ÿWPC & Ç{`ïɱ™J¯©>\ËkèÃQ¶¼«¾&R‰~[èKÀæW†H`9ÑIÕÞÁè‘oQMñtéƒCäœôCÏÂrq¨û˜øâ)?ù~ð<S Lvpß7˜¤PÝFŸ¹!f{pé„\9sgÉšcØ2F-3€àdˆç?5btÙ‡ÀgxÏL¬/¡·*²C S—‡vHFgW°jh –ngˆ!k‚JÛ í†ƒƒkÝÕL$Íòª¶chuYp÷%> HvG¿­/b\Š—±…¾hí“ÊÏôò'Z?-ròüÆ–°¾gmúƒ¸ÁùI¨ëR ´% Ì´¢Õ® ""lôN—„=GNÍceOÏB ¨\»U©US«ðÞÖT ÑB¦Ær¢2¾Ôçv=’ôÆ‚opnôÏȧ°?)cVd{¦l KöÉx‚éÊY*ŽÕ{©åŸ#ò;)ÿ"'ßÐ0xŸL™ùˆ$„²òJQÈò:¾‚§‡dÑ^Þ³ÉèÑbx.sOõ+ÇîÜa·ØBœ©ò/AÓQ-èÅÞY/Ž=kV±9s=ÓÇ”HŸ´2Ó‹þäe…äl«51©Ï v»VØωºÓSa9£Ÿ\½ÿí+XV9Í]n# UN %] 04c 0 Ï— bf on 0 DÝ æ! N^ w@4Uix mz ‘ñ›ŒšU:¢ÆÜ¢Q¤UNõZC;YØU<1!U,m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m!m! B™!™! 0P¶! D3"""" AQ9"ÆŠ" 0PP# 0D # D3ä# B$ D34$ Bg$ D3„$ B·$ D3Ô$ B% D/$% D3S% B*†% D3°% B*ã%˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular»( ¤U$¡¡Ó  Ó((2KÃ$¤¤Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XO?X»»ÔÑ  ÑÑÑà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù- eÝ ƒOE$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xï~X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSeeóó€Act€of€May€14,€1973,€ch.€345,€1973€Tenn.€Pub.€Acts€1243,€òòcodified€as€amendedóó,€Tenn.Ð ° ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€29„20„101,€„407€(1980€&€Supp.€1998).(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ÜÝ ƒOE$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xï~X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€Metropolitan€Airport€Authority€Act€states€that€the€ð ðairport€authorities€created€pursuantÐ ° Ðto€this€chapter€shall€be€public€and€governmental€bodies€acting€as€agencies€and€instrumentalities€ofÏthe€creating€and€participating€municipalities.ðð€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€42„4„102(a)€(1993).€€TheseÐ à Ðauthorities€are€created€by€a€resolution€adopted€by€the€municipalityððs€local€governing€body€andÏapproved€by€the€executive€officer€of€the€municipality.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€42„4„104(c)€(1993).sú&c ÚUÛDÜDÝDÞDßDàDáâÓ€ì©yË&ˆÉ‚3|xìÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ Ý ƒOE$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xï~X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAuthoritative€texts€state€that€airports€and€parking€facilities,€especially€facilities€charging€aÐ ° Ðfee€to€park,€are€proprietary€activities€and€that€governmental€entities€may€be€liable€for€negligence€inÏtheir€operation€and€maintenance.€€òòSeeóó€18A€James€Perkowitz„Solheim,€et€al.,€òòMcQuillin€MunicipalÐ à ÐCorporationsóó€ðððð€53.96,€53.107.10€(3d€ed.€1993);€1A€Chester€J.€Antieau€&€John€M.€Antieau,Ð €Ð ÐòòAntieauððs€Local€Government€Lawóó€ðððð€11.127,€11.128€(1995).€€Accordingly,€the€California€Court€ofÐ pÀ ÐAppeals€has€held€that€a€local€governmental€entity€may€be€held€liable€for€failing€to€provide€adequateÏlighting€in€an€airport€parking€lot.€€òòSee€Slapin€v.€Los€Angeles€Intððl€Airportóó,€135€Cal.€Rptr.€296,€298Ð P   Ð(App.€Ct.€1976).€€ çÝ ƒKÃ$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XO?X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMost€of€the€material€facts€in€this€case€are€undisputed.€€Accordingly,€since€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðgranted€summary€judgment,€our€recitation€of€the€facts€is€based€on€the€view€of€the€evidence€that€isÏmost€favorable€to€Mr.€Sears.€€òòSee€Robinson€v.€Omeróó,€952€S.W.2d€423,€424„25€(Tenn.€1997). Ý ƒ_¾¸"ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ€»ÛÀ »»»ÔÔ€.¹  »»ÛÀÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xž X .¹ÔÐ  ÐÌJuly€27,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAtÔó ó ,@ÓÐAZ‹"Arial RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 øÝ ƒKÃ$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XO?X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€fact,€the€last€time€Mr.€Sears€had€been€at€the€airport€was€1986. GÝ ƒKÃ$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€XO?X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMr.€Sears€explained:€ð ðI€donððt€know€anything€about€out€there,€you€know.€€I€was€just€ð!ð€all€IÐ ° Ðdid€was€follow€signs.ðð'í€"  Z 6Times New Roman Regular PÝ ƒOE$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xï~X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔRepublic€Parkingððs€relationship€to€this€dispute€and€to€the€Airport€Authority€cannot€beÐ ° Ðreliably€determined€from€this€record.€€Mr.€Searsðð€complaint€alleges,€and€Republic€Parkingððs€answerÏadmits,€only€that€Republic€Parking€ð ðwas€transacting€business€in€Nashville,€Davidson€County,ÏTennessee€on€or€about€May€21,€1994.ðð€€For€the€purpose€of€this€appeal,€we€are€assuming€thatÏRepublic€Parking€was€operating€or€managing€the€parking€facilities€at€the€airport,€under€either€licenseÏor€contract,€and€thus€was€an€agent€of€the€Airport€Authority.€€However,€Republic€Parkingððs€postureÏin€the€case€remains€to€be€proved€with€competent€evidence.€ 1Ý ƒOE$ÝÓ  ÓÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÔ€Xï~X»»ÔÑ @ ÑÑ@Ñà ` àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔConcrete€curbs€on€each€side€of€the€exit€prevent€visitors€from€circumventing€the€trafficÐ ° Ðcontrol€device. OÝ ƒ_¾¸"ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€&» »»»ÔÔ‡'»—2 » »&»Ôà@EEvàÔ€'ŠRá ‹ »'»—2ÔÔ‡'¼—2 » ‹'ŠRáÔà@@UU UàÔ#†'ŠRá ‹ »'¼—2¦#ÔÔ‡' î ‹'ŠRáÔCAUTIONÔ#†'ŠRá ‹ î'ú#ԈР Ðà@&&vàòòAutos€OnlyˆÐ  Ðà@ããvàNoˆÌà@¨¨vàMotorcycles,ˆÌà@»»vàBicyclesˆÌà@óóvàorˆÌà@vàPedestriansóóÔ#†&Š·‹ ‹'ŠRáV#ԈР   Ð(Æ’Iÿ9Z‚$Modern Regular-^’±AZ‹Arial  d((3¾¸$££Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd^_X`YCþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5((3¾¸$¢¢Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óbbbb'óÿdxdöÿ  ddddd'ûÿdxdüÿP Pdffff'ýÿdxdþÿ dhhhh'üÿdxdýÿ ddd'÷ÿ dxdkkkk'þÿdxd&ÿÿ0 d dmmmm'òÿdxd&õÿP d dÝ ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ„°ÑÒ°ÒÒX°ÒÑTR[¤ AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ  ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€g&»»ddÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÔ€„œ-„»»Ôò òñìññâñßr€]Y<,(j 8` `€€@E ±` 8ttxPX°ð  rßñâññìññìñßt€]Y>.*jx„` `€€@E¤Ë` 8ttxPÜÐ È tßñìñà@¡ ¡ DàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌà@ÜÜ)DàAT€NASHVILLEó óÔ€¼ç%¼„„œ-ԈРh ÐÌÌÌBOBBY€RAY€SEARS,à h àà À àà  à)Ð   Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àPlaintiff/Appellant,à À àà  à)Ð î > Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àDavidson€CircuitÐ T  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àNo.€95C„1570Ð j  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)ÌMETROPOLITAN€NASHVILLEà  à)à p àAppeal€No.Ð F–  ÐAIRPORT€AUTHORITY€andà À àà  à)à p à01A01„9703„CV„00138Ð \¬  ÐREPUBLIC€PARKING€SYSTEMS,à  à)Ð r  ÐINC.,à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð ˆØ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àDefendants/Appellees.à À àà  à)Ð ´ ÐÌÌÌà@  DàAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€FOR€DAVIDSON€COUNTYˆÌà@88$DàAT€NASHVILLE,€TENNESSEEˆÌÌà@ DàTHE€HONORABLE€THOMAS€W.€BROTHERS,€JUDGEˆÌÌÌÌòòFor€Bobby€Ray€Searsóó:à0 h àà0Àh€%h€%àà0À€%À€%àà0p€%€%àòòFor€Metropolitan€Nashvilleóó€€Ð¦"öp€%p€% Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àòòAirport€Authorityóó:Ð ¼#  ÐMike€W.€BinkleyÌNashville,€Tennesseeà h àà À àà  àà p àD.€Kirk€ShafferÐ è%8! Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNancy€A.€VincentÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àStokes€&€BartholomewÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TennesseeÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àòòFor€Republic€Parking€Systems,€Inc.óó:Ð l,¼'$ ÐÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àGerald€C.€WiggerÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àNashville,€TennesseeÌÌÌÌÌà@^^%Dàò òÔ‡„œ-„¼¼ç%ÔVACATED€AND€REMANDEDÔ#†¼ç%¼„„œ-Ò #Ôó óˆÐ 5l0, ÐÌÌÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÐ  ò;B72 ÐÑX„Ñò òÔ€„œ-„¼¼ç%ÔÑ  ÑÓ€ÓÔ_ÔÔ_Ôà@ÎÎ)DàòòO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÔ€¼ç%¼„„œ-ԈР° ÐÌà ` àThis€appeal€involves€a€motorcycle€rider€who€was€injured€by€the€descendingÏwooden€arm€of€a€traffic€control€device€at€an€exit€from€the€short€term€parking€area€ofÏthe€Nashville€International€Airport.€€The€motorcyclist€filed€suit€in€the€Circuit€CourtÏfor€Davidson€County€against€the€Metropolitan€Airport€Authority€and€the€operator€ofÏthe€airport€parking€facilities,€alleging€that€they€had€failed€to€adequately€warn€him€ofÏthe€potentially€dangerous€condition€at€the€exit.€€The€trial€court€granted€the€defendantsððÏmotions€for€summary€judgment,€and€the€rider€appealed.€€We€have€determined€that€theÏdefendants€are€not€entitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law€based€on€this€record€and,Ïtherefore,€vacate€the€summary€judgment€order€and€remand€the€case€for€furtherÏproceedings.ÌÌà@ùù.Dàò òI.ó óˆÐ X¨ ÐÌà ` àBobby€Ray€Sears€is€a€sixty„year„old€heating€and€air€conditioning€technicianÏwho€has€worked€for€the€Metropolitan€Government€for€thirty€years.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€lives€inÐ ;‹  ÐNashville€with€his€wife,€his€step„daughter,€and€his€wifeððs€mother.€€Mr.€Sears€has€beenÏriding€motorcycles€for€pleasure€since€1979€and,€at€the€time€of€his€injuries,€owned€aÏ1984€full€size€Honda€motorcycle.ÌÌà ` àOn€May€21,€1994,€Mr.€Sears€drove€his€motorcycle€to€the€NashvilleÏInternational€Airport€to€meet€his€step„daughter€who€was€returning€from€a€visit€to€NewÏJersey.€€His€wife€drove€to€the€airport€separately€in€order€to€give€her€daughter€a€rideÏhome.€€Upon€arriving€at€the€airport,€Mr.€Sears€began€looking€for€an€appropriate€placeÏto€park€his€motorcycle.€€Because€he€was€not€an€habitu€of€the€airport,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€he€followedÐ ä-4)2 Ðthe€signs€stating€ð ðPassenger€Pick„up€Use€Short€Term€Parking.ðð€€Accordingly,€Mr.ÏSears€entered€the€covered€short€term€parking€garage€through€its€designated€entranceÏand€parked€his€motorcycle€in€a€space€normally€used€by€automobiles.Ìà ` àAfter€greeting€his€step„daughter€and€wife€in€the€baggage€claim€area,€Mr.€SearsÏreturned€to€the€short€term€parking€garage,€got€on€his€motorcycle,€and€proceeded€toÐ  6Y1< Ðleave€the€airport.€€He€followed€the€posted€signs€as€he€left€the€parking€lot.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€TheseÐ ° Ðsigns€led€him€to€an€exit€controlled€by€a€traffic€control€device€that€maintained€the€rateÏat€which€visitors€left€the€short€term€parking€area.€€This€device€consists€of€a€brightÏyellow€mechanical€stanchion€to€which€a€wooden€arm€painted€with€diagonal€black€andÏwhite€stripes€was€attached.€€When€the€wooden€arm€is€at€rest,€it€is€parallel€to€theÏground€and€blocks€the€exit€from€the€short€term€parking€area.׃p×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€As€vehicles€approach,Ð ,|  Ðthe€stanchion€automatically€raises€the€arm€long€enough€for€one€vehicle€to€pass.