ÿWPC# …# VUNa %¯ 0(µw@Ý4 1 @ 0lH 0D´ Bø 0J D3_ 0T’ 0^æ 0hD 0r¬ 0| 0†š 0 1u° U,% 0dQ 0@µU,õU>!U 6_B)•DC¾ AMU*N"x¬šxF$¾)âv~ vÓ‰ AO\!Æ«! 0Dq" D/µ" Bä"˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ 'V(D)D*V+,D-./0Ó€à~| zB8B3|x;((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó d2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô'ÿÿdxd2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô !"#$%& ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d44447Border 1dd€-5Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÔ€7ÔÔ€7ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€7XÔÌÌò òApril€25,€1996ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€7ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó ¢Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€2ôÔÔ€3ÔThe€Chancellor€held€that€the€cutting€of€the€hickory€trees€wasÏreasonably€necessary€to€facilitate€the€harvesting€of€the€timber,€and€thus€notÏa€material€breach€of€the€contract.€€He€also€found€that€the€damage€to€the€fieldÏcaused€by€the€equipment€was€unavoidable,€and€that€the€loggers€would€haveÏrepaired€it€after€harvesting€if€they€had€been€given€a€chance.€€The€Kyles€doÏnot€challenge€either€of€these€holdings€on€this€appeal.€Ô€2ÔÔ€2XÔÌ nÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€2ôÔÔ€3ÔOn€cross„examination,€Bobby€Kyle€admitted€that€there€was€no€writtenÏconveyance€of€his€gift€of€the€timber€to€Dennis.Ô€2ÔÔ€2XÔÌ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€2ôÔÔ€3ÔSheets€and€Patterson€testified€unequivocally€that€there€was€no€fence€orÏdivider€between€the€two€parcels.€€Bobby€Kyle€testified€there€was€a€fenceÏrunning€through€the€non„wooded€part€of€the€land,€but€no€fence,€only€steelÏposts€every€hundred€feet,€separating€the€parcels€on€the€wooded€part.Ô€2ÔÔ€2XÔÌ Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€(ÔÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€2ôÔÔ€3ÔThe€Chancellor€awarded€damages€in€accordance€with€his€finding€that€ð ðtheÏalternative€relief€sought€by€plaintiff€of€being€permitted€to€return€andÏcomplete€his€timber€operation€on€defendantsðð€land€would€not€be€feasible€underÏthe€circumstances.ðð€€The€Kyles€do€not€challenge€this€finding.Ô€2ÔÔ€2XÔÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA:Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA:Op Monaco Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€(ÔÓ&€11X„d&ÓÑ#€11Xd#ÑÔ€2ÔÝ  ÝÓ  ÓÑ P ÑÔ€3ÔÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Ñ7€%XXdìdÈ7ÑIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€œTENNESSEEÌÌÌ›ÌÓ  ÓÌÌMELVIN€SHEETS,€à àà àà àœ€€)C/A›€NO.€03A01„9510„CH„00380Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)ROANE›€COUNTY€CHANCERY€COURTÌà àà àPlaintiff„Appellee,à àœ€€)›à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)HONORABLE€FRANK€V.€WILLIAMS,€III›Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)CHANCELLOR›ÌÙ€€ÙœßL€685;+'h|` Å `€€Lß›à àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)›ÌBOBBY€JOE€œKYLE›€œandà à›à àà àœ€€)›ÌDENNIS€KYLE,à àà àà àà àœ€€)AFFIRMED€INÏPART›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœ€€)VACATED€INÏPART›Ìà àà àœDefendants„Appellants.)REMANDED›ÌÌœÌÌ›ÌÌJ.€REED€DIXON€of€DIXON€&€STUTTS,€Sweetwater,€for€œAppellants.›ÌÌJ.€POLK€COOLEY€of€COOLEY,€COOLEY€&€AGEE,€Rockwood,€for€Appellee.ÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  ÓòòœO›€P€I€N€I€O€œNÌÌÌÓ  Ó›à àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àóóSusano,€œJ.ÇÓÓ›à àà àœMelvin€Sheets€sued€Bobby€Joe€Kyle€(Bobby€Kyle)€forÏbreach€of€contract.€€He€sought€damages€and€other€relief.€€He€laterÏamended€his€complaint€to€add€Bobby€Kyleððs€son,€Dennis€Kyle,€as€anÏadditional€party€defendant.€€Sheets€alleged€that€he€had€purchasedÏstanding€oak€timber€from€the€Kyles,€for€which€he€paid€$14,500.€€HeÏcharged€that€after€he€started€to€harvest€the€timber,€Bobby€KyleÏrefused€to€let€him€continue.€€After€a€bench€trial,€the€ChancellorÏentered€judgment€for€Sheets€and€awarded€him€$20,000€in€damages.€ÏThe€trial€court€held€the€Kyles€jointly€and€severally€liable.€€TheyÏappeal,€raising€the€following€issues€for€our€resolution:›ÌÓӜ̛Ìà8 àà8 à1.€€Did€the€Chancellor€err€œwhen€he›€œadmittedÏinto€evidence›€extrinsic€parol€evidence€to€œaidÏin€the›€interpretation€of€the€contract?ÌÌà8 àà8 à2.€€Did€the€Chancellor€err€œin›€holding€thatÏœBobby€Kyle›€contracted€to€sell€timber€belongingÏpartly€to€himself€and€partly€to€his€son,ÏœDennis›€Kyle?ÌÌà8 àà8 àœ3.›€€Did€the€Chancellor€err€in€holding€œtheÏKyles›€jointly€and€severally€liable€for€damagesÏarising€from€the€breach?Ìà àÌà àà àœ4.›€€Is€the€damage€award€of€$20,000€excessive?ÌÌÌÓ  ÓÓÓÌIÌÌÓ  Óà àà àIn€the€fall€of€1993,€œBobby€Kyle›€approached€Sheets€andÏtold€him€he€had€œstanding›€timber€œto›€sell.€€In€œNovember,›€œ1993,›ÏœSheets›€and€œhis€agent,€F.B.›€Patterson,€œJr.,€met›€œBobby›€Kyle€œwhoÏshowed€them€the€timber€in€question.€€It›€is€undisputed€that€œSheets,ÏPatterson,€and€Bobby€Kyle€walked›€œover,›€and€observed€the€timber€œon,›Ïœproperty€located€on›€the€east€side€of€the€Sweetwater„Kingston€road,Ïand€œproperty›€on€the€west€side.€€After€some€discussion,€Sheets,Ïthrough€his€agent,€Patterson,€made€an€offer€of€$14,500€for€theÏœstanding€timber.›€€œShortly€thereafter,€Bobby€Kyle›€accepted€theÏœoffer.›ÌÌà àà àA€œcompleted€contract›€œwas€produced€by€a€representative€ofÏSheets›€œand€presented›€to€œBobby€Kyle.›€€œAs€presented€to€Bobby€Kyle,Ïthe›€œcontract€reflected€the€name›€œof€ð ðJoe›€Kyleðð€œin›€the€blank€œfor€theÏname€of€the›€œowner.€€Bobby€Kyle›€objected€to€œthis€and€told€SheetsððÏrepresentative€that€the›€name€ð ðDennis€Kyleðð€œshould€be€written€inÏthe€blank€for€the€owner.€›€œPursuant€to€this€request,€the€name€ð ðJoeðð›Ïœwas€scribbled€over€and€the€name€ð ðDennis›€œKyleðð€placed€in€the€blank.›€ÏœBobby€Kyle›€explained€œat€trial€why›€he€wanted€œhis€son€reflected€asÏthe€owner:›ÌÓӜ̛Ìà8 àà8 àœ.€.€.€they›€had€my€name€on€there€instead€ofÏDennisðð,€and€they€knowed€it€was€Dennisðð€timberÍto€start€with,€I€had€done€told€them€it€wasÏDennisðð.€€And€he€changed€that.€€And€I€told€himÏthat€Iððd€just€go€ahead€and€sign€Dennisðð€nameÏto€it€because€he€didnððt€have€no€education.€ÏAnd€I€had€to€sign€his€name€to€a€lot€of€stuffÏanyhow.ÌÌà àà àQ:€You€were€acting€for€Dennis€in€that€respect?ÌÌà àà àA:€Yeah,€yeah,€uh„huh.ÌÌà àà àQ:€You€had€Dennisðð€permission€to€do€that,€I€expect?ÌÌà àà àA:€Yeah.