ÿWPC"' …# VUNa %¯ 0(µw@Ý4 1 UP@ 0 l 0Dü 0J@ 0TŠ 0^Þ 0h< 0r¤ 0| 0†’ 0 1u¨ D3 BP 0dm 0@ÑU>U6WB)DC¶ AMùU*F p }‰Šžý·t´é(ëóþ;ñv~,vÓª AO}%ÆÌ% 0D’& D/Ö& B'˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ ED  f Ó€·‚^!3|x&@FÐZ ‹8CaslonOpnface BT Regular((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô"&'( ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)++++'ÿÿdxd dP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman< Œ 9p`(Courier New% Line 7 d77777Border 1dd€-8Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÔ€:ÔÔ€:ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€:XÔÌÌò òMarch€18,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€:ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔThe€earlier€judgment€was€entered€pursuant€to€Rule€54.02,€Tenn.R.Civ.P.Ì ÷Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€5ôÔÔ€6ÔThe€earlier€judgment€changed€the€childððs€surname€to€Law.Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔòòò òBeverly€Sue€Shell€v.€William€A.€Lawóóó ó,€935€S.W.2d€402€(Tenn.€1996).›Ì Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔFor€additional€facts,€see€our€earlier€opinion,€cited€in€footnote€3€toÏthis€opinion.Ì óÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔThe€1984,€1985,€and€1986€tax€returns€were€not€produced.Ì jÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔThis€finding€of€the€divorce€court€is€mentioned€in€Chancellor€JohnsonððsÏopinion€in€the€instant€case.€€The€rationale€for€that€ruling€does€not€appear€inÏthe€record€before€us.Ì ßÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔT.C.A.€ðð€36„2„101,€òòet€seq.óóÌ øÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔ$1,414€ðð€32%€=€$4,418.75€per€month€x€12€months€=€$53,025.Ì áÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔMother€complains€that€these€net€income€figures€were€not€computed€inÏaccordance€with€the€Guidelines.€€We€disagree.€€In€each€case,€net€income€wasÏdetermined€by€deducting€from€Fatherððs€gross€income,€his€self„employment€tax,Ïincome€tax€for€a€single€person,€and€his€reasonable€business€expenses.Ì éÝ ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔ$53,025€ðð€12€months€=€$4,418.75€per€month.Ì 1Ý ƒ!ÝÑ#€d#ÑÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ $Ýà àòòÚ  ÚÚ  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ€6ÔÔ€6ôÔThis€is€the€period€from€Adamððs€birth€on€August€4,€1985,€to€the€entryÏof€the€divorce€judgment€on€December€19,€1989.ÌPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€5ÔÝ  ÝÑ P ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÔ€6ÔÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€ ÔXXdðdÈ7ÑÑ  Ñ›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌ̜ـ€ÙßR€9;8A1-j|X_` Å `€€@ÿRß›ÌÌÌBEVERLY€SUE€SHELL,à àà àà à€€)€C/A€NO.€œ03A01›„9608„CV„00251Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€WASHINGTON€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌà àà àPlaintiff„Appellant,€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìv.à àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€APPEAL€AS€OF€RIGHT€FROM€THEÌà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€WASHINGTON€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)ÌWILLIAM€A.€LAW,à àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€HONORABLE€G.€RICHARD€JOHNSON,Ìà àà àDefendant„Appellee.à à€€)€CHANCELLOR,€By€InterchangeÌÌÌÌÌFor€Appellantà àà àà àà àà àà àFor€AppelleeÌÌJOHN€S.€TAYLORà àà àà àà àà àà àTIMOTHY€R.€œWILKERSON›ÌœMcKinnon›,€Fowler,€Fox€&€Taylor€à àà àR.