ÿWPC¥ …# VUNa %¯ 0(µbÝw4å4 - < 0JD 0TŽ 0^â 0h@ 0r¨ 0| 0†– 0 1u¬ U,! 0dM U,± U>Ý B)DCD AM‡U*Ô Bþ!v~<vÓº D3 0@À AOÆO 0D D/Y Bˆ˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÀÌÀääÀÀÌ0 (ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù-ÙÚEÛÜÝDÞÓ€èéGav ?´´3|xé2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)< Œ 9p`(ModernP ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(Monaco< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d!!!!7Border 1dd€-"Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial d Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÔ€$ÔÔ€$ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€$XÔÌÌJune€7,€1996ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'@Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑMonacoÑÑ ÑÒ  BA Op Monaco ÒÒ  BA Op Monaco Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÓ&€X„d&ÓÑ#€Xd#ÑÔ€ ÔÝ  ÝÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€f XXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ñ›PAGE€G.€STUART,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPetitioner/Appellant,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àDavidson€ChanceryÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€€94„1936„IÌœVS›.à àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à01„A„01„9601„CH„00033ÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà àà àà à)ÌDEPARTMENT€OF€SAFETY,à àà à)ÌÙ€€ÙœßL€#&";+'h|9` ç `€€Lß›à àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àRespondent/Appellee.à àà àà à)ÌÌÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌà@ àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURT€OFÏDAVIDSON€COUNTYÌÌà@ àAT€NASHVILLE,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌà@ àHONORABLE€IRVIN€H.€œKILCREASE›,€JR.,€CHANCELLORÌÌÌÌRICHARD€œMcGEE›ÌWashington€Square€Two,€Suite€417Ì222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÌNashville,€Tennessee€37201ÌÌJOHN€E.€œRODGERS›,€SR.ÌSuite€1230,€First€American€œCenter›Ì315€œDeaderick›€StreetÌNashville,€Tennessee€37238„1230ÌATTORNEYS€FOR€PETITIONER/APPELLANTÌÌÌCHARLES€W.€œBURSON›ÌAttorney€General€&€ReporterÌÌJOHN€ZIMMERMANNÌAssistant€District€Attorney€GeneralÌWashington€Square,€Suite€500Ì222€Second€Avenue,€NorthÌNashville,€Tennessee€37201„1649ÌFOR€RESPONDENT/APPELLEEÌÌÌAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDÌÌà àà àà àà àà àHENRY€F.€TODDÌà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌCONCUR:ÌSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEÌBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGEÌÌPAGE€G.€STUART,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPetitioner/Appellant,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àDavidson€ChanceryÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€€94„1936„IÌœVS›.à àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)à à01„A„01„9601„CH„00033ÌSTATE€OF€TENNESSEEà àà àà à)ÌDEPARTMENT€OF€SAFETY,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àRespondent/Appellee.à àà àà à)ÌÌÌà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NóóÌÌÌÓÓà àThis€appeal€involves€a€judicial€review€of€administrative€proceedings€before€theÏœCommissioner›€of€Safety€seeking€the€release€of€property€seized€by€law€enforcement€officersÏpursuant€to€T.C.A.€Section€53„11„451.ÌÌà àFrom€September€8,€1992€through€June€18,€1993,€law€enforcement€officers€seizedÏvarious€properties€allegedly€connected€with€plaintiffððs€illegal€drug€activities.€€Plaintiff€filedÏtimely€claims€for€release€of€the€following€properties:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à$120,406.00€in€U.S.€Currency,€seized€9/8/92;Ìà8 àà8 à$159,227.00€in€U.S.€Currency,€seized€9/9/92;Ìà8 àà8 à1993€œGMC›€Truck,€VIN:€œ2GTEC19K1P1507785›,€seizedÏ11/9/92€and€5/21/93;Ìà8 àà8 à$3,000.00€in€U.S.€Currency,€seized€4/12/93;Ìà8 àà8 à$35,260.00€in€U.S.€Currency,€Treasury€Check€for€$8,820.00Ïand€100€Boxes€of€Sport€œCards,›€seized€5/21/93;Ìà8 àà8 à$315,000.00€in€U.S.€Currency,€seized€6/3/93;€andÌà8 àà8 àTwo€Cashierððs€Checks€for€$3,000.00€and€$5,000.00,€seizedÏ6/18/93.̛̜ÌÓÓThe€claims€were€consolidated€and€to€be€heard€in€a€single€administrative€proceeding.€€AfterÏplaintiff€was€convicted€upon€the€charges€upon€which€the€seizures€were€based,€his€claims€forÏthe€release€of€the€seized€property€were€heard€at€length€before€an€administrative€law€judge€andÏrejected.€€The€commissioner€affirmed€the€judgment€of€the€œadministrative›€œlaw›€œjudge,›€theÏclaimant€petitioned€for€judicial€review,€the€trial€œjudge›€affirmed€the€order€of€the€œcommissioner,›Ïand€plaintiff€appealed€to€this€œcourt,›€presenting€the€following€three€issues:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à1.€€Whether€civil€forfeiture€of€property€constitutes€punishmentÏfor€purposes€of€the€Fifth€and€Eighth€Amendment€to€the€U.S.ÏConstitution.ÌÌà8 àà8 à2.€€Whether€the€imposition€of€a€civil€penalty€following€Mr.ÏStuartððs€criminal€conviction,€violated€the€fifth€AmendmentÏDouble€Jeopardy€Clause€and€Article€I,€Section€10€of€theÏTennessee€State€Constitutionððs€prohibition€against€multipleÏpunishment€for€the€same€offense€under€the€rationale€of€òòUnitedÏStates€v.€œHalper›óó,€490€U.S.€435€(1989),€òòAustin€v.€United€Statesóó,Ï„„U.S.€„„,€113€œS.Ct›.€2801€(1993),€òòDepartment€of€Revenue€v.ÏœKurth›óó,€„„U.S.„„,€114€œS.Ct›.€1937€(1994),€and€òòU.S.€v.€œUrsery›óó,Ï59€F.œ3d›€568€(œ6th›€Cir.€1995).ÌÌà8 àà8 à3.€€Whether€the€forfeiture€ordered€by€the€Administrative€LawÏJudge€is€an€excessive€fine€in€violation€of€the€Eighth€AmendmentÏof€the€United€States€Constitution€and€Article€I,€Section€16€of€theÏTennessee€œState›€Constitution€as€it€applies€to€civil€forfeitureÏthrough€òòAustin€v.€United€Statesóó,€„„U.S.„„,€113€œS.Ct›.€2801Ï(1993).̛̜ÌÓÓà àThe€Fifth€Amendment€of€the€òòUnited€States€Constitutionóó€provides:ÌÓÓœà8 àà8 àNor›€shall€any€person€be€subject€for€the€same€offense€to€be€twiceÏput€in€jeopardy€of€life€or€limb.̛̜ÌÓÓà àArticle€I€Section€10€of€the€òòConstitution€of€Tennessee€óóprovides:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àNo€person€shall,€for€the€same€offense,€be€twice€put€in€jeopardyÏof€life€or€limb.̛̜ÌÓÓà àThe€Eighth€Amendment€of€the€òòUnited€States€Constitution€óóprovides:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àExcessive€bail€shall€not€be€required,€nor€excessive€fines€imposedÏ.€.€.€.̛̜ÌÓÓà àClaimant€cites€òòDepartment€of€Revenue€of€Montana€v.€œKurth›€Ranchóó,€114€œS.Ct›.€1937,Ï128€œL.Ed›.œ2d›€767€(1994),€wherein€a€ð ðsin€taxðð€on€criminal€possession€of€marijuana€was€heldÏinvalid€as€representing€double€jeopardy€after€criminal€conviction€for€the€same€crime.€€It€wasÏalso€held€that€the€rule€in€òòUnited€States€v.€œHalper›óó,€490€U.S.€435,€109€œS.Ct.›€1892,€104€œL.Ed›.Ï487€(1989)€was€inapplicable€to€a€case€of€ð ðsin€tax.ððÌÌà àIn€òòU.S.€v.€œHalper›óó,€it€was€held€that€a€defendant€who€had€already€been€criminallyÏpunished€for€filing€false€Medicare€claims€could€be€subjected€to€additional€civil€penalty€under€anÏact€providing€a€penalty€of€$2,000€for€each€act€in€addition€to€actual€expenses€of€investigation.€ÏThe€government€sought€$130,000€for€65€acts,€when€its€expenses€were€only€$16,000.€€TheÏcase€was€remanded€to€the€œtrial›€œcourt›€for€determination€of€the€question€of€excessiveness€underÏthe€Eighth€Amendment.ÌÌà àIn€òòAustin€v.€United€States,€óó113€S.C.€2801,€125€œL.Ed›.œ2d›€488€(1993),€after€a€state€courtÏhad€sentenced€Austin€on€his€guilty€plea€to€one€count€of€possessing€cocaine,€the€United€StatesÏfiled€an€òòin€remóó€action€to€forfeit€his€mobile€home€and€auto€body€shop€under€21€U.S.C.Ïðð881(a)(4)€and€(a)(7),€as€property€used€or€intended€for€use€in€drug€related€crimes.€€TheÏSupreme€Court€held:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àIn€this€case€we€are€asked€to€decide€whether€the€Excessive€FinesÏClause€of€the€Eighth€Amendment€applies€to€forfeitures€ofÏproperty€under€21€U.S.C.€ðððð881(a)(4)€and€(a)(7).€€We€hold€thatÍit€does€and€therefore€remand€the€case€for€consideration€of€theÏquestion€of€whether€the€forfeiture€at€issue€here€was€excessive.ÌÓÓà àà àÌà àDouble€jeopardy€applies€to€the€same€offense,€not€necessarily€to€the€same€act,€for€aÏsingle€act€may€constitute€more€than€one€offense.€€òòState€v.€œBlack,óó›€Tenn.€1975,€524€œS.W.2d›Ï913;€òòEager€v.€State,óó€205€Tenn.€156,€325€œS.W.2d›€815€(1959).ÌÌà àTo€resolve€double€jeopardy€issues,€the€courts€must€examine€the€offenses€to€ascertainÏwhether€each€offense€requires€proof€of€a€fact.€€òòœBlackburger›€v.€United€States,óó€284€U.S.€299,€52ÏœS.Ct›.€œ180;›€76€œL.Ed›.€306€(1932).ÌÌà àMerely€relying€upon€the€same€evidence€to€prove€separate€offenses€does€not€establishÏdouble€jeopardy.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Dixon,óó€509€U.S.€___€113€œS.Ct›.€œ2849;›€125€œL.Ed›.œ2d›€556Ï(1993).ÌÌà àT.C.A.€Section€53„11„451(a)(6)€provides:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àò òGoods€subject€to€forfeiture€„€Seizure€„€Disposition.€„€ó óÌà8 àà8 à(a)€The€following€are€subject€to€forfeiture:Ìà8 àà8 à.€.€.€.Ìà8 àà8 à(6)(A)€Everything€of€value€furnished,€or€intended€to€beÏfurnished,€in€exchange€for€a€controlled€substance€in€violation€ofÏthe€Tennessee€œDrug›€Control€Act€of€1989,€as€amended,€compiledÏin€parts€3€and€4€of€this€chapter€and€title€39,€chapter€17,€part€4,€allÏproceeds€traceable€to€such€an€exchange,€and€all€moneys,Ïnegotiable€instruments,€and€securities€used,€or€intended€to€beÏused,€to€facilitate€any€violation€of€the€Tennessee€Drug€ControlÏAct,€compiled€in€parts€3€and€4€of€this€chapter€and€title€39,Ïchapter€17,€part€4;€.€.€.€.̛̜ÌÓÓà àThe€intent€and€substance€of€the€foregoing€is:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 àIt€is€hereby€declared€a€crime€to€receive€the€proceeds€of€an€illegalÏdrug€transaction€or€to€possess€funds€intended€to€finance€anÍillegal€drug€transaction.€€The€punishment€for€this€crime€isÏforfeiture€of€the€funds€so€received€or€possessed.ÌÌÌÓÓà àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing€authorities,€this€court€holds€that,€after€conviction€ofÏillegally€possessing€or€trading€in€drugs,€the€same€individual€can€be€constitutionally€subjected€toÏforfeiture€of€funds€received€or€held€in€violation€of€T.C.A.€ðð53„11„451(a)(6)(A).ÌÌà àThe€forfeiture€of€the€proceeds€of€an€illegal€drug€transaction€is€punishment€of€a€differentÏoffense€than€the€offense€of€conducting€the€transaction.€€òòU.S.€v.€$184,505.01,óó€œ3rd›€Cir.€1995,Ï72€F.œ3rd›,€1160.ÌÌà àMoreover,€the€forfeiture€of€the€proceeds€(or€funds€intended€for€financing)€of€a€drugÏtransaction€is€remedial,€rather€than€punitive,€and€therefore€not€within€the€prohibition€of€doubleÏjeopardy.€€òòState€v.€œConley›,óó€Tenn.€1982,€639€œS.W.2d›€435.ÌÌà àWhen€funds€being€forfeited€were€not€derived€from€lawful€activity,€the€forfeiting€œparty€›Ïloses€nothing€to€which€the€law€ever€entitled€him.€€òòUnited€States€v.€Salinas,€óóœ6th›€Cir.€1995,€65ÏF.œ3rd›€551;€òòUnited€States€v.€œTilley›,€óóœ5th›€Cir.€1994,€18€F.œ3rd›€295,€cert.€den.€115€œS.Ct›.€574,€130ÏœL.Ed›.œ2d›€490.ÌÌà àThere€is€ample€circumstantial€evidence€that€the€seized€truck€was€used€by€petitioner€inÏtransporting€illegal€drugs€and€that€the€cash€found€in€the€truck€and€hidden€on€petitionerððsÏpremises€was€proceeds€of€illegal€œdrug›€transactions€and/or€was€possessed€with€intent€to€use€it€toÏfinance€illegal€drug€transactions.€€Petitioner€argues€that€some€of€the€money€was€earnings€fromÍhis€legitimate€employment,€but€there€is€ample€evidence€that€his€legitimate€earnings€were€spentÏotherwise.ÌÌà àThe€next€question€presented€by€petitioner€is€whether€the€amount€forfeited€constitutedÏexcessive€punishment€as€prohibited€by€the€Eighth€Amendment.€€œThe›€forfeiture€of€proceeds€ofÏan€illegal€transaction€is€not€subject€to€the€prohibition€of€excessive€fines.€€œThe€forfeiture€ofÏproperty€used€in€an€illegal€transaction€may€be€excessive.€€In›€òòAustin€v.€United€States,€œsupra,€óóthe›Ïremand€was€to€consider€excessiveness€œforfeiture€of›€property€œused€›œrather€than€excessiveness€ofÏforfeiture€of€proceeds€of€illegal€transaction.›ÌÌà àPetitioner€has€admitted€that€he€has€been€a€part€of€a€major€drug€conspiracy€since€1987,Ïand€that€he€has€smuggled€hundreds€of€pounds€of€marijuana.€€The€extent€of€his€dealings€andÏmultiplicity€of€offenses€adequately€support€the€reasonableness€of€the€penalty€imposed.€€ÌÌà àThe€decision€of€an€administrative€agency€may€be€judicially€reversed€only€if:ÌÓÓà8 àà8 à(1)€€In€violation€of€constitutional€or€statutory€provisions.Ìà8 àà8 à(2)€€In€excess€of€statutory€authority€of€the€agency.Ìà8 àà8 à(3)€€Made€upon€unlawful€procedure.Ìà8 àà8 à(4)€€Arbitrary€or€capricious€or€characterized€by€abuse€ofÏdiscretion€or€clearly€unwarranted€exercise€of€discretion;€or€Ìà8 àà8 à(5)€€Unsupported€by€evidence€which€is€both€substantial€andÏmaterial€in€the€light€of€the€entire€record.ÌÌÌÓÓà àNone€of€the€foregoing€grounds€of€reversal€are€found€in€the€present€case.ÌÌà àThe€judgment€of€the€œtrial›€court€and€that€of€the€administrative€agency€are€affirmed.€ÏCosts€of€this€appeal€are€taxed€against€the€appellant.€€The€cause€is€remanded€to€the€œtrial›€œcourt›€forÏany€necessary€further€procedure.ÌÌÌÌà àAffirmed€and€Remanded.à àÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àHENRY€F.€TODDÌà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌ_____________________________________ÌSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEÌÌÌ_____________________________________ÌBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGE