ÿWPCà  “U^pKaA¢º9ìí^`É~ä;ÿ௚\×!Îr¬;»l‡1žË%Áh³«Áøw´½ ¾ $º7#,µ5÷Ñë1¬ÿEy,Ç{˜GØšBý÷JêÂÒïÉ€³_]aȈ±³Ž3\è[Š$Ü–’§? Ànâgè%LÌîÙ¬C;ÌÃæ­v¯#« «õÁy<‰¢•VâøæÒæ®èa«ýûŽÆ¹MÕAŠã¡é¾vÿq4ž™ ÛǦòö‹@Çi©âßø¡§Äæùü‰z<Ö‘¿3n` _k=…к[ Áâ=à51FÖž.Pw:àÁ3ñ¬dá$ONÉä3q%È0ËeûöòTr\>âerp©­Æw4ßÁ¤pëÖg( Q©«Íë^Ç3\?—ãOs0Y‹‚Ë0[‰®Ï\j[”ÞÝñ©ýö&”’Òsi]‹|¢mž¯7P‰Kj’;¹åäI7ƒí"Bè‰Â.8y±þ&¸Â>‚Jk+¨Œ‰ª½$ùpVáÀV¥€¤ex©«‚ H!ªëÔ{6XQ¾¢·RßêÛ"}oT¶~ë(˜´?ü\6 Ç!:õä† ¾ƒà }¤RŠ®!¸Æä×§•‡ü9 Ô‡eKfPœ)# >UNI %— 0(Å 0DÍw@4QeUNt)ÂU:ë)%U:N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N AQˆ ÆÙ 0DŸ Bã 0D D/D D Bs D3 ˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý j Uk Vl m Vn Vo Up Dq Ó€} € n~<$3|x€ 'Ör Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€ X‹UXXXÔÔ€ ÔX X‹UÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€ X‹UX ÔÔÐ  ÐÌò òDecember€29,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ ô›ÖôX X‹UÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€X‹UXXXÔÔ€ÔXX‹UÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€X‹UXÔÔÐ  ÐÌò òDecember€28,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô›ÖôXX‹UÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular !#%Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý d($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd""""'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñq ñ›ñq ñÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÑ7€ÜâXXdðXXdð7ÑÓ  Óñ} ññq ñßr€ (<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` ttx$°ð Õrßñq ññ} ññ€ ññ} ñßr€ (<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` ttx$°ð Õrßñ} ññ€ ññ€ ññ€ ññ€ ññq ñ›ñq ññ€ ññ€ ññ€ ññ€ ñ›ñ€ ññ€ ñ›ñ€ ñà@} } ìàò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÌñ€ ñœßt€ (>.*jxÂl` `€€@EŠ ` ttx$ ê @ tß›ñ€ ñà@jj%ìàAT€JACKSONˆÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€òò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð à ÐÌóóÌJOHN€BRANTLEY,€KATHY€B.€€à h àà À à)Ð ` ° ÐSKINNER,€œALISON›€BRANTLEYà h àœà À à)›Ð P   ÐWILLIAM€THOMAS€MAYO€andà À à)Ð @  ÐRICHARD€MAYO,à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð 0 € Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà  àó óPlaintiffs/Appellees,à  àà h àà À àò ò)à  àó óMadison€General€Sessions€No.€9360Ð `  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àò ò)Ð P  Ðvs.à  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð ð@  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)à  àó óAppeal€No.€02A01„9710„GS„00261ò òÐ à0  ÐROBERT€MAYO€and€KATHRYNà À à)Ð Ð  ÐMAY€GILTNER,à ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ð À Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à)Ìà  àó óDefendants/Appellants.à h àà À àò ò)Ð  ð ÐÌÌÌó óÌÌà0  àà ° àà@ççì(#(#àAPPEAL€FROM€THE€GENERAL€SESSIONS€COURT€OF€MADISON€COUNTYˆÌà@)) ìàAT€JACKSON,€TENNESSEEˆÌÌÌÌÌà@{ { ìàTHE€HONORABLE€WALTER€BAKER€HARRIS,€JUDGE€€€€€€€€€€€ˆÌÌÌÌòòÌÌFor€the€Plaintiffs/Appellantsóó:òòà  àà h àà À àFor€the€Defendants/Appelleesóó:Ð €%Ð # ÐÌJesse€H.€Ford,€III€à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJohn€Van€den€Bosch,€Jr.Ð `'°"% ÐJackson,€Tennessee€€à ¸ àà  àà h àà À àG.€William€Hymers,€III€€€€€€€€€€Ð P( #& Ѐà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àJackson,€TennesseeÐ @)$' ÐÌÌÌò òà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDó óÐ -P(+ ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€J.ÌÐ  09€48 ÐØØÓÓÑ7€ÜâXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  Ñà@55'ìàò òOPINIONó óˆÐ ° Ðà  àThis€is€a€probate€case.€€The€decedent€set€up€joint€accounts€with€right€of€survivorship€with€herÏtwo€surviving€children.€€The€surviving€children€were€named€co„€executors€of€the€decedentððs€estate.€ÏThe€trial€court€removed€the€decedentððs€children€as€co„executors€of€the€estate€and€found€that€theseÏaccounts€were€assets€of€the€decedentððs€estate,€not€joint€accounts.€€The€œdecedentððs›€surviving€childrenÏappeal.€€We€find€that€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€a€finding€of€undue€influence,€andÏreverse€the€decision€of€the€trial€court.€ÌÔ‡ X9RXXXÔÔ‡ NJ NX X9RÔà  àMary€T.€Mayo€Fielding€(Testatrix)€died€testate€on€May€21,€1990.€€Her€will€left€one„fourth€ofÐ Ð  Ðher€estate€to€each€of€her€surviving€children,€Ô#†NCˆNN NJ v#ÔÔ#†XÜâXNNCˆ•#ÔRobert€Brown€Mayo€(ð ðMayoðð)€and€Kathryn€Mayo€GiltnerÐ œì Ð(ð ðGiltnerðð),Ô‡ X9RXXXÜâÔÔ‡ NJ NX X9RÔ€and€divided€the€other€half€among€the€children€of€her€two€deceased€children.€The€will€wasÐ à Ðadmitted€to€probate€on€June€9,€1990,€and€is€not€contested€in€this€action.€In€her€will,€Testatrix€namedÏher€two€surviving€children,€Mayo€and€Giltner,€defendants/Appellants,€as€co„executors.Ìà  àThis€dispute€arose€over€the€status€of€certain€accounts€with€J.€C.€Bradford€&€Company€held€byÏTestatrix.€€The€accounts€were€set€up€as€joint€accounts€with€rights€of€survivorship,€with€Testatrix€andÏthe€co„executors,€the€œdefendants€Mayo€and€Giltner,›€as€joint€tenants.€€If€the€accounts€were€consideredÏpart€of€Testatrixðð€estate€and€distributed€under€her€will,€Testatrixðð€grandchildren€would€have€œreceivedÏa€portion€of€the›€funds.€€The€Testatrixðð€grandchildren€filed€this€action,€challenging€the€status€of€theÏaccounts€and€requesting€that€the€defendants€be€removed€from€their€positions€as€co„executors.€ÌÔ#†NCˆNN NJ #ÔÔ#†XÜâXNNCˆ$#Ôà  àAt€the€trial,€the€plaintiff€grandchildren€contended€that€Testatrix€had€been€the€victim€of€undueÐ ä%4!$ Ðinfluence€by€defendants€Mayo€and€Giltner.€€The€proof€at€trial€showed€that€Testatrix€kept€detailedÏrecords€of€all€her€affairs€and€managed€her€own€business€matters€until€she€became€ill€in€1989.€ÏTestatrix€underwent€heart€bypass€surgery€on€July€19,€1989,€and€continued€to€suffer€from€poorÏphysical€health€until€her€death€in€1990.€Ìà  àDr.€James€J.€Diffee,€Testatrixððs€doctor,€testified€as€to€her€physical€health€prior€to€her€deathÏin€May€œ1990.›€€Testatrix€suffered€from€atherosclerotic€heart€disease,€intermittent€congestive€heartÏfailure,€functional€bowel€disease€and€anemia,€along€with€other€œmore›€minor€problems.€€Dr.€DiffeeÏstated€that€he€did€not€notice€mental€deterioration€during€the€time€he€treated€the€Testatrix,€however,Ïhis€only€contact€with€Testatrix€was€related€to€her€health,€and€not€to€her€business€concerns.€€Dr.€DiffeeÏrepeatedly€stated€that€he€had€no€knowledge€of€Testatrixððs€mental€ability€as€related€to€her€businessÏaffairs.€€œñi ñÐ „:Ô5: Ðñi ññq ñ›ñq ññj ñÐ „:Ô5: Ðñj ñ›à  àGiltner,€Testatrixððs€daughter,€testified€that€she€usually€accompanied€Testatrix€to€herÏappointments€with€Dr.€Diffee€and€often€contacted€the€doctorððs€office€on€behalf€of€her€mother.€ÏFamily€members€testified€that€Giltner€and€Mayo€took€care€œof€such€things›€œas›€doctor€appointments€andÏupkeep€on€œTestatrixðð›€home€and€rental€properties.€€€€€€€à p à€€à È àÐ P   Ðà  àDefendant€Mayo€testified€at€trial€that€he€moved€home€to€Jackson,€Tennessee€fromÏBirmingham,€Alabama€in€œ1984.€€At›€that€time,€Testatrix€placed€Mayoððs€name€on€her€checkingÏaccount€so€that€he€could€ð ðwrite€checks€for€her€and€do€what€she€wanted€[him]€to€do.ðð€€Testatrix€heldÏseveral€certificates€of€deposit€at€Fidelity€Federal€Bank,€now€Union€Planters€Bank,€in€her€own€name.€ÏMayo€testified€œthat,›€in€1989,€Testatrix€asked€him€to€find€an€account€that€would€bear€higher€interestÏthan€œdid€her›€certificates€of€deposit.€€Mayo€informed€his€mother€that€he€maintained€an€account€at€J.C.ÏBradford€Company€that€earned€eight€percent€interest.€€Mayo€then€introduced€Testatrix€to€TerryÏNance,€vice„president€at€J.C.€Bradford,€who€opened€two€stock€market€accounts€for€Testatrix.€ÏTestatrix€had€never€before€done€business€with€J.C.€Bradford,€and€had€never€before€dealt€in€the€stockÏmarket.€€Although€several€witnesses€at€trial€testified€as€to€Testatrixðð€business€acumen,€more€than€oneÏwitness€remarked€that€they€were€surprised€to€see€œTestatrix›€œbecome›€active€in€the€stock€market€at€thatÏpoint€in€her€life,€when€she€had€no€prior€experience€in€that€area.Ìà  àTestimony€at€trial€established€how€the€J.C.€Bradford€accounts€at€issue€were€set€up€andÏfunded.€€One€account€was€opened€in€October€œ1989›€and€the€other€was€opened€in€November€œ1989.›€ÏOne€account€was€set€up€with€Testatrix€and€Giltner€as€joint€owners,€and€the€other€was€set€up€withÏTestatrix€and€Mayo€as€joint€owners.€€œThe€J.C.›€Bradford€employees€who€opened€the€accounts€testifiedÏat€trial,€œand€could›€not€say€whether€Testatrix€knew€what€ð ðjoint€ownership€with€rights€of€survivorshipððÏmeant.€€The€J.C.€Bradford€employees€were€œunsure›€€whether€Testatrix€actually€requested€jointÏaccounts€with€survivorship€rights.€Ìà  àThe€trial€court€ruled€that€ð ðthe€J.C.€Bradford€accounts€are€assets€of€the€estate,€and€not€joint€Ïaccounts.ðð€€œThe›€trial€court€did€not€put€in€its€order€the€reason€for€the€œruling.€€However,€›€in€its€oralÏœruling,›€the€trial€court€stated:ÌÓÓà8  à.€.€.€[W]ith€respect€to€the€accounts€at€J.€C.€Bradford€Company,€where€the€deceasedÏhad€never€done€any€business€before,€was€taken€out€by€relatives€and€did,€in€fact,€createÏthe€documents€with€the€right€of€survivorship.€€The€Court€does€hold€that€those€are,€inÏfact,€estate€assets.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌÓÓœñk ñÐ   :p59 ÐMñk ññl ñañl ññk ñ›ñk ññg ññ^ ñÐ   :p59 Ðñ^ ññg ññk ñMañk ñyo›€and€Giltner€now€appeal€this€decision.€€On€appeal,€they€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€itsÏœdecision›€to€include€the€J.€C.€Bradford€accounts€as€assets€of€Testatrixðð€estate.€Ô‡ X‰NXXXì«ÔÔ‡ NRNX X‰NÔÐ à ÐÔ#†NÓÊNN NRD$#ÔÔ#†Xì«XNNÓÊc$#Ôà  à€We€review€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€òòò òde€novoó óóó,€with€a€presumption€œof€the›€correctness€œof›€theÐ pÀ Мtrial€courtððs›€findings€of€fact.€€Rule€13(d)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.Ìà  àThe€party€seeking€to€invalidate€a€transaction€because€of€undue€influence€has€the€burden€ofÏproof.€€€ò òòòWilliamson€v.€Upchurchó óóó,€768€S.W.2d€265,€269€(Tenn.€App.€1988).€€Tennessee€case€lawÐ `  Ðreflects€the€well„settled€presumption€ð ðthat€any€transaction€benefiting€the€dominant€party€in€aÏconfidential€relationship€is€invalid€where€there€is€proof€that€the€dominant€party€exercised€dominionÏor€influence€over€the€weaker€party.ðð€òòò òWilliamsonó óóó,€€768€S.W.2d€at€œ269€(citing€ò òòòGordon€v.€Thorntonó óóó,Ð ° Ð584€S.W.2d€655,€658€(Tenn.€App.€1979);òòò ò›€Roberts€v.€Chaseó óóó,€25€Tenn.€App.€636,€651,€166€S.W.2dÐ à Ð641,€650-51€(1942)).€€€ð ð[O]nce€the€presumption€arises,€the€burden€shifts€to€the€dominant€party€toÏdemonstrate€that€the€transaction€is€proper.ðð€òòò òId.ó óóó€(citing€òòò òParsley€v.€Harlanó óóó,€702€S.W.2d€166,€174Ð P  Ð(Tenn.€App.€1985);€òòò òHowell€v.€Davisó óóó,€43€Tenn.€App.€52,€59-60,€306€S.W.2d€9,€12€(1957)).€€However,Ð 0€ Ðthe€party€seeking€to€invalidate€the€transaction€must€first€establish€a€confidential€relationship.€€Ìà  àGenerally,€a€confidential€relationship€is€one€ð ðwhich€gives€one€party€dominion€or€influenceÏover€the€œother.ð𛀀ò òòòWilliamsonó óóó,€768€S.W.2d€at€269.€€œð ð[P]roof›€of€a€confidential€relationship€will€not,Ð Ð  Ðby€itself,€give€rise€to€the€presumption€of€invalidity.€€It€must€be€accompanied€by€proof€tending€toÏshow€that€the€free€agency€of€the€weaker€party€was€destroyed€and€replaced€by€the€will€of€the€dominantÏparty.ðð€òòò òId.ó óóó€(citations€omitted).€€ð ðEvidence€of€one€party's€deteriorated€mental€or€physical€conditionÐ p&À!$ Ðwill€substantiate€the€existence€of€a€confidential€relationship€as€well€as€the€ability€of€the€dominantÏparty€to€influence€the€weaker€party.ððòòò ò€€Id.ó óóó;€òòò òsee€Fritts€v.€Abbottó óóó,€938€S.W.2d€420,€420„21€(Tenn.€App.Ð 0*€%( Ð1996).€€The€elements€of€undue€influence€are:ÌÓÓà8  àdominion€and€control€by€the€stronger€over€the€weaker,€or€there€must€be€a€showing€ofÏsenility€or€physical€or€mental€deterioration€of€the€donor€or€that€fraud€or€duress€wasÏinvolved,€or€other€conditions€which€would€tend€to€establish€that€the€free€agency€ofÏthe€donor€was€destroyed€and€the€will€of€the€donee€was€substituted€therefor.€€Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌÓÓòòò òFritts€v.€œAbbottó óóó,›€938€S.W.2d€420,€420„21€(Tenn.€App.€1996)€(quoting€òòò òKelly€v.€Allenó óóó,€558€S.W.2dÐ  2ð-1 Ð845,€848€(Tenn.€1977)).€€Defendants€may€rebut€the€presumption€of€undue€influence€by€proof€of€theÏfairness€of€the€transaction,€established€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€òòò òReynolds€v.€Dayó óóó,€792Ð `6°15 ÐS.W.2d€924€(Tenn.€App.€1990).€€The€fairness€of€the€transaction€may€be€demonstrated€by€showing€Ïœñh ññ_ ñÐ  @837 Ðñ_ ññh ññm ñÐ   :p59 Ðñm ñthat›€the€Testatrix€had€independent€advice€during€the€transaction.òòò ò€€Crain€v.€Brownó óóó,€823€S.W.2d€187,Ð ° Ð194€(Tenn.€App.€1991)€(citingòòò ò€Richmond€v.€Christianó óóó,€555€S.W.2d€105€(Tenn.€1977)).Ð à Ðà  àThe€question€of€whether€a€confidential€relationship€existed€is€a€question€of€fact.€òòò òFrittsó óóó,€œ938Ð pÀ ÐS.W.2d€at›€421;€òòò òsee€Matlock€v.€Simpsonó óóó,€902€S.W.2d€384€(Tenn.€1995).€€No€particular€set€ofÐ P   Ðcircumstances€requires€a€finding€of€undue€influence.€€Instead,€ð ðthe€undue€influence€issue€should€beÏdecided€by€the€application€of€sound€principles€and€good€sense€to€the€facts€of€each€case.ððòòò ò€€MitchellÐ `  Ðv.€Smithó óóó,€779€S.W.2d€384,€388€(Tenn.€App.€1989)€œ(quoting›€òòò òHalle€v.€Summerfieldó óóó,€199€Tenn.€445,Ð ð@  Ð454,€287€S.W.2d€57,€61€(1956)).€ñm ñœñm ñÌà  àDefendants€rely€on€a€recent€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€case,€òòò òIn€re€Nicholsó óóó,€856€S.W.2d€397Ð ° Ð(Tenn.€1993),€which€involves€facts€similar€to€this€case.€€In€òòò òNicholsó óóó,€Testatrix€willed€ð ðall€[her]Ð à Ðproperty,€real€and€personal[,]ðð€to€her€son€and€her€two€grandchildren,€in€equal€shares.€òòò òNicholsó óóó,€œ856Ð pÀ ÐS.W.2d€at›€398.€€Testatrix€also€purchased€or€renewed€seven€certificates€of€deposit€prior€to€her€death,Ïand€established€those€accounts€in€joint€tenancy€with€right€of€survivorship€with€her€son.€€TestatrixÏdied,€and€the€certificates€of€deposit€transferred€to€son€as€sole€owner.€€One€grandchild€filed€suit€toÏestablish€the€certificates€of€deposit€as€part€of€the€estate.€€The€record€contains€testimony€from€theÏTestatrixððs€lawyer,€who€stated€that€Testatrix€had€informed€him€that€she€ð ðwanted€her€estate€to€beÏdivided€equally€between€the€threeðð€beneficiaries€of€her€will.òòò ò€Id.€ó óóó€Testatrix€also€informed€her€lawyerÐ °"  Ðthat€she€ð ðhad€instructed€[son]€as€to€what€he€was€to€do€with€the€certificates€of€deposit,€that€they€wereÏall€to€be€divided€equally€between€him€and€the€two€grandchildren.ðð€òòò òId.€óóó ó€€Testatrix€stated€that€sheÐ p&À!$ Ðtrusted€her€son€to€do€her€will,€even€though€it€was€not€the€law.€òòò òId.€€ó óóóÐ P( #& Ðà  àThe€trial€court€found€the€certificates€of€deposit€to€be€part€of€the€estate,€and€was€affirmed€byÏthe€Court€of€Appeals.€€The€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€reversed,€finding€that€ownership€of€theÏcertificates€of€deposit€purchased€after€January€1,€1989€was€controlled€by€the€provisions€of€TennesseeÏCode€Annotated€ðð€45„2„703(e)(1)€(Supp.€1992),€which€states€in€pertinent€part:ÌÓÓà8  àà ` àA€designation€of€ð ðjoint€tenants€with€right€of€survivorship,ðð€or€substantiallyÏsimilar€language,€shall€be€conclusive€evidence€in€any€action€or€proceeding€of€theÏintentions€of€all€named€that€title€vests€in€the€survivor.Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌÓý;Óòòò òNicholsó óóó,€œ856€S.W.2d€at›€399.€€In€this€case,€the€accounts€at€issue€were€established€after€January€1,Ð p5À04 М1989;€consequently,›€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ðð€45„2„703(e)(1)€applies.€Ìœñn ñÐ  09€48 Ðñn ñ›à  àIn€this€case,€there€was€evidence€from€which€the€trial€court€could€conclude€that€TestatrixÏplaced€trust€and€confidence€in€œMayo›€and€Giltner,€relying€on€them€for€such€items€as€keeping€up€withÏappointments€and€taking€care€of€her€home€and€rental€properties.€€There€was€testimony€regardingÏœTestatrixðð›€deteriorated€physical€condition€after€her€heart€surgery.€€Witnesses€testified€that€TestatrixÏhad€never€before€opened€accounts€such€as€those€at€J.C.€œBradford›€and€that€they€were€surprised€to€seeÏher€do€so.Ìà  àHowever,€the€testimony€of€œTestatrixðð›€physician€was€that€he€noticed€no€mental€deteriorationÏduring€the€time€in€which€he€treated€her,€from€the€time€of€her€heart€surgery€until€her€death.€€There€isÏno€evidence€that€Testatrixðð€mental€condition€deteriorated€to€permit€Mayo€and€Giltner€to€haveÏð ðdominion€or€influenceðð€over€Testatrix.€€ò òòòWilliamsonó óóó,€768€S.W.2d€at€269.€€There€is€simply€noÐ à Ðevidence€from€which€the€trial€court€could€conclude€that€Testatrixðð€ð ðfree€agency€.€.€.€was€destroyedÏand€replaced€by€the€will€of€the€dominant€party€[Mayo€and€Giltner].ðð€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€€Consequently,€the€evidenceÐ P  Ðis€insufficient€for€the€trial€court€to€find€a€confidential€relationship€that€would€create€a€presumptionÏthat€any€transaction€benefitting€Mayo€and€Giltner€would€be€invalid.€€ò òòòSee€id.€€ó óóóAccordingly,€theÐ ` Ðdecision€of€the€trial€court,€holding€the€creation€of€the€joint€accounts€invalid€and€including€the€jointÏJ.€C.€Bradford€accounts€in€Testatrixðð€estate,€must€be€reversed.Ìà  àThe€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€reversed,€and€the€cause€is€remanded€for€further€proceedingsÏconsistent€with€this€Opinion.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€assessed€against€Appellees,€for€which€executionÏmay€issue€if€œnecessary.ño ñÌño ñ›œño ñÌño ññp ñ›Ì›Ì›Ìñp ñ›ÓÓÔ‡ X‰NXXXì«Ôà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð 0*€%( Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àò òóóHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.Ð +l&) Ðó óà  àò òÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð ¸/+. ÐóóW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.€J.,€W.S.Ð ¤0ô+/ ÐÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÐ h3¸.2 ÐALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€œJ.ó óÔ#†Xì«XX X‰N‰E#Ô›