ÌÌÌÓÓœBobby€Kyle›€signed€the€name€ð ðDennis€Kyleðð€at€the€bottom€of€theÏœcontract.€€The›€contract€is€a€œone€page€document.€€It€is€attached€asÏan€appendix€to€this€opinion.€€As€can€be€seen,€the€site€of€theÏtimber€was€identified€simply€as€being€two€tracts€in€Roane€County.›ÌÌœà àà àIn€November,€1993,€the€month€in€which€the€contract€wasÏsigned,€Sheets€hired€loggers€to€harvest€the€timber€and€haul€it€toÏhis€lumber€yard.€€The€loggers€moved€their€equipment€onto€a€fieldÏadjacent€to€the€timber;€in€order€to€get€the€necessary€equipmentÏinto€the€woods€to€take€down€the€trees,€they€cut€three€hickoryÏtrees.€€The€parties€agree€that€Bobby€Kyle€had€told€Sheets€not›€toÏcut€any€species€of€tree€other€than€white€and€red€oak;€however,€theÏloggers€testified€that€cutting€the€three€hickories€was€necessaryÏto€create€a€right„of„way€into€the€woods€for€their€œequipment.›€œÍBobby€Kyle›€œcomplained›€that€the€loggersðð€equipment€was€causingÏdamage€to€his€œfield.× ƒ9 ××  ×€€He€told›€the€loggers€to€leave€his€property.€ÏœWhen€the€loggers€were€ordered›€œoff€the€property,€they›€had€œonlyÏharvested›€œa€part›€of€the€timber€on€the€œwest›€œside€of›€the€Sweetwater„Kingston€œroad€(the€ð ðwest€tractðð),›€and€had€not€yet€begun€operationsÏon€the€tract€on€the€east€œside€(the€ð ðeast€tractðð).›€€œSince€Bobby›ÏKyle€œwould›€not€œallow›€any€further€œharvesting,›€Sheets€brought€theÏinstant€œaction.›ÌÌà àà àAt€œtrial,›€a€controversy€developed€over€exactly€what€landÏwas€included€in€the€œtwo›€œtracts›€œto€which€the›€œcontract€madeÏreference.›€€œThe€Kyles›€introduced€a€tax€map€of€the€area€whichÏshowed€that€the€œwest€tract›€was€œactually€divided›€into€two€œseparateÏparcels›€for€property€tax€purposes,€and€argued€that€the€œtwo›€œtractsÏmentioned›€in€the€contract€referred€to€the€two€parcels€on€the€westÏœtract.›€€Sheets€contended€that€the€parties€contracted€for€the€saleÏof€œthe€timber›€on€both€the€east€and€west€tracts,€arguing€that€thereÏwas€no€fence€marking€the€œboundary›€between€the€two€parcels€on€theÍwest€œtract,›€and€that€œBobby€Kyle›€œhad›€not€œinformed›€him€œthat€the›€œwest›Ïtract€was€really€two€œparcels.€€He€testified€that€the€partiesÏtreated€the€property€on€the€west€side€of€the€road€as€one€singleÏtract€for€the€purpose€of›€the€sale.€€The€Chancellor€resolved€thisÏissue€in€favor€of€Sheets,€finding€that€the€parties€intended€toÏœinclude€all€of€the›€œoak€trees›€on€both€œsides€of€the€road.›ÌœÌà àà àIn€this€non„jury€case,€our€review€is€òòde€novo€óóupon€theÏrecord€of€the€trial€courtððs€proceedings;€however,€that€recordÏcomes€to€us€accompanied€by€a€presumption€of€correctness,€unlessÏthe€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€T.R.A.P.€13(d);òòò òÏUnion€Carbide€Corp.€v.€Huddleston,€óóó ó854€S.W.2d€87,€91€(Tenn.Ï1993).ÌÇÓ  Ó›IIÌÌÓ  Óà àà àœThe€Kylesðð›€first€issue€is€whether€the€Chancellor€erredÏin€allowing€extrinsic€parol€evidence€to€aid€œin€the€interpretation›Ïof€the€contract.€€Although€our€review€of€the€record€indicates€thisÏcontention€is€œwithout€merit,›€we€will€not€unduly€lengthen€thisÏopinion€with€œfurther€discussion›€œof€this€issue€because›€no€objectionÏwas€made€to€the€introduction€of€extrinsic€evidence€at€trial.