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Ɛ 0DV 0@š 0DÚ D/ U >M B‹ B¨ B)Å DCî AM1 U*~ *¨ ĄŌ cshÖv~>vĶŧX- ų-($ĄĄc:\wpwin60\template\opn.wpt Ø EŲ UÚ Û DÜ Ũ eŪ Dß ā Ķ€ę ę‚_#(ÖÃ9 Z ‹6Times New Roman Regular3|xę 2 ˙˙0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ˙˙0Indent2ā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô))))'˙˙dxd2, ˙˙0Indent3ā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ˙˙0Indent4ā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ˙˙0Indent5ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ˙˙0Indent6ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ˙˙0Indent7ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô(((2Ŧ$¤¤Ũ ƒ!ŨŨ  ŨĶ  Ķā  āōōÚ  Ú0Ú  Úķķ2^ ˙˙0Indent8ā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āā0 āÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô(#Ã$ōōÚ  Ú0Ú  Úķķ  ˙˙?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ˙˙8Mac DefaultMac DefaultĶ ` °šXĶ!"#$&Cū˙<< C˙˙ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$ĸĸŨ ƒ!ŨŨ  Ũ("˙˙$ŖŖŌ  ŌŌ  Ō($$””ō ōÚ  Ú1Ú  Úķ ķ(('÷˙ dxd< Œ 9p`(&Times New Romanü˙P Pd d% Line 7 d****7Border 1dd!#+Cū˙ << G˙˙< Œ 9p`(Arial Ũ ƒ!ŨŅ  ŅŅ#€d#ŅÔ€'ÔŨ  ŨŨ ƒ""ŨŨ  ŨÔ€-ÔÔ€-ÔĶ  Ķō ōÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€-XÔĖĖNovember€7,€1997ĖĖCecil€W.€CrowsonĖAppellate€Court€ClerkÔ  Ôķ ķ —Ũ ƒ!ŨŅ#€d#ŅÔ€'ÔŨ  ŨŨ ƒ$ŨĶ  Ķā āōōÚ  ÚÚ  ÚķķŨ  Ũ€€There€is€conflicting€testimony€as€to€why€Mr.€Perdue€revoked€the€first€power€of€attorney.€ĪMs.€Crumley€testified€that€prior€to€the€revocation€she€had€withdrawn€approximately€$1,700.00Īfrom€Mr.€Perdueđđs€account.€€She€further€stated€that€she€had€withdrawn€the€monies€with€Mr.ĪPerdueđđs€permission€and€that€the€withdrawals€constituted€an€unpaid€loan.€€It€was€Ms.€GreeneđđsĪcontention€that€Mr.€Perdue€did€not€give€his€permission€and€revoked€the€first€power€of€attorneyĪupon€learning€of€the€withdrawals.Ė YŨ ƒ!ŨŅ#€d#ŅÔ€'ÔŨ  ŨŨ ƒ$ŨĶ  Ķā āōōÚ  ÚÚ  ÚķķŨ  Ũ€€đ đThe€designation€of€a€particular€person€to€serve€as€a€conservator€is€left€đđto€the€discretionĪof€the€appointing€court,€and€an€appellate€court€will€interfere€with€the€exercise€of€this€discretion€onlyĪin€case€of€a€clear€abuse.đđđđ€€ōōō ōEstate€of€H.€C.€Powers€v.€Rogersķķķ ķ,€No.€02„A„01„9310„CH„00227,€1994€WL€695419,€at€*4€(Tenn.€App.€13€Dec.€1994)€(ōōquotingķķ€ōōō ōIn€re€Rockwellķķķ ķ,€673ĪS.W.2d€512,€516€(Tenn.€App.€1983)).€€When€the€court€decided€ōōō ōRockwellķķķ ķ,€the€statute€governingĪthe€appointment€of€a€conservator€gave€the€court€complete€discretion.€€Today,€that€statute,ĪTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€34„13„103,€while€still€discretionary,€is€more€restrictive.€€ToĪexplain,€the€current€statute€includes€a€prioritized€list€which€the€earlier€statute€lacked.€€TennesseeĪCode€Annotated€section€34„13„103€provides:Ėā8 āSubject€to€the€court's€determination€of€what€is€in€the€best€interests€of€the€disabledĪperson,€the€court€shall€consider€the€following€persons€in€the€order€listed€forĪappointment€of€the€conservator:Ėā8 ā(1)€The€person€or€persons€designated€in€a€writing€signed€by€the€alleged€disabledĪperson;Ėā8 ā(2)€The€spouse€of€the€disabled€person;Ėā8 ā(3)€Any€child€of€the€disabled€person;Ėā8 ā(4)€Closest€relative(s)€of€the€disabled€person;€andĖā8 ā(5)€Other€person(s).ĖTenn.€Code€Ann.€đđ€34„13„103€(1996).€€The€best€interest€analysis€and€the€fifth€choice€provide€theĪcourt€with€some€discretion€Ė ^Ũ ƒ!ŨŅ#€d#ŅÔ€'ÔŨ  ŨŨ ƒ$ŨĶ  Ķā āōōÚ  ÚÚ  ÚķķŨ  Ũ€€A€durable€power€of€attorney€as€provided€for€by€title€36,€chapter€6,€part€1€of€TennesseeĪCode€Annotated€does€not€authorize€the€attorney€in€fact€to€make€health€care€decisions.€€ōōō ōSeeķķķ ķ€Tenn.ĪCode€Ann.€đđđđ€34„6„108(c)(9),€„109€(1996).€€A€person€may,€however,€execute€a€durable€power€ofĪattorney€for€health€care€which€đ đauthorizes€an€attorney€in€fact€to€make€health€care€decisions€for€theĪprincipal.đđ€€ōōō ōId.ķ ķķķ€đđ€34„6„201.€ĖPtPtHHÚ(˙á˙âųFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃĐ ĐĐHHĐĐ  ĐĐ2ĐĐ˙˙¸æ$˙ĐĐHHĐĐĐĐĐĐĐĐ  ĐĐ ĐĐ ĐŅŅŅGenevaŅŅ ŅŅ € ŅŅ<Px–ČŅŌŌŌ443!#4ŌŌ$ *$ŌŌ$*$ŌŌ ˙KK ŌŌ  Geneva ŌŌ  Geneva ŌĶ.,ĶĶĶĶ6ĶĶ ĶßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßŅGenevaŅŅ ŅŌ  ion-F Geneva ŌŌ  ion-F Geneva ŌŨ ƒ!ŨÔ . ÔÔ€'ÔŨ  Ũ›Ô€'ŧÔŅ€ŅŅ7€ŖWXXdėXXdđ7ŅŅ  ŅŅ\R AØ'\ŅĶ ` °§XĶœŪ ŪĖJuaneese›€Crumley€and€Jackie€Perdue,ā ā)Ėā āPetitioners/Appellees,ā āā ā)ā āAppeal€No.Ėv.ā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ā ā01„A„01„9704„CH„00168ĖH.€R.€Perdue,ā āā āā āā ā)Ėā āœRespondent/Appellant,›ā āā ā)ā āMaury€Chancery€ĖœŲ€!ŲßR€,.+A1-j|î6` į `€€@˙Rߛv.ā āā āā āā āā āā ā)ā āNo.€95„571ĖLaunita€Perdue€Greene,ā āā āā ā)Ėā āIntervenor/Appellant.ā āā ā)ĖĖĖĖĶ  ĶCOURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEĖĖMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEĖĖĖAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CHANCERY€COURT€FOR€MAURY€COUNTYĖĖAT€COLUMBIA,€TENNESSEEĖĖĖTHE€HONORABLE€WILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€CHANCELLORĖĖĖĶ  ĶĖĖTHOMAS€W.€HARDINĖHardin€&€ParkesĖ102€West€Seventh€StreetĖPost€Office€Box€692ĖColumbia,€Tennessee€38402„0692Ėā āATTORNEY€FOR€INTERVENOR/APPELLANTĖĖWILLIAM€S.€FLEMINGĖ207€West€8th€StreetĖP.€O.€Box€90ĖColumbia,€Tennessee€38402„0090Ėā āATTORNEY€FOR€PETITIONERS/APPELLEESĖĖL.€ROBERT€GREFSENGĖ710€North€Main€StreetĖP.€O.€Box€8111ĖColumbia,€Tennessee€38402„8111Ėā āGUARDIAN€AD€LITEM€FOR€RESPONDENT/APPELLEEĖĖĖĖĶ  ĶREVERSED€AND€REMANDEDĖĖĖĖĶ  ĶSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEĖōōĶ€ĶĶ  ĶĶ ` Ü‚XœČ“X ĶÔ€'„ÔOÔ€'ŧÔpinionķķĖĶ  Ķā āThis€is€an€appeal€by€intervenor/appellant,€Launita€Perdue€Greene,€from€anĪorder€of€the€chancery€court€appointing€her€and€petitioners/appellees,€JuaneeseĪCrumley€and€Jackie€Perdue,€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€personal€coconservators€and€FirstĪFarmers€&€Merchants€National€Bank€(đ đFarmersđđ)€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financialĪconservator.€€The€facts€out€of€which€this€matter€arose€are€as€follows.ĖĶ ` ܇XœČX ĶĖō ōĶ ` ` §XĶI.€€Facts€and€Procedural€Historyķ ķĖĖā āMr.€Perdue€has€three€daughters,€Launita€Perdue€Greene,€Juaneese€CrumleyĪand€Jackie€Perdue.€€Mr.€Perdue€executed€a€power€of€attorney€in€favor€of€Ms.ĪGreene€and€Ms.€Crumley€in€the€mid€80's.€€On€4€December€1992,€Mr.€PerdueĪrevoked€the€power€of€attorney€and€executed€a€durable€power€of€attorney€pursuantĪto€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€title€34€chapter€6.€€The€durable€power€of€attorneyĪgranted€Ms.€Greene€full€authority€to€handle€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€affairs,€butĪfailed€to€grant€any€authority€as€to€medical€decisions.× ƒ/ ××  ×ĖĖā āMs.€Crumley€and€Ms.€Perdue€filed€a€petition€for€appointment€ofĪconservator€on€21€September€1995€after€Ms.€Greene€requested€Ms.€Crumley€turnĪover€certain€certificates€of€deposit€obtained€by€Ms.€Crumley€under€the€firstĪpower€of€attorney.€€In€the€petition,€the€sisters€alleged€Mr.€Perdue€was€incapableĪof€handling€his€own€affairs€and€requested€the€court€appoint€them€as€Mr.€PerdueđđsĪpersonal€coconservators€and€Farmers€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€conservator.€€TheĪcourt€appointed€L.€Robert€Grefseng€as€guardian€ad€litem€for€Mr.€Perdue.€€Ms.ĪGreene€filed€a€petition€to€intervene€which€the€court€granted€on€20€October€1995.€ĪMs.€Green€requested€the€court€appoint€her€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€and€personalĪconservator,€but€alleged€that€such€an€appointment€was€not€necessary€given€theĪdurable€power€of€attorney.€€She€alleged€she€had€been€managing€Mr.€PerdueđđsĪproperty€and€financial€affairs€as€his€attorney„in„fact€in€a€đ đprofessional€andĪprudent€mannerđđ€since€the€execution€of€the€durable€power€of€attorney€in€1992.€ĪThe€guardian€ad€litem€filed€a€report€and€answer€on€18€October€1995.€€TheĪguardian€concluded€Mr.€Perdue€was€in€need€of€a€financial€and€personalĪconservator.ĖĖā āThe€court€held€a€hearing€on€20€December€1995.€€Ms.€Crumley€testified€thatĪshe€is€employed€as€a€home€health€care€nurse€and€that€she€resides€in€Columbia,ĪTennessee.€€She€also€stated€the€sisters€did€not€agree€on€how€to€handle€Mr.ĪPerdueđđs€personal€and€financial€affairs.€€Ms.€Perdue€testified€that€she€resides€withĪMr.€Perdue€in€Columbia,€Tennessee.€€She€further€testified€that€she€did€not€payĪany€rent,€but€helped€maintain€the€residence,€cooked€meals,€and€cleaned€the€house.€ĪFinally,€Ms.€Greene€testified€that€she€too€lived€in€Columbia,€Tennessee.€€SheĪstated€that€she€visits€Mr.€Perdue€several€times€a€week,€does€the€laundry,€goesĪgrocery€shopping,€takes€Mr.€Perdue€to€his€doctorsđđ€appointments,€takes€him€toÍvisit€his€sister€in€Portland,€Tennessee,€takes€him€to€get€his€hair€cut,€and€cares€forĪhis€dog.ĖĖā āThe€court€entered€an€order€on€13€March€1996.€€The€court€found€that€it€wasĪin€Mr.€Perdueđđs€best€interest€that€Farmers€handle€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€affairsĪand€that€the€three€daughters€should€be€appointed€as€his€personal€coconservators.€ĪThereafter,€Ms.€Greene€filed€a€petition€for€a€new€trial€or€in€the€alternative€toĪalter€or€amend.€€Ms.€Greene€argued€the€court€failed€to€follow€Tennessee€CodeĪAnnotated€section€34„13„103€and€considered€evidence€outside€the€record.€€TheĪguardian€ad€litem€filed€a€supplemental€report€on€12€September€1996.€€TheĪguardian€stated€that€Mr.€Perdue€identified€Ms.€Greene€as€the€person€he€wanted€toĪhandle€his€affairs€by€pointing€out€Ms.€Greene€from€a€picture€of€the€three€sistersĪand€by€making€a€mark€next€to€Ms.€Greeneđđs€name€on€a€piece€of€paper€asking€whoĪMr.€Perdue€wanted€to€handle€his€business€affairs€and€listing€the€daughtersđđ€names.€ĪThe€court€overruled€the€motion€by€order€entered€25€October€1996.€€ĖĖā āThereafter,€Ms.€Greene€filed€a€timely€notice€of€appeal€and€presented€theĪfollowing€issues:€€1)€đ đWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€to€follow€theĪstatutory€priorities€and€preferences€in€the€appointment€of€a€conservator€for€Mr.ĪPerdueđđ€and€2)€đ đWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€basing€its€decision€on€knowledgeĪoutside€the€proceeding.đđ€€We€do€not€address€these€issues€directly€as€our€decisionĪin€this€case€rests€on€a€different€contention.ĖĖō ōII.€€Conservatorshipsķ ķĖĖā āA€petitioner€in€a€conservatorship€action€must€prove€two€facts€by€clear€andĪconvincing€evidence.€€The€first€fact€is€the€person€đ đis€fully€or€partially€disabled,đđÍand€the€second€fact€is€the€person€is€đ đin€need€of€assistance€from€the€court.đđ€€Tenn.ĪCode€Ann.€đđ€34„11„126€(1996);€ōōō ōSeeķķķ ķ€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€đđ€34„11„101(7)€(1996)Ī(defining€disabled€person).€€In€this€case,€the€court€appointed€a€financialĪconservator€and€personal€coconservators.€€We€address€the€merits€of€the€courtđđsĪdecision€to€appoint€a€financial€conservator€first.ĖĖĖā āō ōA.€€Financial€Conservatorķ ķĖĖā āIt€is€the€opinion€of€this€court€that€Ms.€Crumley€and€Ms.€Perdue€failed€toĪestablish€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€Mr.€Perdue€was€in€need€of€aĪfinancial€conservator.€€To€explain,€the€durable€power€of€attorney€granted€Ms.ĪGreene€full€authority€to€act€on€Mr.€Perdueđđs€behalf€with€respect€to€any€businessĪor€financial€matter.€€It€is€the€opinion€of€this€court€that€it€was€necessary€for€Ms.ĪCrumley€and€Ms.€Perdue€to€produce€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€the€courtĪshould€not€permit€Ms.€Greene€for€one€reason€or€another€to€continue€as€Mr.ĪPerdueđđs€attorney€in€fact€in€order€to€establish€the€need€for€court€assistance.€€ForĪinstance,€the€court€could€have€concluded€Mr.€Perdue€was€in€need€of€courtĪassistance€had€the€petitioning€sisters€established€Mr.€Perdue€was€incompetent€atĪthe€time€he€executed€the€durable€power€of€attorney,€Ms.€Greene€obtained€theĪauthority€through€undue€influence,€Ms.€Greene€intended€to€act€for€the€benefit€ofĪsomeone€or€something€other€than€Mr.€Perdue,€or€Ms.€Greene€was€unable€toĪperform€the€duties€of€financial€conservator.€€In€this€case,€however,€there€is€noĪevidence€that€Mr.€Perdue€needed€any€assistance€with€his€financial€affairs€otherĪthan€that€provided€by€Ms.€Greene€acting€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€attorney€in€fact.ĖĖā āō ōB.€€Personal€Coconservatorsķ ķĖĖā āThe€parties€contend€the€appropriate€standard€of€review€is€that€found€inĪRule€13(d)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure.€€Appellate€courts,Īhowever,€may€need€to€apply€more€than€one€standard€of€review€when€reviewing€aĪlower€courtđđs€decision€appointing€a€conservator.€€To€explain,€a€petition€for€theĪappointment€of€a€conservator€requires€the€lower€court€to€make€legal,€factual,€andĪdiscretionary€determinations.€€Each€of€these€determinations€require€differentĪstandards€of€review.€€This€court€reviews€factual€determinations€pursuant€to€RuleĪ13(d)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure.€€Thus,€factual€determination,Īunlike€legal€determinations,€come€to€this€court€accompanied€by€a€presumption€ofĪcorrectness,€and€this€court€will€not€disturb€factual€determinations€unless€theĪpreponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d)€(WestĪ1996).€€Finally,€we€review€discretionary€determinations€using€an€abuse€ofĪdiscretion€standard.€€In€this€case,€the€courtđđs€determination€of€Mr.€Perdueđđs€bestĪinterest€and€the€appropriate€conservator€is€a€discretionary€determination.× ƒ0 ××  ×ĖĖā āIt€is€the€opinion€of€this€court€that€Ms.€Crumley€and€Ms.€Perdue€establishedĪby€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€Mr.€Perdue€was€disabled€and€in€need€of€theĪcourtđđs€assistance€with€respect€to€the€care€of€his€person.€€As€to€the€need€issue,€theĪdurable€power€of€attorney€does€not€expressly€grant€Ms.€Greene€authority€overĪthe€person€of€Mr.€Perdue.× ƒ1 ××  ׀€There€is€no€mechanism€in€place€for€the€care€of€Mr.ĪPerdueđđs€person€in€the€event€he€is€disabled.€€Therefore,€it€is€the€opinion€of€thisĪcourt€that€the€chancery€court€correctly€decided€to€appoint€a€personal€conservatorĪfor€Mr.€Perdue.ĖĖā āHaving€concluded€a€conservator€was€necessary€we€turn€to€the€courtđđsĪdecision€to€appoint€all€three€sisters€as€coconservators.€€Pursuant€to€TennesseeĪCode€Annotated€section€34„13„103€the€court€must€make€two€determinations€inĪorder€to€choose€the€appropriate€conservator.€€The€first€determination€is€what€isĪthe€best€interests€of€the€disabled€person,€and€the€second€determination€is,€based€onĪthe€first€determination,€who€is€the€appropriate€conservator€given€the€prioritizedĪlist€in€the€statute.€€In€order€to€determine€the€best€interests€of€a€disabled€person,Īthe€court€must€consider€all€the€relevant€facts.ĖĖā āThis€courtđđs€decision€that€Mr.€Perdue€did€not€need€a€financial€conservatorĪthereby€retaining€Ms.€Greene€in€control€of€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€affairs€alteredĪthe€facts€underlying€the€best€interests€analysis.€€It€is€very€likely€that€this€change€inĪthe€facts€would€affect€the€chancery€courtđđs€discretionary€determination€of€Mr.ĪPerdueđđs€best€interests.€€As€such,€any€review€by€this€court€of€the€chancery€courtđđsĪdiscretionary€determination€would€be€futile.€€To€explain,€in€order€to€review€theÍchancery€courtđđs€decision€to€appoint€the€three€sisters€we€would€have€to€look€at€theĪcourtđđs€decision€in€€light€of€the€facts€as€they€were€at€the€time€of€the€hearing.€€TheĪmore€appropriate€analysis€is€to€determine€Mr.€Perdueđđs€best€interests€in€light€ofĪthe€facts€as€they€exist€given€this€courtđđs€decision€regarding€the€financialĪconservator.€€Nevertheless,€if€this€court€were€to€make€such€a€determination,€itĪwould€be€an€initial€decision,€not€a€review€of€the€chancery€courtđđs€determination.€ĪGiven€this€predicament,€it€is€the€opinion€of€this€court€that€it€is€appropriate€toĪremand€the€case€to€the€chancery€court€for€an€initial€determination€given€the€factsĪas€they€exist€as€a€result€of€this€opinion.ĖĖō ōIII.€€Conclusionķ ķĖĖā āIt€is€the€opinion€of€this€court€that€Ms.€Crumley€and€Ms.€Perdue€failed€toĪestablish€by€clear€and€convincing€evidence€that€Mr.€Perdue€needed€the€assistanceĪof€the€court€with€respect€to€his€financial€affairs.€Thus,€the€trial€court€erred€inĪappointing€Farmers€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€financial€conservator.€€Ms.€Crumley€and€Ms.ĪPerdue€did,€however,€prove€Mr.€Perdue€was€disabled€and€in€need€of€assistanceĪwith€respect€to€the€care€of€his€person.€€Thus,€the€trial€court€correctly€decided€toĪappoint€a€personal€conservator.€€As€to€the€particular€appointment,€this€courtđđsĪstandard€of€review€is€abuse€of€discretion.€€Given€that€our€decision€as€to€theĪfinancial€conservator€altered€the€underlying€facts€of€the€case,€it€is€this€courtđđsĪopinion€that€the€portion€of€the€chancery€courtđđs€order€appointing€the€three€sistersĪas€Mr.€Perdueđđ€personal€coconservators€should€be€vacated€and€remanded€for€aĪnew€determination.ĖĖā āTherefore,€it€follows€that€the€decision€of€the€chancery€court€finding€Mr.ĪPerdue€needed€a€financial€conservator€and€appointing€Farmers€as€Mr.€PerdueđđsÍfinancial€conservator€is€reversed.€€The€portion€of€the€courtđđs€order€appointing€theĪthree€sisters€as€Mr.€Perdueđđs€personal€coconservators€is€vacated.€€The€case€isĪremanded€to€the€chancery€court€to€review€the€facts€as€they€exist€as€a€result€of€thisĪopinion€and€to€appoint€a€personal€conservator€or€coconservators.€€Costs€on€appealĪare€taxed€against€appellees,€Juaneese€Crumley€and€Jackie€Perdue€equally.ĖĶĶÔ€'XÔĖĖā āā āā āā āā āā āā ā__________________________________Ėā āā āā āā āā āā āā āSAMUEL€L.€LEWIS,€JUDGEĖĖĖCONCUR:ĖĖĖ____________________________________ĖBEN€H.€CANTRELL,€JUDGEĖĖĖ____________________________________ĖWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGEĖĖĖĖ