôà ` àThis€appeal€involves€the€fundamental€fairness€of€the€procedures€used€by€theÐ ‰ Ù ÐTennessee€Board€of€Paroles€to€revoke€the€parole€of€a€person€accused€of€committing€childÏsexual€abuse.€€The€Board€revoked€the€parole€based€solely€on€hearsay€testimony€concerningÏstatements€made€by€his€alleged€victim.€€The€parolee€filed€a€petition€for€a€common„law€writÏof€certiorari€in€the€Chancery€Court€for€Davidson€County€seeking€judicial€review€of€theÏBoardððs€decision„making€process.€€After€the€trial€court€denied€the€petition,€the€paroleeÏappealed€to€this€court.€€We€have€determined€that€the€Boardððs€hearing€officer€acted€arbitrarilyÏand€illegally€by€applying€an€incorrect€standard€to€determine€whether€good€cause€existed€forÏnot€allowing€the€parolee€to€confront€or€to€cross„examine€his€only€accuser.€€Accordingly,€weÏreverse€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€the€paroleeððs€petition€for€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorariÏand€remand€the€case€to€the€trial€court€for€the€entry€of€an€order€directing€the€Board€either€toÏconduct€a€proper€parole€revocation€hearing€forthwith€or€to€return€the€parolee€to€parole€status.€ÏÌÌà@ÿÿ.Dàò òI.ó óˆÐ Ý-" ÐÌà ` àLoyal€Miller€stabbed€Lynn€Howell€three€times€during€a€knife€fight€on€SpiveyÏMountain€in€Unicoi€County.€€After€Mr.€Howell€died€of€his€wounds,€Mr.€Miller€was€convictedÏof€second€degree€murder€and€was€sentenced€to€thirty€years€in€the€Department€of€Correction.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рõ%E!* ÐWhen€Mr.€Miller€was€paroled€in€1993,€he€returned€to€Unicoi€County€and€later€moved€toÏBradley€County€where€he€attempted€to€resume€an€ordinary€life.׃@×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€After€settling€in€BradleyÐ )Q$. ÐCounty,€Mr.€Miller€maintained€steady€employment,€reported€regularly€to€his€parole€officer,Ïpaid€his€parole€fees,€and€remained€arrest€free.ÌÌà ` àSome€time€in€1995,€Mr.€Miller€became€acquainted€with€J.M.€who€lived€next€door€toÏhim€with€her€four€children.€€J.M.€had€recently€separated€from€her€husband€and€was€in€theÏprocess€of€obtaining€a€divorce.€€Mr.€Miller€and€J.M.€became€friends€and€even€dated€onÐ %2u-: Ðseveral€occasions.€€He€also€became€friends€with€J.M.ððs€children,€including€D.M.,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€her€eleven„Ð ° Ðyear„old€daughter.€€Mr.€Miller€was€popular€with€J.M.ððs€children€and€the€other€neighborhoodÏchildren€and,€on€occasion,€took€them€out€for€ice€cream.ÌÌà ` àOn€March€4,€1997,€a€student€at€Arnold€Elementary€School€reported€to€Becky€Guthrie,Ïa€school€counselor,€that€D.M.€was€crying€in€one€of€the€schoolððs€bathrooms.€€Ms.€GuthrieÏfound€D.M.€in€a€girlsðð€bathroom€and€escorted€the€child€to€her€office€to€talk€with€her€privately.€ÏDuring€the€interview,€D.M.€told€Ms.€Guthrie€that€Mr.€Miller€had€fondled€her€between€herÏlegs€while€they€had€been€riding€around€in€his€truck€during€the€past€weekend.€€D.M.€alsoÏrecounted€other€incidents€in€which€she€said€that€Mr.€Miller€had€kissed€her€on€the€mouth€andÏhad€touched€her€breasts.€€Ms.€Guthrie€contacted€the€local€police€and€the€Department€ofÏChildrenððs€Services,€and€soon€thereafter,€representatives€of€these€agencies€arrived€at€theÏschool€and€took€charge€of€the€investigation.ÌÌà ` àTom€Eady,€an€employee€of€the€Department€of€Childrenððs€Services,€and€DetectiveÏSheila€Freeman€of€the€Cleveland€Police€Department€interviewed€D.M.€at€the€school€onÏMarch€4,€1997€in€Ms.€Guthrieððs€presence.€€D.M.€told€them€that€Mr.€Miller€had€ð ðtouched€meÏin€places€where€he€shouldnððt€have.ðð€€She€stated€that€on€February€28,€1997,€Mr.€Miller€had€putÏhis€hand€down€the€front€of€her€shirt€and€the€front€of€her€pants€while€they€were€driving€downÏthe€road€past€the€library.€€She€also€stated€that€Mr.€Miller€had€put€his€hand€down€her€pants€onÏtwo€prior€occasions€and€that€he€put€his€hands€on€her€breasts€while€ð ðpoppingðð€her€back€at€hisÏhouse.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€interview,€the€investigators€told€D.M.€that€she€had€ð ðdone€theÏright€thingðð€by€talking€with€them€and€that€ð ðweððre€going€to€take€care€of€it.ððÌÌà ` àDetective€Freeman€interviewed€Mr.€Miller€on€April€30,€1997€at€the€Cleveland€PoliceÏDepartment.€€While€Mr.€Miller€denied€ever€placing€his€hands€under€D.M.ððs€clothes,€heÏadmitted€that€he€had€popped€her€back.€€He€stated€that€he€ð ðwould€lay€her€down€on€the€floorÏon€her€belly€and€just€take€my€hands€and€push€up€and€down€on€her€spine€and€it€will€pop€herÏback.ðð€€When€Detective€Freeman€asked€why€D.M.€had€accused€him€of€abusing€her,€Mr.ÏMiller€stated€that€she€had€become€angry€with€him€several€times€because€he€had€told€herÐ ¾2.< Ðmother€that€she€was€getting€into€cars€with€boys.€€He€also€stated€that€he€thought€that€D.M.Ïmight€be€trying€to€ð ðget€.€.€.€[him]€out€of€the€pictureðð€because€she€was€unhappy€about€himÏseeing€her€mother.ÌÌà ` àMr.€Miller€was€arrested€on€a€parole€violation€warrant€but€was€never€criminallyÏcharged€with€sexual€battery.€€On€July€16,€1997,€he€requested€a€speedy€parole€revocationÏhearing.€€On€July€23,€1997,€Gale€Reed,€the€supervisor€of€the€Boardððs€office€in€BradleyÏCounty,€Linda€Brown,€Mr.€Millerððs€€parole€officer,€and€Diane€Hodo,€the€victim/witnessÏcoordinator€for€the€district€attorneyððs€office€met€with€J.M.€and€D.M.€to€prepare€the€child€forÏtestifying€at€the€parole€revocation€hearing.€€They€discovered€that€J.M.€did€not€believe€herÏdaughter€had€been€telling€the€truth€and€that€D.M.€would€not€discuss€her€accusations€aboutÏMr.€Miller€with€anyone€other€than€Kim€Brown,€a€family€coordinator€with€the€GovernorððsÏCommunity€Prevention€Initiative€for€Children.€€Kim€Brown€had€apparently€been€counselingÏone€of€D.M.ððs€siblings€concerning€matters€unrelated€to€Mr.€Miller.€€They€also€discovered€thatÏD.M.€would€not€permit€them€to€take€a€videotaped€statement.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Board€employees€and€the€victim/witness€coordinator€decided€that€D.M.€had€beenÏð ðintimidatedðð€and€ð ðharassedðð€because€her€family€did€not€believe€her€allegations€against€Mr.ÏMiller.€€They€decided€to€ask€Kim€Brown€to€have€another€private€discussion€with€D.M.€ÏDuring€a€conversation€with€Kim€Brown€on€August€12,€1997,€D.M.€recounted€two€moreÏincidents€that€she€had€previously€not€mentioned€to€the€authorities.€€One€involved€an€occasionÏwhen€Mr.€Miller€had€told€D.M.€that€ð ð[y]our€pants€are€big€enough€for€you€and€I€to€fit€in.ðð€€TheÏother€involved€inappropriate€touching€in€Mr.€Millerððs€bedroom,€even€though€D.M.€had€toldÏthe€investigators€on€March€4,€1997,€that€Mr.€Miller€had€never€tried€anything€in€the€bedroom.׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Рÿ'O#. ÐKim€Brown€reported€back€to€Ms.€Reed€on€August€13,€1997€that€D.M.€was€ð ðscared€andÏtearfulðð€and€that€she€ð ðappeared€to€be€very€confused€and€scared€if€she€would€have€to€testifyÏ.€.€.€[against]€Mr.€Miller.ðð€€Based€on€this€information,€the€Boardððs€employees€decided€not€toÏcall€D.M.€as€a€witness€at€Mr.€Millerððs€parole€revocation€hearing.ÌÌà ` àThe€Boardððs€hearing€officer€conducted€Mr.€Millerððs€parole€revocation€hearing€onÏAugust€21,€1997€at€the€Brushy€Mountain€Correctional€Complex.€€The€parole€officerÏpresenting€the€case€against€Mr.€Miller€called€only€two€witnesses€ð!ð€Ms.€Guthrie€and€Mr.€Eady.€Ð G4—/> ÐDetective€Freeman€failed€to€appear€even€though€she€had€been€subpoenaed,€and€Kim€BrownÏdid€not€attend€because€of€prior€commitments.€€Over€Mr.€Millerððs€strenuous€objections,€Ms.ÏGuthrie€recounted€D.M.ððs€hearsay€statements€to€her€on€March€4,€1997,€and€Mr.€EadyÏauthenticated€the€transcript€of€the€interview€he€and€Detective€Freeman€conducted€with€D.M.Ïon€March€4,€1997.€€The€hearing€officer€also€permitted€Mr.€Eady€and€Ms.€Guthrie€to€expressÏtheir€belief€that€D.M.€was€telling€the€truth.€€Even€though€Ms.€Reed€was€not€called€as€aÏwitness,€the€hearing€officer€permitted€her€to€recount€Ms.€Hodoððs€and€Kim€Brownððs€hearsayÏstatements€concerning€D.M.ððs€refusal€to€discuss€the€incident.€€The€balance€of€the€BoardððsÏcase€consisted€of€a€transcript€of€the€statement€Mr.€Miller€gave€to€Detective€Freeman€on€AprilÏ30,€1997€and€a€copy€of€Ms.€Kim€Brownððs€report€of€her€conversation€with€D.M.€on€AugustÏ12,€1997.ÌÌà ` àMr.€Miller€testified€on€his€own€behalf.€€He€denied€sexually€abusing€D.M.€or€touchingÏher€in€an€inappropriate€way.€€He€also€explained€the€references€to€ð ðpoppingðð€D.M.ððs€back€byÏdescribing€how€he€ð ðpoppedðð€D.M.ððs€older€sisterððs€back€to€help€her€with€headaches€caused€byÏher€back€problems.€€Apparently€the€sisterððs€chiropractor€also€ð ðpoppedðð€her€back€to€give€herÏsome€relief.€€Mr.€Miller€stated€that€he€had€also€ð ðpoppedðð€D.M.ððs€back€but€denied€ever€puttingÏhis€hands€on€her€breasts€while€doing€it.€€Mr.€Millerððs€attorney€also€introduced€a€swornÏstatement€by€J.M.€€In€her€statement,€J.M.€confirmed€that€D.M.€had€told€her€that€Mr.€MillerÏhad€put€his€hands€in€her€pants€but€added€that€when€she€pressed€D.M.€for€details,€her€daughterÏtold€her€that€ð ðhe€grabbed€a€belt€loop€of€her€baggy€pants,€pulled€them€out€and€said€ððthereððsÏenough€room€in€there€for€both€of€us.ðð€.€.€.€[D.M.]€never€told€me€.€.€.€that€.€.€.€[Mr.€Millerððs]Ïhands€were€inside€her€pants.ðð€€J.M.€also€stated€that€D.M.€had€told€her€father€about€Mr.€MillerÏgrabbing€her€belt€loops.€€In€addition,€she€explained€that€she€had€questioned€her€olderÏdaughter€about€the€ð ðpoppingðð€incident€and€that€her€older€daughter€had€confirmed€that€she€hadÏbeen€present€during€the€incident€and€that€Mr.€Miller€had€not€touched€D.M.ððs€breasts.€€J.M.Ïconcluded€by€stating€that€she€believed€that€D.M.€was€simply€embarrassed€about€Mr.€MillerððsÏcomments€about€the€size€of€her€pants.€€ÌÌà ` àFollowing€a€43„minute€recess,€the€hearing€officer€announced€that€she€had€concludedÏthat€Mr.€Miller€had€violated€the€rules€of€his€parole€ð ðbased€on€the€testimony€of€the€StateððsÏwitnesses€here€today€that€I€feel€is€reliable€proof.ðð€€She€also€stated€that€she€intended€toÏrecommend€to€the€Board€that€Mr.€Millerððs€parole€be€revoked.€€Between€August€25€andÏSeptember€25,€1997,€three€Board€members€signified€their€agreement€with€the€hearingÏofficerððs€recommendation,€and€on€October€3,€1997,€Mr.€Miller€was€notified€that€the€BoardÏhad€concurred€with€the€hearing€officerððs€recommendation€to€revoke€his€parole.€€Mr.€MillerÐ k:»5F Ðsought€administrative€review€of€this€decision€and€received€word€on€November€21,€1997€thatÏhis€request€for€review€had€been€denied.ÌÌà ` àOn€December€12,€1997,€Mr.€Miller€filed€a€petition€for€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorariÏin€the€Chancery€Court€for€Davidson€County.€€He€asserted€that€the€hearing€officer€had€deniedÏhis€right€to€due€process€by€allowing€the€introduction€of€hearsay€evidence€which€had€not€beenÏestablished€as€being€reliable€and€by€not€allowing€confrontation€of€witnesses€without€theÏrequired€finding€of€good€cause.€€On€April€22,€1998,€the€trial€court€filed€an€order€denying€Mr.ÏMillerððs€petition€based€on€its€finding€that€ð ðthe€hearing€officer€did€not€exceed€his€[sic]Ïauthority€or€act€arbitrarily,€illegally€or€fraudulently€in€determining€that€good€cause€existedÏfor€not€allowing€the€petitioner€to€confront€the€child€witness.ðð€€This€appeal€followed.ÌÌà@ÕÕ.Dàò òII.ó óˆÐ l ÐÌà ` àPrisoners€do€not€have€a€right€to€be€released€from€confinement€prior€to€the€expirationÏof€their€sentence.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„28„117(a)€(1997);€òòGraham€v.€Stateóó,€202€Tenn.Ð · Ð423,€426,€304€S.W.2d€622,€623„24€(1957);€òòTarpley€v.€Traughberóó,€944€S.W.2d€394,€395Ð @  Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€Decisions€to€grant€parole€are€discretionary€and€are€solely€theÏprerogative€of€the€Tennessee€Board€of€Paroles.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€40„28„116(a)(1)Ð R ¢$ Ð(Supp.€1998);€òòState€ex€rel.€Ivey€v.€Meadowsóó,€216€Tenn.€678,€685,€393€S.W.2d€744,€747Ð Û!+& Ð(1965).€€These€decisions€may€be€reviewed€using€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorari,€but€theÏcourts€may€not€overturn€them€if€they€have€been€done€according€to€law.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð í$= * Ððð€40„28„115(c)€(Supp.€1998);€òòFlowers€v.€Traughberóó,€910€S.W.2d€468,€470€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð v&Æ!, Ð1995).€€The€scope€of€review€available€through€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorari€is€extremelyÏnarrow.€€The€writ€may€be€used€only€to€determine€whether,€in€a€particular€case,€the€BoardÏexceeded€its€jurisdiction€or€acted€illegally,€fraudulently,€or€arbitrarily;€it€may€not€be€used€toÏreview€the€correctness€of€the€Boardððs€decision.€€òòSee€Arnold€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Parolesóó,€956Ð š,ê'4 ÐS.W.2d€478,€480€(Tenn.€1997).ÌÌà ` àThe€Boardððs€decisions€either€to€revoke€or€to€rescind€parole€are€also€reviewable€onlyÏthrough€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorari.€€òòSee€Sanders€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Parolesóó,€944Ð ¾2.< ÐS.W.2d€395,€397€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996)€(revocation€of€parole);€òòDaniels€v.€Traughberóó,€No.Ð G4—/> Ð01A01„9707„CH„00297,€1998€WL€221075,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€May€6,€1998),€perm.€app.Ïdenied€(Tenn.€Jan.€4,€1999)€(recission€of€parole).€€Accordingly,€we€will€review€decisions€toÏrevoke€parole€to€determine€whether€the€Board€exceeded€its€jurisdiction€or€acted€illegally,Ïfraudulently,€or€arbitrarily.€€We€will€not€review€the€Boardððs€decision€simply€to€determineÐ k:»5F Ðwhether€it€is€correct,€and€we€will€not€grant€relief€if€the€decision€was€arrived€at€in€aÏconstitutional€and€lawful€manner.€€òòSee€Arnold€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Parolesóó,€956€S.W.2d€atÐ 9‰ Ð480€;€òòPowell€v.€Parole€Eligibility€Review€Bd.óó,€879€S.W.2d€871,€873€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1994).€Ð  ÐÌà@-Dàò òIII.€ó óˆÐ Ô $ ÐÌà ` àThis€appeal€does€not€require€us€to€decide€whether€Mr.€Miller€sexually€abused€D.M.€ÏThe€sole€issue€here€involves€the€adequacy€and€fundamental€fairness€of€the€procedureÏemployed€by€the€Board€to€revoke€Mr.€Millerððs€parole.€€If€we€find€that€the€procedureÏemployed€in€this€case€comports€with€all€applicable€statutory€and€constitutional€requirements,Ïthen€we€must€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€Mr.€Millerððs€petition€for€a€common„law€writÏof€certiorari.€€If,€however,€we€find€that€the€procedure€was€inconsistent€with€applicableÏstatutory€and€constitutional€requirements,€then€we€must€grant€Mr.€Miller€relief.€€TheÏappropriate€relief€is€not€to€absolve€him€of€the€allegations€against€him€but€rather€is€to€remandÏthe€case€to€the€Board€to€afford€Mr.€Miller€a€constitutionally€adequate€parole€revocationÏhearing.ÌÌà@ÛÛ.Dàò òA.ó óˆÐ É" ÐÌà ` àWe€first€address€the€necessary€procedural€ingredients€for€a€constitutionally€adequateÏparole€revocation€hearing.€€Because€parole€revocation€proceedings€are€not€criminalÏprosecutions,€parolees€facing€the€revocation€of€their€parole€are€not€entitled€to€the€full€panoplyÏof€procedural€rights€accorded€to€defendants€in€criminal€trials.€€òòSee€Pennsylvania€Bd.€ofÐ v&Æ!, ÐProbation€&€Parole€v.€Scottóó,€___€U.S.€___,€___,€118€S.€Ct.€2014,€2022€(1998);€òòMorrissey€v.Ð ÿ'O#. ÐBreweróó,€408€U.S.€471,€480,€92€S.€Ct.€2593,€2600€(1972).€€They€are,€nevertheless,€entitled€toÐ ˆ)Ø$0 Ðcertain€minimum€due€process€protections€stemming€from€the€state€and€federal€constitutions,Ïstate€law,€and€the€Boardððs€own€rules.€€òòSee€Wells€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Parolesóó,€909€S.W.2dÐ š,ê'4 Ð826,€829€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1995).€€ÌÌà ` àThe€minimum€due€process€protections€afforded€parolees€facing€the€loss€of€their€libertyÏshould€by€now€be€well„known€to€the€courts€and€the€parole€authorities.€€Chief€Justice€BurgerÏhas€stated€that€they€include:ÌÓ€Óà8 ` àà8¸ ` (#` (#à(a)€written€notice€of€the€claimed€violations€of€parole;€(b)Ïdisclosure€to€the€parolee€of€evidence€against€him;€(c)Ïopportunity€to€be€heard€in€person€and€to€present€witnesses€andÏdocumentary€evidence;€(d)€the€right€to€confront€and€cross„¼examine€adverse€witnesses€(unless€the€hearing€officerÏspecifically€finds€good€cause€for€not€allowing€confrontation);€aÐ î:>6E Ðð ðneutral€and€detachedðð€hearing€body€such€as€a€traditional€paroleÏboard,€members€of€which€need€not€be€judicial€officers€orÏlawyers;€and€(f)€a€written€statement€by€the€factfinders€as€to€theÏevidence€relied€on€and€reasons€for€revoking€parole.Ð ¸ Ð ¸ Ð  ÐÌÓ€ÓòòMorrissey€v.€Breweróó,€408€U.S.€at€489,€92€S.€Ct.€at€2604.€€Both€this€court€and€the€TennesseeÐ Î  ÐCourt€of€Criminal€Appeals€have€held€that€the€Tennessee€Board€of€Paroles€must€adhere€toÏthese€procedural€requirements.€€òòSee€Jennings€v.€Traughberóó,€No.€01A01„9509„CH„00390,Ð à 0  Ð1996€WL€93763,€at€*4„5€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Mar.€6,€1996)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€applicationÏfiled);€òòYoung€v.€Stateóó,€539€S.W.2d€850,€853€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1976).€€Ð òB  ÐÌà ` àThese€minimum€standards€reflect€a€preference€for€permitting€parolees€to€confront€andÏcross„examine€their€accusers;€however,€they€also€permit€the€Boardððs€hearing€officers€toÏdispense€with€confrontation€and€cross„examination€for€good€cause.€€However,€the€State€evenÏconcedes€that€parolees€must€be€given€ð ðan€opportunity€to€cross„examine€adverse€witnessesÏunless€the€hearing€officer€specifically€finds€good€cause€for€not€allowing€confrontation.ðð€ÏThus,€when€good€cause€exists,€hearing€officers€in€parole€revocation€hearings€may€permit€theÏintroduction€of€letters€and€affidavits€that,€by€their€very€nature,€have€not€been€tested€byÏconfrontation€and€cross„examination.€€òòSee€Morrissey€v.€Breweróó,€408€U.S.€at€489,€92€S.€Ct.Ð Ã Ðat€2604;€òòSanders€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Parolesóó,€944€S.W.2d€at€397.€€The€issue€that€remains€toÐ Lœ! Ðbe€decided€concerns€what€must€be€proven€to€demonstrate€good€cause€for€denying€a€paroleeÏthe€opportunity€to€confront€and€cross„examine€adversary€witnesses.ÌÌà ` àGood€cause€is€not€a€precise€standard,€and€there€is€no€bright„line€rule€for€determiningÏwhether€good€cause€exists.€€The€inquiry€is€factually€driven€and€may,€in€large€measure,Ïdepend€on€the€nature€and€purpose€of€the€evidence€sought€to€be€introduced.€€Thus,€forÏexample,€persons€who€desire€to€express€an€opinion€either€favoring€or€opposing€the€revocationÏof€parole€based€on€the€paroleeððs€character,€the€nature€of€the€paroleeððs€underlying€conviction,Ïthe€paroleeððs€institutional€conduct,€or€the€paroleeððs€reputation€in€the€community€need€not€beÏsubjected€to€confrontation€and€cross„examination€because€their€statements€are€simplyÏpersonal€opinions.€€The€Board€receives€these€sorts€of€letters€and€communications€every€day,Ïand€it€would€add€little€to€the€integrity€of€the€hearing€process€to€require€persons€desiring€toÏgive€opinions€of€this€sort€to€appear€in€person€at€the€revocation€hearing€to€offer€them.ÌÌà ` àTestimony€establishing€the€grounds€for€revoking€a€parole€should€be€treated€moreÏrigorously€because€it€provides€the€basis€for€depriving€the€parolee€of€his€or€her€liberty.€€RatherÏâ âthan€being€merely€statements€of€personal€opinion,€this€testimony€is€being€offered€to€proveÐ e9µ4C Ðthe€truth€of€the€matters€contained€in€it.€€Accordingly,€the€requirements€for€its€admission€mustÏcontain€reasonable€safeguards€to€ensure€that€the€testimony€is€truthful€and€accurate.Ìâ âÌà ` àIn€the€Anglo„American€legal€system,€confrontation€and€cross„examination€are€theÏprincipal€safeguards€for€assuring€that€testimonial€evidence€is€true€and€accurate.€€Ever€sinceÏthe€treason€trial€of€Sir€Walter€Raleigh€in€1603€in€which€Raleigh€was€convicted€and€executedÏbased€on€the€written€confession€of€an€alleged€co„conspirator,€our€law€has€favored€rigorousÏadversarial€testing€of€testimonial€evidence.€òòSee€Dutton€v.€Evansóó,€400€U.S.€74,€86€n.16,€91€S.Ð o¿  ÐCt.€210,€218€n.16€(1970).€As€Lord€Chief€Justice€Hale€noted€in€the€seventeenth€century,Ïadversarial€questioning€ð ðbeats€and€boults€out€the€truth€much€better€than€when€the€witnessÏonly€delivers€a€formal€series€of€his€knowledge€without€being€interrogated.ðð€€Matthew€Hale,Ð  Z ÐòòHistory€of€the€Common€Lawóó€(1680),€òòquoted€inóó€5€John€H.€Wigmore,€òòEvidence€in€Trials€atÐ “ã ÐCommon€Lawóó€ðð€1367,€at€34€(Chadbourn€rev.€1974).Ð l ÐÌà ` àThis€same€preference€for€confrontation€and€cross„examination€continues€to€beÏreflected€in€our€modern€decisions.€€Adversarial€questioning€can€test€a€witnessððs€(a)Ïopportunity€to€ascertain€the€facts€being€testified€to,€(b)€powers€of€perception€and€memory,Ï(c)€bias,€interest,€or€prejudice,€and€(d)€underlying€character€for€truthfulness,€as€well€as€theÏcompleteness€of€the€witnessððs€account€of€situations€or€events.€€Thus,€the€€Tennessee€SupremeÏCourt€has€emphasized€that€adversarial€questioning€can€expose€facts€that€permit€the€fact„finderÏto€gauge€a€witnessððs€reliability€more€accurately,€òòsee€State€v.€Howellóó,€868€S.W.2d€238,€252Ð d#´( Ð(Tenn.€1993),€and€that€providing€the€fact„finder€with€an€opportunity€to€observe€how€a€witnessÏtestifies€in€the€accusedððs€presence€has€value€that€should€not€be€easily€dismissed.€€òòSee€StateÐ v&Æ!, Ðv.€Deuteróó,€839€S.W.2d€391,€395€(Tenn.€1992);€òòsee€alsoóó€5€John€H.€Wigmore,€òòEvidence€inÐ ÿ'O#. ÐTrials€at€Common€Lawóó€ðð€1395,€at€153„54€(Chadbourn€rev.€1974).Ð ˆ)Ø$0 ÐÌà ` àAdministrative€proceedings€such€as€parole€revocation€hearings,€no€less€than€civil€orÏcriminal€judicial€proceedings,€involve€a€search€for€the€truth.€€Thus,€when€presented€withÏhearsay€evidence€to€proñ;ñvñ;ññ<ñposñ<ñe€a€parole€violation,€hearing€officers€must€satisfy€themselves€eitherÏthat€the€evidence€is,€by€its€very€nature,€inherently€reliable€and€the€type€of€informationÏcommonly€relied€upon€by€reasonably€prudent€persons,€òòsee€generally€State€v.€Wadeóó,€863Ð ¾2.< ÐS.W.2d€406,€409€(Tenn.€1993);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€4„5„313(1)€(1998),€or€that€the€evidenceÏsought€to€be€introduced€has€already€been€subjected€to€the€same€sort€of€adversarialÏquestioning€as€live,€in„person€testimony.€€òòSee€generally€State€v.€Deuteróó,€839€S.W.2d€at€393.€Ð Y7©2B ÐOther€courts€have€applied€substantially€similar€standards€on€parole€revocation€hearings.€€òòSeeÐ â824D ÐBelk€v.€Purkettóó,€15€F.3d€803,€812„13€(8th€Cir.€1994);€òòFarrish€v.€Mississippi€State€Parole€Bd.óó,Ð k:»5F Ð836€F.2d€969,€977„78€(5th€Cir.€1988);€òòEx€parte€Tayloróó,€957€S.W.2d€43,€44„45€(Tex.€Crim.Ð ° ÐApp.€1997).ñ8ñÌñ8ññ9ñÌÌñ9ññ8ñÌñ8ñà@áá.Dàò òB.ó óˆÐ K › ÐÌà ` àWe€now€turn€to€the€procedure€used€to€determine€whether€good€cause€existed€forÏpermitting€the€Board€to€prove€its€entire€case€against€Mr.€Miller€using€untested€hearsayÏevidence.€€The€hearing€officerððs€decision€rests€on€three€grounds€ð!ð€D.M.ððs€age,€the€nature€ofÐ o¿  ÐMr.€Millerððs€alleged€offense,€and€the€hearing€officerððs€subjective€belief€that€the€witnessesÏoffering€the€hearsay€testimony€were€ð ðreliable.ðð€€These€reasons€do€not€provide€good€cause€forÏdepriving€Mr.€Miller€of€his€opportunity€to€test€the€credibility€of€D.M.ððs€statements.ÌÌà ` àIn€order€to€make€a€constitutionally€adequate€finding€that€good€cause€exists€forÏdispensing€with€Mr.€Millerððs€opportunity€to€confront€or€cross„examine€D.M.,€the€hearingÏofficer€should€have€considered€three€issues.€€First,€whether€D.M.ððs€out„of„court€statementsÏwere€inherently€reliable€and€of€the€type€that€would€be€commonly€relied€upon€by€reasonableÏpersons€in€the€conduct€of€their€own€affairs.€€Second,€whether€D.M.ððs€statements€had€beenÏtested€for€veracity€through€adversarial€questioning.€€Third,€whether€D.M.€was€suffering€fromÏsuch€serious€emotional€distress€that€she€would€be€unable€to€testify€fully€and€truthfully€if€sheÏwere€required€to€testify€in€Mr.€Millerððs€presence.€€òòSeeóó€òòState€v.€Deuteróó,€839€S.W.2d€at€393„94.€Ð Û!+& ÐÌÓ€Óà@óó.Dàò ò1.ó óˆÐ í$= * ÐÓ€Óà@µ µ Dàòòò òThe€Inherent€Reliability€of€D.M.ððs€Statementsó óóóˆÐ ó%C!+ ÐÌà ` àThere€are€three€reasons€why€the€current€record€does€not€support€the€hearing€officerððsÏconclusion€that€D.M.ððs€statements€concerning€Mr.€Miller€are€inherently€reliable.€€First,Ïchildrenððs€reports€of€sexual€abuse€are€no€longer€perceived€to€be€inherently€accurate.€€Second,ÏD.M.ððs€statements€to€the€authorities€are€internally€inconsistent.€€Third,€D.M.ððs€statements€toÏher€parents€are€not€consistent€with€her€statements€to€authorities.ÌÌà ` àA€belief€prevailed€at€one€time€that€childrenððs€reports€of€sexual€abuse€were€inherentlyÏreliable€because€children€would€rarely€persist€in€lying€to€authority€figures€about€sexualÏactivity€and€because€children€do€not€have€sufficient€knowledge€about€sexual€activity€to€lieÏeffectively.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòóóThis€belief€has€now€been€tempered€by€two€developments.€€First,€experience€hasÐ Ö6&2A ÐÑAý Ñâ âÑÑÑ  ÑÑ„„Ñâ âÑ  Ñshown€that€a€significantly€large€number€of€child€sexual€abuse€reports€turn€out€to€be€erroneousÏor€unsubstantiated.׃`×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòóóSecond,€concern€exists€that€the€techniques€frequently€used€to€interviewÐ 9‰ Ðchildren€have€further€undermined€the€reliability€of€the€childrenððs€statements.׃è×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€òòóó€In€light€ofÐ Â Ðthese€developments,€there€is€no€empirical€basis€for€treating€childrenððs€testimony€concerningÏsexual€abuse€as€any€more€or€less€reliable€than€other€types€of€testimony.ÌÌà ` àThis€record€also€contains€indications€that€D.M.ððs€statements€about€Mr.€Miller€shouldÏnot€be€taken€at€face€value.€€The€credibility€of€a€witness€who€gives€inconsistent€statements€isÏsubject€to€question.€€òòSee€Jones€v.€Lenoir€City€Car€Worksóó,€216€Tenn.€351,€356,€392€S.W.2dÐ øH  Ð671,€673€(1965);€òòDailey€v.€Batemanóó,€937€S.W.2d€927,€930€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€D.M.ððsÐ Ñ  Ðstatements€concerning€Mr.€Miller€are€both€internally€and€externally€inconsistent.€€On€MarchÏ4,€1997,€she€told€investigators€that€Mr.€Miller€never€touched€her€while€she€was€in€hisÏbedroom;€however,€on€August€12,€1997,€she€told€Kim€Brown€that€Mr.€Miller€had€touchedÏher€breasts€and€vagina€with€both€hands€while€she€was€in€his€bedroom€looking€for€ð ðrings€forÏan€African€American€project€for€school.ðð€€In€addition,€her€statements€to€the€investigatorsÏconcerning€another€incident€when€she€stated€that€Mr.€Miller€put€his€hands€inside€her€pantsÏare€inconsistent€with€her€statements€to€both€her€mother€and€father€that€Mr.€Miller€grabbedÏa€belt€loop€of€her€baggy€pants,€pulled€them€out,€and€told€her€that€ð ð[y]our€pants€are€big€enoughÏfor€you€and€I€to€fit€in.ðð€€€ÌÌÓ€Óà@óó.Dàò ò2.ó óˆÐ d#´( ÐÓ€Óà@ú ú Dàòòò òThe€Circumstances€Under€Which€D.M.€Gave€Her€Statementsó óóóˆÐ j$º) ÐÌà ` àThe€record€is€likewise€clear€that€the€veracity€of€D.M.ððs€hearsay€statements€was€neverÏtested€by€any€sort€of€adversarial€questioning.€€The€investigators€conducted€extremelyÏinformal€interviews€with€the€child.€€D.M.€was€never€placed€under€oath.€She€was€never€askedÏif€she€understood€the€difference€between€telling€the€truth€and€telling€a€lie,€and€she€was€neverÐ ,g'3 Ðcautioned€about€the€importance€of€telling€the€truth.€€She€was,€however,€congratulated€by€theÏinvestigators€for€making€the€statements.€€The€investigators€told€her€that€they€were€ð ðproudððÏof€her€for€talking€to€them,€that€she€ð ðdid€the€right€thingðð€by€talking€with€them,€and€that€theyÏwere€ð ðgoing€to€take€care€of€it.ðð€€Mr.€Millerððs€lawyer€was€never€afforded€an€opportunity€to€beÏpresent€when€the€investigators€questioned€D.M.€or€to€ask€her€any€questions€at€all.€€UnderÏthese€circumstances,€no€conclusion€can€be€drawn€other€than€D.M.ððs€statements€have€neverÏbeen€tested€for€veracity€using€techniques€similar€to€those€that€would€have€been€employed€hadÏshe€testified€at€the€parole€revocation€hearing.ÌÌÓ€Óà@óó.Dàò ò3.ó óˆÐ Ñ  ÐÓ€Óà@::#Dàòòò òD.M.ððs€Ability€to€Testifyó óóóˆÐ ‡× ÐÌà ` àThe€purpose€of€a€fact„finding€hearing€is€to€seek€the€truth.€€Courts€and€legislatures€haveÏrecognized€that€a€fact„finderððs€ability€to€discover€the€truth€may€be€undermined€when€a€youngÏvictim€of€sexual€abuse€is€so€intimidated€by€her€abuser€that€he€or€she€is€too€fearful€to€talk€inÏthe€abuserððs€presence.€€òòSee€Coy€v.€Iowaóó,€487€U.S.€1012,€1032,€108€S.€Ct.€2798,€2809€(1988)Ð 4„ Ð(Blackmun,€J.,€dissenting);€Paula€Hill€&€Samuel€Hill,€Note,€òòVideotaping€ChildrenððsÐ ½  ÐTestimony:€An€Empirical€Viewóó,€85€Mich.€L.€Rev.€809,€827€(1987);€Diane€K.€Vaillancourt,Ð F–! ÐNote,€òòState€v.€Thomas:€Face€to€Face€With€Coy€and€Craig€ð!ð€Constitutional€Invocation€ofÐ Ï# ÐWisconsinððs€Child€Witness€Protection€Statuteóó,€1990€Wis.€L.€Rev.€1613,€1614.€€Accordingly,Ð X!¨% Ðthey€have€established€and€approved€procedures€permitting€victims€of€child€sexual€abuse€toÏtestify€outside€of€the€alleged€abuserððs€presence€as€long€as€there€has€been€a€finding€that€theÏchild€would€be€unable€to€communicate€otherwise.€€òòSeeóó€òòMaryland€v.€Craigóó,€497€U.S.€at€857,Ð ó%C!+ Ð110€S.€Ct.€at€3170;€òòState€v.€Deuteróó,€839€S.W.2d€at€393„94;€òòEx€parte€Tayloróó,€957€S.W.2d€atÐ |'Ì"- Ð45ñ=ñ„47ñ=ñ;€òòsee€also€óó18€U.S.C.A.€ðð€Ô_Ô3509(b)(1)(B)(ñ>ñIñ>ññ?ñiñ?ñ),Ô_Ô€(ii),€(iv)€(West€Supp.€1998);€Tenn.€CodeÐ )U$/ ÐAnn.€ðð€24„7„120(a)(3)€(Supp.€1998).ÌÌà ` àThe€evidence€concerning€D.M.ððs€ability€to€testify€in€Mr.€Millerððs€presence€is€sketchy.€ÏMs.€Reed€informed€the€hearing€officer€that€D.M.€declined€to€discuss€Mr.€Miller€and€refusedÏto€give€a€videotaped€statement€when€she,€Linda€Brown,€and€Ms.€Hodo€talked€with€D.M.€andÏJ.M.€on€July€23,€1997.€€Even€though€Kim€Brown€did€not€attend€the€parole€revocation€hearing,Ïthe€record€also€contains€her€hearsay€statements€that€D.M.€was€ð ðscared€and€tearfulðð€on€AugustÏ12,€1997€and€that€she€ð ðappeared€to€be€very€confused€and€scared€if€she€would€have€to€testifyÏ.€.€.€[against]€Mr.€Miller.ððÌâ âÐ _8¯3C Ðà ` àThere€are€two€possible€explanations€for€D.M.ððs€reticence€in€July€and€August€1997.€Ïâ âFirst,€her€conduct€could€indicate€that€D.M.€remains€so€fearful€of€Mr.€Miller€that€she€wouldÏbe€unable€to€testify€fully€and€truthfully€in€his€presence.€€Second,€her€conduct€could€indicateÏthat€D.M.€realizes€that€her€statements€regarding€Mr.€Miller€were€mistaken€or€exaggerated.€ÏD.M.€should€not€be€permitted€to€avoid€confronting€€Mr.€Miller€unless€the€first€explanationÏis€correct.€€But€even€if€the€first€explanation€is€correct,€it€does€not€provide€a€basis€for€Ïconcluding€that€Mr.€Miller,€through€his€lawyer,€was€not€entitled€to€an€opportunity€to€testÏD.M.'s€credibility€under€proper€circumstances.ÌÌà@±±.Dàò òIV.ó óˆÐ Ñ  ÐÌà ` àWe€are€only€now€beginning€to€realize€that€child€sexual€abuse€is€a€major€and€growingÏproblem€in€our€society.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€abuse€permanently€affects€its€victimsðð€lives,€and€its€societalÐ l Ðcosts€are€staggeringly€high.׃ 0×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Yet,€despite€the€horrendously€repulsive€€nature€of€the€offense,Ð ¥õ Ðthese€proceedings€present€sensitive€and€difficult€procedural€problems€because€of€theÏcompeting€interests€at€stake.€€Like€judicial€proceedings€in€which€child€sexual€abuse€is€atÏissue,€administrative€proceedings€must€be€conducted€according€to€a€fundamentally€fair€legalÏprocedure.€€ÌÌà ` àIn€this€case,€the€hearing€officer€acted€arbitrarily€and€illegally€by€failing€to€apply€theÏproper€standards€for€determining€whether€good€cause€existed€for€preventing€Mr.€Miller€fromÏconfronting€and€cross„examining€D.M.€€To€strike€an€appropriate€€balance€between€Mr.ÏMillerððs€rights€of€confrontation€and€cross„examination€and€the€€Boardððs€desire€to€shield€D.M.Ïfrom€the€trauma€and€stress€of€testifying,€the€hearing€officer€should€have€first€determinedÏwhether€D.M.€was€unable€to€testify€completely€and€truthfully€in€Mr.€Millerððs€presence.€€IfÏD.M.€was€completely€unable€to€testify€in€Mr.€Millerððs€presence,€then€the€hearing€officerÏshould€have€determined€whether€her€testimony€was€inherently€reliable€or€whether€it€hadÏalready€been€subjected€to€adversarial€questioning€substantially€equivalent€to€cross„¼examination€in€court.€€Unless€the€hearing€officer€determined€from€all€the€circumstances€thatÐ ¬/ü*8 ÐD.M.ððs€testimony€was€inherently€reliable,€Mr.€Miller€should€have€been€afforded€anÏappropriate€opportunity€to€test€the€credibility€of€D.M.ððs€accusations.ÌÌà@ÛÛ.Dàò òV.ó óˆÐ K › ÐÌà ` àThe€order€dismissing€Mr.€Millerððs€petition€for€a€common„law€writ€of€certiorari€isÏreversed€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€with€directions€to€enter€an€order€grantingÏthe€writ€of€certiorari€and€remanding€the€proceeding€to€the€Board€with€directions€either€toÏprovide€Mr.€Miller€forthwith€with€a€proper€parole€revocation€hearing€or€to€restore€Mr.€MillerÏto€his€status€as€a€parolee.€€We€tax€the€costs€of€this€appeal€to€the€Tennessee€Board€of€Paroles.€ÏÌÌÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌBEN€H.€CANTRELL,ÌPRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.€ÌÌÌ_________________________________ÌWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGEñ@ñ€Ð  ó%C!' ÐÔ€ '´!‹Š0½ÔÑ a Ññ:ñÌñ:ñà@  Dàò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ òB Ðà@ZZ)DàAT€NASHVILLEó óˆÐ 4„ ÐÌÔ‡¼{>»‹Š0½ÔÌLOYAL€MILLER,à h àà À àà  àà p à)Ð Ð  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ìà ` àPlaintiff/Appellant,à À àà  àà p à)à È àDavidson€ChanceryÐ  P Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)à È àNo.€97„4127„IÐ h  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ð 0€  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)à È àAppeal€No.Ð H˜  ÐTENNESSEE€BOARD€OF€PAROLES,à p à)à È à01A01„9806„CH„00293Ð `°  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à)Ìà ` àDefendant/Appellee.à À àà  àà p à)Ð à  ÐÔ#† '´!»¼{>Í”#ÔÌÌò òà@cc(DàòòJ€U€D€G€M€E€N€Tóóó óˆÐ ,| ÐÌÔ€Š0½‹! '´ÔÓffÓà ` àThis€cause€came€on€to€be€heard€upon€the€record€on€appeal€from€the€Davidson€CountyÐ ° ÐChancery€Court,€the€briefs€of€the€parties,€and€arguments€of€counsel.€€Upon€consideration€ofÏthe€entire€record,€this€court€finds€and€concludes€that€the€trial€judgeððs€judgment€should€beÏreversed.ÌÌà ` àIn€accordance€with€the€opinion€filed€contemporaneously€with€this€judgment,€it€is,Ïtherefore,€ordered,€adjudged,€and€decreed€that€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€be€and€is€herebyÏreversed,€and€that€the€cause€be€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistentÏwith€this€courtððs€opinion.ÌÌà ` àIt€is€further€ordered€that€the€costs€of€this€appeal€be€taxed€to€the€Tennessee€Board€ofÏParoles.ÌÌÓffÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àBEN€H.€CANTRELL,Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.€ÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGE€ÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGE€ñ@ñ