ÿWPC3 …# VUNa %¯ 0(µbÝw.å4 ' 6 0J> 0Tˆ 0^Ü 0h: 0r¢ 0| 0† 0 1u¦ 0d U> B)½ DCæ AM)U*v  v~­ B+vÓH D3 0@N AOŽÆÝ 0D£ D/ç B˜HP LaserJet 4Si/4SiMX PS 600dpiPSCRIPTÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0nLHÎ(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡- ù-@'A'B'C'D'E'Ó€O'DÒ 3|xO'2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d7Border 1dd€- Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÔ€"ÔÔ€"ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€"XÔÌÌJune€18,€1997ÌÌCecil€W.€CrowsonÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'h dStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò%%%%'ÿÿdxd("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò€-‚ƒCþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó„„'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ ° ÒÒ  ÒÒ „ ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ€ÑÑ7€¦EXXdìdÈ7ÑÑ  ÑÑ  Ñò ò›Þ ÞÌTHE€CITY€OF€WHITE€HOUSE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àSumner€County€ChanceryÌà àPlaintiff/Appellee,à àà àà àà à)à àNo.€95C„41Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€à à)à àAppeal€No.ÌLAWRENCE€RAY€WHITLEY,€à àà àà à)€à à01A01„9612„CH„00571ÌDistrict€Attorney€General€for€the€Eighteenthà à)à à̜ـ€ÙßR€!# A1-j|¤X` ç `€€@ÿRß›Judicial€District€for€the€State€of€Tennessee,à à)ÌJOHN€CARNEY,€District€Attorney€and€à àà à)ÌTHE€STATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants/Appellants,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌTAYLOR€(TED)€EMERY,€Sheriff€for€Robertson€)ÌCounty,€Tennessee,€J.€D.€VANDERVORK,à à)€ÌSheriff€for€Sumner€County,€Tennessee,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants.à àà àà àà àà à)ÌÌÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌà@ àMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEÌÌÌà@ àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€SUMNER€COUNTY€CHANCERY€COURTÌà@ àAT€GALLATIN,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌà@ àHONORABLE€TOM€E.€GRAY,€œJUDGE›Ìó óÌœJohn€Knox€WalkupÌAttorney€General€and€ReporterÌ›ÌGordon€W.€SmithÌAssociate€Solicitor€GeneralÌ500€Charlotte€AvenueÌNashville,€TN€37243ÌœATTORNEYS›€FOR€DEFENDANTS/APPELLANTSÌÌDavid€M.€AmonetteÌ554€West€Main€StreetÌGallatin,€TN€37066ÌATTORNEY€FOR€PLAINTIFF/APPELLEEÌÌÌò òÓ  ÓÔ€¼ÔREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDó óÔ€XÔÌÓ  ÓÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àHENRY€F.€TODDÌà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌÌœCONCURS:›ÌœSAMUEL›€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEÌœÌDISSENTS€IN€SEPARATE€OPINION:ÌWILLIAM›€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEÌÌò òTHE€CITY€OF€WHITE€HOUSE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àPlaintiff/Appellee,à àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àSumner€County€ChanceryÌà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àNo.€95C„41ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€à à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€à à)à à01A01„9612„CH„00571ÌLAWRENCE€RAY€WHITLEY,€à àà àà à)€ÌDistrict€Attorney€General€for€the€Eighteenthà à)ÌJudicial€District€for€the€State€of€Tennessee,à à)ÌJOHN€CARNEY,€District€Attorney€and€à àà à)ÌTHE€STATE€OF€TENNESSEE,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants/Appellants,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌTAYLOR€(TED)€EMERY,€Sheriff€for€Robertson€)ÌCounty,€Tennessee,€J.€D.€VANDERVORK,à à)€ÌSheriff€for€Sumner€County,€Tennessee,à àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àDefendants.à àà àà àà àà à)ÌÌÌÔ€¼Ôà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€Nóóó óÔ€XÔÌÓÓÓ  ÓÌà àà àThe€captioned€defendants,€Lawrence€Ray€Whitley,€District€Attorney,€JohnÏCarney,€District€Attorney,€and€The€State€of€Tennessee€have€appealed€from€an€unsatisfactoryÏnon„jury€judgment€in€this€suit€for€a€declaratory€judgment€and€mandamus.€€The€other€captionedÏdefendants€have€not€appealed.€€The€appellants€present€the€following€issue:ÌÓÓà àà àDoes€Article€I,€Section€8,€of€the€Constitution€of€Tennessee€Ìà àà àprohibit€a€non„lawyer€judge€from€presiding€over€a€criminalÌà àà àdefendantððs€trial€for€an€offense€punishable€by€incarceration?ÌÓÓÌò òÓ  ÓI.ÌThe€Complaintó óÌÓ  Óà àà àOn€March€2,€1995,€the€plaintiff,€The€City€of€White€House€filed€a€ð ðComplaintÏfor€Declaratory€Judgmentðð€alleging€the€following€facts:ÌÌà àà à1.à àThe€City€is€situated€partly€in€Sumner€County€and€partly€in€RobertsonÏCounty.ÌÌà àà à2.à àThe€City€has€created€a€municipal€court€and€has€designated€a€non„lawyerÏto€act€as€judge€of€said€court.ÌÌà àà à3.à àThe€defendants€district€attorneys€have€declined€to€prosecute€before€saidÏcourt€any€œoffenses›€punishable€by€loss€of€liberty€because€the€incumbent€judge€is€not€a€licensedÏattorney,€and€the€defendantsðð€sheriffs€have€declined€to€accept€for€detention€any€personÏcommitted€by€said€judge€upon€a€charge€or€conviction€of€such€offenses.ÌÌà àà àThe€prayers€of€the€complaint€were€for€a€declaration€of€the€authority€of€saidÏjudge€and€duties€of€the€defendantsðð€district€attorneys€and€sheriffs,€and€for€the€enforcement€ofÏthe€performance€of€€such€duties€by€mandamus.ÌÌà àà àThe€defendants€moved€to€dismiss€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€for€which€reliefÏmay€be€granted.Ìò òÓ  ÓII.ÌThe€Judgmentó óÌÓÓÓ  Óà àà àOn€€March€€27,€€1996,€the€Trial€Court€entered€the€following€order:ÌÌà àà àThis€€matter€€came€on€to€be€heard€upon€Motion€to€Dismiss€filed€byÌà àà àthe€€defendants€€and€€Motion€€to€€Amend€€filed€by€plaintiff,€and€the€Ìà àà àCourt€€granted€€the€Motion€to€Amend,€heard€oral€argument€on€the€Ìà àà àMotion€to€Dismiss€and€granted€plaintiff€time€to€file€a€supplementalÌà àà àbrief.€€After€€consideration€€of€€the€facts€as€agreed€to€by€the€partiesÌà àà àand€€the€€record,€€the€€Court€issued€a€Memorandum€dated€the€27th€Ìà àà àDay€of€March,€1996.ÌÌà àà àIT€IS€THEREFORE€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€AND€DECREEDÌà àà àthe€€Memorandum€€dated€€the€€27th€€day€€of€March,€1996€is€incor„Ìà àà àporated€herein€and€made€a€part€hereof€and€said€document€reads€inÌà àà àwords€and€figures€as€follows:ÌÌà àà à1.à àUpon€€its€€own€€motion,€€the€€Court€€hereby€€dismisses€the€Ìà àà àaction€€filed€€against€€Taylor€(Ted)€Emery,€the€Sheriff€for€Robert„Ìà àà àson€County,€Tennessee,€on€the€basis€of€improper€venue.ÌÌà àà à2.à àThe€€Motion€€to€€Dismiss€filed€by€the€defendants€is€herebyÌà àà àdenied.ÌÌà àà à3.à àAs€to€the€prayer€for€a€Writ€of€Mandamus,€the€Court€shallÌà àà àconduct€a€hearing€at€a€date€and€time€agreed€upon€by€plaintiff€andÌà àà àdefendants€œor›€œupon›€failure€to€agree€at€a€date€and€time€set€by€theÌÓÓà àà àCourt.ÌÌÓÓà àà àThe€memorandum,€which€is€part€of€the€order,€states€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„€ÌÓÓÓÓà àà à€€€€A€municipal€court€and€not€a€general€sessions€court€is€the€city€Ìà àà àcourt€€of€€White€€House,€€but€€if€€the€judge€is€elected€by€popular€Ìà àà àelection€pursuant€to€Ordinance€94„01€Section€1„503€and€White€Ìà àà àHouse€€has€€complied€€with€applicable€Tennessee€statutory€law,€Ìà àà àthe€€city€€has€established€jurisdiction€concurrent€with€the€courts€Ìà àà àof€general€sessions€in€cases€involving€violation€of€criminal€laws€Ìà àà àof€Tennessee.€ÌÌà àà à€€€€In€€paragraph€€18€€of€€the€Complaint,€plaintiff€alleges€that€its€Ìà àà àmunicipal€€judge€€is€€vested€€with€concurrent€jurisdiction€of€theÌà àà àgeneral€€€sessions€€€courts€€€of€€€the€€State€€of€€Tennessee.€€€The€Ìà àà àMunicipal€€Court€€of€€White€€House€€is€€not€in€toto€vested€withÌà àà àconcurrent€jurisdiction€of€the€general€sessions€courts.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€The€only€concurrent€jurisdiction€with€general€sessions€courtsÌà àà àconveyed€€by€the€City€of€White€House€in€Ordinance€94„01€is€inÌà àà àcases€€involving€€violation€€of€€criminal€€laws€of€the€State€within€Ìà àà àthe€corporate€limits€of€the€city.€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€The€General€Assembly€by€enactment€of€T.C.A.€6„4„301€and€Ìà àà àT.C.A.€16„18„201€„€16„18„207€has€manifested€an€intent€to€vestÌà àà àin€€municipal€€courtsðð€concurrent€jurisdiction€and€authority€with€Ìà àà àcourts€€of€€general€€sessions,€€as€set€forth€in€title€40,€in€all€cases€Ìà àà àof€€the€€violation€€of€the€criminal€laws€of€the€state€of€Tennessee€Ìà àà àwithin€the€limits€of€the€municipality.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€Municipal€€€Court€€€judges€€are€€not€€required€€by€€Tennessee€Ìà àà àstatute€€€to€€€be€€authorized€€to€€practice€€law€€in€€the€€Courts€of€Ìà àà àTennessee.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„€Ìà àà à€€€€The€€Court€€denies€€the€€motion€of€defendants€to€dismiss€thisÌà àà àaction.€€The€City€of€White€House€has€complied€with€TennesseeÌà àà àstatutory€€law€€to€€establish€€a€€municipal€court€and€to€popularly€Ìà àà àelect€a€judge.€Concurrent€jurisdiction€and€authority€with€courts€Ìà àà àof€€general€€sessions€€as€€set€€forth€€in€€title€40€in€all€cases€of€the€Ìà àà àviolation€€of€€criminal€laws€of€the€State€of€Tennessee€within€the€Ìà àà àlimits€of€municipality€exists€in€the€White€House€City€Court.ÌÌà àà à€€€€As€€to€€the€€prayer€€for€€a€Writ€of€Mandamus,€the€Court€shall€Ìà àà àconduct€€a€€hearing€€at€a€date€and€time€agreed€upon€by€plaintiff€Ìà àà àand€€defendants€€or€€upon€failure€to€agree€at€a€date€and€time€set€ÌÓÓà àà àby€the€Court.€Ìà àÌÓ  Óà àà àAfter€the€defendants€filed€their€answer,€on€May€28,€1996,€the€Trial€CourtÏentered€an€order€stating:ÌÓÓà àà à€€€€Upon€€further€consideration€by€the€Court,€it€appears€that€the€Ìà àà àorder€€entered€€on€€March€€27,€1996,€should€be€amended.€€It€is,€Ìà àà àtherefore,€€ORDERED,€€ADJUDGED,€€AND€DECREED,€thatÌà àà àthe€€order€€be€€amended€by€adding€at€the€end€of€numbered€para„Ìà àà àgraph€three€(3)€on€the€last€page€thereof,€the€following€sentence:ÌÌà àà àà àThe€€scope€of€€the€hearing€shall€include,€but€shallÌà àà àà ànot€€be€limited€to,€legal€argument€on€the€pendingÌà àà àà àamended€motion€to€dismiss€filed€on€behalf€of€theÌà àà àà àState€€of€Tennessee,€Lawrence€Ray€Whitley,€andÌà àà àà àJohn€€Carney,€as€well€as€any€proof€and€argumentÌà àà àà àthat€€the€€parties€€wish€to€present€as€to€the€prayerÌà àà àà àfor€a€Writ€of€Mandamus:ÌÌà àà àAnd€by€adding€the€following€new€paragraph€thereafter:ÌÌà àà à4.à àThe€Court€€orders€€judgment€€in€€favor€of€€the€plaintiff€ÌÓÓÓÓà àà àwith€€respect€€to€the€complaint€€for€declaratory€€judgment.€AllÌà àà àother€matters€are€reserved.ÌÓÓà àÌà àà àOn€October€15,€1996,€the€Trial€Court€entered€a€further€order€stating:ÌÓÓà àà à€€€On€€the€12th€day€of€€August,€1996,€€the€Court€set€this€matter€Ìà àà àfor€€final€€disposition€€on€the€19th€day€of€September,€1996€withÌà àà àparties€€having€€the€€right€€to€€appear,€€to€€call€€witnesses€and€to€Ìà àà àpresent€€evidence.€As€an€alternative€to€appearance€on€€the€19thÌà àà àday€€of€€September,€€1996,€€the€€Court€€allowed€€the€€parties€€to€Ìà àà àpresent€€stipulations€€and€€briefs€to€the€Court.€€After€considera„Ìà àà àtion€of€all€the€evidence€and€the€entire€record.ÌÌà àà àIT€IS€THEREFORE€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€AND€DECREED:Ìà àà àÌà àà à1.à àThe€€prayer€of€plaintiff€for€a€writ€of€Mandamus€to€issueÌà àà à€to€€the€€District€Attorney€General€for€the€18th€Judicial€District€Ìà àà àand€€€to€€the€District€€Attorney€€General€€for€€the€€19th€€Judicial€Ìà àà àDistrict€€is€€not€€well„taken€€and€€the€€prayer€€is€€denied€and€dis„Ìà àà àmissed.ÌÌà àà à2.à àThe€Court€finds€no€basis€upon€which€to€issue€a€declara„Ìà àà àtion€€that€the€sheriff€€of€€Sumner€County,€Tennessee€has€a€duty€Ìà àà àand€€obligation€€to€€take€and€incarcerate€persons€when€directed€Ìà àà àby€a€municipal€court€judge.ÌÌà àà à3.à àCosts€€are€€assessed€€equally€€to€€the€€parties€€for€€which€Ìà àà àexecuÓÓtion€may€issue,€if€necessary.ÌÌà àà àThereafter,€on€November€20,€1996,€the€Trial€Court€overruled€the€motion€ofÏappellants€for€stay€pending€appeal.ÌÌÌò òÓ  ÓIII.ÌDiscussionó óÌÓ  Óà àà àThere€is€no€transcript€or€statement€of€the€evidence,€but€the€parties€haveÏstipulated€the€pertinent€facts.ÌÌà àà àAppellants€assert€that€Article€œ1,€Section€8›€of€the€Constitution€of€TennesseeÏprohibits€non„lawyer€judges€from€presiding€over€the€trial€of€defendant€for€an€offenseÏpunishable€by€incarceration,€citing€òòState€ex€rel€Anglin€v.€Mitchellóó,€Tenn.€1980,€596€S.W.2dÏ779.ÌÌà àà àIn€the€cited€authority,€two€€juveniles€were€found€to€be€€delinquent€andÏcommitted€to€the€Department€of€Corrections€which,€at€that€time,€included€institutions€forÏjuveniles.€€From€the€extensive€discussion€of€the€law€and€disposition€of€the€appeal,€it€isÏpresumed€that€the€trial€judge€was€not€a€lawyer,€although€the€opinion€does€not€state€this€as€aÏfact.ÌÌà à€€à àBased€upon€the€constitutional,€statutory€and€judicial€authorities€cited,€a€majorityÏof€the€Supreme€Court€reversed€the€committal€and€said:ÌÓÓà àà à€€€€The€Constitution€of€Tennessee€contains€no€specific€require„€Ìà àà àment€€that€€judges€€be€€ð ðlearned€€in€€the€€law,ðð€€or€€that€they€be€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àlicensed€or€admitted€to€the€practice€of€law.ÌÌà àà à€€€€The€€only€€constitutional€€€requirement€€€for€€€judges€€of€€the€Ìà àà àSupreme€€Court€€is€€that€€they€€must€be€thirty„five€years€of€ageÌà àà àand€€must€€have€€been€€a€€resident€€of€€the€€state€€for€€five€years€Ìà àà àbefore€€election.€€€òòSee€óó€Article€€VI,€€Section€€3.€€€Other€€judgesÌà àà àmust€€be€€thirty€€years€€of€€age,€€and€must€have€been€a€residentÌà àà àof€€the€€state€€for€€five€€years€€and€of€€the€circuit€€or€district€forÌà àà àone€€€year€€before€€election.€òò€See€óó€Article€€VI,€€Section€4.€€AnyÌà àà àadditional€€requirements€€must€€be€imposed€by€the€legislature,€Ìà àà àwhich€€may€€supplement€€the€€minimum€€requirements€€of€€the€Ìà àà àConstitution€€so€€€long€€€as€€the€€additional€€requirements€€€are€Ìà àà àreasonable€€€and€€€not€€€inconsistent€€€with€€€our€€Constitution.Ìà àà àòòLeFever€v.€Wareóó,€211€Tenn.€393,€365€S.W.2d€44€(1963).Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€Prior€€€Tennessee€€cases€€€are€€€not€€helpful€€on€€the€precise€Ìà àà àquestion€we€address.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€All€€were€€decided€€under€statutory€enactments.€None€even€Ìà àà àalluded€€to€€the€€ð ðlaw€€of€€the€€landðð€or€ð ðdue€processðð€require„Ìà àà àments€€of€€Article€I,€Section€8€of€our€Constitution.€This€is€the€Ìà àà àonly€question€we€face.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€In€€1975,€€the€€case€€of€€òòPerry€€v.€€Banksóó,€€521€€S.W.2d€€549€Ìà àà à(Tenn.€1975),€came€€before€this€Court.€€Therefore,€three€mem„Ìà àà àbers€€of€€this€Court€dismissed€€the€€appeal€as€moot,€and€did€not€Ìà àà àpass€upon€the€issue.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€The€€dissenters€€in€òòPerry€€v.€€Banksóó€traced€the€history€of€the€Ìà àà àevolving€€standards€€of€due€€process€€in€€relation€€to€€the€€Sixth€Ìà àà àAmendment€€€right€€€to€€counsel€€€and€€€stated€€that€€ð ð[t]here€€isÌà àà àinvolved€€€something€€€that€€€ððshocks€€€the€€€most€€€fundamental€Ìà àà àinstincts€of€€civilized€€man,ðð€when€a€child€is€taken€before€...€(a)€Ìà àà àlay€€judge€who€knows€nothing€of€the€treatment€to€be€accorded€Ìà àà àcitizens€€due€to€lack€of€experience€and€training€in€the€rigorous€Ìà àà àdiscipline€of€the€law.ðððð€521€S.W.2d€at€553„54.€ÌÌà àà àà àFurther,€the€dissenting€members€said:Ìà àà àà àIt€€is€€elementary€that€the€right€to€counsel€schooled€Ìà àà àà àin€the€intricacies€and€complexities€produced€by€the€Ìà àà àà àcriminal€law€explosion€of€the€last€decade€is€diluted€Ìà àà àà àand€€may€€even€€be€destroyed€when€basic€constitu„Ìà àà àà àtional€€rights€are€asserted€before€a€judge€who€doesÌà àà àà ànot€€possess€€the€€skill€and€knowledge€necessary€to€Ìà àà àà àprotect€€€those€€€rights,€€recognize€€the€€issues€€and€Ìà àà àà àresolve€them€according€to€established€legal€princi„Ìà àà àà àples.€€There€is€an€inherent€inconsistency€in€guaran„Ìà àà àà àteering€€the€€right€to€counsel€without€providing€an€Ìà àà àà àattorney€€€judge€€to€€preside€€at€€the€€hearing.€€€521€Ìà àà àà àS.W.2d€at€555ÌÌà àà à€€€€The€€dissenters,€€therefore,€€held€€ð ðthat€€for€€a€€non„attorney€Ìà àà àjudge€€to€€preside€€over€€any€€criminal€€trial,€juvenile€investiga„Ìà àà àtion,€€or€€hearing€€under€€the€€laws€€relating€€to€€the€mentally€ill€Ìà àà àor€€any€€other€€proceeding€wherein€a€citizen€€may€€be€deprived€Ìà àà àof€€his€€liberty,€€is€€violative€of€€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€toÌà àà àto€€the€€Constitution€€of€€€the€€United€€€States€€and€€Article€€€I,€€€Ìà àà àSection€€8€€of€€€the€€€Constitution€€of€€Tennessee.€€€(Emphasis€Ìà àà àsupplied).€€521€S.W.2d€at€555.€ÌÌà àà à€€€€There€€the€€matter€stood€until€the€Court€of€Appeals€€for€the€Ìà àà àMiddle€Section€€handed€€down€€its€decision€€in€the€companion€€Ìà àà àcases€€of€€òòState€€v.€€Williams€óó€and€òòState€v.€Wiseróó,€on€€June€€27,€Ìà àà à1975.€€These€€cases€involved€the€trial€and€commitment€of€twoÌà àà àjuveniles€€before€€a€€nonlawyer€€judge.€€€Judge€€Drowota,€€in€a€€Ìà àà àbrilliant€€opinion,€took€note€of€the€advancing€standards€of€due€Ìà àà àprocess€€and€€held€that€ð ðthe€fundamental€€fairness€€required€by€Ìà àà àthe€€due€€process€€clause€of€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€of€the€Ìà àà àfederal€€constitution€€and€€Article€€I,€€Section€€8€€of€€€the€€state€Ìà àà àconstitution€€require€€the€€use€€of€€an€attorney€judge.ðð€€òòState€v.€Ìà àà àWilliamsóó,€Slip€op.€at€8€(Tenn.App.€June€27,€1975).€ÌÌà àà àà à€€€€The€language€of€the€Court€is€compelling:Ìà àà àà àWe€€€feel€€€that€€€it€€€is€€€inherently€€inconsistent€€toÌà àà àà àguarantee€the€right€to€counsel€without€also€giving€Ìà àà àà àthe€€defendant€€the€right€to€have€an€attorney€judgeÌà àà àà àwhen€€the€result€of€the€proceeding€is€a€deprivationÌà àà àà àof€€liberty.€€A€€reasonable€likelihood€or€probabilityÌà àà àà àof€€prejudice€exists€when€lay€judges€preside€overÌà àà àà àjuvenile€€proceedings€that€result€in€incarceration.Ìà àà àà àœPrejudice›€œ€is›€œ€›€likely€€or€€œprobable€›€œbecause€›€legal€œÌà àà àà àproceedings›€œ€have›€œbecome›€œincreasingly›€œcomplex›€€€œÌà àà àà àand€›€œlay€›€œjudges€›€œlack›€œ€the›€œ€requisite€›€œexpertise›€œto›€€œÌà àà àà àresolve›€œcomplex›€legal€issues€and€to€comprehend€œÌà àà àà àand›€œ€use€›€œcounselððs€›€legal€arguments.€€(Emphasis€œÌà àà àà àsupplied).€€Slip›€op.€œat›€6Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€That€€which€€we€€accepted€€without€question€in€an€earlier€era,€Ìà àà àtoday€we€reject€in€view€of€evolving€standards€of€fairness.ÌÌà àà à€€€€ð ðDue€process€of€law€is€the€primary€and€indispensable€founda„Ìà àà àtion€€of€€individual€freedom.€€It€is€the€basic€and€essential€term€in€Ìà àà àthe€€social€€compact€€which€€defines€€the€€rights€of€the€individual€Ìà àà àand€delimits€€the€€powers€€which€€the€€state€€may€exercise.ðð€€387€Ìà àà àU.S.€at€20,€87€S.Ct.€at€1439„1440,€18€L.Ed.2d€at€542.ÌÌà àà à€€€€If€€the€constitutions€by€which€we€govern€ourselves€are€to€have€Ìà àà àcontinuing€vitality€and€validity€they€must€be€sufficiently€elastic€to€Ìà àà àgrow€and€expand€and€absorb€and€deal€with€the€changes€that€have€Ìà àà àmarked€the€evolution€of€our€state€and€nation€and€point€to€its€pro„Ìà àà àgress.€€This€€is€why€due€process€can€never€be€a€static€doctrine€of€Ìà àà àthe€law.€€It€is€not€a€legal€cadaver€embalmed€in€perpetuity.€€It€is€a€Ìà àà àliving,€breathing,€vibrant€and€vital€tenet€of€our€political€faith.€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€[1]€€A€€basic€€requirement€€of€due€process€is€the€right€to€a€fair€Ìà àà àtrial€€in€€a€€fair€tribunal.€€In€re€Murchison,€349€U.S.€133,€75€S.Ct.€Ìà àà à623,€99€L.Ed.€942€(1954).ÌÌà àà à€€€€[2]€€Our€federal€constitution,€through€the€Fourteenth€Amend„Ìà àà àment,€€€coins€€€the€€€phrase€€€ð ðdue€€€process€of€€law.ðð€€€Our€€state€€Ìà àà àconstitution,€through€€Article€€I,€€Section€€8,€expresses€the€same€Ìà àà àidea€€when€€it€€prohibits€€imprisonment€and€deprivation€of€life€or€Ìà àà àliberty,€but€by€ð ðthe€law€of€the€land.ðð€The€origin€of€this€phrase€in€Ìà àà àthe€Tennessee€constitution€is€the€€Magna€€Carta.€The€ð ðlaw€of€the€Ìà àà àlandðð€€proviso€€of€our€constitution€is€synonymous€with€the€ð ðdue€Ìà àà àprocess€€€of€€€€lawðð€€€provisions€€€of€€€the€€€federal€€€€constitution.òò€€Ìà àà àDaugherty€v.€Stateóó,€216€Tenn.€666,€393€S.W.2d€739€(1965).€Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€Next,€in€chronological€order€€came€€In€€re€Gault,€387€U.S.€1,€Ìà àà à87€S.Ct.€1428,€18€L.Ed.2d€527€(1967).Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€There€the€Court€said:Ìà àà àà àThus,€€in€terms€of€potential€consequences,€there€Ìà àà àà àis€€little€€to€€distinguish€€an€€adjudicatory€hearing€Ìà àà àà àsuch€€as€€was€€held€in€this€case€from€a€traditional€Ìà àà àà àcriminal€€prosecution.€€For€that€reason,€it€engen„€Ìà àà àà àders€€elements€€of€€ð ðanxiety€€and€€insecurityðð€in€a€Ìà àà àà àjuvenile,€€and€imposes€a€ð ðheavy€personal€strain.ðð€€€Ìà àà àà à421€€€U.S.€€€at€€€530„31,€€95€S.Ct.€€at€€1786,€€44€Ìà àà àà àL.Ed.2d€at€356.ÌÌÌà àà àà àFurther,€€the€€Court€€made€it€clear€that€it€could€perceive€Ìà àà àð ðno€persuasive€distinctionðð€in€the€risk€involved€in€a€delinquency€Ìà àà àhearing€€ð ðand€a€criminal€prosecution,€such€of€which€is€designed€Ìà àà àððto€€vindicate€€[the]€€very€€vital€€interest€€in€€the€€enforcement€of€Ìà àà àcriminal€laws.ðððð€€421€U.S.€at€531,€95€S.Ct.€at€1786,€44€L.Ed.2d€Ìà àà àat€356.ÌÌà àà à€€€€Thus,€€€we€€€€are€€€instructed€€by€€the€€Supreme€€Court€€of€€the€Ìà àà àUnited€€States€€that€€the€€right€€to€counsel€€is€of€€a€€ð ðfundamental€Ìà àà àcharacterðð€embraced€€within€€the€€essential€€requirements€of€due€Ìà àà àprocess,€that€juvenile€€trials€€must€€accord€with€ð ðthe€essentials€of€Ìà àà àdue€process€and€fair€treatment,ðð€that€no€person€may€be€deprived€Ìà àà àof€€his€€liberty€€for€€any€offense€€unless€€represented€€by€€counsel,€Ìà àà àand€€that€€there€€is€virtually€no€distinction€between€a€delinquency€Ìà àà àhearing€€in€€juvenile€€court€€and€€a€€criminal€court€€trial€for€€a€like€Ìà àà àoffense.ÌÌà àà à€€€€The€right€to€counsel€becomes€ð ðas€sounding€brass,€or€a€tinkling€Ìà àà àcymbal,ðð€€if€€there€€is€€not€€a€€concomitant€right€to€a€trial€before€a€Ìà àà àqualified€judge.€€Extending€the€guiding€hand€of€counsel€is€an€idle€Ìà àà àgesture€€if€€there€€is€€absent€€the€€gingerly€€approach€or€a€genuine€Ìà àà àjudge.€There€is,€perhaps,€some€warrant€for€a€lay€judge€in€the€dis„Ìà àà àposition€€of€€small€€offenses€€and€€due€€process€€is€€not€€offended;€Ìà àà àhowever,€in€juvenile€delinquency€cases,€where€loss€of€liberty€for€Ìà àà àyears€is€involved,€there€is€no€place€for€an€untrained€judge.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„ÌÓÓÓÓà àà à€€€€We€€hold,€€in€the€context€of€a€juvenile€commitment,€that€ð ðtheÌà àà àlaw€of€the€landððprovision€of€Article€I,€Section€8€of€the€Constitu„Ìà àà àtion€€of€€Tennessee€€does€not€permit€a€judge€who€is€not€licensed€€Ìà àà àto€€practice€€law€€to€€make€€any€€disposition€€of€€a€€juvenile€€that€Ìà àà àoperates€to€confine€him€or€deprive€him€of€his€liberty.ÌÌà àà à€€€€We€€do€€not€€hold€that€a€juvenile€judge€„€or€any€other€judge€„Ìà àà àmust€€be€€licensed€€lawyer€€to€€hold€€office€€or€to€exercise€other€Ìà àà àduties€enjoy€other€œjurisdictions.€(sic)›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à„€„€„€„Ìà àà à€€€€This€€cause€€is€remanded€to€the€juvenile€court€at€Centerville€Ìà àà àfor€an€adjudicatory€hearing€before€a€legally€competent€judge.€€ÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àTwo€of€the€justices€dissented,€stating:ÌÓÓà àà à€€€€If€€the€rights€of€either€of€the€two€juveniles€whose€cases€areÌà àà àinvolved€€here€€have€€in€€any€€way€been€impinged€upon€by€the€Ìà àà àprocedures€€followed€at€their€hearing€in€April€1976,€there€are€Ìà àà àand€€have€€always€€been€ample€statutory€procedures€available€Ìà àà àfor€œ›œthe€correction›€of€such€errors.€To€hold€that€the€judge€who€Ìà àà àtried€€them,€œhowever,›€€is€€constitutionally€€€disqualified€€from€Ìà àà àhearing€€the€œcase›€€is€€quite€€another€matter€and€is€a€departure€Ìà àà àfrom€precedent€and€principle€in€which€we€cannot€concur.ÌÌà àà à€€€€As€previously€stated,€there€can€no€doubt€that€the€majority€Ìà àà àopinion€€is€€well„in„tended€€and€€that€€its€€purpose€€is€to€makeÌà àà àis€€to€€make€€meaningful€€the€right€to€counsel€constitutionally€€Ìà àà àguaranteed€€to€€youthful€€œoffenders,€›€including€the€right€to€be€€€Ìà àà àrepresented€€at€€the€hearing€of€œ€a›€juvenile€delinquency€charge€€Ìà àà àand€€to€be€œ€advised€›€œof€›€the€broad€appeal€and€right€to€a€retrial€€Ìà àà àafforded€€in€€the€€statutory€€œsystem,€›€including€€œa€›€œjury€›€trial€if€€€Ìà àà àtrial€€is€desired.€€In€our€view,€these€desirable€ends€could€be€Ìà àà àachieved€very€€simply€€and€with€a€much€€less€€drastic€effect€Ìà àà àupon€€the€juvenile€€justice€system€by€requiring€that€in€every€€Ìà àà àcase€€in€which€€a€juvenile€is€charged€with€€violation€€of€€the€€Ìà àà àcriminal€€law€€and€€with€€being€€a€€delinquent,€€he€€must€€be€Ìà àà àafforded€counsel€€and€€that€€there€€can€be€no€waiver€of€that€Ìà àà àright.Ìà àà àÌà àà à€€€€It€€would€€be€a€simple€matter€to€reverse€this€case€and€to€Ìà àà àrequire€€€a€€€re„trial€€€with€€€proper€€representation€€of€€€the€Ìà àà àaccused,€€including€€advice€to€them€of€their€right€to€appeal€Ìà àà àif€€found€€guilty.€€The€law€in€this€state€does€not€and,€to€our€Ìà àà àknowledge,€€never€has€permitted€final€judgment€to€be€ren„Ìà àà àdered€€against€€minors€€in€civil€litigation€without€assurance€Ìà àà àthat€€their€interests€are€safeguarded€by€a€guardian€ad€litem,€Ìà àà àgeneral€€guardian€€or€€other€€representative.€It€would€seem€Ìà àà àthat€€persons€€charged€€with€delinquency€€are€entitled€to€at€Ìà àà àleast€€€the€€same€€rights,€€and€€that€€parents,€€custodians€€or€Ìà àà àothers€€should€€not€be€permitted€to€waive€a€juvenileððs€right€Ìà àà àto€€counsel.€€€Such€€€a€€€holding,€€€in€€€our€€opinion,€€would€Ìà àà àpreserve€€intact€€the€juvenile€justice€system€and€would€also€Ìà àà àpreserve€€the€€public€€policy€€announced€€by€the€legislature€ÌÓÓà àà àtherein.ÌÌà àà àThe€Supreme€Courtððs€adjudications€are€final€and€conclusive€upon€questionsÏdetermined€by€it,€subject€only€to€review,€in€appropriate€cases,€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€theÏUnited€States.€€All€other€Courts€are€constitutionally€inferior€tribunals€subject€to€actions€of€theÏSupreme€Court,€and€must€abide€by€the€orders,€decrees€and€precedents€of€superior€courts.€ÏConstitution€of€Tennessee,€Art.€6,€ðð€1,€òòBarger€v.€Brockóó,€Tenn.€1976,€535€S.W.2d€337.ÌÌà àà àThe€Court€of€Appeals€has€no€authority€to€overrule€or€modify€opinions€of€theÏSupreme€Court,€òòBloodworth€v.€Stuartóó,€221€Tenn.€567,€428€S.W.2d€786€(1967).ÌÌà àà àUntil€a€prior€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€has€been€reviewed€and€reversed€byÏthe€Supreme€Court,€it€is€error€for€a€lower€court€to€disregard€it.€€òòPayne€v.€Johnson,€óó2€Shannon,ÏTenn.€Cas.€542€(1877).ÌÌà àà àThe€decision€in€òòState€v.€Anglinóó€applied€only€to€the€rights€of€juveniles.€ÏHowever,€the€extensive€discussion€quoted€above€is€strong€indication€of€inclination€of€theÏSupreme€Court€with€reference€to€the€rights€of€adults,€with€which€a€majority€of€this€panel€œagree,›Ïpreferring€to€follow€the€strong€obiter€dicta€rather€than€cited€authorities€from€other€jurisdictions.ÌÌà àà àThe€majority€of€this€panel€holds€that€the€constitutional€right€of€any€citizen€ofÏTennessee€is€violated€by€an€order€of€incarceration€of€a€judge€who€is€not€licensed€to€practiceÏlaw.ÌÌà àà àIn€the€light€of€the€foregoing,€the€issue€as€to€mandamus€is€moot€and€requires€noÏdiscussion.ÌÌà àà àThe€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€declaring€that€the€present€city€Judge€of€WhiteÏHouse€has€authority€to€commit€citizens€to€confinement€as€punishment€is€reversed€and€vacated.€ÏThe€cause€is€remanded€to€the€Trial€Court€for€entry€of€judgment€consistent€with€this€opinion€andÏsuch€other€proceedings€as€may€be€necessary€and€proper.€€All€costs,€including€costs€of€thisÏappeal,€are€taxed€against€the€City€of€White€House.ÌÓ  ÓÌò òÓ  ÓÔ€¼ÔREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDó óÔ€XÔÌÓÓÓ  ÓÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà à___________________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àHENRY€F.ÏTODDà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àPRESIDINGÏJUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCURS:ÌÌÌÌ_______________________________ÌœSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,›€JUDGEÌ̛̜̜DISSENTS€IN€SEPARATE€OPINION:ÌWILLIAM›€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGE