ÿWPC> ¨„WL Á4†aG}vÒ´p¦;\]™6À·ˆlr¶+’N °3·{QÔ=ã·¯ToƵûq|%Ê-ï,/õ[Y×eu-W°—¢DQÙw/‹Á­Gâvá;ð¤ÞäÑáðÚî cð–Ž@.¡6[w9šë³êýãÙutx ¢fõvzÁž‚!û`&冒Hg(ñlß´¦qlP|kW”½V•ø_aù~”ƒiÇ^@¤åÛÕÏѶyÊq+S½H#+.PÃhm'ÚWt¸Ë?yÌ@h¾k f+j ð% âÖÆI?ìvÁííÙÖ%¼fµcßðßlñòä8Íó}*Àà®xÓêDV0E Ž@ÈãìÁÝ‘ [×fÔöë‘4öEý'œçŸÐXhf|¸Ù.ÆZI8çHö~Æ^‡œEaîiˆ<<É7{=БכŠÜ…°=Èò-ñ3Qp{ŒL\]ŠÌØ×ï_‰áìpеÑ{cK¶”‡‰ ñY}csA¹Š§Cä" ªð\Nr’59«nʃÁÛý<»ޤ7‚™8h@¯¸šì8ȃÿ­1¸ë4’ +«ç¤~ûϼ¿Åkù|iÉê*# LUNW %¥ 0(«w@Ó4'6 0l> 0DªUNî¡<4Ý AQ® ÿ Ô U:ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ BÆ- 0Dó 0D7 0D{{ D/¿¿ Bî D3 ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ RUS T U V W£XYZÓ€dÖ~-&3|xd((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular —Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSchenk€testified€that,€at€the€time€of€the€impact,€Laneððs€truck€and€trailer€were€bothÐ ° Ðpositioned€across€her€lane€of€traffic.€€Lane€and€Steele,€however,€both€testified€that€Laneððs€truckÏwas€in€the€center€turning€lane€and€that€his€trailer€was€positioned€across€the€inside€northboundÏlane€at€the€time€of€the€collision. *Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝA€facet€rhizotomy€is€a€procedure€that€destroys€the€nerves€in€the€joints€where€the€patientÐ ° Ðis€experiencing€pain.€€By€destroying€the€nerves,€the€discomfort€experienced€by€the€patient€inÏthese€joints€is€lessened.€€ “Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝSchenk€filed€these€affidavits€on€February€20,€1997,€the€day€following€the€trial.!"#$&Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ ùÝ ƒ"¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€XÅ' XXXÔÔ€š4  XXÅ'ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€XÅ' X š4ÔÐ  ÐÌFebruary€9,€1999ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAhÔó ó ÊÝ ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝIn€its€order€modifying€the€judgment,€the€trial€judge€did€not€specify€precisely€which€billsÐ ° Ðwere€admitted€in€error.€€Rather,€the€court€simply€indicated€that€the€$9,861.75€total€representedÏthe€sum€of€medical€bills€of€Dr.€Ensalada€totaling€$3,602.00,€bills€of€Centennial€Medical€CenterÏtotaling€$1,295.75,€and€bills€of€Memorial€Hospital€totaling€$4,964.00.€€During€the€trial,€however,Ïit€appears€that€the€disputed€items€totaled€only€$3,876.67.€€Although€Schenk€appears€to€recognizeÏthis€consistency,€she€has€not€requested€that€we€alter€the€amount€of€the€judgment€in€any€way.€ÏThus,€we€make€no€finding€with€respect€to€this€matter.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular dƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd 'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝñZñ›ñZñÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ'°,X°À”X°œX'Óò òñdññZñßr€)<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` 8ttxP°ð  rßñZññdññdññdññdññZñ›ñZññdññdñßt€)>.*jxÚ` `€€@EÙŠ` 8ttxPÂð È tß›ñdñà@O O ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE,€ˆÌà@áá$ìàAT€NASHVILLE€ó óˆÐ œì ÐÌà@. . ìà_______________________________________________________ˆÌÌà À à)Ìò òPAMELA€L.€SCHENKó ó,à À à)à  àWilson€County€Circuit€CourtÐ 8 ˆ Ðà À à)à  àNo.€9262Ð ( x Ѐ€€€€Plaintiff/Appellee.à À à)Ð  d Ðà À à)ÌVS.à À à)à  àC.A.€No.€01A01„9804„CV„00190Ð ì <  Ðà À à)Ìò òRAYMOND€D.€LANEó ó,à À à)Ð Ä  Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Defendant/Appellant.à À à)Ð  ð  Ðà À à)Ì______________________________________________________________________________ÌÌFrom€the€Circuit€Court€of€Wilson€County€at€Lebanon.Ìò òHonorable€Bobby€H.€Capers,€Judge€ó óÐ <Œ ÐÌÌÌò òKeene€W.€Bartleyó ó,Ð ì< ÐSCHULMAN,€LeROY€&€BENNETT,€P.C.,€Nashville,€TennesseeÌAttorney€for€Defendant/Appellant.ÌÌÌò òMichael€œR.›€Jenningsó ó,€Lebanon,€TennesseeÐ ŒÜ ÐAttorney€for€Plaintiff/Appellee.ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:ÌÌò òAFFIRMED€AND€REMANDEDó óÐ %T # ÐÌÌà À àò òFARMER,€J.ó óÐ È'#& ÐÌò òCRAWFORD,€P.J.,W.S.ó ó:€(Concurs)Ð  )ð$( Ðò òHIGHERS,€J.ó ó:€œ(Concurs)ñRñÐ *à%) ÐñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÌñRññRñÐ ,;|6; ÐñRñ›ñTññSñÓ3°,X°` À”X°,X°À”X3ÓñSññTññUññTñÓ6°,X°` ¸ À”X°,X°À”X6ÓñTññUññVññUñÓ6°,X°` ‚XÀ”X°,X°À”X6ÓñUññVññVñÓ0°,X°` ˜X°,X°À”X0ÓñVññWñÓ  ÓñWññXñÓÓœñXññYñòòò òÔ‡ Xe¬XXXÔà ` àóóó óDefendant€Raymond€D.€Lane€appeals€a€jury€verdict€awarding€$297,000.00€to€PlaintiffÐ ° ÐPamela€L.€Schenk€for€injuries€sustained€as€a€result€of€an€automobile€accident€occurring€betweenÏLane€and€Schenk.€€For€the€reasons€set€forth€below,€we€affirm€in€all€respects.ÌÌà@ÃÃìàò òòòFactual€and€Procedural€HistoryˆÐ 0 € ÐÌà ` à€€€ó óóóOn€September€21,€1988,€Schenk€and€Lane€were€involved€in€an€automobile€accidentÐ ð@  Ðon€Mt.€Juliet€Road€in€Wilson€County,€Tennessee€occurring€between€6:30€and€7:00€p.m.€€Where€theÏcollision€occurred,€Mt.€Juliet€Road€is€a€five€lane€highway€with€two€northbound€lanes,€twoÏsouthbound€lanes,€and€one€center€turning€lane.€€Schenk€was€driving€her€Chevrolet€Cavalier€north€onÏMt.€Juliet€Road.€€Lane€was€driving€his€Chevrolet€pickup€truck€east€on€Interstate€40€and€had€just€takenÏthe€Mt.€Juliet€Road€Exit.€€Lane€stopped€at€the€stop€sign€at€the€end€of€the€exit€ramp€and€thenÏproceeded€to€make€a€left€turn€across€the€two€northbound€lanes€of€Mt.€Juliet€Road.€€After€noticingÏLaneððs€vehicle,€Schenk€slammed€on€her€brakes€and€changed€to€the€outer€northbound€lane.€€SchenkÏwas€able€to€avoid€Laneððs€truck€but€collided€with€the€eighteen€foot€trailer€that€Lane€was€pullingÏbehind€the€truck.€€The€accident€was€witnessed€by€Jimmy€Chafin,€who€was€traveling€northbound€onÏMt.€Juliet€Road€immediately€behind€Schenk€and€John€Steele,€who€was€exiting€I„40€at€Mt.€Juliet€RoadÏbehind€Lane.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð $à" ÐÌà ` àFollowing€the€accident,€Schenk€was€taken€to€the€emergency€room€where€she€wasÏtreated€for€a€ð ðbustedðð€mouth,€a€chipped€tooth,€scratches€on€her€chin€and€forehead,€and€a€ð ðbig€bumpððÏwhere€Schenk€collided€with€her€rear€view€mirror.€€She€was€x„rayed,€given€muscle€relaxants,€andÏreleased€that€same€evening.€€For€approximately€two€weeks€following€the€accident,€Schenk€was€soreÏð ðfrom€head€to€toe.ðð€€Beyond€this€two€week€period,€Schenk€experienced€persistent€pain€and€sorenessÏin€her€hips€that€eventually€proceeded€down€to€her€legs.€€In€early€1989,€Schenk€consulted€Dr.€MarkÏHouston€regarding€this€continued€pain.€€After€conducting€tests,€Dr.€Houston€advised€Schenk€thatÏthere€was€nothing€wrong€with€her€and€that€she€needed€to€relax.€€Approximately€two€months€later,Ð p5À04 ÐSchenk€sought€a€second€opinion€from€Dr.€Stein,€who€took€x„rays€and€a€CT€scan€of€Schenk€and€thenÏinformed€her€that€she€had€a€ruptured€disk€in€her€lower€back.€€Dr.€Stein€suggested€that€SchenkÏundergo€back€surgery€but€Schenk€decided€against€this€option.€€Instead,€Schenk€underwent€a€limitedÏamount€of€physical€therapy€and€took€mild€muscle€relaxants€prescribed€by€Dr.€Stein.€€ÌÌà ` àIn€1991,€Schenk€was€examined€by€Dr.€Dan€Spengler,€an€orthopedic€surgeon.€€Dr.ÏSpengler€prescribed€anti„inflammatory€drugs€and€ordered€approximately€six€weeks€of€physicalÏtherapy.€€Because€these€efforts€did€little€to€decrease€her€pain,€Schenk€reconsidered€the€option€ofÏsurgery.€€Dr.€Spengler€performed€a€bilateral€partial€diskectomy€on€Schenk€in€October€of€1991.€€SheÏwas€released€from€the€hospital€three€days€after€the€procedure€and€was€able€to€return€to€work€on€aÏpart„time€basis€with€some€restrictions€one€month€later.€€During€this€one€month€period,€SchenkÏunderwent€further€physical€therapy.ÌÌà ` àIn€late€1992,€Schenk€began€experiencing€pain€in€her€lower€back€and€through€her€hips.€ÏShe€returned€to€Dr.€Spengler,€who€ordered€more€physical€therapy€and€gave€Schenk€a€steroid€injectionÏto€decrease€inflammation€in€these€areas.€€Schenk€was€also€examined€by€Dr.€Vaughan€Allen,€whoÏreferred€Schenk€to€Dr.€Leon€Ensalada,€a€pain€medicine€specialist.€€Dr.€Ensalada€performed€severalÏprocedures€on€Schenk,€including€two€more€steroid€injections,€three€nerve€blocks,€and€a€facetÏrhizotomy.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€According€to€Dr.€Ensalada,€when€Schenk€reaches€maximum€medical€improvement,€sheÐ p&À!$ Ðwill€still€retain€a€permanent€partial€impairment€of€the€whole€person.€€Dr.€Spengler€testified€that,Ïunder€the€American€Medical€Association€Guidelines,€Schenk€would€receive€a€permanent€partialÏimpairment€rating€of€approximately€eight€to€ten€percent.€€Both€Dr.€Ensalada€and€Dr.€Spengler€agreedÏthat€Schenkððs€injuries€may€require€further€medical€treatment€but€were€unable€to€estimate€the€costsÏof€such€treatment.€€ÌÌà ` àSchenk€filed€a€complaint€against€Lane€seeking€damages€for€personal€injuriesÏsustained€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€On€the€day€of€trial,€Lane€filed€a€motion€in€limine,€requestingÏthat€certain€medical€bills€be€excluded€for€lack€of€foundation.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€motion€withÐ P7 26 Ðrespect€to€one€of€these€bills€but€ruled€that€the€remaining€bills€were€admissible,€provided€that€counselÏfor€Schenk€supplemented€the€record€with€affidavits€laying€a€foundation€for€the€bills.€€At€theÏconclusion€of€the€trial,€the€jury€found€that€Schenk€was€responsible€for€one€percent€of€the€negligenceÏcausing€the€accident,€that€Lane€was€responsible€for€ninety„nine€percent€of€the€negligence€causing€theÏaccident,€and€that€Schenk€had€sustained€a€total€of€$300,000.00€in€damages€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€ÏConsistent€with€this€finding,€the€trial€court€granted€a€judgment€in€favor€of€Schenk€in€the€amount€ofÏ$297,000.00.€€Lane€filed€a€motion€for€new€trial,€arguing€in€part€that€the€trial€court€should€not€haveÏallowed€certain€medical€records€to€be€admitted€into€evidence.€€The€trial€court€denied€Laneððs€motionÏfor€a€new€trial€but€agreed€these€documents€were€erroneously€admitted€into€evidence€andÏconsequently€reduced€the€amount€of€the€judgment€by€$9,861.75.€€Lane€appeals€the€findings€of€theÏjury€as€well€as€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€his€motion€for€new€trial.€€òòò òÐ pÀ ÐÌà@ìì'ìàIssuesˆÌÓÓÌà ` àóóó óThe€issues€asserted€on€appeal,€as€stated€by€Lane,€are€as€follows:Ð P ÐÌÌÌà8 ` àà ¸ à1.à  àThe€appellee€was€allowed€to€enter€testimony€of€lostÐ À! Ðwork€and€substantial€medical€proof€that€was€not€appropriatelyÏestablished€by€expert€testimony.€€The€evidence€was€not€supplied€toÏthe€appellant€in€a€timely€manner€and€was€admitted€over€the€objectionsÏof€the€appellant€in€his€motion€in€limine€and€in€open€court.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ à2.à  àIn€reaching€a€verdict,€the€jury€clearly€disregarded€theÐ `'°"% Ðfacts€as€to€how€the€accident€occurred€and€did€not€act€in€a€thoughtfulÏmanner€in€assessing€liability€between€the€parties.€€The€determinationÏof€negligence€being€99%€the€fault€of€the€defendant€was€clearlyÏarbitrary€and€capricious€by€the€jury€and€is€not€supported€by€materialÏevidence.€€Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ à3.à  àThe€jury€disregarded€the€medical€testimony€and€failedÐ ð-@), Ðto€account€for€the€second€injury€that€occurred€to€the€appelleeÏsubsequent€to€the€accident.€€The€juryððs€verdict€clearly€reflects€theirÏdisregard€of€the€instructions€of€the€Court€as€to€proximate€cause€andÏa€disregard€of€the€medical€proof.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ à4.à  àThe€Court€improperly€did€not€allow€the€appellant€toÐ 3à.2 Ðargue€the€extrapolation€of€the€distance€and€time€which€would€haveÏelapsed€between€when€the€appellee€first€saw€the€appellant€and€whenÏthe€impact€occurred.Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ à5.à  àThe€Court€erred€in€refusing€to€grant€a€new€trial.€€Óç ÓÐ@837` x` x ÐÌà@%ìàòòò òLost€WagesˆÐ