ÿWPC® ¦‚îYyJy8l0`æŽc®?ý³Ž<]ðV¢Žî1‚¸YU8cô¼i4¯V¡ysë#¥ äÄpˆÂ O9¾cDáoâƒd¥(õ­Â2Þ¶è|Ì\~·K^´4à8*s0†sÏÊGY§óNàƒb#,ÔsÁZ‹\(&‘ÀXGbB¤³‰ñ¢|ó>gtwu˜ Ûítno}ê²Çå‘oUp€\U¼GZBXÿ3vrNRôb‹V_`“;'+J¹:¢>o.‰*•ØÁå3jW†ÞZ™n±UÜåN Ýk@‘¡@¢ ¡kcª‹Õ=;scÑGˆë{ø•L³¶!÷¸&ZzI ¸~Ü™yvþ7‰p3Và—® …¢›™[µ˜-ë?0’á± |²ûç©Qr\õk࣌Kµ‚ïLs~t}¿Èd6üKÏ\ç?Ï|úb¶uñ‡H¾ÄŒ[p²žr_‹ ±D£$2é¹Ù`b@Eý»‰Ó*ñª¥è?&’÷A^ñ.e¼^¡û í;Ò·$ëm鬾”Ÿ1H^›×f!¨=‘в °åÇ7éè8 ÿÐcåw 0¢ÈnM†–/ºÌ(;¢ 3`¢™ó¨Ý·Ó–mÒ%—„b %\UNb 0ˆ°U%N8N† 0Dˆ^ Ì zØÒR w$ N( 4* > ÆT Æ Æà Ʀ l N{ } m E– @˜ #ÉØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØØb¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ 0ë©©©© B”” 0¤± D5U D-Š 0K·· ASÆU 0¤ 0D¿ A«»(@øÐ Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóóqxc1Ï  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt6hö0ê:i¢×+00 Ñ ° ÑLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ  COAT.C.A.§ HighersPleasants LumbFriersonBearmanTownsdinIntervenorTenn.Ct.App I]fSundquist i]t bookstores— notT.C.A W]eprotectableMassengill T]he suasponteclaims— that"differently— andTenn.R.Civ.P.Fed.R.Civ.P.b]efore˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0- ù-(|G2k¼$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÔÙ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôï$ò»»Ô d(|37*$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÔÙ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|37*$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÔÙ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÔÙ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼ÔÙ»»»ÔÑ8€›oXXdé»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ò ò ìàÔ‡î76ÔÙÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼ÔÙ»îî76 #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  ÓSeptember€21,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÌò òÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›oõ#ÔCLINTON€BOOKS,€INC.òòóó€v.€CITY€OF€MEMPHISòòóóÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òA€Direct€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€CT„007680„01€€€€€€The€Honorable€Robert€A.€Lanier,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„01300„COA„R3„CV€„€Filed€November€3,€2004Ð ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X/dXXX›oÔà  àAt€issue€in€this€appeal€is€the€legislatureððs€authority,€under€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€toÐ V¦  Ðimpose€mandatory€closing€times€on€adult„oriented€businesses€in€order€to€combat€the€secondaryÐ ? Ðeffects€associated€with€those€establishments.ò ò€ó óAppellants,€Clinton€Books,€Inc.€(ð ðClinton€Booksðð)€andÐ (x ÐFantasy€Warehouse,€Inc.€(ð ðFantasy€Warehouseðð),€challenge€the€constitutionality€of€T.C.A.€ð§ ð€7„51„Ð d Ð1402òòóó€through€7„51„1406€(ð ðthe€Actðð),€arguing€that€the€Act€violates€several€rights€guaranteed€by€theÐ ýM ÐTennessee€Constitution,€among€them€the€rights€of€religious€and€expressive€freedom,€due€process,Ð æ6 Ðand€equal€protection€of€the€law.€Appellants€further€contend€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€ruling€on€theÐ Ï Ðmerits€of€their€claims€during€the€hearing€on€a€motion€for€temporary€injunction.€We€affirm€in€part,Ð ¸ Ðreverse€in€part,€and€remand€for€further€proceedings.Ð ¡ñ ÐÓˆÓò òó óÔ#†X›oXXX/d”#ÔÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›om#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÌÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€in€Part,Ð \¬ ÐReversed€in€part,€Vacated€and€Remandedó óÐ F– ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ÔÙ»àX›o5 #ÔÔ‡X›oX.¼ÔÙÔW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòAlan€E.€Highers,Ð i ÐJ.óó€and€òòDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.óó,€joined.Ð  R ÐÌMichael€F.€Pleasants,€David€Andrew€E.€Lumb,€and€Frierson€M.€Graves,€Jr.,€Memphis,€ForÐ Ô!$! ÐAppellant,€Clinton€Books,€Inc.Ð ½" " ÐÌEdward€M.€Bearman,€Memphis,€and€Bradley€J.€Shafer,€Lansing,€Michigan,€For€InterveningÐ $ß$ ÐPlaintiff/Appellant,€Fantasy€Warehouse,€Inc.Ð x%È % ÐÌSteven€D.€Townsdin,€Memphis,€For€Defendant/Appellee,€City€of€MemphisÐ J'š"' ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€State€of€Tennessee;€Michael€E.€Moore,€SolicitorÐ )l$) ÐGeneral;€Steven€A.€Hart,€Special€Counsel,€For€Intervenor€Defendant/Appellee,€Tennessee€AttorneyÐ *U%* ÐGeneral€SummersÐ î*>&+ ÐÓ ÓÌò òà@@55'ìàÌÐ ª-ú(.ý ÐOPINIONó óÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›o6 #ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÐ ° ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›o+#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÓÓÓ  ÓÑ€ OYÑÑ8€/dXXdéXXdé8ÑÓÓò òI.€FACTUAL€BACKGROUNDó óÐ ƒÓ ÐÓÓÓ  ÓÓÓà  àIn€1995,€the€Tennessee€Legislature€enacted€Chapter€421€of€the€Tennessee€Public€Acts,€whichÐ W§ Ðwas€codified€as€T.C.A.€ð§ ð€7„51„1401€through€7„51„1406€(1998)€(ð ðthe€Actðð)òòóó.€The€Act€places€certainÐ @  Ðrestrictions€on€the€operation€of€adult„oriented€establishments.€The€Act€defines€ð ðadult„orientedÐ ) y Ðestablishment,ðð€in€relevant€part,€as€follows:Ð  b ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÔ‡X/dXXX›oÔ(4)€"Adult-oriented€establishment"€means€any€commercialÐ ä 4  Ðestablishment,€business€or€service,€or€portion€thereof,€which€offers,Ð Í   Ðas€its€principal€or€predominant€stock€or€trade,€sexually-orientedÐ ¶  Ðmaterial,€devices,€or€paraphernalia€or€specified€sexual€activities,€orÐ Ÿï  Ðany€combination€or€form€thereof,€whether€printed,€filmed,€recordedÐ ˆØ  Ðor€live€and€which€restricts€or€purports€to€restrict€admission€to€adultsÐ qÁ  Ðor€to€any€class€of€adults.€"Adult-oriented€establishment"€includes,€butÐ Zª  Ðis€not€limited€to:ÐC“` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xà(A)€"Adult€book€stores,"€which€means€anyÐ e Ðcorporation,€partnership€or€business€of€any€kindÐ þN Ðwhich€has€as€its€principal€or€predominant€stock€orÐ ç7 Ðtrade,€books,€magazines€or€other€periodicals€andÐ Ð  Ðwhich€offers,€sells,€provides€or€rents€for€a€fee:й ¸ ¸  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ à(i)€Any€sexually-oriented€materialÐ ‹Û Ðwhich€is€available€for€viewing€byÐ tÄ Ðpatrons€on€the€premises€by€means€ofÐ ]­ Ðthe€operation€of€movie€machines€orÐ F– Ðslide€projectors;€orÐ/ÈÈ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ à(ii)€Any€sexually-oriented€materialÐ  Q Ðwhich€has€a€substantial€portion€of€itsÐ ê : Ðcontents€devoted€to€the€pictorialÐ Ó!#  Ðdepiction€of€sadism,€masochism€orÐ ¼" ! Ðbestiality;€orÐ¥#õ"ÈÈ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ à(iii)€Any€sexually-oriented€materialÐ w%Ç $ Ðwhich€has€as€its€principal€theme€theÐ `&°!% Ðdepiction€of€sexual€activity€by,€orÐ I'™"& Ðlascivious€exhibition€of,€the€uncoveredÐ 2(‚#' Ðgenitals,€pubic€region€or€buttocks€ofÐ )k$( Ðchildren€who€are€or€appear€to€be€underÐ *T%) Ðeighteen€(18)€years€of€age€....Ðí*=&*ÈÈ ÐÔ#†X›oXXX/dX#ÔÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›o‰#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÐ Ö+&'+ ÐT.C.A.€ð§ ð€7„51„1401.€The€specific€provision€of€the€Act€at€issue€in€this€case,€T.C.A.€ð§ ð€7„51„1402,Ð ° Ðrequires€that€such€adult„oriented€establishments€be€closed€during€specified€times:Ð ™é ÐÔ‡X/dXXX›oÔÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(a)€No€adult-oriented€establishment€shall€open€to€do€business€beforeÐ k» Ðeight€o'clock€a.m.€(8:00€a.m.),€Monday€through€Saturday;€and€no€suchÐ T¤ Ðestablishment€shall€remain€open€after€twelve€o'clock€(12:00)Ð =  Ðmidnight,€Monday€through€Saturday.€No€adult-oriented€establishmentÐ & v Ðshall€be€open€for€business€on€any€Sunday€or€a€legal€holiday€asÐ  _ Ðdesignated€in€ðð€15-1-101.Ðø H` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(b)€A€local€ordinance,€resolution€or€private€act€may€establish€openingÐ Ê   Ðhours€for€adult-oriented€establishments€which€are€later€than€eightÐ ³  Ðo'clock€a.m.€(8:00€a.m.)€and€closing€hours€which€are€earlier€thanÐ œì  Ðtwelve€o'clock€(12:00)€midnight,€but€in€no€event€may€suchÐ …Õ  Ðordinances,€resolutions€or€private€acts€extend€the€opening€hours€toÐ n¾  Ðearlier€than€eight€o'clock€a.m.€(8:00€a.m.)€or€the€closing€hours€to€laterÐ W§  Ðthan€twelve€o'clock€(12:00)€midnight.Ô#†X›oXXX/dŒ#ÔÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›ov#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÐ@` x` x ÐÌIt€is€these€mandatory€closing€times€that€are€at€issue€in€this€appeal.Ð b ÐÌà  àAppellants,€Clinton€Books,€Inc.€(ð ðClinton€Booksðð)€and€Fantasy€Warehouse,€Inc.€(ð ðFantasyÐ ä4 ÐWarehouseðð),€operate€adult„oriented€businesses€located€in€Memphis€that€predominantly€trade€inÐ Í Ðsexually„oriented€books,€magazines€and€videos.€In€August€of€2001,€the€Memphis€Police€DepartmentÐ ¶ Ðcited€employees€of€both€Clinton€Books€and€Fantasy€Warehouse€for€violation€of€T.C.A.€ð§ ð€7„51„1402.ò òó óÐ Ÿï Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà  àAfter€the€citations€were€issued,€the€appellants€complied€by€closing€their€stores€during€theÐ qÁ Ðrequired€times.€There€is€evidence€in€the€record€that€profits€for€both€bookstores€declined€significantlyÐ Zª Ðdue€to€the€mandatory€closings€required€by€the€statute.ò òÐ C“ ÐÓ_ÓÓ  ÓÌII.€PROCEDURAL€HISTORYó óÐ f ÐÓG$ÓÓÓÌà  àOn€December€27,€2001,€in€the€Shelby€County€Circuit€Court,€Clinton€Books€filed€a€complaintÐ é 9 Ðfor€declaratory€judgment€which€also€requested€a€temporary€and€permanent€injunction€challengingÐ Ò!"  Ðthe€constitutionality€of€the€Actòò€óóon€the€grounds€that€it€violated€various€provisions€of€the€TennesseeÐ »" ! ÐConstitution,€including€equal€protection,€freedom€of€speech,€and€due€process.€On€December€28,Ð ¤#ô" Ð2001,€Clinton€Books€filed€a€motion€for€temporary€injunction.€Clinton€Books€sent€copies€of€both€theÐ $Ý# Ðcomplaint€and€the€motion€to€the€Attorney€General.€Ð v%Æ $ ÐÌà  àOn€January€22,€2002,€Fantasy€Warehouse€filed€a€Motion€to€Intervene.€On€February€22,€2002,Ð H'˜"& Ðan€Order€was€entered€granting€the€motion€to€intervene.Ð 1(#' ÐÌà  àOn€February€13,€2002,€the€Attorney€General€for€the€State€of€Tennessee€filed€a€Motion€toÐ *S%) ÐIntervene€to€defend€the€constitutionality€of€the€Act.€The€original€defendant€was€the€City€of€Memphis,Ð ì*<&* Ðwhose€police€officers€had€issued€citations€in€August€2001€for€violation€of€the€Act.Ð Õ+%'+ Ðà  àThe€Motion€for€temporary€injunction€was€set€for€hearing€on€May€16,€2002.€The€AttorneyÐ ° ÐGeneral€filed€three€volumes€of€exhibits€consisting€of€legislative€history,€various€studies,€andÐ ™é Ðmiscellaneous€letters€and€statements.€The€court€heard€testimony€from€various€witnesses.€AnotherÐ ‚Ò Ðhearing€was€held€on€March€13,€2003.€No€testimony€was€heard€at€that€hearing,€only€argument€ofÐ k» Ðcounsel.€On€April€2,€2003,€the€court€entered€an€order€denying€the€injunction€and€dismissed€the€caseÐ T¤ Ðfor€lack€of€jurisdiction€and€upheld€the€validity€of€the€statute.€Appellants€filed€their€notice€of€appealÐ =  Ðon€April€29,€2003.€Ô#†¼ÔÙ»XX›oL #ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔClinton€Books€filed€a€motion€to€alter€or€amend€the€final€judgment€on€April€24,Ð & v Ð2003.€Fantasy€Warehouse€filed€a€motion€to€alter€or€amend€the€final€judgment€on€April€25,€2003.€TheÐ  _ Ðcourt€denied€these€motions€in€an€order€entered€on€August€6,€2003.€After€the€trial€court€denied€theirÐ ø H Ðmotions€to€alter€or€amend,€Clinton€Books€filed€a€supplemental€notice€of€appeal€on€September€3,Ð á 1  Ð2003,€and€Fantasy€Warehouse€filed€a€supplemental€notice€of€appeal€on€September€4,€2003.Ð Ê   ÐÓ’$ÓÓ  Óò òÌIII.€ISSUES€PRESENTEDÐ í  ÐÓ».Óó óÌà  àAppellants€present€numerous€issues€for€review.€We€perceive€the€issues€to€be€as€follows:ò òó óÐ pÀ  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à1.à0¸ ` x` xàWhether€the€Circuit€Courts€of€this€State€have€jurisdiction€toÐ B’ Ðenjoin€the€enforcement€of€an€unconstitutional€statute,€theÐ +{ Ðviolation€of€which€subjects€the€offender€to€criminalÐ d Ðpenalties,€and€whether€the€doctrine€of€former€suit€pendingÐ ýM Ðbars€any€challenge€to€such€unconstitutional€statute.Ðæ6¸ x¸ x ÐÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.à0¸ ` x` xàWhether€the€Circuit€Court€erred€in€dismissing€the€causes€ofÐ ¸ Ðaction€filed€by€the€Plaintiff€and€the€Intervening€Plaintiff,Ð ¡ñ Ðwhich€contained€a€number€of€constitutional€challenges€andÐ ŠÚ Ðother€claims€for€relief€but€which€were€not€placed€in€issue€inÐ sà Ðthe€motions€for€temporary€injunction;€the€rulings€upon€whichÐ \¬ Ðled€to€the€òòsua€sponte€óódismissal€of€all€claims.ÐE•¸ x¸ x ÐÌÓJ1ÓÓ  Óò òIV.€STANDARD€OF€REVIEWó óÐ g ÐÓƒ3ÓÓ  ÓÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€in€this€non-jury€case€is€òòde€novo€óóupon€the€record€of€the€proceedingsÐ ê : Ðbelow€and€there€is€no€presumption€of€correctness€with€respect€to€the€trial€court's€conclusions€of€law.ò òÐ Ó!#  ÐòòCampbell€v.€Florida€Steel€Corp.óó,€919€S.W.2d€26€(Tenn.1996)ó ó€and€Tenn.€R.App.€P.€13(d).€The€trialÐ ¼" ! Ðcourt's€factual€findings€are,€however,€presumed€to€be€correct€and€we€must€affirm€such€findingsÐ ¨#ø" Ðabsent€evidence€preponderating€to€the€contrary.€òòò òUnion€Carbide€Corp.€v.€Huddlestonóó,€854€S.W.2dÐ ‘$á# Ð87€(Tenn.1993)ó ó.Ð }%Í $ ÐÓÐ3Óò òÓ  ÓÌV.€ANALYSISó óÐ S'£"& ÐÓ6ÓÓ  ÓÌà  àAppellants€contend€that€the€Act€infringes€upon€numerous€guarantees€of€the€TennesseeÐ &)v$( ÐConstitution,€including€freedom€of€religion,€freedom€of€expression,€due€process€and€equalÐ *_%) Ðprotection.€Appellee€argues€that€the€Act€falls€within€the€authority€of€the€state€to€regulate€secondaryÐ ø*H&* Ðeffects€of€adult„oriented€establishments.€The€briefs€filed€by€Appellants€and€Appellees€in€this€appealÐ á+1'+ Ðoffer€extensive€argument€as€to€whether€the€Act€offends€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€However,€weÐ ° Ðneed€not€resolve€the€question€of€the€statuteððs€constitutionality€at€this€time.€We€need€only€address€twoÐ ™é Ðquestions:€(1)€Whether€the€Circuit€Court€has€jurisdiction€to€enjoin€the€enforcement€of€an€allegedlyÐ ‚Ò Ðunconstitutional€criminal€statute,€and€whether€the€doctrine€of€former€suit€pending€bars€any€challengeÐ k» Ðby€plaintiffs€to€the€allegedly€unconstitutional€statute;€and€(2)€whether€the€Circuit€Court€erred€inÐ T¤ Ðdismissing,€òòsua€sponte€óóand€during€a€hearing€on€a€motion€for€temporary€injunction,€the€causes€ofÐ =  Ðaction€filed€by€Appellants€in€their€complaints.€We€will€address€each€of€these€two€questions€in€turn.Ð & v ÐÓÁ6Óòòò òóóÓ  ÓÌA.Ð ù I ÐòòJurisdiction€of€circuit€court€to€enjoin€a€criminal€statute,€Ð ã 3  Ðand€application€of€doctrine€of€former€suit€pendingÐ Ë   ÐÌó óóóÓ <ÓÓ  Óà  àIn€the€trial€courtððs€Order€Denying€Petition€for€Temporary€Injunction,€entered€on€April€2,Ð ›ë  Ð2003,€the€trial€court€stated€that€ð ðthis€Court€cannot€grant€an€immediate€remedy€[to€plaintiffs].€It€doesÐ „Ô  Ðnot€have€the€authority€to€enjoin€a€district€attorney€general€from€prosecuting€under€the€statute€at€bar.ððÐ m½  ÐIn€support€of€this€proposition,€the€court€cites€òòò òTennessee€Downs,€Inc.€v.€Gibbonsó óóó,€ò ò15€S.W.3d€843,Ð V¦  Ð848€(Tenn.Ct.App.€1999)ó ó,€which€states:Ð B’ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àA€district€attorney€general€is€answerable€to€no€superior€and€hasÐ g Ðvirtually€unbridled€discretion€in€determining€to€prosecute€and€forÐ P Ðwhat€offense.€No€court€may€interfere€with€the€discretion€of€a€districtÐ é9 Ðattorney€general€to€prosecute,€and,€in€the€formulation€of€this€decisionÐ Ò" Ðhe€or€she€is€answerable€to€no€one.л ` x` x ÐÌòòò òIdóó.ó ó€at€848.€The€court€further€denied€the€Appellantsðð€motion€for€declaratory€judgment,€pointing€outÐ Ý Ðthat€the€Appellants€themselves€had€not€yet€been€subject€to€criminal€prosecution.€Only€theirÐ yÉ Ðemployees€had€been€cited€for€violation€of€the€statute.€The€trial€court€wrote,€Ð b² ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à[I]f€[Appellants]€have€not€yet€been€subject€to€prosecution€and€areÐ 4„ Ðonly€alleging€that€they€might€become€subject€to€prosecution€in€theÐ m Ðfuture,€then€a€declaratory€judgment€cannot€be€granted€....€[A]Ð  V Ðdeclaratory€judgment€may€not€be€given€to€ððallay€fears€as€to€what€mayÐ ï ? Ðoccur€in€the€future.ðð€Therefore,€this€Court€cannot€grant€a€declaratoryÐ Ø!(  Ðjudgment€regarding€a€future€possibility€based€upon€Plaintiffsðð€fearsÐ Á"! Ðof€the€future.Ъ#ú"` x` x ÐÌThe€trial€court,€in€its€Order€on€the€Plaintiffsðð€motions€to€alter€or€amend€the€judgment,€later€reversedÐ |%Ì $ Ðits€position€and€found€that€the€Plaintiffs€òòcouldóó€maintain€an€action€for€declaratory€judgment.€But€theÐ e&µ!% Ðcourt€suggested€that€such€a€declaratory€judgment,€even€if€granted,€would€be€unavailing€to€theÐ N'ž"& Ðplaintiffs€since€the€trial€court€lacked€jurisdiction€to€enjoin€a€criminal€prosecution.Ð 7(‡#' ÐÌà  àWith€respect€to€the€motions€for€injunction,€Appellants€disagree€with€the€trial€courtððsÐ  *Y%) Ðcharacterization€of€the€Tennessee€law€of€injunctions,€and€they€cite€òòò òPlanned€Parenthood€of€MiddleÐ ò*B&* ÐTennessee€v.€Sundquistóó,€38€S.W.3d€1€(Tenn.€2000)ó ó,€as€support€for€the€view€that€civil€courts€haveÐ Ü+,'+ Ðthe€authority€to€enjoin€the€enforcement€of€a€criminal€statute.€In€òòò òPlanned€Parenthoodó óóó,€the€TennesseeÐ ° ÐSupreme€Court€found€that€certain€abortion€statutes€were€unconstitutional€under€the€TennesseeÐ šê ÐConstitution,€and€ordered€that€the€trial€court€enter€a€permanent€injunction€restraining€the€defendants,Ð ƒÓ Ðin€their€official€capacities,€from€enforcing€the€unconstitutional€provisions€of€the€challenged€statute.€Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àAppellantsðð€reliance€on€Planned€Parenthood€is€misplaced.€€€This€Supreme€Courtððs€mandateÐ > Ž Ðfor€injunction€dealt€primarily€with€civil€requirements€of€various€participants€in€the€abortion€process,Ð ' w Ðand€this€Court€gave€no€indication€that€it€was€making€a€material€change€to€the€long„standingÐ  ` Ðestablished€law€concerning€a€civil€courtððs€enjoining€prosecution€under€criminal€law.€€Moreover,€inÐ ù I Ðthe€case€of€òòò òDenny€v.€Wilson€Countyó óóó,€281€S.W.2d€671€(Tenn.€1955),€the€Court€said:Ð â 2  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWhere€an€applicable€rule,€statute€or€common€law,€isÐ µ  Ðoverlooked€in€the€decision€of€a€case,€such€decision€is€no€authorityÐ žî  Ðagainst€the€rule€or€for€the€proposition€that€the€rule€is€not€to€be€appliedÐ ‡×  Ðin€a€like€case€in€the€future.ÐpÀ ` x` x ÐÌò òòòId.ó óóó€at€674€(citations€omitted).Ð B’ ÐÌà  àUnder€Tennessee€law,€a€civil€court€does€not€have€authority€to€enjoin€the€enforcement€of€aÐ e Ðcriminal€statute,€and€this€court€has€plainly€stated€this€principle€in€the€case€of€òòò òCampbell€v.€Sundquistóó,Ð þN Ð926€S.W.2d€250€(Tenn.Ct.App.€1996)ó ó.€In€òòò òCampbelló óóó,€homosexual€plaintiffs€brought€an€actionÐ ê: Ðchallenging€the€stateððs€Homosexual€Practices€Act€under€various€provisions€of€the€TennesseeÐ Ö& ÐConstitution.€This€court€found€that€it€was€not€within€the€authority€of€a€civil€court€to€issue€theÐ ¿ Ðinjunction€sought€by€the€plaintiffs,€and€stated,€ð ð[i]t€is€clear€that€this€court€may€not€enjoin€pendingÐ ¨ø Ðor€threatened€prosecutions€for€the€violation€of€the€criminal€laws€of€this€state.ðð€ò òòòIdóóó ó.€at€266.€The€trialÐ ‘á Ðcourt€in€the€case€at€bar€was€correct€in€finding€that€it€was€without€jurisdiction€to€enjoin€theÐ {Ë Ðenforcement€of€the€challenged€statute.Ð d´ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€further€found€that€the€doctrine€of€former€suit€pending€ð ðprevents€this€CourtÐ 6† Ðfrom€being€able€to€decide€the€same€issue€which€is€raised€as€a€defense€in€the€criminal€proceeding.ððÐ o ÐWe€disagree€with€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€doctrine€of€former€suit€pending€bars€this€suitÐ  X Ðchallenging€the€constitutionality€of€a€criminal€statute.€In€òòò òCity€of€Newport€v.€Massengill€Auction€Co.óó,Ð ñ A Ð19€S.W.3d€789€(Tenn.Ct.App.€1999ó ó),€we€explained€the€scope€of€the€former€suit€pending€doctrine:Ð Ý!-  Ðð ð[T]he€two€suits€must€involve€the€identical€subject€matter€and€be€between€the€same€parties€and€theÐ É"! Ðformer€suit€must€be€pending€in€a€court€in€this€state€having€jurisdiction€of€the€subject€matter€and€theÐ ²#" Ðparties.ðð€ò òòòId.óóó ó€at€793€(quoting€òòò òCockburn€v.€Howard€Johnson,€Incóó.,€215€Tenn.€254,€385€(Tenn.Ð ›$ë# Ð1964)ó ó).€The€criminal€prosecutions€cited€by€the€trial€court€are€not€between€the€ð ðsame€partiesðð€as€inÐ ‡%× $ Ðthe€case€at€bar.€Therefore,€the€doctrine€of€former€suit€pending€does€not€bar€this€action€fromÐ s&Ã!% Ðproceeding.Ð \'¬"& ÐÌà  àFor€these€reasons,€we€find€that€while€the€trial€court€was€correct€in€denying€AppellantsððÐ .)~$( Ðmotions€for€temporary€and€permanent€injunction,€the€trial€court€erred€in€finding€that€the€doctrine€ofÐ *g%) Ðformer€suit€pending€barred€the€Appellants€from€bringing€an€action€in€civil€court€while€theÐ +P&* Ðprosecutions€proceeded€against€their€employees,€for€violation€of€the€Act,€in€criminal€courts.Ð é+9'+ ÐÑ OYÑâ  âѰ°Ñâ  âÑ  ÑÓã<Óò òÓ  ÓB.Ð ° ÐÓ7YÓÓ  ÓòòDismissal€of€Appellantsðð€claims€by€the€circuit€courtó óóóÐ šê ÐÓjYÓÓ  ÓÌà  àAppellants€contend€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€dismissing€the€complaints€of€Clinton€BooksÐ k» Ðand€Fantasy€Warehouse€with€prejudice€when€there€were€several€constitutional€challenges€that€were€Ð T¤ Ðnot€raised€in€Appellantsðð€motions€for€temporary€injunction.€Appellants€allege€that€the€courtððsòò€suaÐ =  Ðsponte€óódismissal€of€all€of€their€claims€was€improper€because€they€were€denied€the€opportunity€toÐ & v Ðargue€these€claims€fully.€Ð  _ ÐÓÛYÓÓ  ÓÌà  àThe€trial€courtððs€order€dismissing€all€the€Appellantsðð€claims€was€titled,€ð ðOrder€DenyingÐ á 1  ÐPetition€for€Temporary€Injunction,ðð€and€the€order€was€entered€after€an€evidentiary€hearing€held€onÐ Ê   ÐMay€16,€2002,€and€a€second€hearing€on€March€13,€2003.€At€the€first€hearing,€testimony€was€takenÐ ³  Ðfrom€several€witnesses;€at€the€second€hearing,€the€court€heard€arguments€of€counsel.€On€April€2,Ð œì  Ð2003,€the€trial€court€entered€the€Order€Denying€Petition€for€Temporary€Injunction.€In€its€Order,€theÐ …Õ  Ðcourt€analyzed€three€of€the€Appellantsðð€constitutional€claimsð— ðthat€the€forced€closing€times€violatedÐ n¾  Ðtheir€rights€to€freedom€of€expression,€that€the€Sunday€and€holiday€closings€unconstitutionallyÐ W§  Ðfurthered€Christianity,€and€that€the€statute€violated€equal€protection€because€it€treats€adult€bookstoresÐ @ Ðand€adult€cabarets€differentlyð— ðand€found€that€they€were€all€without€merit.€In€the€Order€DenyingÐ )y ÐPetition€for€Temporary€Injunction,€the€trial€court€wrote:Ð b ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àPlaintiffs€pray€for€a€temporary€injunction€allowing€them€toÐ ä4 Ðreopen€their€facilities€until€this€matter€is€resolved.€However,€thisÐ Í ÐCourt€will€dismiss€this€case€based€on€the€doctrine€of€former€suitÐ ¶ Ðpending,€lack€of€authority€to€enjoin€the€district€attorney€general,€andÐ Ÿï Ðthe€inability€to€grant€a€declaratory€judgment€based€on€possible€futureÐ ˆØ Ðevents€....€ò òBecause€of€the€foregoing€reasons,€Plaintiffs€have€notÐ qÁ Ðshown€that€their€rights€are€being€violated€because€TennesseeÐ ]­ ÐCode€Annotated€ðð€7„51„1402€was€not€found€to€beÐ G— Ðunconstitutional.€ó óAlso,€assuming€the€legislature€is€correct€regardingÐ 1 Ðthe€secondary€effects€of€adult€establishments,€the€State€has€a€greaterÐ m Ðinterest€in€protecting€society€than€Plaintiffsðð€economic€gains€whichÐ  V Ðdoes€not€rise€to€irreparable€damage.€For€these€reasons,€PlaintiffsÐ ï ? Ðpetition€for€temporary€injunction€is€denied.ÐØ!( ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWHEREFORE,€it€is€hereby€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED,€andÐ ª#ú" ÐDECREED€that€Plaintiffs€petition€for€temporary€injunction€is€denied,Ð “$ã# Ðand€the€Court€dismisses€the€case€for€lack€of€jurisdiction.€PlaintiffsÐ |%Ì $ Ðshall€be€responsible€for€all€court€costs€equally.Ðe&µ!%` x` x ÐÌ(Emphasis€added).Ô#†¼ÔÙ»XX›oZ,#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔ€€However,€in€its€Order€on€Plaintiffsðð€motions€to€alter€or€amend€the€finalÐ 7(‡#' Ðjudgment,€the€trial€court€specifically€stated€that€the€challenged€statute€was€constitutional:Ð  )p$( ÐÌà8  àWHEREFORE,€it€is€hereby€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€and€DECREED€thatÐ ò*B&* ÐPlaintiffsðð€petition€to€alter€or€amend€this€Courtððs€previous€order€is€denied;€and€T.C.A.Ð Û++'+ Ðð§ ðð§ ð€7„51„1401€through€1406€is€found€valid€under€Article€II,€ð§ ð17,€of€the€TennesseeÐ ° ÐConstitution.ЙéÐ Ð  ÐÌ€It€is€apparent€that€the€trial€court,€in€ruling€on€the€merits€of€the€Appellantsðð€constitutional€claimsÐ k» Ðupon€a€hearing€of€their€motions€for€temporary€injunction,€either€effectively€issued€a€declaratoryÐ T¤ Ðjudgment€or€dismissed€the€action€on€its€merits.€€In€either€event,€the€trial€court€went€beyond€theÐ =  Ðproper€scope€of€a€hearing€on€a€motion€for€temporary€injunction.€Rule€65.04(7)€of€the€TennesseeÐ & v ÐRules€of€Civil€Procedure€requires€that,€in€order€for€a€hearing€of€an€application€for€temporaryÐ  _ Ðinjunction€to€be€consolidated€with€a€trial€of€the€action€on€the€merits,€the€trial€court€must€so€order.Ð ø H ÐThe€Rule€reads,€in€relevant€part,Ô#†¼ÔÙ»XX›oâf#ÔÔ‡X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÐ á 1  ÐÓ\ÓÓ  ÓÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àBefore€or€after€the€commencement€of€the€hearing€of€an€applicationÐ ³  Ðfor€a€preliminary€injunction,€the€Court€may€order€the€trial€of€theÐ œì  Ðaction€on€the€merits€to€be€advanced€and€consolidated€with€the€hearingÐ …Õ  Ðof€the€application.Ðn¾ ` x` x ÐÌIn€the€case€of€òòò òJohnson€v.€City€of€Clarksvilleóó,€2003€WL€21266937€(Tenn.Ct.App.€2003)ó ó,€theÐ @ Ðplaintiff,€the€Southern€Secrets€Bookstore€in€Clarksville,€Tennessee,€challenged€a€ClarksvilleÐ ,| Ðordinance€regulating€adult„oriented€businesses,€alleging€that€the€ordinance€violated€the€plaintiffððsÐ e ÐFirst€Amendment€right€of€freedom€of€expression.€The€trial€court€consolidated€the€hearing€of€theÐ þN Ðplaintiffððs€application€for€temporary€injunction€with€a€hearing€on€the€merits.€The€trial€court€struckÐ ç7 Ðdown€small€portions€of€the€ordinance,€but€determined€that€the€rest€of€the€ordinance€wasÐ Ð  Ðconstitutional.€It€dismissed€the€complaint€for€declaratory€judgment,€as€well€as€the€plaintiffððs€originalÐ ¹  Ðcomplaint.€This€court€found€that€the€consolidation€of€the€hearing€of€the€application€for€temporaryÐ ¢ò Ðinjunction€with€a€trial€on€the€merits€was€improper,€because€the€trial€court€did€not€give€notice€to€theÐ ‹Û Ðparties€of€such€consolidation,€pursuant€to€Tenn.R.Civ.P.€65.04(7).€We€wrote:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€is€undisputed€that€the€trial€court€in€this€case€did€not€order€a€RuleÐ F– Ð65.04(7)€consolidation,€nor€did€it€provide€notice€to€the€parties€of€itsÐ / Ðintent€to€consolidate€the€hearings.€Further,€the€parties€were€notÐ h Ðadvised€that€the€court€had€in€fact€consolidated€the€hearings€until€theÐ  Q Ðcourt€issues€its€memorandum€dismissing€the€action€....€Although€RuleÐ ê : Ð65.04(7)€clearly€establishes€that€it€is€within€the€authority€of€the€courtÐ Ó!#  Ðto€order€an€application€for€temporary€injunction€consolidated€with€aÐ ¼" ! Ðhearing€on€the€merits,€it€may€not€exercise€such€authority€withoutÐ ¥#õ" Ðnotice€to€the€parties.€Notice€of€the€issues€to€be€tried€is€fundamental€toÐ Ž$Þ# Ðthe€judicial€process,€and€parties€are€entitled€to€such€notice€in€advanceÐ w%Ç $ Ðof€the€trial€date.€The€United€States€Supreme€Court€has€addressed€theÐ `&°!% Ðidentical€language€of€Fed.R.Civ.P.€65(a)(2),€opining:€ð ð[b]efore€suchÐ I'™"& Ðan€order€[of€consolidation]€may€issue,€however,€the€courts€haveÐ 2(‚#' Ðcommonly€required€that€ððthe€parties€should€normally€receive€clearÐ )k$( Ðand€unambiguous€notice€...€either€before€the€hearing€commences€orÐ *T%) Ðat€a€time€which€will€still€afford€the€parties€a€full€opportunity€toÐ í*=&* Ðpresent€their€respective€cases.ðððð€ÐÖ+&'+` x` x ÐÓ’lÓÓ0Óòòò òIdóó.ó ó€at€*3€(internal€citations€omitted).€We€find€nothing€in€the€record€that€indicates€that€the€trial€courtÐ ° Ðproperly€ordered€the€consolidation€of€the€hearing€of€the€application€for€temporary€injunction€withÐ œì Ða€trial€on€the€merits.€Indeed,€the€transcripts€of€the€proceedings€at€the€trial€level€contain€statementsÐ …Õ Ðby€Appellants€and€Appellees€to€the€effect€that€the€hearings€on€€May€16,€2002€and€March€13,€2003Ð n¾ Ðwere€pursuant€to€the€motions€for€temporary€injunction,€and€that€both€sides€desired€a€full€trial€on€theÐ W§ Ðmerits€at€a€later€date.€On€neither€occasion€did€the€trial€court€indicate€any€disagreement€with€theseÐ @  Ðstatements.€For€example,€at€the€May€16,€2002€hearing,€attorney€Steven€A.€Hart,€representing€theÐ ) y ÐAttorney€General,€engaged€in€the€following€colloquy€with€the€trial€court:Ð  b ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àMR€HART:€...€I€would€just€submit€that€today€we€are€here€onÐ ä 4  Ðthe€Motions€for€Temporary€Injunction.€We€are€not€here€for€a€trial€onÐ Í   Ðthe€merits€under€the€Declaratory€Judgment€Act.€There€seems€to€beÐ ¶  Ðsome€implication€that€the€Court€could€just€jump€ahead€and€make€thatÐ Ÿï  Ðdeclaration€on€the€merits€and€get€beyond€considering€this€Motion€forÐ ˆØ  ÐTemporary€Injunction,€and€the€State€would€object€to€that,€because€weÐ qÁ  Ðintend€to€have€discovery€and€fully€prepare€this€case€for€trial€when€itÐ Zª  Ðcomes€up.ÐC“` x` x ÐÌà  àà ` àTHE€COURT:€Anything€else?Ð e ÐÌA€similar€colloquy€occurred€at€the€March€13,€2003€hearing.€Michael€Pleasants,€attorney€for€ClintonÐ ç7 ÐBooks,€and€Bradley€Shafer,€attorney€for€Fantasy€Warehouse,€had€the€following€exchange€with€theÐ Ð  Ðtrial€court:Ð ¹  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€...€[N]ow,€we€are€to€you€wanting€an€injunctionÐ ‹Û Ðagainst€criminal€prosecution€of€theð— ðyour€clients.€Is€that€right?ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àMR.€PLEASANTS:€Well,€against€the€criminal€prosecution€ofÐ F– Ðourð— ðnot€of€our€ð— ðyes,€of€our€clients.€And€also€declaratory€judgmentÐ / Ðthat€the€act€is€within€the€Constitution.Ðh` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€Okay.€Mr.€Shafer€is€on€his€feet.Ðê :` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àMR.€SHAFER:€Well,€the€only€thing€I€was€going€to€say,€YourÐ ¼" ! ÐHonor,€is€that€I€donððt€think€we€have€so€limited€the€Request€for€reliefÐ ¥#õ" Ðin€regard€to€merely€our€clients.€We€have€made€facial€challenge€to€thisÐ Ž$Þ# Ðstatute€under€the€state€constitution€and€we€are€asking€for€a€temporaryÐ w%Ç $ Ðinjunction€pending€a€full€trial€on€the€merits€in€this€matter€against€theÐ `&°!% Ðenforcement€of€this€statute€against€anyone.€ÐI'™"&` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIf€the€Court€may€recall€from€the€last€evidentiary€hearing€....Ð 2(‚#' ÐMr.€Hart€got€up€and€specifically€indicated€to€the€Court,€and€we€agreeÐ )k$( Ðwith€him,€that€the€State€wanted€it€to€be€clear€that€this€was€not€theirÐ *T%) Ðtrial€on€the€merits,€that€at€a€later€date,€whenever€we€have€a€trial€on€theÐ í*=&* Ðmerits,€the€State€wouldð— ðis€probably€going€to€want€to€presentÐ Ö+&'+ Ðadditional€evidence,€as€would€we,€but€this€is€really€just€limited€toÐ ° Ðtemporary€injunction.Йé` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€All€right.Ðk»` x` x ÐÌThese€exchanges€between€the€parties€and€the€trial€court€make€it€clear€that€the€parties€understood€theÐ =  Ðpurpose€of€the€May€16,€2002€and€March€13,€2003€hearings€to€be€limited€to€considering€the€plaintiffsððÐ & v Ðmotions€for€temporary€injunction.€Therefore,€we€find€that€the€trial€court€improperly€entered€a€finalÐ  _ Ðorder€without€giving€notice€that€the€hearings€on€the€motions€for€temporary€injunction€were€to€beÐ ø H Ðconsolidated€with€a€trial€on€the€merits.€Ð á 1  ÐÓ¢xÓò òÓ  ÓÌCONCLUSIONó óÐ ´  ÐÓ'ŠÓÓ  ÓÌà  àAccordingly,€the€order€of€the€trial€court€denying€the€motions€for€temporary€injunction€isÐ ‡×  Ðaffirmed,€and€the€order€in€all€other€respects€is€reversed.€The€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€forÐ pÀ  Ðsuch€further€proceedings€on€the€declaratory€judgment€action€consistent€with€this€opinion.€Costs€ofÐ Y©  Ðthis€appeal€are€assessed€one„half€to€the€Appellants,€Clinton€Books€and€Fantasy€Warehouse,€and€theirÐ B’ Ðsureties,€and€one„half€to€the€Appellees,€the€City€of€Memphis,€Paul€Summers€in€his€capacity€asÐ +{ ÐAttorney€General,€and€William€L.€Gibbons,€District€Attorney€General.Ð d ÐÓfŠÓÔ#†¼ÔÙ»XX›oNl#ÔÔ€X›oX»¼ÔÙÔÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h à__________________________________________Ð ¡ñ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€PRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.