€WAYNE€œCULBERTSON›ÌJohnson€City,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà àœKingsport›,€TennesseeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àÔ€ ÔÔ€  ÔO€P€I€N€I€O€NÔ€6ÔÔ€6XÔÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌAFFIRMED€IN€PARTÌVACATED€IN€PARTÌREMANDEDà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àœSusano›,€J.ÌÓÓà àà àIn€its€present€posture,€this€is€a€child€support€case.€ÏAt€an€earlier€time,€the€trial€court€entered€judgment× ƒ< ××  ×€on€a€juryÏverdict€finding€that€the€defendant€William€A.€Law€(Father)€is€theÏbiological€father€of€Adam€C.€Law.× ƒ= ××  ×€€We€affirmed€the€judgmentÏestablishing€paternity,€and€the€Supreme€Court€denied€permission€toÏappeal.œ× ƒ> ××  ×›€€On€remand,€the€trial€court€addressed€issues€that€it€hadÏreserved€in€the€earlier€judgment.€€The€court€decreed,€among€otherÏthings,€that€Father€œwas€liable€to›€Beverly€Sue€Shell€(Mother)€œfor›Ïback€child€support€œin€the€amount€of€$12,992.18.€€It›€also€set€childÍsupport€prospectively€at€$631€per€month.€€Mother€appealed,€raisingÏissues€that€present€the€following€questions€for€our€review:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à1.€€Did€the€trial€court€utilize€the€properÏmethodology€in€establishing€Fatherððs€childÏsupport€obligations?ÌÌà àà8 à2.€€Did€the€trial€court€set€future€childÏsupport€at€the€correct€amount?ÌÌà àà8 à3.€€Did€the€trial€court€award€the€appropriateÏamount€of€back€child€support?ÌÌÌÌÓÓFather€contends,€by€way€of€an€additional€issue,€that€future€childÏsupport€was€set€ð ðtoo€high€in€view€of€[his]€existing€supportÏobligationsðð€for€the€two€children€of€his€failed€marriage.ÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àI.€€òòFactsóóÌÌà àà àA€brief€review€of€the€background× ƒ? ××  ×€of€this€paternityÏaction€will€be€helpful€in€addressing€the€issues€raised€on€thisÏappeal.ÌÌà àà àMother€married€Glen€L.€Edmondson€(Edmondson)€in€1984.€ÏThey€were€married€when€she€gave€birth€to€her€son,€Adam,€on€AugustÏ4,€1985.ÌÌà àà àMother€and€Edmondson€were€divorced€on€December€19,€1989.€ÏEdmondson€testified€in€the€instant€case€that€he€and€Mother€livedÏtogether€for€approximately€a€year€and€a€half€during€the€periodÏbeginning€with€Adamððs€birth€and€ending€with€their€divorce.ÌÌà àà àWhile€Mother€and€Edmondson€both€worked€during€theÏmarriage,€their€joint€income€tax€returns× ƒ@ ××  ×€reflect€below„poverty„level€income:ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à€€€€òò€€Gross€Income€€óó€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœòò1987€óó›à àœòò1988óó›à àà àòò1989ÌóóÌà àà àMotherà àà à€€€$9,524à à€€€$3,680à à€€€$3,247Ìà àà àEdmondsonà àà à€€€òò€2,001óóà à€€€òò€€€615óóà à€€€òò€3,587óóÌÌà àà àà àà àà à€€$11,525€€€€$4,295€€€€$6,834Ìà àà àà àà àà à€€=======€€€€======€€€€======ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àMother€and€Edmondson€entered€into€a€marital€dissolutionÏagreement€that€was€approved€by€the€judge€in€their€divorce€case.€ÏMother€was€awarded€custody€of€Adam€and€Edmondson€was€ordered€toÏpay€$200€per€month€as€child€support€and€$25€per€month€for€AdamsððsÏmedical€insurance.ÌÌà àà àIn€August,€1993,€Edmondson€filed€a€proceeding€toÏterminate€his€parental€rights€based€on€œDNA›€œtests›€dated€April€12,Ï1993,€which€œtests›€indicated€that€there€œis›€a€99.97%€probabilityÏthat€Father,€rather€than€Edmondson,€œis›€the€biological€father€ofÏAdam.€€On€September€15,€1993,€the€court€granted€EdmondsonððsÏrequest€that€his€parental€rights€be€terminated.€€That€court€alsoÏterminated€Edmondsonððs€child€support€obligations€and€awarded€him€aÏjudgment€against€Mother€for€$2,400€representing€monies€paid€byÏEdmondson€as€œgeneral€child›€support€during€1990.€€The€court€refusedÏto€award€him€any€relief€with€respect€to€payments€made€after€1990,Íapparently€œfinding›€œthat,›€with€respect€to€these€later€payments,€heÏwas€a€volunteer.œ× ƒA ××  ×›ÌÌà@ àII.€€òòLawóóÌÌà àà àPaternity€proceedings€are€addressed€in€Chapter€2€ofÏTitle€36€of€the€Code.× ƒB ××  ×€€T.C.A.€ðð€36„2„102€provides€that€ð ð[œt]he›Ïfather€of€a€child€born€out€of€wedlock€is€liable€for€.€.€.€[œt]he›Ïnecessary€support€and€education€of€the€child;€.€.€.ðð€œ€T.C.A.›€ðð€36„2„108€states,€among€other€things,€that€if€the€defendant€is€foundÏto€be€the€father€of€the€child,€the€court€ð ðshall€also€provide€...Ïfor€the€support€of€the€child€prior€to€the€making€of€the€order€ofÏpaternity€and€support.ððÌÌà àà àA€trial€courtððs€authority€in€setting€back€child€supportÏis€addressed€in€the€leading€Supreme€Court€case€of€òòò òState€ex€rel.ÏColeman€v.€Clayó óóó,€805€S.W.2d€752€(Tenn.€1991),€wherein€JusticeÏDaugherty,€speaking€for€the€court,€opined€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à.€.€.€the€fatherððs€responsibility€for€supportÏof€a€child€of€his€born€out€of€wedlock€arisesÏat€the€date€of€the€childððs€birth.€€Because€theÏstatute€also€permits€the€œ[trial›€œcourt]›€to€makeÏa€retroactive€award€for€expenses€incurred€inÏthe€support€of€the€child€prior€to€the€entry€ofÏthe€paternity€decree,€such€an€award€can€beÏmade€back€to€the€date€of€the€childððs€birth,Ïunder€appropriate€circumstances.€€Obviously,Ïthe€[trial€court]€has€broad€discretion€toÏdetermine€the€amount€of€such€a€retroactiveÏaward,€as€well€as€the€manner€in€which€it€is€toÏbe€paid.ÌÌÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€at€755.ÌÌà àà àIn€setting€prospective€child€support€in€paternity€cases,Ïa€trial€court€is€bound€to€following€the€mandates€of€T.C.A.€ðð€36„5„101(e),€and€the€Child€Support€Guidelines€(Guidelines)€promulgatedÏby€the€Department€of€Human€Services€and€adopted€by€the€GeneralÏAssembly.€€òòSeeóó€T.C.A.€ðð€36„2„108(d).€€òòSee€alsoóó€Tenn.Comp.R.€&ÏRegs.,€ch.€1240„2„4„.02(3).€€œ(ð ðThese›€guidelines€shall€beÏapplicable€in€any€action€brought€to€establish€or€modify€childÏsupport,€whether€temporary€or€permanent.ðð).€€òòœCf›.ò ò€œBarabas›€v.ÏRogersóóó ó,€868€S.W.2d€283,€288€œn.5›€(Tenn.€œApp›.€1993).€€The€GuidelinesÏhave€the€force€of€law.€€ò òòòœNash›€v.€œMulle›ó óóó,€846€S.W.2d€803,€804€(Tenn.Ï1993)€(ð ðHence,€the€purposes,€premises,€guidelines€for€compliance,Íand€criteria€for€deviation€from€the€guidelines€carry€what€amountsÏto€a€legislative€mandate.ðð)ÌÌà àà àIn€the€unreported€case€of€òòò òœKirchner›€v.€œPritchett›ó óóó,€C/AÏNo.€œ01A01›„9503„JV„00092,€1995€WL€714279€(Court€of€Appeals€atÏNashville,€December€6,€1995),€perm.€app.€not€requested,€a€panel€ofÏthe€Middle€Section€of€this€court€differentiated€between€theÏsetting€of€òòprospectiveóó€child€support€and€òòbackóó€child€support€inÏpaternity€cases:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àChild€support€decisions€in€paternity€cases€areÏcontrolled€by€the€same€principles€governingÏsimilar€decisions€in€divorce€cases.€€Tenn.ÏCode€Ann.€ðð€36„2„108(d)€(œSupp›.€1995).€€SinceÏchild€support€decisions€in€divorce€cases€mustÏbe€made€in€accordance€with€the€child€supportÏguidelines,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„5„101(e)(1)Ï(œSupp›.€1995),€decisions€involving€prospectiveÏchild€support€in€paternity€cases€must€also€beÏconsistent€with€the€guidelines€(citationsÏomitted).ÌÌà@ à*€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà àà8 àUnlike€awards€for€prospective€child€support,Ïawards€for€expenses€arising€between€theÏchildððs€birth€and€the€filing€of€a€paternityÏpetition€are€discretionary€decisions€based€onÏthe€facts€of€the€particular€case€(citationsÏomitted).ÌÌÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€1995€WL€714279€at€*4„5.€€We€agree€with€our€brethren€in€theÏMiddle€Section.€€The€ð ðbroad€discretionðð€recognized€by€the€SupremeÏCourt€in€òòò òState€ex€rel.€Colemanó óóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€755,€isÏinconsistent€with€a€requirement€that€the€Guidelines€be€strictlyÏadhered€to€in€computing€òòbackóó€child€support€in€paternity€cases.€ÏThis€is€not€to€say€that€a€trial€court,€in€the€exercise€of€itsÏbroad€but€sound€discretion,€could€not€award€child€support€back€toÏthe€date€of€the€childððs€birth€in€an€amount€calculated€in€strictÏadherence€to€the€formula€set€forth€in€Tenn.Comp.R.€&€Regs.,€ch.Ï1240„2„4„.03.€€Clearly,€it€could€in€an€appropriate€case;€but€it€isÏalso€just€as€clear€that€a€trial€courtððs€broad€discretion€permitsÏit€to€award€back€child€support€in€an€amount€other€than€the€amountÏcalculated€in€strict€compliance€with€the€Guidelines.€€As€theÏSupreme€Court€said€in€òòò òState€ex€rel.€Colemanó óóó:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 à.€.€.€the€statute€gives€the€juvenile€court€theÏdiscretion€to€order€a€retroactive€supportÏaward€back€to€.€.€.€[the]€date€[of€the€childððsÏbirth],€the€amount€and€method€of€payment€to€beÏdetermined€by€the€[trial€judge]€in€light€ofÏthe€circumstances€of€the€case€and€consistentÏwith€the€standards€which€normally€govern€theÏissuance€of€child€support€orders.€€(citationÏomitted).ÌÌÌÌÓÓòòIdóó.€805€S.W.2d€at€755.ÌÌà àà àWith€these€principles€in€mind,€we€now€explore€the€issuesÏraised€by€the€parties.ÌÌà@ àœIII.€€òòAnalysisóó›ÌÌà àà àWe€find€no€error€in€the€trial€courtððs€calculation€of€theÏbase,€minimum€monthly€child€support€to€be€paid€by€FatherÏprospectively.€€That€support€was€set€at€$631€per€month,€the€sameÏamount€that€had€been€decreed€by€the€court€as€temporary€childÏsupport€in€March,€1995,€prior€to€the€appeal€of€the€paternityÏjudgment.ÌÌà àà àIn€making€this€award,€the€trial€court€alluded€to€theÏfact€that€Father€had€recently€gone€through€a€divorce.€€In€thatÏdivorce€judgment,€which€was€rendered€in€February,€1995,€Father€hadÏbeen€ordered€to€pay€$1,414€per€month€as€support€for€his€two€minorÏchildren€of€that€marriage.€€Under€the€Guidelines,€support€ofÏ$1,414€for€two€children€extrapolates€to€a€net€income€of€$53,025Ïper€year.× ƒC ××  ×€€Fatherððs€net€income€for€the€most€recent€years€for€whichÏhis€tax€returns€were€available,€1993€and€1994,€was,€respectively,Í$41,111€and€$27,206.× ƒD ××  ×€€The€trial€court€opted€for€the€highest€ofÏthese€three€figures„„$53,025.€€We€cannot€say€that€the€evidenceÏpreponderates€against€the€use€of€this€net€income€figure€toÏcalculate€the€base€child€support€to€which€Mother€is€entitledÏprospectively.ÌÌà àà àStarting€from€a€net€òòmonthlyóó€income€figure€of€$4,418.75,× ƒE ××  ×Ïthe€trial€court€deducted€Fatherððs€court„ordered€child€support€forÏhis€two€other€minor€children.€€This€deduction€of€$1,414€wasÏappropriate.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Comp.R.€&€Regs.,€ch.€1240„2„4„.03(4).€€TheÏbalance€is€$3,004.75.€€Applying€the€percentage€for€one€child,Ïi.e.,€21%,€the€Guidelines„calculated€child€support€is€$631.00,€theÏamount€awarded€by€the€trial€court.€€Contrary€to€FatherððsÏcontention,€there€is€no€basis€for€a€downward€deviation.€€None€ofÏthe€ð ðtypes€of€situationsðð€contemplated€by€œTenn.Comp.R.›€&€Regs.,Ïch.€1240„2„4„.04€are€present€in€this€case.€€òòSeeóó€òòò òJones€v.€Jonesó óóó,Ï930€S.W.2d€541,€545€(Tenn.€1996).ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€employed€the€correct€methodology€inÏcalculating€the€base€child€support€to€be€paid€prospectively.ÌÌà àà àDespite€Motherððs€request€that€it€do€so,€the€trial€courtÏrefused€to€increase€the€base€award€to€reflect€the€fact€that€FatherÏdoes€not€visit€with€Adam.€€In€rejecting€Motherððs€request,€theÏtrial€court€said€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àThe€Court€has€considered€the€plaintiffððsÏargument€that€there€should€be€an€upwardÏdeviation€from€the€child€support€guidelinesÏbecause€the€defendant€exercises€childÏvisitation€less€than€provided€in€the€òòChildÏSupport€Guidelinesóó,€Chapter€1240„2„4„.04(b).€ÏSpecial€circumstances€exist€in€this€case€whichÏshould€not€prejudice€the€defendantððs€futureÏrelationship€with€the€subject€child.€€TheÏdefendant€has€appealed€the€jury€and€CourtÏfinding€of€his€paternity€in€this€cause.€€TheÏdefendant€just€recently€(February€1995)€wasÏdivorced.€€The€defendant€has€never€visited€or,Ïperhaps,€seen€the€subject€child.€€TheÏdefendant€has€had€no€relationship€with€theÏsubject€child,€much€less€bonded€with€theÏchild.€€It€would€not€be€in€the€subject€childððsÏbest€interest€for€the€Court€to€forceÏvisitation,€so€as€to€be€in€exact€complianceÏwith€the€guidelines.€€The€circumstances€of€theÏsubject€childððs€birth€and€finding€of€paternityÏhave€not€lent€themselves€to€visitation.€€TheÏCourt€finds€it€would€be€in€the€subject€childððsÏmanifest€long„term€best€interest€to€develop€aÏhealthy€and€wholesome€relationship€with€hisÏfather€because€of€a€desire€for€such€aÏrelationship,€on€the€part€of€both€of€them,Ïwithout€Court€interference.€€Therefore,€afterÍthe€legal€dust€has€settled€from€this€cause,€orÏwithin€a€reasonable€time,€if€the€defendantÏdoes€not€commence€visitation€with€his€son,Ïthen€the€Court€would€consider€an€upwardÏdeviation,€for€lack€of€visitation.ÌÌÌÌÓÓWe€cannot€agree€that€the€trial€courtððs€commendable€desire€toÏfoster€an€atmosphere€conducive€to€visitation€is€at€odds€withÏMotherððs€request€for€additional€child€support€to€compensate€forÏFatherððs€missed€visitation.ÌÌà àà àAs€the€trial€court€noted,€the€Guidelines€recognize€thatÏan€upward€deviation€is€appropriate€where,€as€here,€the€non„custodial€father€is€not€exercising€òòanyóó€visitation€time€with€theÏchild.€€œTenn.Comp.R›€&€Regs.,€ch.€1240„2„4„.04(1)(b).€€An€upwardÏdeviation€is€appropriate€ð ðto€compensate€the€[custodial€parent]€forÏthe€cost€of€providing€care€for€the€child(œren›)€for€the€amount€ofÏtime€during€the€average€visitation€period€that€the€child(œren›)Ïis/are€not€with€the€[non„custodial€parent].ðð€€òòIdóó.€€òòSee€alsoóó€ourÏunreported€case€of€òòò òHawk€v.€Hawkó óóó,€C/A€No.€œ03A01›„9407„GS„00249,Ï1994€WL€706895€(Court€of€Appeals€at€Knoxville,€December€20,€1994)Ïperm.€app.€not€requested.€€The€ð ðaverage€visitation€periodðð€underÏthe€Guidelines€is€approximately€80€days€per€year.€€Tenn.Comp.R.€&ÏRegs.,€ch.€1240„2„4„.02(6).ÌÌà àà àMother€is€entitled€to€additional€child€support€inÏrecognition€of€the€fact€that€she€is€supporting€Adam€for€some€80Ïdays€when€the€child,€under€normal€circumstances,€would€be€in€theÏcare€of€his€father.€€If€this€situation€changes€in€the€future,€theÏtrial€court€is€available€to€entertain€a€modification€petition;€butÏthe€onus€to€seek€a€modification€should€be€on€Father,€the€one€whoÏis€not€exercising€visitation,€rather€than€on€Mother,€the€one€whoÏhas€the€additional€burden€of€supporting€Adam€during€the€periodsÏwhen€visitation€is€not€being€exercised.ÌÌà àà àOn€remand,€the€trial€court€will€add€an€appropriateÏamount€to€Motherððs€base€child€support€to€compensate€for€FatherððsÏlack€of€visitation,€said€additional€monthly€amount€to€be€effectiveÏretroactively€to€April€22,€1996,€the€date€of€entry€of€the€trialÏcourtððs€most€recent€support€order.ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€court€awarded€back€child€support€of€$12,992.18Ïand€gave€Father€30€days€to€pay€the€award€in€full.€€He€refused€toÏaward€any€support€for€any€period€prior€to€September€15,€1993,€theÏdate€of€the€order€terminating€Edmondsonððs€support€obligation.€€InÏrefusing€to€award€any€support€for€the€period€beginning€with€theÍchild€birth€on€August€4,€1985,€and€ending€September€15,€1993,€theÏtrial€court€advanced€the€following€rationale:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àThe€child€was€born€on€August€4,€1985.€€TheÏchild€was€supported€by€his€mother€and€herÏhusband€to€the€date€that€the€Court€terminatedÏMr.€Edmondsonððs€support€obligation,€i.e.,ÏSeptember,€1993.€€The€intent€and€purpose€ofÏthe€child€support€statutes€are€to€assure€theÏreasonable€support€of€a€child€consistent€withÏthe€financial€resources€and€ability€to€pay€ofÏthose€responsible€for€supporting€the€child.€ÏThere€is€no€proof€in€this€cause€to€the€effectÏthat€all€of€the€childððs€needs€were€not€metÏfrom€the€date€of€its€birth€through€SeptemberÏ1993.€€The€preponderance€of€the€evidence€isÏthat€the€child€was€appropriately€supportedÏfrom€its€birth€through€September€1993.ÌÌà àà8 àTo€permit€the€plaintiff€to€recover€support€forÏthe€child€from€the€defendant€before€SeptemberÏ1993€would€be€unfair€and€inequitable,Ïotherwise€the€plaintiff€would€again€recoverÏthe€child€support€that€Mr.€Edmondson€has€paid.€ÏFurthermore,€to€permit€the€plaintiff€toÏcollect€child€support€from€the€defendant€forÏthe€pre„September€1993€period,€would€be€payingÏthe€plaintiff€for€her€child€supportÏcontributions.€€òòChild€Support€Guidelinesóó€1240„2„4„.03(2).€€It€appears€that€a€cause€ofÏaction,€if€any,€against€the€defendant€forÏsupport€of€the€child€from€birth€throughÏSeptember€1993€would€belong€to€Mr.€Edmondson.ÌÌà àà8 àFor€all€of€the€above„stated€reasons,€the€CourtÏfinds€it€would€be€inequitable,€unjust€andÏinappropriate€to€commence€the€child€support€onÏthe€date€of€the€childððs€birth.€€TheÏdefendantððs€child€support€obligation€commencesÏon€September€15,€1993,€the€date€Mr.ÏEdmondsonððs€child€support€obligation€andÍparental€rights€were€terminated.€€The€bestÏinterest€of€the€child€is€unaffected,€as€theÏchild€had€proper€and€appropriate€supportÏthrough€September€15,€1993.ÌÌÌÌÓÓWe€find€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððsÏfindings.€€We€also€believe€that€the€trial€courtððs€refusal€to€grantÏòòanyóó€back€child€support€for€the€period€in€question€fails€toÏrecognize€one€of€the€ð ðmajor€goals€in€the€development€of€[the]Ïguidelines,ðð€i.e.,€ð ðto€the€extent€that€either€parent€enjoys€aÏhigher€standard€of€living,€the€child(œren›)€share(s)€in€that€higherÏstandard.ðð€€Tenn.Comp.R.€&€Regs.,€ch.€1240„2„4„.02(2)(e).ÌÌà àà àEdmondson€was€an€itinerant€musician.€€During€the€fourÏyears€and€four€months€immediately€prior€to€their€divorce,× ƒF ××  ×ÏEdmondson€lived€with€Mother€œand€Adam€for›€approximately€a€year€andÏa€half.€€While€Mother€apparently€worked€for€the€better€part€of€theÏmarriage,€her€income€was€extremely€modest.€€It€is€clear€thatÏEdmondson€contributed€little€to€the€support€of€Adam.€€This€can€beÏgleaned€from€his€trial€testimony:ÌÌÓÓà àà8 àQ.€€Now€Iððll€get€a€little€more€backgroundÏhere.€€Where€were€you€and€Ms.€Shell€living€atÏthe€time€that€the€child€was€born?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€At€the€time€the€child€was€born,€she€wasÏliving€with€her€parents€and€I€was€living€withÏmine.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Now€what€was€your€occupation?ÌÌà àà àA.€€Mine?ÌÌà àà àQ.€€Yes.ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€I€was€still€with€„„€playing€music.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€When€did€you€first€see€the€child?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€She€„„€her€parents€didnððt€want€me€to€seeÏthe€child,€so€she€sneaked€out€one€day€and€IÏmet€her€over€in€œKingsport›€and€saw€the€child.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Iððm€talking€about€though€after€the€birth?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Oh,€after€the€birth€I€saw€it€that€day€thatÏit€was€born.€€Because€I€went€to€the€hospitalÏin€Johnson€City.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€*€€€€*Ìà àà8 àÌà àà8 àQ.€€How€long€did€you€continue€to€live€inÏNashville?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€I€lived€there€about€„„€ðð86,€ðð87€„I€mayÏhave€been€there€a€little€while€in€ðð88.€€But€IÏknow€it€was€ðð86€and€ðð87€I€lived€in€NashvilleÏfor€sure.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Oh!€€Well€where€did€Ms.€[Shell]€and€theÏchild€stay?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Oh,€you€mean€with€my€„„€I€thought€you€wasÏtalking€about€my€parents.€€No€„„€yeah,€sheÏlived€there€with€me.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€And€were€you€working€at€that€time?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Yeah,€off€and€on.€€It€was€„„€when€Iððd,€youÏknow,€get€a€gig€or€a€job€I€would.€€But€I€wasÏmostly€on€the€road€at€the€time.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Why€did€you€move€to€Nashville?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€To€better€my€career.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Where€do€[sic]€you€all€move€to?€€Do€youÏrecall?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€You€mean€the€place?€€We€lived€on€TrinityÏLane.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€How€were€your€familyððs€„„€that€meaning€youÏand€Ms.€Shell€and€Adam€„„€how€were€yourÏfamilyððs€living€expenses€handled€at€that€timeÏduring€the€course€of€your€marriage?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€What€do€you€mean?ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€How€were€the€bills€paid?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€How€were€they€paid?ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Yes.ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Well,€what€bills€we€had,€she€basicallyÏpaid€them.ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€And€what€happened€to€your€income?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Well,€whatever€I€was€making,€I€took€careÏof€whatever€I€could.€€But€I€didnððt€„„€I€wasnððtÏmaking€really€enough€to€„„€from€what€I€canÍremember,€I€didnððt€make€really€enough€to€takeÏcare€of€very€much.ÌÌà@ à*€€€€*€€€€*ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€And€what€would€you€do€with€your€moneyÏthen?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€What€would€I€do€with€my€money?€€Well,€IððdÏspend€it.€€Yeah.€€I€guess€thatððs€what€you€doÏwith€money,€isnððt€it,€spend€it?ÌÌà àà8 àQ.€€Right.€€Did€you€bring€it€home?ÌÌà àà8 àA.€€Did€I€bring€it€home?€€Well,€Iððd€say€I€did.€ÏWhatever€I€had.ÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àThe€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððsÏfinding€that€Adam€ð ðhad€proper€and€appropriate€support€throughÏSeptember€15,€1993.ðð€€Obviously,€ð ðproper€and€appropriate€supportððÏis€a€relative€concept;€but,€even€at€that,€the€evidence€clearlyÏindicates€in€this€case€that€œprior€to€the€Shell/Edmondson€divorceÏthere›€was€very€little€income€œto€support€this›€three„person€familyÏœunit.›€€After€œthe€divorce,›€œEdmondson›€did€contribute€some€support,Ïbut€he€was€awarded€a€judgment€against€œMother,€reimbursing€him€forÏsome€of€his€payments.›€€The€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€thatÏhe€contributed€little€to€Adamððs€œsupport.›ÌÌà àà àWhile€a€trial€court€has€ð ðbroad€discretionðð€in€settingÏback€child€support€in€paternity€cases,€that€discretion€is€notÏunbridled.€€As€the€Supreme€Court€has€pointed€out,€a€courtÌÌÓÓà àà8 àlacks€.€.€.€discretion€to€limit€the€fatherððsÏliability€for€child€support€in€an€arbitraryÏfashion€that€is€not€consistent€with€theÏprovisions€in€T.C.A.€ðð€36„2„102€and€ðð€36„2„108.ÌÌÌÌò òòòÓÓState€ex€rel.€Colemanó óóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€755.ÌÌà àà àWe€find€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€inÏrefusing€to€award€òòanyóó€child€support€prior€to€September€15,€1993.€ÏThat€decision€was€based€on€findings€of€fact€that€are€unsupportedÏin€the€record.€€That€decision€also€ignores€the€fact€that€Adam,€theÏson€of€an€œattorney€who€earned€significant€income,›€lived€for€yearsÏin€a€sub„poverty„level€environment.ÌÌà àà àWe€believe€this€is€an€appropriate€case€for€remand€to€theÏtrial€court.€€On€remand,€in€addition€to€addressing€the€issue€of€anÏincrease€in€prospective€child€support€for€missed€visitation,€theÏtrial€court€is€directed€to€revisit€the€question€of€back€childÏsupport€ð ðconsistent€with€the€provisions€in€T.C.A.€ðð€36„2„102€and€ððÍ36„2„108.ðð€€ò òòòState€ex€rel.€Colemanó óóó,€805€S.W.2d€at€755.€€ThatÏdecision€should€be€made€ð ðin€light€of€the€circumstances€of€the€caseÏand€consistent€with€the€standards€which€normally€govern€theÏissuance€of€child€support€orders.ðð€€òòIdóó.ÌÌà àà àWe€do€not€agree€with€Mother€that€a€trial€court€in€aÏpaternity€case€on€the€question€of€back€child€support€is€bound€byÏthe€holding€in€ò òòòJones€v.€Jonesó óóó,€930€S.W.2d€541€(Tenn.€1996).€Ïòòò òJonesó óóó€is€a€post„divorce€case.€€As€we€have€previously€indicated,Ïthe€setting€of€back€child€support€in€a€paternity€case€is€a€matterÏthat€addresses€itself€to€the€broad€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€ÏA€trial€courtððs€authority€in€the€context€of€a€divorce€or€post„divorce€proceeding€is€much€more€limited.€€òòSeeò ò€Jonesó óóó,€930€S.W.2d€atÏ545.€€œò òòòJonesó óóó€is›€simply€not€applicable€to€œthe€issue€of€back›€childÏsupport€in€œa€paternity›€œcase.›ÌÌà àà àThe€trial€courtððs€judgment€awarding€back€child€supportÏof€$12,992.18€and€denying€Motherððs€request€for€an€increase€inÏprospective€child€support€due€to€Fatherððs€lack€of€visitation€isÏhereby€vacated.€€In€all€other€respects,€the€judgment€is€affirmed.€ÏThis€case€is€remanded€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€thisÏopinion.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€taxed€to€appellee.ÌÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€D.€œSusano›,€Jr.,€J.ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌDon€T.€œMcMurray›,€J.ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌWilliam€H.€œInman›,€œSr.J.›