€€TheÏstanchion€is€on€the€curb€to€the€left€of€the€visitors€leaving€the€short€term€parking€lot.€ÏA€sign€on€the€side€of€the€stanchion€facing€the€persons€leaving€the€parking€lot€states:Ìßq€]%a;+'h|„õXô – `€€Eô –„„ìHL„ & qßâ Ì€%Ì€%€%€%âÌÔ€Š0—‹»¼»WÔÌÌÌÌÌÌâ €%€%Ì€%Ì€%âÌÔ€¼»W»‹Š0—ÔThis€sign€is,€however,€largely€obscured€from€the€view€of€persons€leaving€the€parkingÐ #o& Ðlot€by€a€large,€yellow€cylindrical€post€anchored€in€the€concrete€in€front€of€theÏmechanical€stanchion€in€order€to€protect€the€stanchion€from€damage€by€passingÏvehicles.€€ÌÌà ` àSeveral€vehicles€were€ahead€of€Mr.€Sears€as€he€approached€the€exit.€ÏAccordingly,€he€stopped€and€waited€while€they€exited€through€the€traffic€controlÏdevice.€€Mr.€Sears€saw€the€mechanical€arm€rise€for€the€vehicle€immediately€in€frontÏof€him€and€then€descend€to€its€original€position€after€the€vehicle€left.€€€His€view€of€theÏmechanical€stanchion€and€the€sign€was€blocked€first€by€the€vehicle€in€front€of€him€andÏthen€by€the€yellow€protective€post.€€Mr.€Sears€slowly€approached€the€mechanical€armÏand€paused€to€give€it€time€to€rise.€€When€the€arm€moved€up,€he€began€to€drive€throughÐ +5{0< Ðthe€exit.€€Before€he€could€drive€through,€the€arm€came€back€down,€driving€theÏmotorcycleððs€windshield€into€his€face€and€dragging€him€off€his€motorcycle.€€Mr.ÏSears€landed€in€a€nearby€flowerbed€with€the€motorcycle€on€top€of€him.€€A€visitor€inÏa€vehicle€behind€Mr.€Sears€assisted€in€righting€the€motorcycle€and€in€summoningÏairport€security€personnel€who€prepared€a€report€of€the€incident.€€Even€though€Mr.ÏSears€was€shaken€by€his€fall,€he€drove€his€motorcycle€home.€€Later,€he€was€treated€atÏan€emergency€room€for€a€cut€lip€and€injuries€to€his€right€knee€and€neck.ÌÌà ` àOn€May€16,€1995,€Mr.€Sears€filed€a€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act€suit€in€theÏCircuit€Court€for€Davidson€County€against€the€Metropolitan€Nashville€AirportÏAuthority€(ð ðAirport€Authorityðð)€and€Republic€Parking€System,€Inc.€(ð ðRepublicÏParkingðð).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€He€€characterized€the€mechanical€stanchion€and€wooden€control€arm€asÐ ¼  Ðð ða€hidden€or€concealed€peril.ðð€€He€also€alleged€that€both€the€Airport€Authority€andÏRepublic€Parking€had€failed€to€warn€motorcyclists€of€the€potential€danger€of€the€exitÏgate€and€that€they€had€failed€to€properly€maintain€the€existing€warning€signs.€€He€alsoÏasserted€that€the€Airport€Authorityððs€and€Republicððs€negligence€had€created€aÏð ðdangerous€condition€at€the€exit€area.ððÌÌà ` àBoth€the€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€denied€liability.€€In€JulyÏ1996,€they€moved€for€summary€judgment€on€the€grounds€(1)€that€they€were€immuneÏfrom€suit€under€the€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act€because€they€did€not€have€actualÏor€constructive€notice€of€the€alleged€ð ðdangerous€condition€at€the€exit€areaðð€and€(2)Ïthat€the€condition€and€operation€of€the€traffic€control€device€was€open€and€obviousÏand€that€Mr.€Sears€had€been€inattentive€for€failing€to€read€the€warning€signs€postedÏboth€at€the€entrance€and€exit€of€the€short€term€parking€area.€€The€trial€court€grantedÏboth€motions€for€summary€judgment.€€It€found€as€a€matter€of€law€(1)€that€the€trafficÏcontrol€device€was€not€a€defective,€unsafe,€or€dangerous€condition,€(2)€that€theÏAirport€Authority€had€no€notice€of€the€condition,€(3)€that€the€Airport€Authority€andÏRepublic€Parking€owed€no€duty€to€Mr.€Sears€because€the€condition€and€operation€ofÐ  2ð-8 Ðthe€traffic€control€device€were€open€and€obvious,€and€(4)€that€the€obstruction€orÏmisplacement€of€the€warning€signs€could€not€have€caused€Mr.€Searsðð€injuries€becauseÏhe€admitted€that€he€did€not€look€at€the€signs.€€Mr.€Sears€has€appealed€from€the€trialÏcourtððs€decision.ÌÌà@ËË.Dàò òII.ó óˆÐ ä 4  ÐÌà ` àWe€begin€with€the€well„settled€standards€governing€appellate€review€ofÏsummary€judgments.€€Summary€judgments€are€proper€in€virtually€any€civil€case€thatÏcan€be€resolved€on€the€basis€of€legal€issues€alone.€€òòSee€Byrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€208,Ð tÄ Ð210€(Tenn.€1993);€òòTomlinson€v.€Kelleyóó,€969€S.W.2d€402,€405€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1997).€Ð h ÐThey€are€not,€however,€appropriate€when€genuine€disputes€regarding€material€factsÏexist.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56.04.€€Thus,€a€summary€judgment€should€be€granted€onlyÐ `° Ðwhen€the€undisputed€facts,€and€the€inferences€reasonably€drawn€from€the€undisputedÏfacts,€support€one€conclusion€ð!ð€that€the€party€seeking€the€summary€judgment€isÐ ¨ø Ðentitled€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law.€€òòSee€White€v.€Lawrenceóó,€975€S.W.2d€525,Ð Lœ Ð529€(Tenn.€1998);€òòShadrick€v.€Cokeróó,€963€S.W.2d€726,€731€(Tenn.€1998);€Ô‡¼»W»»¼»WÔòòBain€v.Ð ð@  ÐWellsóó,€936€S.W.2d€618,€622€(Tenn.€1997)òòóó.€€A€summary€judgment€should€not€beÐ ” ä" Ðgranted€if€any€reasonable€doubt€exists€with€regard€to€the€conclusions€to€be€drawnÏfrom€the€evidence.€€òòSee€Chrisman€v.€Hill€Home€Dev.,€Inc.óó,€978€S.W.2d€535,€538Ð Ü#,& Ð(Tenn.€1998).€€ÌÌà ` àÔ#†¼»W»»¼»WG-#ÔUnlike€other€dispositions€by€a€trial€court€without€a€jury,€a€summary€judgmentÐ È($, Ðdoes€not€enjoy€a€presumption€of€correctness€on€appeal.€€òòSeeóó€òòNelson€v.€Martinóó,€958Ð l*¼%. ÐS.W.2d€643,€646€(Tenn.€1997);€òòCity€of€Tullahoma€v.€Bedford€Countyóó,€938€S.W.2dÐ ,`'0 Ð408,€412€(Tenn.€1997).€€Accordingly,€reviewing€courts€must€make€a€freshÏdetermination€concerning€whether€the€requirements€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€56€have€beenÏsatisfied.€€òòSeeóó€òòHunter€v.€Brownóó,€955€S.W.2d€49,€50„51€(Tenn.€1997);€òòMason€v.Ð ü0L,6 ÐSeatonóó,€942€S.W.2d€470,€472€(Tenn.€1997).€€We€must€consider€the€evidence€in€theÐ  2ð-8 Ðlight€most€favorable€to€the€nonmoving€party,€and€we€must€resolve€all€inferences€inÏthe€nonmoving€partyððs€favor.€€òòSee€Terry€v.€Niblackóó,€979€S.W.2d€583,€585€(Tenn.Ð è581< Ð1998);€òòRobinson€v.€Omeróó,€952€S.W.2d€at€426.€€When€reviewing€the€evidence,€weÐ Œ7Ü2> Ðmust€determine€first€whether€factual€disputes€exist.€€If€a€factual€dispute€exists,€weÏmust€then€determine€whether€the€fact€is€material€to€the€claim€or€defense€upon€whichÐ Ô:$6B Ðthe€summary€judgment€is€predicated€and€whether€the€disputed€fact€creates€a€genuineÏissue€for€trial.€€òòSee€Byrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€at€214;€òòRutherford€v.€Polar€TankÐ T¤ ÐTrailer,€Inc.óó,€978€S.W.2d€102,€104€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998).€Ð øH ÐÌà@-Dàò òIII.ó óˆÐ @  ÐÌà ` àEven€before€the€enactment€of€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€ActÏin€1973,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€local€governmental€entities€had€a€duty€to€use€reasonable€care€to€keep€theirÐ ,|  Ðstreets,€sidewalks,€and€other€public€improvements€safe€for€their€reasonablyÏforeseeable€uses€by€members€of€the€public.€€òòSee€City€of€Winchester€v.€Finchumóó,€201Ð tÄ ÐTenn.€604,€609,€301€S.W.2d€341,€343€(1957);€òòFlannagan€v.€Leeóó,€56€Tenn.€App.€600,Ð h Ð603,€409€S.W.2d€385,€387€(1966).€€Because€the€duty€to€maintain€streets€and€sidewalksÏin€reasonably€safe€condition€was€viewed€as€a€proprietary,€as€opposed€to€aÏgovernmental,€function,€òòsee€Shepherd€v.€City€of€Chattanoogaóó,€168€Tenn.€153,€155,Ð T Ð76€S.W.2d€322,€323€(1934),€the€courts€repeatedly€held€that€local€governmentalÏentities€could€be€held€liable€for€the€damages€caused€by€their€negligent€failure€toÏmaintain€their€streets€and€sidewalks€in€reasonably€safe€condition.€€Thus,€the€liabilityÏof€local€governmental€entities€for€injuries€occurring€on€sidewalks€or€streets€or€in€otherÏpublic€improvements€was€governed€by€the€same€principles€that€governed€the€liabilityÏof€private€individuals.€€òòSee€Johnson€v.€City€of€Jacksonóó,€194€Tenn.€20,€22,€250€S.W.2dÐ Ü#,& Ð1,€2€(1952)€(holding€that€the€tort€liability€of€a€municipality€acting€in€its€proprietaryÏcapacity€is€the€same€as€the€tort€liability€of€an€individual).€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act€eliminated€the€distinctionÏbetween€governmental€and€proprietary€functions,€òòsee€Fretwell€v.€Chaffinóó,€652€S.W.2dÐ ,`'0 Ð755,€756€(Tenn.€1983);€òòCollier€v.€Memphis€Light,€Gas€&€Water€Div.óó,€657€S.W.2dÐ ´-)2 Ð771,€776€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1983),€and€defined€the€circumstances€in€which€localÏgovernmental€entities€could€be€subject€to€suits€for€damages.€€òòSee€Hawks€v.€City€ofÐ ü0L,6 ÐWestmorelandóó,€960€S.W.2d€10,€14€(Tenn.€1997).€€Consistent€with€the€earlierÐ  2ð-8 Ðprecedents,€the€Act€authorized€civil€actions€for€damages€against€local€governmentalÏentities€for€the€ð ðdefective,€unsafe,€or€dangerous€condition€of€any€street,€alley,Ïsidewalk€or€highwayðð€and€for€the€ð ðdangerous€or€defective€condition€of€any€publicÐ Œ7Ü2> Ðbuilding,€structure,€dam,€reservoir€or€other€public€improvementðð€owned€andÏcontrolled€by€a€local€governmental€entity.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€€29„20„203(a),Ð T¤ Є204(a)€(1980€&€Supp.€1998).€€€For€these€purposes,€the€terms€ð ðstreetðð€and€ð ðhighwayððÏinclude€traffic€control€devices€installed€by€the€local€governmental€entity.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.Ð œ ì ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€29„20„203(a).ÌÌà ` àThese€statutes€are€directly€applicable€to€the€case€at€hand.€€The€AirportÏAuthority€is€a€ð ðgovernmental€entityðð€as€defined€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„20„102(3)Ï(Supp.€1998)€because€it€is€an€instrumentality€of€government€created€by€act€of€theÏGeneral€Assembly€and€the€Metropolitan€Government€of€Nashville€and€DavidsonÏCounty.€€òòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€42„4„101,€„117€(1993€&€Supp.€1998).òòóó׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€addition,Ð h Ðthe€parking€lots€at€the€airport,€together€with€the€traffic€control€devices€installed€in€theÏparking€lots,€amount€to€streets,€sidewalks,€and€public€improvements€owned€andÏcontrolled€by€the€Airport€Authority€for€the€purpose€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€29„20„¼203(a),€„204(a).׃@×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¨ø ÐÌà@¥¥.Dàò òIV.ó óˆà p àÐ ð@  ÐÌà ` àWe€now€turn€to€the€principles€governing€liability€determinations€in€premisesÏliability€cases€involving€local€governmental€entities.€€Because€of€their€superiorÏknowledge€of€the€condition€of€the€premises,€owners€and€occupiers€of€property,Ïincluding€owners€and€occupiers€of€public€property,€owe€persons€lawfully€on€theirÏproperty€the€duty€of€reasonable€care€under€all€the€circumstances.€òòSee€McCormick€v.Ð È($, ÐWatersóó,€594€S.W.2d€385,€387€(Tenn.€1980);€òòJones€v.€Exxon€Corp.óó,€940€S.W.2d€69,Ð l*¼%. Ð71€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€This€duty€includes€the€duty€either€to€remove€dangerousÏconditions€on€their€premises€or€to€warn€persons€about€dangerous€conditions€that€theÐ ´-)2 Ðowner€knows€or€should€know€about.€€òòSee€Blair€v.€Campbellóó,€924€S.W.2d€75,€76Ð ° Ð(Tenn.€1996);€òòEaton€v.€McLainóó,€891€S.W.2d€587,€593„94€(Tenn.€1994).€€It€does€notÐ T¤ Ðinclude€the€duty€to€remove€or€to€warn€about€conditions€from€which€no€unreasonableÏrisk€could€be€anticipated€or€conditions€that€the€owner€or€occupier€neither€knew€aboutÏnor€could€have€reasonably€discovered.€€òòSee€Rice€v.€Sabiróó,€979€S.W.2d€305,€309Ð @  Ð(Tenn.€1998).ÌÌà ` àPremises€liability€claims€against€local€governmental€entities€have€four€basicÏingredients:€(1)€proof€that€the€governmental€entity€owns€and€controls€the€premisesÏwhere€the€injury€occurred;€(2)€proof€that€a€dangerous€or€defective€condition,€or€in€theÏcase€of€sidewalks€and€streets€an€unsafe€condition,€caused€the€injury;€(3)€proof€that€theÏgovernmental€entity€had€ð ðconstructive€and/or€actual€noticeðð€of€the€condition;€and€(4)Ïproof€that€the€governmental€entity€breached€its€duty€either€to€remove€or€eliminate€theÏdangerous€condition€or€to€provide€adequate€warnings€of€the€conditionððs€existence.€Ð T ÐòòSeeóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€29„20„203(b),€„204(b);€òòBurgess€v.€Harleyóó,€934€S.W.2d€58,Ð ¨ø Ð63€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€ÌÌà ` àThe€requirement€of€actual€or€constructive€notice€reflects€the€understanding€thatÏa€property€ownerððs€duty€stems€from€its€superior€knowledge€of€the€condition€of€theÏpremises.€€The€proof€of€actual€or€constructive€notice€may€take€two€forms.€€First,Ïactual€knowledge€can€be€proved€by€demonstrating€that€the€owner€or€occupier,€or€anÏagent€of€the€owner€or€occupier,€was€responsible€for€causing€or€creating€the€condition.€ÏSecond,€if€the€owner€or€occupier,€or€their€agent,€did€not€cause€or€create€the€condition,Ïconstructive€notice€can€be€proved€by€demonstrating€that€the€condition€existed€for€aÏsufficiently€long€length€of€time€that€the€owner€or€occupier,€or€their€agent,€in€theÏexercise€of€reasonable€care,€should€have€become€aware€of€the€condition.€€òòSee€MartinÐ ´-)2 Ðv.€Washmaster€Auto€Ctr.,€U.S.A.óó,€946€S.W.2d€314,€318€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).€€ThisÐ X/¨*4 Ðcourt€has€applied€these€principles€in€premises€liability€cases€brought€under€theÏTennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act.€€òòSee€McCorkle€v.€County€of€Dyeróó,€No.Ð  2ð-8 Ð02A01„9701„CV„00020,€1998€WL€155437,€at€*2„3€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Apr.€6,€1998)Ï(Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€dismissed);€òòWilson€v.€City€of€Lebanonóó,€No.€01A01„Ð è581< Ð9110„CV„00353,€1992€WL€279863,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Oct.€14,€1992)€(No€Tenn.ÏR.€App.€P.€11€application€filed).ÌÐ Ô:$6B ÐñÙñ‡ÌñÙñà@ÓÓ.Dàò òV.ó óˆÐ T¤ ÐÌà ` àIt€remains€to€be€decided€whether€the€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€ParkingÏare€entitled,€as€a€matter€of€law,€to€a€judgment€dismissing€Mr.€Searsðð€negligenceÏclaims€against€them.€€They€can€prevail€only€if€one€of€two€circumstances€exist.€€First,Ïthey€are€entitled€to€a€summary€judgment€if€they€establish€conclusively€that€they€haveÏan€affirmative€defense€to€Mr.€Searsðð€action.€€Second,€they€are€entitled€to€a€summaryÏjudgment€if€they€affirmatively€negate€an€essential€element€of€Mr.€Searsðð€case.€€òòSeeÐ Ð  ÐWhitehaven€Community€Baptist€Church€v.€Hollowayóó,€973€S.W.2d€592,€595€(Tenn.Ð tÄ Ð1998);€òòByrd€v.€Hallóó,€847€S.W.2d€at€215€n.5.€€In€either€circumstance,€they€haveÐ h Ðdemonstrated€that€there€is€no€need€for€a€trial.ÌÌà ` àNeither€the€Airport€Authority€nor€Republic€Parking€used€their€summaryÏjudgment€motion€to€assert€an€affirmative€defense.€€Rather,€they€were€essentiallyÏasserting€that€Mr.€Sears€would€be€unable€to€prove€all€the€elements€of€his€cause€ofÏaction.€€As€we€will€demonstrate,€the€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€have€notÏsucceeded.€€Viewing€the€evidence€in€the€light€most€favorable€to€Mr.€Sears,€there€isÏsubstantial€doubt€that€the€facts€require€a€judgment€for€either€the€Airport€Authority€orÏRepublic€Parking€as€a€matter€of€law.ÌÌà@ÓÓ.Dàò òA.ˆÐ $'t"* Ðà@ DàòòOwnership€and€Control€of€the€Premisesó óóóˆÐ È($, ÐÌà ` àThere€is€no€real€dispute€regarding€the€ownership€and€control€of€the€short€termÏparking€lot€at€the€airport.€€The€Airport€Authority€owns€and€controls€this€parking€lot.€ÏWhile€undoubtedly€Republic€Parking€has€some€control€over€the€operation€of€theÏparking€lot,€there€is€no€evidence€that€it€exercises€exclusive€control€over€the€parkingÏlot€or€that€it€is€not€acting€as€the€Airport€Authorityððs€agent€with€regard€to€the€operationÏand€maintenance€of€the€parking€lot.€€There€is€likewise€no€proof€that€Republic€ParkingÏis€somehow€independently€responsible€for€installing€and€maintaining€the€trafficÏcontrol€device€at€issue€in€this€case.ÌñÚñÌñÚñÐ Ô:$6B Ðà@ÙÙ.Dàò òB.ˆÐ ° Ðà@\ \ DàòòThe€Existence€of€a€Dangerous€Conditionóóó óˆÐ T¤ ÐÌà ` àThe€Airport€Authority€asserts€in€its€brief€that€ð ðthe€condition€of€the€exit€armÏcannot€be€deemed€ððdangerousðððð€as€a€matter€of€law.€€However,€in€negligence€cases,€theÏjury€is€ordinarily€left€to€decide€whether€a€condition€is€dangerous€when€someÏcompetent€evidence€of€hazard€exists.€€òòSee€Helton€v.€Knox€Countyóó,€922€S.W.2d€877,Ð ˆØ  Ð882€(Tenn.€1996);€òòOgilvie€v.€Metropolitan€Govððtóó,€No.€01A01„9709„CV„00466,€1998Ð ,|  ÐWL€272793,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€May€29,€1998)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11Ïapplication€filed);€òòCity€of€Knoxville€v.€Fergusonóó,€34€Tenn.€App.€585,€590,€241€S.W.2dÐ tÄ Ð612,€614€(1951).€€This€record€contains€competent€evidence€from€which€a€reasonableÏfact„finder€could€conclude€that€the€traffic€control€device€at€the€exit€to€the€short€termÏparking€lot€was€dangerous€or€unsafe.ÌÌà ` àThe€very€manner€in€which€Mr.€Sears€was€injured€provides€an€indication€of€howÏdangerous€the€traffic€control€device€can€be€to€persons€who€are€not€riding€in€vehiclesÏwith€roofs.€€The€arm€closed€directly€on€Mr.€Sears€because€his€motorcycle€had€no€roof,Ïroll€bar,€or€other€similar€protection.€€In€addition,€the€fact€that€the€Airport€AuthorityÏand€Republic€Parking€decided€to€post€cautionary€signs€directed€to€pedestrians,Ïbicyclists,€and€motorcyclists€€provides€some€evidence€that€the€operation€of€the€trafficÏcontrol€device€might€pose€a€danger€to€persons€on€foot€or€riding€motorcycles€orÏbicycles.ÌÌà@ÓÓ.Dàò òC.ˆÐ l*¼%. Ðà@' ' DàòòKnowledge€of€the€Existence€of€the€Conditionóóó óˆÐ ,`'0 ÐÌà ` àBoth€the€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€knew€of€the€existence€andÏmanner€of€operation€of€the€traffic€control€device€at€the€exit€from€the€short€termÏparking€lot.€€Because€they€were€responsible€for€the€deviceððs€installation€andÏmaintenance,€it€is€reasonable€to€presume€that€they€understood€how€it€was€designedÏto€operate€and€how€it€was€operating€in€May€1994.€€The€fact€that€they€placed€a€warningÏsign€on€the€stanchion€cautioning€motorcyclists,€bicyclists,€and€pedestrians€not€to€passÏâ âthrough€the€device€indicates€that€they€understood€that€the€device,€even€whenÐ 09€4@ Ðoperating€normally,€could€present€a€danger€to€persons€who€were€not€riding€inÏvehicles.Ìâ âÌà@ÓÓ.Dàò òD.ˆÐ œ ì Ðà@ˆ ˆ DàòòBreach€of€the€Duty€to€Remove€or€Warnóóó óˆÐ @  ÐÌà ` àOwners€or€occupiers€of€property€may€discharge€their€duty€to€keep€theirÏpremises€safe€for€its€reasonably€expected€use€in€one€of€two€ways.€€They€may€eitherÏremove€or€eliminate€the€dangerous€condition,€or€they€may€warn€persons€lawfully€onÏthe€property€of€the€existence€of€the€dangerous€condition.€€The€purpose€of€the€warningÏis€to€enable€persons€lawfully€on€the€premises€to€avoid€the€dangerous€condition.€ÏRemoving€the€allegedly€dangerous€condition€was€not€an€option€in€this€case€becauseÏthe€traffic€control€device€was€an€integral€part€of€the€short€term€parking€lot.€ÏAccordingly,€the€duty€implicated€in€this€case€is€the€duty€to€warn.ÌÌà ` à€Municipal€corporations,€like€other€owners€or€occupiers€of€property,€have€aÏduty€to€warn€persons€of€dangers€on€their€property.€€òòSeeóó€òòColn€v.€City€of€Savannahóó,€966Ð ð@  ÐS.W.2d€at€39;€òòaccordóó€òòGalati€v.€Lake€Havasu€Cityóó,€920€P.2d€11,€16€(Ariz.€Ct.€App.Ð ” ä" Ð1996);€òòWelsh€v.€Metropolitan€Dade€Countyóó,€366€So.2d€518,€521€(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.Ð 8"ˆ$ Ð1979);òòóó€òòSchweizer€v.€City€of€Maplewoodóó,€784€S.W.2d€842,€843€(Mo.€Ct.€App.€1990);Ð Ü#,& ÐòòRoberts€v.€City€of€Grapevineóó,€923€S.W.2d€169,€171„72€(Tex.€App.€1996);€òòSmith€v.Ð €%Ð ( ÐAcme€Paving€Co.óó,€558€P.2d€811,€814„15€(Wash.€Ct.€App.€1976).€€When€this€dutyÐ $'t"* Ðexists,€questions€arise€concerning€the€nature€and€extent€of€the€warning€that€should€beÏrequired.ÌÌà ` àAs€a€general€matter,€local€governmental€entities€need€only€use€ordinary€careÏwhen€they€provide€warnings€of€the€existence€of€a€dangerous€condition.€€òòSeeóó€òòBannisterÐ X/¨*4 Ðv.€Town€of€Nobleóó,€812€F.2d€1265,€1268€(10th€Cir.€1987)òò;€Cooper€v.€City€of€Fairhopeóó,Ð ü0L,6 Ð83€So.2d€321,€323€(Ala.€1955).€€òòóóThe€warning€must€be€calculated€to€bring€the€dangerÐ  2ð-8 Ðto€the€attention€of€an€ordinary€prudent€person€under€the€circumstances.€€òòSeeóó€òòEvridgeÐ D4”/: Ðv.€American€Honda€Motor€Co.óó,€685€S.W.2d€632,€636„37€(Tenn.€1985)€(discussing€theÐ è581< Ðadequacy€of€warnings€in€product€liability€cases);€òòTrimble€v.€Irwinóó,€59€Tenn.€App.€465,Ð Œ7Ü2> Ð473,€441€S.W.2d€818,€822€(1968).€€Once€a€court€determines€that€a€duty€to€warn€exists,Ïit€is€for€the€jury€to€decide€whether€the€actions€of€the€owner€or€occupier€of€the€propertyÐ Ô:$6B Ðsatisfactorily€discharged€the€duty.€€òòSee€Glenn€v.€Conneróó,€533€S.W.2d€297,€302€(Tenn.Ð ° Ð1976);€òòsee€alsoóó€òòBigelow€v.€City€of€Ontarioóó,€99€P.2d€298,€301„02€(Cal.€Ct.€App.€1940)Ð T¤ Ð(stating€that€the€sufficiency€of€warnings€given€by€the€city€of€a€dangerous€conditionÏshould€be€left€to€determination€by€the€triers€of€fact).ÌÌà ` àCourts€and€legal€commentators€have€written€extensively€on€the€content€andÏformats€appropriate€to€warnings,€and€we€need€not€catalogue€this€òòð§ðuvreóó€here.€€At€thisÐ ˆØ  Ðstage€of€the€proceeding,€it€is€sufficient€to€note€that€the€sufficiency€of€a€warning€mayÏdepend€on€such€things€as€its€placement,€its€content,€the€use€of€color€and€size€of€print,Ïand€the€employment€of€symbols€used€to€draw€attention€to€the€nature€and€extent€of€theÏadjunctive€danger.€€òòSeeóó€òòe.g.óó,€òòMcMahon€v.€Bunn„O„Matic€Corp.óó,€150€F.3d€651,€656Ð h Ð(7th€Cir.€1998)€(containing€a€general€discussion€on€warnings);€òòSalvati€v.€DepartmentÐ ¼  Ðof€State€Highwaysóó,€405€N.W.2d€856,€859,€862„63€(Mich.€1982);€David€Polin,€òòFailureÐ `° Ðto€Warn€as€Proximate€Cause€of€Injuryóó,€8€Am.€Jur.€Proof€of€Facts€3d€547€(1990).Ð T ÐÌà ` àMr.€Sears€filed€a€detailed€affidavit€opposing€the€motion€for€summary€judgmentÏand€included€with€the€affidavit€a€videotape€made€two€days€after€the€accident€showingÏthe€route€he€used€to€enter€and€leave€the€parking€lot.€€He€states€in€his€affidavit€that€onÏthe€day€he€went€to€the€airport,€there€was€a€large€blue€sign€at€the€entrance€to€theÏparking€lot€containing€information€about€the€price€to€park.€€He€also€states€that€as€heÏentered€the€parking€lot,€he€did€not€see€any€sign€warning€motorcyclists€not€to€park€inÏthe€short€term€parking€lot€or€cautioning€them€about€the€danger€posed€by€the€operationÏof€the€traffic€control€device€at€the€exit€from€the€parking€lot.€€€In€addition,€he€states€thatÏhe€observed€no€warning€signs€in€the€portion€of€the€parking€garage€where€he€parked.€ÏFinally,€Mr.€Sears€concludes€that€if€signs€were€present,€their€size,€location,€and€colorÏdetracted€from€their€prominence€and€visibility€to€persons€entering€and€leaving€theÏparking€lot.€ÌÌà ` àMr.€Sears€also€states€that€he€was€unaware€of€other€exits€from€the€short€termÏparking€lot€that€would€not€have€required€him€to€pass€through€a€traffic€control€deviceÏsimilar€to€the€one€that€injured€him.€€He€added€that€there€were€no€signs€in€the€parkingÏlot€directing€motorcyclists€to€these€exits.€€He€also€stated€that€he€did€not€see€theÏcaution€sign€on€the€stanchion€as€he€left€the€parking€lot€ð ðbecause€it€is€relatively€small,Ïpainted€the€same€color€as€the€gate€post€and€barrier€post,€and€was€obstructed€from€viewÐ Ô:$6B Ðby€the€barrier€post€which€is€at€the€same€approximate€height€.€.€.ðð€€The€videotapeÏattached€to€Mr.€Searsðð€affidavit€strongly€corroborates€Mr.€Searsðð€testimony.€€ÌÌà ` àAfter€reviewing€the€evidence€both€supporting€and€opposing€the€summaryÏjudgment€motions,€we€conclude€that€reasonable€minds€could€differ€on€whether€theÏAirport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€gave€adequate€warning€that€the€short„termÏparking€exit€gate€arm's€operation€posed€a€hazard€to€motorcyclists.€€Accordingly,€theÏAirport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€have€not€affirmatively€negated€this€essentialÏelement€of€Mr.€Searsðð€case.ÌÌñàñÌñàñà@ÙÙ.Dàò òE.ˆÐ h Ðà@22DàòòThe€Cause€of€Mr.€Searsðð€Injuriesóóó óˆÐ ¼  ÐÌà ` àBoth€the€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€argued,€and€the€trial€courtÏapparently€concluded,€that€Mr.€Searsðð€injuries€were€caused€not€by€the€traffic€controlÏdevice€but€rather€by€his€inattentiveness.€As€Republic€Parking€puts€it,€Mr.€Sears€Ïð ðadmitted€during€his€deposition€that€he€was€not€paying€attention€while€travelingÏthrough€the€controlled€parking€area.ðð€€The€Airport€Authority€adds€that€the€undisputedÏfacts€demonstrate€that€Mr.€Sears€ð ðcould€have€seen€the€yellow€protective€post€andÏblock€from€which€the€arm€extended,€but€he€did€not€see€them€because€he€was€watchingÏthe€arm.ððÌÌà ` àNo€negligence€claim€can€succeed€unless€the€plaintiff€can€prove€that€theÏdefendantððs€conduct€was€a€cause„in„fact€of€the€plaintiff's€loss.€€òòSeeóó€òòWaste€Mgmt.,€Inc.Ð l*¼%. Ðof€Tenn.€v.€South€Cent.€Bell€Tel.€Co.óó,€No.€01A01„9504„CV„00182,€1997€WL€71811,Ð ,`'0 Ðat€*4€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Feb.€21,€1997)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed).€€TheÏplaintiff€need€not€prove€that€the€defendantððs€conduct€was€the€sole€cause„in„fact€of€theÏloss€because€a€single€injury€may€be€the€result€of€more€than€one€cause„in„fact.€€òòSeeóó€Ð ü0L,6 ÐòòBurgess€v.€Harleyóó,€934€S.W.2d€at€68.€€To€be€the€cause„in„fact€of€an€injury,€theÐ  2ð-8 Ðnegligent€conduct€must€have€been€a€substantial€factor€in€bringing€about€the€injury.€ÏòòSeeóó€òòBoling€v.€Tennessee€State€Bankóó,€890€S.W.2d€32,€36€(Tenn.€1994).€€Cause„in„factÐ è581< Ðissues€are€ordinarily€questions€of€fact€for€the€jury.€€òòSeeóó€òòEaton€v.€McLainóó,€891€S.W.2dÐ Œ7Ü2> Ðat€590.ÌÐ Ô:$6B Ðà ` àPersons€operating€moving€vehicles,€including€motorcycles,€are€required€toÏobserve€those€things€which,€in€the€exercise€of€ordinary€care,€are€there€to€be€seen.€€òòSeeóóÐ T¤ ÐòòFerrer€v.€City€of€Memphisóó,€Shelby€Law€No.€5,€1988€WL€55741,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð øH ÐJune€2,€1988)€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Aug.€22,€1988);€òòShew€v.€Baileyóó,€37€Tenn.Ð œ ì ÐApp.€40,€46,€260€S.W.2d€362,€364„65€(1951);€òòKing€v.€Tennessee€Cent.€Ry.€Co.óó,€36Ð @  ÐTenn.€App.€192,€201,€253€S.W.2d€202,€206€(1952).€€Mr.€Sears'€statements€in€hisÏdeposition€and€affidavit€do€not€necessarily€lead€to€the€conclusion€that€he€wasÏinattentive€to€visible€hazards€in€his€path.€€He€stated€that€he€watched€the€arm€rise€andÏdescend€when€the€automobile€in€front€of€him€left€the€parking€lot,€and€he€added€thatÏhe€could€not€see€the€stanchion€of€the€traffic€control€device€where€the€caution€sign€wasÏaffixed€because€the€automobiles€ahead€of€him€blocked€his€view€until€the€lastÏautomobile€passed€the€traffic€control€device.ÌÌà ` àMr.€Sears€watched€the€movement€of€the€arm€on€the€traffic€control€device€whenÏhis€time€came€to€leave€the€parking€lot.€€When€the€arm€did€not€rise€as€quickly€as€heÏexpected,€Mr.€Sears€was€required€to€bring€his€motorcycle€to€almost€a€complete€stop.€ÏHe€proceeded€through€the€traffic€control€device€only€after€he€believed€that€the€armÏhad€ascended€to€its€maximum€height.€€Based€on€this€evidence,€we€cannot€say,€eitherÏas€a€finding€of€fact€or€conclusion€of€law,€that€Mr.€Sears€was€inattentive€or€that€heÏwould€not€have€been€injured€had€he€been€paying€more€attention€to€the€stanchion€asÏopposed€to€the€moving€arm€on€the€traffic€control€device.€€If€anything,€a€reasonableÏfinder„of„fact€might€be€more€apt€to€conclude€that€a€person€who€did€not€watch€theÏmoving€arm€on€the€traffic€control€device€was€inattentive.ÌÌà ` àThe€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€attach€a€great€deal€of€significanceÏto€the€caution€sign€on€the€stanchion€of€the€traffic€control€device€at€the€exit€from€theÏparking€lot.€€However,€the€impact€of€this€sign€on€persons€leaving€the€parking€lot€isÏdiluted€by€the€fact€that€it€is€largely€obscured€by€the€yellow€post€in€front€of€it.€€AÏreasonable€fact„finder€could€conclude€that€the€partially€obscured€sign€would€fail€toÏprovide€any€meaningful€warning,€even€to€persons€looking€in€the€sign's€generalÏdirection.ÌÌà ` àCausation€questions€are€fact„sensitive€and€require€that€the€evidence€beÏreviewed€in€light€of€logic€and€common€sense.€€òòSee€Burgess€v.€Harleyóó,€934€S.W.2d€atÐ Ô:$6B Ð68„69.€€It€is€not€our€prerogative€at€this€stage€of€the€proceeding€and€in€light€of€thisÏrecord€to€conclude€that€Mr.€Searsðð€conduct€was€the€sole€cause„in„fact€of€his€injuries.€ÏThe€evidence€concerning€causation€does€not€entitle€the€Airport€Authority€or€RepublicÏParking€to€a€judgment€as€a€matter€of€law.€€What€part,€if€any,€Mr.€Sears'€inattentivenessÏplayed€in€his€injuries€should€be€left€to€the€fact„finder's€determination€under€principlesÏof€comparative€fault.€ÌÌñÛñÌñÛñà@¥¥.Dàò òVI.ó óˆÐ ,|  ÐÌà ` àThe€trial€court€also€based€its€decision€to€grant€the€Airport€Authority€andÏRepublic€Parking€summary€judgments€on€its€conclusion€that€the€operation€andÏcondition€of€the€traffic€control€device€was€open€and€obvious.€€The€trial€court€arrivedÏat€this€conclusion€before€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€determined€that€owners€andÏoccupiers€of€premises€were€not€relieved€of€their€duty€to€remove€or€to€warn€of€aÏdangerous€condition€simply€because€the€danger€was€ð ðopen€and€obvious.ðð€€òòSee€ColnÐ ¨ø Ðv.€City€of€Savannahóó,€966€S.W.2d€at€43.€€Now€that€the€ð ðopen€and€obviousðð€doctrine€hasÐ Lœ Ðbeen€subsumed€in€the€comparative€fault€analysis,€we€doubt€that€the€trial€court€wouldÏhave€dismissed€Mr.€Searsðð€complaint€solely€on€the€basis€that€the€operation€andÏcondition€of€the€traffic€control€device€was€open€and€obvious.ÌÌà@ww-Dàò òVII.ó óˆÐ €%Ð ( ÐÌà ` àWe€vacate€the€summary€judgment€and€remand€the€case€to€the€trial€court€forÏfurther€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€We€also€tax€the€costs€of€this€appealÏin€equal€proportions€to€the€Metropolitan€Nashville€Airport€Authority€and€RepublicÏParking€Systems,€Inc.€for€which€execution,€if€necessary,€may€issue.€ÌÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à____________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌñßñÌñßññÜñÌñÜñCONCUR:ÌñÝñÌñÝñÌ_________________________________ÌHENRY€F.€TODD,ÌPRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.ÌÌñÞñÌñÞñ_________________________________ÌWALTER€W.€BUSSART,Ì€SPECIAL€JUDGEñáñÐ  ì;<7@ ÐÔ€ gÀ!»¼»WÔÑ8€»W»»d»»d8Ñà@¡ ¡ DàÔ‡„|l„»¼»WÔò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@ÜÜ)DàAT€NASHVILLEˆÌó óÔ#† gÀ!„„|l¹”#ÔÌÌÔ‡¼»W»»¼»WÔÌBOBBY€RAY€SEARS,à h àà À àà  à)Ð  l Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àPlaintiff/Appellant,à À àà  à)Ð L œ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àDavidson€CircuitÐ d´  ÐVS.à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)à p àNo.€95C„1570Ð |Ì  Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)ÌMETROPOLITAN€NASHVILLEà  à)à p àAppeal€No.Ð ¬ü  ÐAIRPORT€AUTHORITY€andà À àà  à)à p à01A01„9703„CV„00138Ð Ä  ÐREPUBLIC€PARKING€SYSTEMS,à  à)Ð Ü,  ÐINC.,à ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ð ôD Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à)Ìà ` àDefendants/Appellees.à À àà  à)Ð $t ÐÔ#† gÀ!»¼»W]•#ÔÌò òÌà@cc(DàòòJ€U€D€G€M€E€N€Tóóó óˆÐ À ÐÌÔ€Š0—‹! gÀÔÓ€Óà ` àThis€cause€came€on€to€be€heard€upon€the€record€on€appeal€from€the€Davidson€CountyÐ D” ÐCircuit€Court,€the€briefs€of€the€parties,€and€arguments€of€counsel.€€Upon€consideration€of€theÏentire€record,€this€court€finds€and€concludes€that€the€trial€judge's€judgment€should€be€vacated.ÌÌà ` àIn€accordance€with€the€opinion€filed€contemporaneously€with€this€judgment,€it€is,Ïtherefore,€ordered,€adjudged,€and€decreed€that€the€trial€court's€judgment€be€and€is€herebyÏvacated,€and€that€the€cause€be€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€further€proceedings€consistentÏwith€this€court's€opinion.ÌÌà ` àIt€is€further€ordered€that€the€costs€of€this€appeal€be€taxed€in€equal€proportions€toÏMetropolitan€Nashville€Airport€Authority€and€Republic€Parking€Systems,€Inc.€for€whichÏexecution€may€issue,€if€necessary.ÌÌÓ€Óà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àHENRY€F.€TODD,Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€M.S.ÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGE€ÌÌÌà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à_______________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àWALTER€W.€BUSSART,Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àSPECIAL€JUDGEñáñ