WPC  2Q ZB0 JHP LaserJet 8000 Series PSx6X@X@X0Í ÍX0Í Íҫx6X@X@<6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXPXXx6X@X@<6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXT\  PP(hH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular2PP,cAZ"Arial Regular<2PP,cAZ"Arial RegularT\  PP(hH  Z6Times New Roman Regular&G9 x&(9 Z(Times New Roman &T\  PP(hH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular&G9 x &(9 Z(Times New Roman &&G9 x &(9 Z(Times New Roman &T\  P P(hH  Z6Times New Roman RegularT\  P P(hH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularT\  P P(hH  Z6Times New Roman RegularT\  PP(hH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular2  3|x    = A'Legal #PX#  #x6X@X@##T\  PP# M  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE dddd 1 dddd 1  !/}#2PP# FILED#<2PP# November 22, 1999 Cecil Crowson, Jr. Appellate Court Clerk  4$AT KNOXVILLE  DEAN ARNOLD d/b/a, THE ) C/A N0. 03A019905CH00160 CHATTANOOGA FAX and ) TENNESSEEAMERICAN) HAMILTON CHANCERY WATER COMPANY,<<<) ) HON. HON. W. FRANK BROWN, III, PetitionersAppellees,) CHANCELLOR ) vs.444 <<<) ) CITY OF CHATTANOOGA,) TENNESSEE, and MAYOR) JON KINSEY, <<<) AFFIRMED IN PART, ) REVERSED IN PART, RespondentsAppellants.) AND REMANDED JOE A. CONNER and MISTY SMITH KELLEY, BAKER DONELSON, BEARMAN & CALDWELL, Chattanooga, for PetitionerAppellee, Tennessee American Water Company. J. CHRISTOPHER CLEM, LUTHERANDERSON, PLLP, Chattanooga, for Appellee, Dean Arnold, d/b/a The Chattanooga Fax. RANDALL L. NELSON, City Attorney, Chattanooga, and FREDERICK L. HITCHCOCK, LARRY L. CASH, and STEPHEN D. BARHAM, STRANG, FLETCHER, CARRIGER, WALKER, HODGE & SMITH, PLLC, Chattanooga, for Appellants. PAUL G. SUMMERS, Attorney General and Reporter, MICHAEL E. MOORE, Solicitor General, and JANET M. KLEINFELTER, Senior Counsel, Financial Division, Nashville, for Response of Attorney General to Appellants Constitutional Challenge.  & O P I N I O N ă Franks, J. In this action to inspect documents in the possession of the defendants, the Trial Judge ordered defendants to permit the inspection and reproduction of the #T\  PP# full volume report prepared by Decosimos Management Consultants, and the written report of the Public Finance Administration. Defendants obtained a stay of the Trial Courts judgment, and appealed the matter to this Court. Jon Kimsey is the Mayor ( Mayor) of the City of Chattanooga ( City). During the summer of 1998, the Mayor met with several officials of the TennesseeAmerican Water Company ( TennesseeAmerican), after which the Mayor decided that it would be in the Citys best interest for the privately owned water company to be municipally owned. Chattanooga City Attorney, Randall Nelson, retained special counsel Frederick Hitchcock to advise the City concerning matters related to the Citys acquisition of the assets of the TennesseeAmerican. Hitchcock retained the firm of Decosimo Management Consulting, L.L.P. ( Decosimo), to undertake certain analyses and provide answers to certain questions concerning matters relevant to the acquisition of TennesseeAmerican through negotiations, or an eminent domain action. The Mayor and his advisors wanted to determine the feasibility of acquiring the water company and to help determine whether or not they wanted to go forward. Decosimo prepared a preliminary draft of its report (the Decosimo Report) in September 1998, addressed to Hitchcock. The report consisted of one volume of analysis and responses to questions of Hitchcock and the City Attorney, and three additional volumes containing the financial data upon which the Decosimo firm relied. Public Financial Management, Inc. ( PFM) had an existing contract with the City to provide financial assistance. PFM provided the City with a report ( the PFM Report), which addressed questions presented by the City Attorney regarding the acquisition of TennesseeAmerican. On November 24, 1998, the Mayor announced to the Public Works Committee of the Chattanooga City Council his position that the City of Chattanooga should acquire the assets of the TennesseeAmerican Water Company. Joseph Decosimo the only senior partner of Decosimo, joined the Mayor in the presentation. The Mayor presented a handout entitled Gaining Ownership and Control of Our Water Resources. The handout stated that Decosimo and PFM had completed studies supporting the feasibility of acquiring the assets of TennesseeAmerican indicating that the City can finance this purchase by the utilitys cash flow. The handout also stated that any estimates of Fair Market Value must be kept confidential until an agreement is reached. Charts and graphs were included in these handouts. The source of the charts and graphs included in these handouts was indicated to be Decosimo Management Consulting. On January 13, 1999, plaintiff Dean Arnold d/b/a/ The Chattanooga Fax filed a Petition against the City of Chattanooga and its Mayor asking for inspection and copying under the Public Records Act of the report produced by Decosimo Management Consulting. On January 25, 1999, the TennesseeAmerican Water Company filed its petition for access to the Decosimo report and the report of Public Financial Management. The Trial Court then consolidated the two cases on January 29, 1999. . On January 22, 1999, the City filed a Rule 24.04, Tenn.R.Civ.P., notice and served the Attorney General and Reporter of the State of Tennessee, contending that the Public Records Act was unconstitutional as violating Article II, Sections 1 and 2 of the Tennessee Constitution if the Act was construed to require production of the City Attorneys work product. The Attorney General filed a response which essentially stated that the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure constituted an exception to the Public records Act, and therefore the constitutional issue need not be reached. In this regard, we found it unnecessary to reach the constitutional issue. On April 6, 1999, a hearing was held in which all parties presented evidence through depositions and argument. Following this hearing, the Court pursuant to T.C.A.  107505(b) requested and received the Decosimo Report and the PFM Report under seal and reviewed the documents. On April 28, 1999, the Trial Court entered a Memorandum Opinion and Order, which held that the reports were not protected and ordered their release. Further, the Court stated that the City and Mayor had knowingly and willfully violated the Public records Act, and allowed Plaintiff Arnold to recover a portion of his attorneys fees. In order to determine whether the Chancery Court was correct in determining the two reports were subject to disclosure under the Public Records Act, it is necessary to first determine whether the reports were work products protected against discovery under Rule 2602(3) or (4) of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure or the common law work product doctrine. If the reports are not protected by the work product doctrine, or if that protection was waived, then the reports are subject to disclosure under the Public Records Act, as they fall under no other protections. This Courts review of the Chancery Courts findings of fact is de novo which findings are accompanied by a presumption of correctness of findings, unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. T.R.A.P. Rule 13(d). Questions of law are reviewed de novo with no presumption of correctness. Ganzevoort v. Russel, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997).  In Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 67 S.Ct. 385 (1947),[  #&G9 x&#The United States Supreme Court discussed the Hickman holding in United States v. Noble, 95 S.Ct. 2160 (1975) at page 2170, where the Court said: 444At its core, the work product doctrine shelters the mental processes of the attorney, providing a privileged area within which he can analyse and prepare his clients case. But the doctrine is an intensely practical one, grounded in the realities of litigation in our adversay system. One ofthose realities is that attorneys often must rely on the assistance of investiators and other agents in the compilation of materials in preparation for trial. It is therefore necessary that the doctrine protect material prepared by agents for the attorney as well as those prepared by the attorney himself. [ the United State Supreme Court held that memoranda, written and oral statements, and mental impressions of an attorney gained in the process of preparing for a lawsuit, were shielded by the public policy against permitting unwarranted inquiries into the files and mental impressions of an attorney. In general, the work product doctrine protects certain documents and papers of an attorney prepared by the attorney, or some other person in his behalf, in anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial. See Vythoulkas v. Vanderbilt University Hospital, 693 S.W.2d 350 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985); 27 C.J.S. Discovery 83(a) (1999). This work product doctrine extends to reports or investigations made by, or on behalf of a party, where such documents have been prepared in anticipation of litigation or in preparation for trial. See Downing v. Bowater, 846 S.W.2d 265 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); 27 C.J.S. Discovery 83(a) (1999). Rule 26.02 of the Tennessee rules of Civil Procedure codifies the work product doctrine, and provides in pertinent part: 444  (3) TRIAL PREPARATION: MATERIALS. Subject to the provision of subdivision (4) of this rule, a party may obtain discovery of documents and tangible things otherwise discoverable under subdivision (1) of this rule and prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other partys representative (including attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent) only upon a showing that the party seeking discover has substantial need of the materials in the preparation of the case and is unable without undue hardship to obtain the substantial equivalent of the materials by other means. In ordering discovery of such materials when the required showing has been made, the court shall protect against disclosure of the mental impressions, conclusions, opinions, or legal theories of an attorney or other representative of a party concerning the litigation. . . . 444  (4) TRIAL PREPARATION: EXPERTS. Discover of facts known and opinions held by experts, otherwise discoverable under the provisions of subdivision (1) of this rule and acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for trial, may be obtained only as follows: 444. . . . 444 444 (B) A party may not discover the identity of, facts known by, or opinions held by an expert who has been consulted by another party in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial and who is not to be called as a witness at trial except as provided in Rule 35.02 or upon a showing that the party seeking discovery cannot obtain facts or opinions on the same subject by other means. The City insists that the Decosimo and PFM Reports were documents prepared in anticipation of litigation and thus exempt from discovery, except for a showing of substantial need, pursuant to Rule 26.02(3). The city further argues that those who prepared the reports were experts who were consulted in anticipation of litigation or preparation for trial and are not to be called to testify, and as such, their opinions cannot be discovered under Rule 26.02(4). The Trial Judge found the reports would not be protected under Rule 26.02 for the following reasons. First, the Chancellor stated that this is not a normal lawsuit between adversarial parties. . . [a]t least not initially, since it was Dean Arnold who wanted to obtain the records for publication, and it was not until later that TennesseeAmerican joined the suit for access to the records. But the identity of the person requesting the document does not impact whether the document is an attorney work product. Second, the Trial Judge states that the reports were not prepared to be used in this lawsuit (Public Records Act) to defeat the rights of the Petitioners. However, materials which are prepared in anticipation of litigation need not be prepared for the specific case in which discovery is sought in order to be protected by the work product doctrine. See Downing v. Bowater, 846 S.W.2d 265 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Third, the Trial Judge stated that the witnesses (Decosimo, Adams and Mosby) d   d testified that they were not told they were being hired as experts in anticipation of litigation. However, what the parties were told is not completely dispositive. Whether an expert was consulted in anticipation of litigation must be determined from the intent of the party and its attorneys. The Mayor specifically stated in his deposition that at the time the experts were consulted, he was anticipating an eminent domain action. He testified: d  444 d  It was clear to me that in order for the City to acquire the water company we would have to initiate a condemnation action and I asked [special counsel] Rick [Hitchcock] to make sure that we could follow through on that on the ability to acquire the Company through eminent domain. Both City Attorney Randall Nelson and Special Counsel Frederick Hitchcock swore in their affidavits that they contacted Decosimo and PFM in anticipation of litigation with the Water Company. Fourth, the Trial Judge noted that no lawsuit has been filed by the City of Chattanooga to acquire the assets of TAWC by eminent domain. A condemnation lawsuit may or may not be filed. A possible filing at some unknown time should not be sufficient to defeat the publics right to know under state law. However, the test is not whether litigation has begun. See 23 Am. Jur. 2d Depositions and Discovery  53 (1983); Arney v. Geo. A Hormel & Co., 53 FRD 179 (DC Minn). The fact that document may have been created before complaint was actually filed does not exempt it from scope of work product doctrine. Litigation need not necessarily be imminent as long as the primary motivating purpose behind the creation of the document is to aid in possible future litigation.  See Smith v. Diamond Offshore Drilling, Inc., 168 FRD 582 (SD Tex 1996). The evidence supports the conclusion that litigation was anticipated in the near future, and that such litigation was considered likely. The alternative to filing a condemnation action was for the City to acquire the water company through a negotiation. This possibility of avoiding litigation would not render the document any less work product created in anticipation of litigation than if the suit had already been filed. An attorney and client should not be disadvantaged simply because they were hoping to settle a case without filing a suit. d   d Next, the Trial Judge stated that the respondents arguments failed because the documents being sought are not the work product of the Citys attorneys. The main records are reports prepared by third parties who are neither attorneys nor employees of the City. The fact that the documents were created by a third party is irrelevant if the other criteria for work product are met. Rule 26.02(3) states that coming within the scope of attorney work product are documents  prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other partys representative (including attorney, consultant, surety, indemnitor, insurer, or agent). (Emphasis added.) Tennessee Courts have consistently held that reports prepared by experts for an attorney in preparation for trial are included as part of that attorneys work product. Downing v. Bowater, 846 S.W.2d 26 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992); Vythoulkas v. Vanderbilt University Hospital, 693 S.W.2d 350 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985).  The Decosimo and PFM Reports clearly meet the requirements of Rule 26.02(3) as being documents . . . prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or by or for that other partys representative as well as fulfilling the requirements of the doctrine at Common Law. The Trial Court was in error in failing to find that the reports fell under the protection of attorney work product. While the Trial Judge concluded the documents did not constitute work product, he nevertheless held that issue was not material to the decision, and found that the documents were public records, subject to inspection under the Public Records Act, whether or not those documents were work product. 444 Tennessee Code Annotated  107503(a) (1999) provides that: 444 All state, county and municipal records...shall at all times, during business hours, be open for personal inspection by any citizen of Tennessee, and those in charge of such records shall not refuse such right to any citizen, unless otherwise provided by state law. Subsection (b) of that statute provides a few enumerated exceptions. T.C.A.  107504 further specifies certain confidential records that are not subject to public inspection. Among the listed exceptions is one for the work product of the Attorney General and Reporter or any attorney working under the Attorney General and Reporters control. There is no express exception listed in  107503 or  107504 for the work product of a municipal attorney. The Public Records Act creates a presumption of openness as to government documents. The final clause of T.C.A. 107503(a) stating that documents are available to public inspection unless otherwise provided by state law qualifies this presumption by creating a general exception for any document which another state law designates as protected or privileged. Ballard v. Herzke, 924 S.W.2d 652, 662 (Tenn. 1996); Appman v. Worthington, 746 S.W.2d 165, 167 (Tenn. 1987). In Ballard v. Herzke, the Supreme Court held that the Rules of Civil Procedure are state law which can except documents from the Public Records Act. 444 Tenn Code Ann.  10-7-503(a) provides that governmental records shall be subject to public access, unless otherwise provided by State law. In Appman v. Worthington, 746 S.W.2d 165 (Tenn.1987), we held that the Public Records Act does not authorize public inspection of documents in a criminal case that are exempt from discovery by Rule 16, Tennessee Rules of Criminal Procedure. We reasoned that the Rules of Criminal Procedure are the law of this State, and therefore, are encompassed within the phrase, unless otherwise provided by State law. Accordingly, we concluded that materials exempt from discovery by the rules of criminal procedure are not subject to inspection under the Tennessee Public Records Act. 444 The same reasoning applies in this case. The Rules of Civil Procedure are the law of this state. Tennessee Department of Human Services v. Vaughn, 595 S.W.2d 62 (Tenn.1980). The protective order therefore was entered pursuant to State law. Accordingly, documents sealed by the protective order are not subject to inspection under the Tennessee Public Records Act. Ballard, 924 S.W.2d at 662. Ballard dealt with the specific issue of the disclosure of documents under protective order, an issue that the plaintiffs contend is distinguishable from the current case. Both Ballard and Appman make clear that the courts will find exceptions to the Public Records Act apart from those specifically set forth therein. Specifically, the Court will look to the Rules of Civil Procedure and the Common Law for such exceptions. Plaintiffs argue that because the Rules are not absolute, but instead are adversarial tools that often are abrogated due to countervailing concerns, the trial court rightly held that they did not create independent exceptions to the Public Records Act. However, this is contrary to the holding in Ballard that found exceptions to the Public Records Act within the Rules of Civil Procedure.  d  d Moreover, Tennessee law provides that provisions published in Tennessee Code Annotated#T\  PP# will not supersede the Rules of Civil Procedure. T.C.A. 163406 states that once the Rules of Civil Procedure have become effective, all laws in conflict therewith shall be of no further force or effect. Any conflict between provisions of the Rules of Civil Procedure and provisions of the Tennessee Code which cannot be harmoniously construed shall be resolved in favor of the Rules of Civil Procedure. MidSouth Pavers, Inc. v. Arnco Constr. Inc., 771 S.W.2d 420 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). The Trial Judge relied heavily on the case of Memphis Publishing Co. v. City of Memphis, 871 S.W.2d 681 (Tenn. 1994) in holding that work product documents, as products of municipal attorneys, are not exempt from disclosure.  #&G9 x &# Whether papers or documents are private or public is immaterial in determining whether or not they are privileged, with respect to discovery, and this is so as to papers of public officials, and as to suits involving government entities, as well as persons. 27 C.J.S. Discovery, 82 at p. 158.  In Memphis Publishing, the Supreme Court did point out that the Public Records Act did not expressly exempt the work product of municipal and county attorneys, but the issue of whether the work product would be excluded from disclosure, was not relevant to the disposition of that case. Moreover, the Supreme Court in that case, recognized that requiring disclosure of an attorneys work product would prevent the attorney from fulfilling his ethical duties to a client. 444 If the client were aware that its secrets, embodied in its attorneys internal memoranda or other documents, were subject to public scrutiny, it would limit the clients willingness to speak openly with the attorney, and would therefore adversely affect the attorneys ability to represent his client. . . . 444 We emphasize, however, that any attempt to discover material in the possession of a governmental attorney that actually constitutes work product will be unsuccessful for the abovementioned reasons. Id. at 689. The Public Records Act is to be broadly construed so as to give the fullest possible public access to public records. T.C.A. 107505(d). Yet, that Act creates exception for any documents made privileged or protected from disclosure by other state law. Just as important as public access to government records, is the right of a client to effective assistance of counsel. Canon 4 of the Code of Professional Responsibility, mandates that an attorney not betray the confidences of his client. The primary purpose of the work product privilege is to assure that an attorney is not inhibited in his representation of his client by the fear that his files will be open to scrutiny upon demand. Moreover, if the client were aware that its secrets, embodied in the attorneys internal memorandum or other document, would all be subject to public scrutiny, it would limit the clients willingness to speak openly with his or her attorney, and would consequently affect the attorneys ability to represent his or her client. We hold, on the authority of Ballard, (decided subsequently to Memphis Publishing Co.), which specifically deals with exceptions to the Public Records Act, created by the Rules of Civil Procedure, that an attorneys work product is protected from discovery under the Public Records Act.The issue thus becomes whether the actions of the defendants have waived the confidentiality of these reports. Plaintiffs argue that if the claimed privileges and protections applied, that confidentiality had been waived by references to the report at a meeting before the City Council and in a town meeting held by the Mayor and Council. The protections afforded litigants by T.R.C.P. 26.02(3) and 26.02(4) are qualified, and equitable in nature. The privilege can be overcome upon a proper showing. Vythoulkas v. Vanderbilt University Hospital, 693 S.W.2D 350 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1985) (citing Southeastern Fleet Leasing Inc., v. Gentry, 416 S.W.2d 773778 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1967). In keeping with the equitable considerations that must be examined in applying the privilege, courts have recognized exceptions to the work product doctrine. An example is where the attorney or client has waived the protection by voluntarily disclosing the work sought to be protected. See Campbell County Bd. Of Educ. V. BrownleeKesterson, Inc., 677 S.W.2d 457, 463 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984) (holding that attorney waived work product protection by disclosing information to adversary). Partial waiver of work product as well as attorney/client privilege can act to waive the entire privilege. See, e.g., In re Kidder Peabody Sec. Litig., 168 F.R.D. 459, 473 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (holding that where a party makes particular information a key issue, that party cannot then assert privilege as to that information); Hartz Mountain Indus., Inc. v. commissioner, 93 T.C. 521, 527 (U.S. Tax Ct. 1989) (finding that fairness requires that selective disclosure operate as a waiver to any work product protection). The determination of waiver rests not on whether particular information is introduced into evidence, but rather whether the partys use of the document is unfair and inconsistent with a claim of privilege. Granite Partners, L.P. v. Bear Stearns & Co., 184 F.R.D. 49 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). The scope of the waiver by disclosure is defined by the fairness doctrine, which aims to prevent the prejudice and distortion that may be caused by one partys selective disclose of otherwise protected information. Id. at 4. Courts have universally held that a party is prevented from invoking the work product doctrine immunity as both sword and shield.  #&G9 x &#The work product may not be used as an offensive weapon Kadel Back v. Amaral, 107 CAL Rep. 20 (1973). In Wardleigh v. Second Judicial Dist. Ct., 891 P.2d 1180 (Nev. 1995), the Supreme Court of Nevada held that the doctrine of waiver was intended as a shield, not a sword. [W]here a party seeks an advantage in litigation by revealing part of a privileged communication, the party shall be deemed to have waived the entire attorneyclient privilege as it relates to the subject matter of that which was partially disclosed. (Citing United States v. Jones, 696 F.3d 1069, 1072 (4th Cir. 1982)); accord In re Sealed Case, 676 F.2d 793, 818 (D.C. Cir. 1982); S.T. Assistance Corp. v. Maryland Nat. Bank, 684 A.2d 32 (MD. App. 1995).  Also see, e.g., In re Kidder Peabody Sec. Litig. , 168 F.R.D. 459, 473 (S.D.N.Y. 1996); Hartz Mountain Indus. Inc. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 521, 527 (U.S. Tax Ct. 1989). Disclosure need not be made to the partys adversary in litigation to constitute waiver. It can be made extrajudicially, as in disclosure to the public of part of the confidential material. See Bassett v. Newton, 658 So.2d 398 (Ala. 1995). On November 24, 1998, the Mayor and Joseph Decosimo appeared before the City Council and made a joint presentation. Decosimo produced and distributed a report at the meeting which stated: 444 Decosimo Management Consulting and the Citys financial advisors, Public Financial Management, have completed studies supporting the financial feasibility of acquiring these assets. Additionally, several graphs and charts were presented at the meeting that stated their source to be Decosimo Management Consulting, 1998. On January 21, 1999, the Mayor held a public forum at the Tivoli Theatre. Both he and Joseph Decosimo made presentations that were videotaped and transcribed. Decosimo proceeded to tell the public of the first meeting with the Citys attorneys that had been held in strict confidence. 444 I want to tell you how I became associated with this acquisition. Independent Counsel Rick Hitchcock approached our firm and asked us if we would do a feasibility study of the TennesseeAmerican Water Company and to review all of the financial statistics that are that are available, and those would include 10ks and 10Qs that are filed with the Security and Exchange Commission by the American Waterworks Company, the parent company of the TennesseeAmerican Water Company . . . 444 I would like to now review some of our slides that will kind of bring to light some of the information that we have gleaned. Until the time of these meetings, the public had never heard of these reports, which has been kept secret. The implication from Joseph Decosimos presentations at both meetings was that his company had produced a feasibility study that supported the Mayors decision to take over the water company. The material distributed at those meetings, gave the impression that Decosimo was the source of the information used during the presentations, and that the presentation stemmed from the confidential report. Joseph Decosimo stated in his deposition that none of the information that was included in the material distributed at the meetings came from the Decosimo Report. He explained that he was told specifically by Mr. Hitchcock that none of the information in the confidential Decosimo Report was to be used in the preparation of those charts. However, neither Decosimo nor the Mayor made this clarification known to the public at either meeting. Joseph Decosimo made a strong able argument at the public meeting in support of the financial feasibility of acquiring the water company. He used specific and compelling data and statistical research in support of that position. By stating that this report existed and its findings supported the feasibility of the acquisition, the City has, in effect, selectively used the reports in a public relations offensive to convince the City Council and the general public that the acquisition was both economically feasible and beneficial. By making this report a focal point at the two public meetings, the City has, in effect, waived its right to claim the work product privilege. The City has used these reports as a sword in aid of acquiring the water company, and the authorities hold, a party may not use a work produce to publicly further its cause offensively as a sword, and then assert the benefit of privilege as a shield. Accordingly, we hold that the City has waived the confidentiality of these documents. Finally, T.C.A.107505(g) provides for attorneys fees under the Public Records Act. 444 If the Court finds that the governmental entity, or agent thereof, refusing to disclose the record, knew that such record was public and willfully refused to disclose it, such court may, in its discretion, assess all reasonable costs involved in obtaining the record, including reasonable attorneys fees against the nondisclosing governmental entity.In this case, the reports were protected under the work product doctrine until the Citys actions waived their confidentiality. The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that T.C.A. 107505(g) is by its terms, a limited award provision. Memphis Publishing Co. v. City of Memphis, 871 S.W.2d 681, at 689, (citing Abernathy v. Whitley, 838 S.W.2d 211 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). In Memphis Publishing, the Court reversed the lower court and found that certain documents were public records and must be disclosed under the Public Records Act, however, the Court refused to assess costs on the City: 444 [t]he question of whether these deposition transcripts constituted records under the Act is by no means a straightforward or simple one, the fact that we have come to different conclusions than did the Court of Appeals, serves to underscore the difficulty of the issue and evidences the divergence of opinion engendered by the issue. Given this fact, we cannot say that the City and County knew that the deposition transcripts were public at the time of the newspapers demand and yet willfully refused to disclose them, for this would impute to the City and County a duty to foretell an uncertain judicial future. Id. at 689. Two unreported cases state that statutory language requiring knowing and willful refusal to disclose is akin to requiring the showing of bad faith. In Contemporary Media, Inc., v. City of Memphis, 1999 WL 292264 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999), the Court stated that [n]ot every refusal to disclose a public record is wrongful. The statute expresses a knowing and willful standard which is synonymous with bad faith. See also Capital Case Resource Ctr. Of Tennessee, Inc. v. Woodall, 1992 WL 12217 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). Bad faith is defined as 444 [t]he opposite of good faith, generally implying or involving actual or constructive fraud, or a design to mislead or deceive another, or a neglect or refusal to fulfill some duty or some contractual obligation, not prompted by an honest mistake as to ones rights or duties, but by some interested or sinister motive. Term bad faith is not simply bad judgment or negligence, but rather it implies the conscious doing of a wrong because of dishonest purpose or moral obliquity; it is different from the negative idea of negligence in that it contemplates a state of mind affirmatively operating with furtive design or ill will. Contemporary Media (citing Blacks Law Dictionary 127 (5the Ed. 1979)). We have concluded that the Citys position that these documents were work product is correct, but through the defendants actions the privilege was waived. The record does not support a finding that the City knew these documents were public record and that it willfully refused to disclose them. As the Memphis Publishing Court observed, we will not impute to the City a duty to foretell an uncertain judicial future. Where the Trial Judge reaches the correct result for the wrong reason we will affirm. Pearson v. Garrett Financial Services, Inc., 849 S.W.2d 776, 78 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). We affirm the Trial Courts judgment that the disputed documents must be made available for inspection and copying by plaintiffs. We reverse the Trial Court on the award of attorneys fees and remand for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. We assess the cost of appeal onehalf to the appellants and onehalf to the appellees.  +Ã __________________________ Herschel P. Franks, J. CONCUR: ___________________________ #T\  P P#Charles D. Susano, Jr., J. #T\  P P# ___________________________ #T\  P P#D. Michael Swiney, J.#T\  PP#