€Ïð ðAppellate€review€on€the€improper€admission€of€evidence€is€waivedÏunless€the€evidence€was€timely€objected€to€at€the€trial.ðð€€òòò òHueyÏv.€Tipton,€óóó ó734€S.W.2d€330,€332€(Tenn.App.€1986).€€We€œnote,€inÏpassing,›€œthat€the›€record€œreflects›€that€œthe€Kyles›€œalso›€introduced€aÏsignificant€amount€of€extrinsic€evidence€regarding€the€œmeaning€ofÏthe€contract.›€œÌÌà@ àIII›ÌÌà àà àœThe€Kyles›€next€œchallenge›€the€Chancellorððs€ruling€thatÏthe€œtwo›€œtracts›€described€in€the€contract€referred€to€the€land€onÏboth€the€east€and€west€œtracts.›€€As€noted€above,€œthe€Kyles€argueÏthat›€the€contract€was€œonly€for›€the€sale€of€œthe€timber›€œon›€the€westÏœtract.›€€In€support€of€this€position,€œthe€Kyles›€produced€proofÍshowing€that€the€west€tract€is€divided€into€two€separate€parcelsÏfor€tax€purposes.€€œThey€contend€that€the€evidence€clearly€showsÏthat›€the€southern€œpart›€of€the€west€tract€was€jointly€owned€byÏœDennis›€Kyle€œand›€œthe€latterððs€son,€Joe›€Kyle.€€œBobby€Kyle›€owns€theÏnorthern€œpart›€of€the€west€tract,€but€he€testified€that€he€hadÏpreviously€given€the€timber€on€that€œpart›€to€Dennis.œ× ƒ: ××  ×›€€It€appearsÏfrom€the€record€that€œBobby€Kyle›€owns€the€œeast€tract.›€€œIn€summary,Ïthe€Kyles›€œargue€that€all€of€the›€timber€on€the€west€tract€was€ownedÏby€œDennis€Kyle€while€the›€timber€on€the€east€tract€was€owned€œsolelyÏby›€œBobby€Kyle.€€From€this,€the€Kyles€argue€that€since›€œBobby€KyleÏsigned›€the€contract€in€the€œname€of›€ð ðDennis€Kyle,ðð€œthe€parties€onlyÏintended€to›€contract€œfor›€the€sale€of€timber€on€the€west€œtract,€allÏof€which€was€owned€by€Dennis€Kyle.›ÌÌà àà àSheets,€on€the€other€hand,€œcontends›€that€the€sale€wasÏfor€timber€on€both€the€east€and€west€tracts.€€In€support€of€hisÏtheory,€Sheets€introduced€proof€suggesting€that€there€was€no€fenceÏbetween€the€parcels€on€the€west€tract,œ× ƒ; ××  ×›€and€œhe€testified›€that€œBobbyÍKyle›€presented€œthe€property€on€the€west€side€as€one€single€tract.€ÏHe€testified€that€ð ðnothing›€was€mentioned€about€two€parcelsðð€on€theÏwest€tract.€€All€of€the€parties€concur€that€œBobby€Kyle›€took€SheetsÏand€Patterson€œto›€the€east€tract€and€showed€them€the€timber€œon€thatÏtract€after›€showing€them€the€œtimber›€on€the€west€tract.€€Sheets€andÏPatterson€stated€that€œBobby€Kyle›€clearly€presented€the€timber€onÏthe€east€tract€to€them€as€part€of€the€sale,€and€that€they€wouldÏnot€have€œoffered€$14,500›€œfor›€the€timber€on€the€west€tract€alone.€ÏFinally,€Sheets€œpresented€uncontradicted›€proof€that€the€best€treesÏon€both€tracts,€the€oak€veneer€timber€trees,€had€numbers€paintedÏon€œthem.›€€The€trees€on€the€west€tract€started€with€the€number€ð ð1"Ïand€continued€up€to€ð ð34,ðð€and€the€first€numbered€tree€on€the€eastÏtract€began€at€ð ð35"€and€continued€in€sequence.€€ÌÌà àà àThe€Chancellor€œconcluded›€œthat€the›€parties€intended€toÏcontract€for€the€sale€of€timber€on€both€the€east€and€west€tracts.€ÏAlthough€there€is€evidence€supporting€œthe€partiesðð›€competingÏtheories,€we€œcannot€say€that›€œthe€evidence€preponderates›€againstÏthe€Chancellorððs€finding.€€This€conclusion€is€bolstered€by€œBobbyÏKyleððs›€own€testimony€regarding€statements€he€made€to€Sheets€andÏPatterson€about€the€timber€on€the€east€tract,€œwhich€was€referred›Íto€œas›€ð ðParcel€œ42"€at€trial:›ÌÓӜ̛Ìà8 àà8 àQ:€When€you€went€back€there€you€walked€allÏaround€that€woods€with€Mr.€Sheets€and€Mr.ÏPatterson;€didnððt€you?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€No,€I€didnððt€walk€all€the€way€around.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€Iððm€talking€about€the€tract„„the€Parcel€42.ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€I„„I€was€sitting€in€my€truck€when€they€comeÏout€of€the€woods.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€What€did€you€say€to€Mr.€Sheets€about€notÏcutting€any€poplar€on€that€property?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€Well€all€Mr.€Sheets€said€to€me,€he€come€byÏwhere€I€was€sitting€at.€€He€said€it€will€beÏall€right€to€cut€them€ash,€wonððt€it?€€And€IÏtold€him€no.€€And€he„„he€wanted€to€know€if€itÏwould€be€all€right€to€cut€them€cherries.€€AndÏI€told€him€no.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€Now€weððre€talking€about€back€here€behindÏDennisðð€house,€[the€east€tract]€on€Parcel€42.ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€Yeah,€but€on€this€part€right€here€he€comeÏby€and€wanted€to€know€if€it€would€be€all€rightÏto€cut€the€firewood,€and€I€told€him€no.ÌÌà àà àà à*à àà à*à àà à*à àà à*ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€But€now€you€told€him€on€that€42€that€youÏdidnððt€want€him€to€cut€the€ash,€Parcel€42Ïthere?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€Uh„huh.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€And€thatððs€right€over€here,€across€theÏroad.€€You€told€him€you€didnððt€want€the€ashÏcut€on€that?ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€When€he€asked€me€if€it€would€be€all€rightÏto€cut€it,€why€I€told€him€I€didnððt€want€itÏcut.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€And€you€told€him€you€didnððt€want€the€poplarÏcut€on€it?€ÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€Uh„huh.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€Is€that€right?ÌÌà àà àA:€Thatððs€right.ÌÌà8 àà8 àQ:€òòYou€didnððt€want€him€to€cut€anything€but€theÏoak?óóÌÌà8 àà8 àA:€òòThe€oak,€yeah,€right.óó€€I€didnððt€want€themÏhollow€oaks€cut€either,€that€they€cut.ÌÌÌÌÓÓœ(Emphasis›€œadded).›€€We€agree€with€and€affirm€the€ChancellorððsÏruling€on€œthe€Kylesðð›€second€issue.ÌœÇÓ  ÓIV›ÌÌÓ  Óà àà àWe€now€turn€to€the€issues€regarding€liability€andÏdamages.€€The€Chancellor€found€œthat€the€Kyles›€œbreached›€theÏcontract€œwhen€Bobby€Kyle€refused€to€allow€Sheets›€to€harvest€theÏtimber,€and€held€œthat€the€Kyles›€œwere€jointly›€and€severally€liableÏfor€damages€resulting€from€the€breach.€€œThe€Kyles›€œargue›€on€appealÏthat€the€Chancellor€erred€by€holding€the€defendants€jointly€andÏseverally€liable.€€We€agree€that€Dennis€œKyle€should›€not€have€beenÏheld€liable€for€the€sale€of€œBobby€Kyleððs€timber.›Ìà àÌà àà àIt€is€undisputed€that€œBobby€Kyle›€had€authority€to€act€asÏagent€for€œhis€son›€in€selling€œthe€latterððs€timber,›€and€that€he€soÏacted€by€signing€œDennis›€œKyleððs€name›€to€the€contract.€€Dennis€œKyleÏadmitted›€that€his€father€had€authority€to€œsell€his€timber,›€andÏtherefore€œDennis€Kyle›€is€liable,€as€principal,€for€the€breach€ofÏcontract€for€sale€of€òòhis€own€óótimber.€€However,€œit€is€clear€thatÏDennis€Kyle€was€not€directly€involved€in€this€transaction€and€was›Ïnot€present€during€either€the€negotiations€œregarding€or›€theÏexecution€of€the€contract.€€œConsequently,›€we€can€conceive€of€noÏœtheory›€whereby,€under€these€circumstances,€Dennis€œKyle€could›€beÏliable€for€œthe€breach›€regarding€òòhis€fatherððs€œóótimber,€all€of€whichÍwas€located€on€the€east€tract.›€ÌÌà àà àThe€issue€of€œBobby€Kyleððs›€liability€presents€a€œdifferent›Ïquestion.€€Should€œhe›€be€held€liable€for€breach€of€œthe€contract€forÏthe€sale›€œof›€the€entirety€of€the€timber,€or€only€œof›€his€own?€€WeÏexamine€the€rules€of€agency€in€Tennessee€to€ascertain€the€answer.ÌÌà àà àGenerally€speaking,€whether€an€agent€is€personallyÏliable€for€contracts€executed€on€behalf€of€his€or€her€principalÏdepends€upon€whether€and€to€what€extent€the€agent€discloses€theÏexistence€and€identity€of€the€principal.€€If€the€agent€disclosesÏthe€fact€that€he€or€she€is€contracting€for€another,€the€contractÏis€generally€presumed€to€be€that€of€the€principal€alone.€€òòò òWeeksÏv.€Summerlin,€óóó ó466€S.W.2d€894,€899€(Tenn.App.€1970);€òòò òRooney€v.ÏCallins,€óóó ó459€S.W.2d€430,€438€(Tenn.App.€1970);€òòò òUnited€AmericanÏBank€of€Memphis€v.€Gardner,óóó ó€706€S.W.2d€639,€642€(Tenn.App.Ï1985).€€The€general€rule€has€been€characterized€by€the€SupremeÏCourt€as€follows:ÌÓӜ̛Ìà8 àà8 àIf€a€contract€is€made€with€a€known€agentÏacting€within€the€scope€of€his€authority€for€aÏdisclosed€principal,€the€contract€is€that€ofÏthe€principal€alone,€unless€credit€has€beenÏgiven€expressly€and€exclusively€to€the€agent,Ïand€it€appears€that€it€was€clearly€hisÍintention€to€assume€the€obligation€as€aÏpersonal€liability€and€that€he€has€beenÏinformed€that€credit€has€been€extended€to€himÏalone.€€The€presumption€is€that€where€oneÏknown€to€be€an€agent€deals€or€contracts€withinÏthe€scope€of€his€authority,€credit€is€extendedÏto€the€principal€alone€and€the€act€or€contractÏis€his€engagement€as€if€he€were€personallyÏpresent€and€acting€or€contracting.€€Ô€3ôÔÌÔ€3XÔòòò òœÌ›ÌÓÓHammond€v.€Herbert€Hood€Co.,€óóó ó221€S.W.2d€98,€102„103€(Tenn.Ï1948),€quotingòò€óó2€òòAm.Jur.ò ò€óóó ó247„48,€ðð315.ÌÌà àà àConversely,€if€an€agent€does€not€disclose€that€he€or€sheÏis€contracting€for€another,€the€general€rule€is€that€the€partyÏwith€whom€the€agent€contracted,€upon€discovering€the€existence€ofÏthe€principal,€may€elect€to€hold€either€the€principal€or€the€agentÏliable,€but€not€both.€€òòò òDavis€v.€McKinney,€óóó ó€46€Tenn.€15,€17„18Ï(1868);€òòò òPhillips€v.€Rooker,€óóó ó184€S.W.€12,€13€(Tenn.€1916);Ïòòò òSparkman€v.€Phillips,ó óóó€371€S.W.2d€162,€166„67€(Tenn.App.€1962);Ïòòò òHolt€v.€American€Progressive€Life€Ins.€Co.,€óóó ó731€S.W.2d€923,Ï925€(Tenn.App.€1987).€€ÌÌà àà àIn€the€present€case,€the€testimony€is€in€conflict€aboutÏwhat€was€said€by€way€of€explanation€regarding€œBobby€Kyleððs›€refusalÏto€sign€the€contract€in€his€own€name,€and€insisting€on€signing€asÏð ðDennis€Kyle.ðð€€œBobby€Kyle,›€as€œpreviously€noted,›€testified€thatÍSheets€and€his€agent€ð ðknowed€it€was€Dennisðð€timber€to€start€with,ÏI€had€done€told€them€it€was€œDennisðð.ð𛀀Patterson€testified€thatÏœBobby€Kyle›€did€not€tell€them€the€timber€on€the€west€tract€wasÏowned€by€œDennis€Kyle.›€€Patterson€stated€that€although€he€knew€theÏman€with€whom€œthey›€œwere›€dealing€was€named€œð ðJoe›€œKyle,ðð›€and€that€heÏhad€a€son€named€Dennis,€ð ðI€didnððt€know€how€he€signed€his€nameÏeven.€€I€never€had€no€reason€to€know.ðð€€Sheets€was€not€questionedÏon€this€issue€at€the€trial.€€Ì̜Ǜà àà àœIt›€is€clear€that€there€was€something€less€than€fullÏdisclosure,€but€more€than€no€disclosure€at€all.€€However,€we€thinkÏthere€is€no€need€to€attempt€to€force€these€facts€into€a€legalÏniche€of€ð ðdisclosureðð€or€ð ðno€disclosure.ðð€€This€is€because€theÏcaselaw€in€this€area€indicates€that€we€should€look€also€to€theÏoverall€intention€of€the€parties,€as€evidenced€by€their€conductÏand€the€other€surrounding€circumstances€as€well€as€the€contractÏitself,€to€determine€whether€the€agent€manifested€an€intent€orÏwillingness€to€be€held€personally€liable€on€the€contract.€€TheÏTennessee€courts€have€made€the€following€pertinent€statements€œinÏthis€regard:›ÌÓӜ̛Ìà8 àà8 à[W]hile€it€is€true€as€a€general€rule€that€inÏlaw€ð ðan€agent€who,€acting€within€the€scope€ofÏhis€authority,€enters€into€contractualÏrelations€for€a€disclosed€principal,€does€notÏbind€himself,€in€the€absence€of€an€expressÏagreement€to€do€so,ðð€yet€it€is€also€true€thatÏwhether€such€an€agent€does€by€such€aÏtransaction€bind€himself€depends€on€theÏintention€of€the€agent€and€the€person€dealingÏwith€him,€and€this€intention€must€be€gatheredÏfrom€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€eachÏparticular€case.€€And€it€is€the€disclosedÏintention€that€governs,€and€not€some€hiddenÏintention€of€the€agent;€and€so€the€agent€mayÏbecome€personally€liable,€although€this€beÏcontrary€to€his€actual€intention,€if€he€has€inÏfact€bound€himself€according€to€the€terms€ofÏthe€contract.Ô€3ôÔÌÌÔ€3XÔòòò òœÌÌÓÓSiler›€v.€Perkins,€óóó ó149€S.W.€1060,€1061€(Tenn.€œ1912).€€AlsoÏpertinent€here€is€the€following€from€the€case€of€òòò òBrown€v.€Maysó óóó,Ï241€S.W.2d€871€(Tenn.€App.€1949):›ÌÌÓÓà8 àà8 àœIt›€is€true.€.€.that€where€an€agent€disclosesÏhis€principal€and€contracts€so€as€to€bind€theÏprincipal,€the€contract€will€ordinarily€beÏregarded€as€that€of€the€principal€alone.€€ButÏthe€contract€may€bind€the€agent€alone,€or€theÏprincipal€alone,€or€both€together,€dependingÏon€the€intention€of€the€parties€manifested€byÏthe€terms€of€the€contract.€€That€is,€one€asÏagent€may€make€a€contract€on€behalf€of€hisÏprincipal€and€œalso€on›€behalf€of€himselfÏindividually,€making€them€both€parties€andÏjoint€principals€to€the€œcontract.›ÌÌòòò òœÌ›ÌÓÓó óœIdóó.€at€873;€òòseeóó›€òòò òSmith€v.€Continental€Ins.€Co.,óóó ó€469€S.W.2d€138,Ï149€(Tenn.App.€1971);€òòsee€also€ò òV.L.€Nicholson€Co.€v.€TransconÏInv.€and€Financial€Ltd.,€Inc.,óóó ó€595€S.W.2d€474,€483€(Tenn.Ï1980)€(ð ðThe€agent€ordinarily€does€not€incur€liability€unless€it€isÏshown€that€he€intended€to€be€personally€œresponsible›€for€hisÏactions.ðð);€òòò òUnited€American€Bank€of€œMemphis,›€óóó ó706€S.W.2d€œat›€642Ïœ(ð ðIf›€the€principal€on€a€contract€is€disclosed,.€.€.the€contract€isÏthat€of€the€principal€alone€unless€the€agent€manifests€a€contraryÏintent.ðð);€œòòò òHolt,›€óóó ó731€S.W.2d€œat›€œ925€(ð ð.€.€.€a›€contract€with€a€knownÏagent€for€a€disclosed€principal€is€the€contract€of€the€principalÍunless€circumstances€show€that€the€agent€intended€to€be€bound€orÏassumed€the€obligations€under€the€contract.ðð)€€ÌÌà àà àWe€are€of€the€opinion€that€œBobby€Kyle,›€through€hisÏconduct€and€course€of€dealing€with€Sheets€and€his€agent,Ïmanifested€an€intent€to€be€held€liable€œon€the›€œwhole€contract,›Ïincluding€the€sale€of€œDennis€Kyleððs›€timber€as€well€as€his€own.€ÏSheets€dealt€with€œBobby€Kyle›€from€œstart.€€Bobby€Kyle›€initiated€theÏdeal€by€contacting€œthe€buyer€and€he€concluded€it€when›€œhe€somewhat›Ïcryptically€signed€ð ðDennis€Kyleðð€for€the€sale€of€timber€belongingÏto€himself€and€his€son.€€Kyle€was€the€one€who€showed€the€timber,Ïgave€instructions€regarding€its€harvesting,€received€and€acceptedÏthe€offer,€signed€the€contract,€and€accepted€the€consideration€ofÏ$14,500€from€Sheets.€€He€clearly€presented€himself€as€the€personÏwith€whom€the€deal€was€to€be€made.€€Under€these€circumstances€weÏfeel€Kyle€manifested€the€œrequisite€intent›€to€be€held€œpersonallyÏresponsible›€for€the€œsale€of€Dennis€Kyleððs€timber.›ÌÌà àà àWe€now€briefly€discuss€the€issue€of€whether€the€award€ofÏ$20,000€in€damagesœ× ƒ< ××  ×›€is€excessive.€€Sheets€presented€detailedÍevidence€of€the€number€of€contracted„for€timber€trees€whichÏremained€uncut,€and€the€estimated€price€he€would€have€received€forÏthe€timber,€broken€down€into€categories€according€to€the€grade€ofÏthe€timber.€€œThe€Kylesðð›€expert€testified€œthat,›€regarding€the€high„grade€ð ðveneerðð€trees,€Sheetsðð€estimate€of€œ$1,500›€per€thousandÏœboard€feet›€was€reasonable.€€Regarding€the€low„grade€ð ðsawðð€timber,Ïœthe€Kylesðð›€expert€testified€that€selling€them€at€Sheetsðð€estimate,Ï$100€per€thousand€œboard€feet,›€ð ðwould€be€giving€them€away.ðð€€œTheÏKyles›€presented€no€evidence€tending€to€contradict€Sheetsðð€proof€ofÏdamages.€€We€find€the€Chancellorððs€award€œcorrect›€œas€to€the€òòtotalóóÏamount€of€damages€due€for€the€breach€of€this€contract.Ìà@ àV›ÌÌà àà àœAccordingly,€we€affirm€so€much€of€the€ChancellorððsÏjudgment€as€provides€that€the€damages€for€breach€of€contract€areÏ$20,000,€but€vacate€his€holding€that€Bobby€Kyle€and€Dennis€KyleÏare€jointly€and€severally€liable€for€all€of€this€sum.€€Since€weÏare€unable€to€separate€the€portion€of€the€damage€award€applicableÏto€the€timber€owned€by€Dennis€Kyle,€i.e.,€all€of€the€oak€timber€onÏthe€west€side€of€the€road€from€that€part€applicable€to€the€timberÏowned€by€Bobby€Kyle,€i.e.,€the€oak€timber€on€the€east€side€of€theÍroad,€we€remand€this€case€to€the€trial€court€for€the€purpose€ofÏapportioning€the€$20,000€award€between€that€applicable€to€DennisÏKyleððs€timber€and€that€applicable€to€Bobby€Kyleððs€timber.€€As€toÏthe€former,€Bobby€Kyle€and€Dennis€Kyle€are€jointly€and€severallyÏliable;€as€to€the€latter,€only€Bobby€Kyle€is€liable.ÌÌà àà àCosts€on€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€appellants.›ÌœÌÓÓ›à àà àà àà àà àà àà àœ____________________________›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.ÌÌœCONCUR:›ÌÌÌÌœ__________________________›ÌHerschel€P.€Franks,€J.ÌÌÌÌ__________________________ÌWilliam€H.€Inman,€Senior€œJ.›à à