џWPCУL ћџ2и ZBЎœGJG‘HP LaserJet 8000 Series PSЛZє\  PЛPаав ШX0УУФФ УУФФШX0УУФФ УУФФ в_levnl9С фг ‚Ј§ га XША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАШааиˆи а ШААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl8С фг ‚Ј§ га ААpА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАpааи‡и а pААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2&G GQG˜ Gп _levnl7С фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааи†и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl6С фг ‚Ј§ га ААРА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАРааи…и а РААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl5С   фг ‚Ј§ га ААhА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџhРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАhааи„и а hААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl4С   фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџhРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааиƒи а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2uGXGŸ Gц H-_levnl3С  фг ‚Ј§ га ААИ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџИ hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАИ ааи‚и а И ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl2С фг ‚Ј§ га АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` ааии а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levnl1С фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааи€и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl9С фг ‚Ј§ га ААША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАШааиˆи а ШААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2Ч! HЇ Hя H7H_levsl8С фг ‚Ј§ га ААpА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАpааи‡и а pААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl7С фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааи†и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl6С фг ‚Ј§ га ААРА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАРааи…и а РААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl5С фг ‚Ј§ га ААhА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџhРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАhааи„и а hААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2+Hљ!HA$H‰&Hб(_levsl4С фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџhРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааиƒи а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl3С  фг ‚Ј§ га ААИ А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџИ hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАИ ааи‚и а И ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl2С !"фг ‚Ј§ га АА` А аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` ааии а ` ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААаа_levsl1С #$фг ‚Ј§ га ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџ` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџАааи€и а ААА аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџА` И hРpШ xа џџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџААааћџ2‹4PK+P›-Pы/P;2_level9С%&фг ‚Ј§ га ААША аааџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџџШ xа 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У1Ф ФШШШШddddУ У1Ф Ф€вФ Фк#!` 8` 8ааб#ф2МPP#бааУ УFILEDб#XZф2МPXP#б November 30, 1999 Cecil Crowson, Jr. Appellate Court ClerkФ Ф#кУ УСрмD&СAT NASHVILLEФ Фƒ б#М[є\  PМP#б WILLIAM DENNIS and wife,ТРРРТТТ) RUTH DENNIS,ТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ) СССССССССССС) ССPlaintiffs/Appellees,ТРРРТТТ)ТpppТVan Buren Chancery СССССССССССС)ТpppТNo. 1078 VS.Т` ` ` ТТИ И И ТТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ) СССССССССССС)ТpppТAppeal No. DAVID MICELI and wife,ТРРРТТТ)ТpppТM1997Љ00056ЉCOAЉR3ЉCV LAURA MICELI,ТТТhhhТТРРРТТТ) СССССССССССС) ССDefendants/Appellants.ТРРРТТТ) СрDСAPPEAL FROM THE CHANCERY COURT FOR VAN BUREN COUNTYƒ СрХD#СAT SPENCER, TENNESSEEƒ Ср• DСTHE HONORABLE CHARLES D. HASTON, SR., CHANCELLORƒ УУFor the Plaintiffs/AppelleesФФ:ССССССССУУFor the Defendants/AppellantsФФ: Cindy A. HowellТТТhhhТТРРРТТТТpppТТШШШТAndrew M. Cate Sparta, TennesseeТТТhhhТТРРРТТТТpppТТШШШТDavid J. Waynick ССССССССССССССССWAYNICK & CATE ССССССССССССССССNashville, Tennessee СрDСУ Уб#„uє\  P„P#бAFFIRMED AND REMANDEDб#М[є\  PМP#бФ Фƒ ССССССССССССССWILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE а€аСрЮD(Сб#„uє\  P „P#бУ УУУO P I N I O NФФФ Фƒ б#ŠTє\  P ŠP#бССThis appeal involves a dispute between neighbors over public access to a country road. After one couple threatened to block access to the portion of the road on their property, a neighboring couple who used the road to gain access to their home filed suit in the Chancery Court for Van Buren County seeking a declaration that the road is a public road. The trial court, sitting without a jury, determined that the road had been dedicated to public use and enjoined blocking the road. On this appeal, the couple who were enjoined from blocking the road assert that the evidence does not support the trial courtРРs conclusion that the road is a public road. We affirm the judgment because the evidence does not preponderate against the trial courtРРs conclusion that the road had been dedicated to public use. СрџD.СУ УI.Ф Фƒ ССWilliam and Ruth Dennis purchased a tract of real property in Van Buren County in order to build a home. At the time of the sale, Hugh Hale, the owner of the property, told Mr. and Ms. Dennis that a gravel country road that ran between Shockley Road and Haston Road was a public road that could be used to gain access to the property. This gravel road provided the most convenient access to the portion of the property where they planned to build their home because the property was bisected by Piney Creek.жъџџааа XX аб#XNє\  P XP#бааб#XNє\  P XP#бAn easement provides Mr. and Ms. Dennis with access to their property on the side of Piney Creek farthest from the road in question. However, if Mr. and Ms. Dennis were unable to use the road, they would be required to cross the creek to get to the portion of the property where they planned to build their home. б#М[є\  P МP#бъж ССMr. and Ms. Dennis began building their home on a portion of the property approximately two miles from Shockley Road. As part of the construction, the local telephone company laid underground telephone lines along the road from Shockley Road to the construction site. As the construction continued, Mr. and Ms. DennisРРs neighbors, David and Laura Miceli, informed Mr. and Ms. Dennis that they intended to block access to the portion of the road that ran across their property. Faced with losing the most convenient access to their home, Mr. and Ms. Dennis filed suit in the Chancery Court for Van Buren County seeking either a declaration that the disputed road was a public road or, in the alternative, an easement for the purposes of ingress and egress. The trial court, following a bench trial, found that the disputed road was a public road, and Mr. and Ms. Miceli have appealed from that decision. СреD.СУ УII.Ф Фƒ ССMr. and Ms. Miceli raise two issues on this appeal. First, they assert that the evidence does not support the trial courtРРs conclusion that the disputed road is a public road. Second they insist that the telephone company should not have buried telephone lines along the portion of the road running through their property without first obtaining their permission or condemning the property. We find that the evidence does not preponderate against the trial courtРРs conclusion that the road is a public road. Therefore, in accordance with the partiesРР stipulation, it is unnecessary for us to address the issues regarding the telephone lines. СркD.СУ УA.ƒ СрVD$СУУThe Standard of ReviewФФФ Фƒ ССWe turn first to the proper standards of review for the issues presented in this appeal. Because this is an appeal from a decision made by the trial court following a bench trial, the now familiar standard in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) governs our review. This rule contains different standards for reviewing a trial courtРРs decisions regarding factual questions and legal questions. ССWith regard to a trial courtРРs findings of fact, we will review the record de novo and will presume that the findings of fact are correct Р Рunless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise.РР We will also give great weight to a trial courtРРs factual findings that rest on determinations of credibility. УУб#ŠTє\  PŠP#бSee Estate of Walton v. YoungФФб#ŠTє\  PŠP#б, 950 S.W.2d 956, 959 (Tenn. 1997). However, if the trial judge has not made a specific finding of fact on a particular matter, we review the record to determine where the preponderance of the evidence lies without employing a presumption of correctness. УУSee Ganzevoort v. RussellФФ, 949 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1997). ССReviewing findings of fact under Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) requires an appellate court to weigh the evidence to determine in which party's favor the weight of the aggregated evidence falls. УУSeeФФ УУColes v. WreckerФФ, 2 Tenn. Cas. (Shannon) 341, 342 (1877); УУHohenberg Bros. Co. v. Missouri Pac. R.R.ФФ, 586 S.W.2d 117, 119 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1979). There is a "reasonable probability" that a proposition is true when there is more evidence in its favor than there is against it. УУSeeФФ УУChapman v. McAdamsФФ, 69 Tenn. 500, 506 (1878); 2 УУMcCormick on EvidenceФФ РР 339, at 439 (John W. Strong ed., 4th PractitionerРРs ed.1992) (stating that "the existence of a contested fact is more probable than its nonexistence"). Thus, the prevailing party is the one in whose favor the evidentiary scale tips, no matter how slightly. УУSee Bryan v. Aetna Life Ins. Co.ФФ, 174 Tenn. 602, 611, 130 S.W.2d 85, 88 (1939); УУMcBee v. BowmanФФ, 89 Tenn. 132, 140, 14 S.W. 481, 483 (1890); УУChapman v. McAdamsФФ, 69 Tenn. at 503, 505. ССTenn. R. App. P. 13(d)РРs presumption of correctness requires appellate courts to defer to a trial court's findings of fact. УУSee Taylor v. Trans Aero Corp.ФФ, 924 S.W.2d 109, 112 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); УУWeaver v. NelmsФФ, 750 S.W.2d 158, 160 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). Because of the presumption, an appellate court is bound to leave a trial court's findings of fact undisturbed unless it determines that the aggregate weight of the evidence demonstrates that a finding of fact other than the one found by the trial court is more probably true. УУSee Estate of Haynes v. BradenФФ, 835 S.W.2d 19, 20 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992) (holding that an appellate court is bound to respect a trial court's findings if it cannot determine that the evidence preponderates otherwise). Thus, for the evidence to preponderate against a trial court's finding of fact, it must support another finding of fact with greater convincing effect. ССThe presumption of correctness in Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d) applies only to findings of fact, not to conclusions of law. Accordingly, appellate courts review a trial courtРРs resolution of legal issues without a presumption of correctness and reach their own independent conclusions regarding these issues. УУSee Nutt v. Champion IntРРl Corp.ФФ, 980 S.W.2d 365, 367 (Tenn. 1998); УУPresley v. BennettФФ, 860 S.W.2d 857, 859Љ60 (Tenn. 1993); УУHicks v. CoxФФ, 978 S.W.2d 544, 547 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). ССAppellate courts review a trial courtРРs finding of fact as a legal matter in one circumstance. When a finding of fact is based on undisputed evidence that can reasonably support only one conclusion, we will review that finding on appeal without Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)РРs presumption of correctness. УУSee Hamblen County Educ. AssРРn v. Hamblen County Bd. of Educ.ФФ, 892 S.W.2d 428, 431 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994); УУTennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co. v. American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co.ФФ, 840 S.W.2d 933, 936 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992). ŒСррD.СУ УB.ƒ СршDСУУDedication of a Road for Public UseФФФ Фƒ ССDedication arises from an ownerРРs offer of land for public use, УУsee Stoker v. BrownФФ, 583 S.W.2d 765, 766 (Tenn. 1979);УУ Winn v. Tucker Corp.ФФ, 848 S.W.2d 64, 68 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992), and a public acceptance of the offer. УУSee West Meade Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. WPMC, Inc.ФФ, 788 S.W.2d 365, 366 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). The offer and acceptance may be express or implied. УУSee Town of Benton v. Peoples Bank of Polk CountyФФ, 904 S.W.2d 598, 602 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1995); УУWinn v. Tucker Corp.ФФ, 848 S.W.2d at 68. ССA party seeking to establish an implied offer of dedication must present clear and unequivocal evidence of the property ownerРРs intent to part with the land permanently and to vest it in the public. УУSee Jackson v. ByrnФФ, 216 Tenn. 537, 543, 393 S.W.2d 137, 140 (1965); УУMcKinney v. DuncanФФ, 121 Tenn. 265, 271, 118 S.W. 683, 684 (1908); УУCity of Athens v. BurkettФФ, 59 S.W. 404, 408 (Tenn. Ch. App. 1900). Courts do not attempt to divine the ownerРРs intent Р Рkept concealed in the mind, but that which is manifest in the [ownerРРs] visible conduct.РР УУSee Johnson City v. WolfeФФ, 103 Tenn. 277, 282, 52 S.W. 991, 992 (1899); УУNicely v. NicelyФФ, 33 Tenn. App. 589, 594, 232 S.W.2d 421, 423Љ24 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1949). Accordingly, courts may infer intent from circumstantial evidence, including the owner's actions. УУSeeФФ УУCole v. DychФФ, 535 S.W.2d 315, 319 (Tenn. 1976); УУRogers v. SainФФ, 679 S.W.2d 450, 453 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). ССThe courts consider a number of factors when asked to determine whether a property owner intended to dedicate the land. These factors include: (1) whether the owner invited or acquiesced in the publicРРs use of the property as a thoroughfare or roadway, (2) whether the public has maintained or repaired the roadway, and (3) whether the public has used the property for an extended period of time. УУSeeФФ УУCole v. DychФФ, 535 S.W.2d at 319; УУTown of Benton v. Peoples Bank of Polk CountyФФ, 904 S.W.2d at 602; УУRogers v. SainФФ, 679 S.W.2d at 453. However, unlike an easement by prescription, an implied dedication does not depend on use for any particular period of time. УУSee Johnson City v. WolfeФФ, 103 Tenn. at 283Љ84, 52 S.W. at 992; УУScott v. StateФФ, 33 Tenn. 629, 633 (1854). ССIn addition to proof of the ownerРРs intention to dedicate the road to public use, persons seeking a judicial declaration that a road is public must also prove that the road has been accepted for public use. This proof is relatively straightforward. A formal act by public authorities or common use by the general public constitutes sufficient evidence of the acceptance of an ownerРРs offer of dedication. УУSee State ex rel. Matthews v. Metropolitan GovРРtФФ, 679 S.W.2d 946, 949 (Tenn. 1984); УУWest Meade Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. WPMC, Inc.ФФ, 788 S.W.2d at 366. ССOnce a road has been dedicated for public use, it remains a public road in the absence of proof that the statutory procedures for closing roadsжСџџааа XX аб#XNє\  PXP#бааб#XNє\  PXP#бУУSee ФФTenn. Code Ann.РРРР 54-10-201 to Љ216 (1998).Сж have been followed. УУSee Collins v. ThomasФФ, 495 S.W.2d 201, 202 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973); УУMcDavid v. McGuireФФ, 526 S.W.2d 474, 479 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973); УУBlake v. SkeltonФФ, 5 Tenn. App. 539, 553 (1927); УУHill v. HoffmanФФ, 58 S.W. 929, 932 (Tenn. Ch. App. 1899). УУФФThus, a dedication of land to public use is not destroyed (1) by adverse possession or mere public nonuser, УУsee City of Knoxville v. GervinФФ, 169 Tenn. 532, 539, 89 S.W.2d 348, 351 (1936); УУWest Meade Homeowners Ass'n, Inc. v. WPMC, Inc.ФФ, 788 S.W.2d at 367; УУVarallo v. Metropolitan GovРРt of Nashville and Davidson CountyФФ, 508 S.W.2d 342, 347 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1973), (2) by a private partyРРs obstruction of the road, УУsee Hill v. HoffmanФФ, 58 S.W. at 932, or (3) by the public authorityРРs failure to maintain it. УУSeeФФ УУCartwright v. BellФФ, 57 Tenn. App. 352, 368Љ69, 418 S.W.2d 463, 471 (1967). УУФФ СркD.СУ УC.Ф Фƒ Ср3D СУУУ УThe Evidence of Public DedicationФ ФФФƒ ССThe record is replete with evidence that the gravel road connecting Shockley Road and Haston Road is a public road. The road crossed the property now owned by Mr. and Ms. Miceli when J. B. Madewell purchased the property in 1958. Although he put a gate across the road to prevent his cattle from roaming, Mr. Madewell believed that he did not have the right to lock the gate or to deny any person access to the road. Accordingly, persons freely used the road for various purposes, including cutting timber and hunting. ССTwo house trailers were located on the property when Mr. Madewell owned it. At Mr. MadewellРРs request, the county highway department laid rock and gravel on the road up to and past these trailers to the neighboring property line. The mail carrier and a school bus daily traveled the road to the mobile homes. After the occupants of the trailers moved, the school bus and the mail carrier no longer traveled the road. ССFrom 1974 until 1978 Ernest Christian lived on the property now owned by Mr. and Ms. Miceli. During this time, the county highway department paved and maintained the road up to where he lived on the property. Mr. Christian remembers the road existing for at least sixty years and has always considered it a public road. He testified that the post office carried mail along the road when horses and buggies were still a common mode of transportation, and that the road connects Shockley Road and Haston Road. ССHugh Hale purchased the Dennis tract in the mid to late 1980's. He sold the property to Thomas Start in May 1992 and then repurchased it from Mr. Start in May 1994 before selling it to Mr. and Ms. Dennis in August of the same year. Mr. Hale testified that the road had been used as a public road as far back as he can remember and that it had always been graveled and passable. Mr. Start testified that he observed persons using the road on a regular basis and that he was unaware that anyone had been denied access to the road. ССEven the witnesses called by Mr. and Ms. Miceli testified that the public had used the road. Ms. MiceliРРs father, John Barbour, testified that he had lived near the roadway since November 1994 and that he had observed persons driving fourЉwheelers and fourЉwheel drive vehicles along the road. Mr. Miceli himself testified that people used the road, but he added that he considered them trespassers or hunters. ССMr. ChristianРРs testimony suggests that a prior owner of the property now owned by Mr. and Ms. Miceli long ago dedicated the road to the public. He recalled the public and the post office using the route sixty years ago, and he was unaware of any of Mr. and Ms. MiceliРРs predecessors in title attempting to prevent the publicРРs use of the road. His testimony is consistent with the undisputed proof that the road connects Shockley Road and Haston Road. ССEven if the road had not been a public road before Mr. MadewellРРs ownership, Mr. Madewell dedicated it to public use. The required offer and acceptance occurred when Mr. Madewell permitted the school bus, the mail carrier, and the public to use the road and when the county accepted Mr. MadewellРРs invitation to maintain the road. The testimony of Messrs. Christian, Start, and Barbour confirm Mr. MadewellРРs account of events. ССMr. MiceliРРs testimony that public use is now infrequent, or even nonexistent, cannot carry the day. Once the road was dedicated for public use, the later lack of public use could not by itself destroy the dedication. Nor does it help Mr. and Ms. Miceli prove that the county no longer maintains the road. The record contains no evidence that the procedures outlined in Tenn. Code Ann. РРРР 54-10-201 to Љ216 for closing roads have been followed. Accordingly, the road remains a public road, and the trial court correctly ordered Mr. and Ms. Miceli not to block access to it. Œ™СрЋD.СУ УIII.Ф Фƒ ССWe affirm the judgment and remand the case to the trial court for whatever further proceedings may be required. We also tax the costs of this appeal to David and Laura Miceli and their surety for which execution, if necessary, may issue. ааСССССССССССССС______________________________ ССССССССССССССWILLIAM C. KOCH, JR., JUDGE CONCUR: ___________________________________ HENRY F. TODD, PRESIDING JUDGE, MIDDLE SECTION ___________________________________ BEN H. CANTRELL, JUDGE