ÿWPCLL ‘zÕí¢)óG %ò’Ât¼"ç-{Æ·ü ÈèDJÿÖ™´©àòsÅÔÌÊÁIÁå¸ã¥¨œ*¸29ÓÁÕ,¨§è*¦ Ò°~鉤*|k˜h$YÞ?–\Û¾î~4Zœ·sÌ¡¯FUŸŸdÓ¯tëc²ÞSn`-'HÃíZ§¾ÞF®… ¾?p)I&%Éìú8)tžÌ½q—5qÖ*‡£7ñwŒ.Ü»/AÀÈo±+c·™~Hr \yÄ‘A H3šÚÞ ÔÖŒ’çÿ4–¨Í2uÂúÕJ±.Ã@JL®>½š««‰Øv„É£KÏÍøË°|þþ ™Bw‰XóuV“#7$)‹ášb E’¶M7¢H#ü{—¡bŠc¥Û*[°é8Í*™á‡;¡&ÀìšÓe….Í>ÂÐás=JA‰‘Uz®¯‡¡ò‘U ý H׆ð úccó‹ƒØ—mõòÀ{ú8¯AˆdUBxn­º %gšm 1g n #!~ (Ÿ 0:Ç N 1u 72x ^ ª w¶ 4º Î mÐ ç U@ï 0c/UN’UNààà 1‡.'µ²Ü 0~Ž 0D $Pó t"g# 1‡EU:F 1‡BFBF 1‡ÉFÉF 1‡PGPG 1‡×G×G 1‡^H^H 1‡åHåH 1‡lIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlIlI BóI 0VJ D5fJfJfJfJfJ AQ›JÆìJ 0V²K 0DL<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpi«<þ6X9`(*Courier 12pt10cpiXXxþ6X@ÉJQX@X' É  SHELL TITLE PAGE FOR OPINIONS AND ORDERS 2  0 .   $ÿÿ35;AGMU]c1I.A.1.a)(1)(a)i)1#|x ˜HP LaserJet 8000 DN PSØÚØÚÚØØÚ0!(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô##37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)1~\'L tpO'¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ (ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(…hCEKQW]cioAutoList61.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. Ý ƒb¾"ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ€"XÔ¡XXXÔÔ€"€X"XÔ¡ÔÓ  Óò òÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€"XÔ¡X"€ÔÐ  ÐÌOctober€28,€1999ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌAppellate€Court€ClerkÔdAŠÔó ó ¨Ý ƒì($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ôß òXXÔThe€best€interests€of€the€child€are€fundamentally€interrelated€with€theÐ  Ðbest€interests€of€the€custodial€parent.€€ò òòòSee€Ô_ÔAabyÔ_Ôóóó ó,€924€S.W.2d€at€627(citingÐ ®¦ Ðò òòòTaylor€v.€Tayloróóó ó,€849€S.W.2d€319,€328€(Tenn.€1993)).€€Similarly,€we€think€thatÐ TL Ðthe€best€interests€of€the€child€are€also€fundamentally€interrelated€with€theÐ úò Ðbest€interests€of€the€parent€with€whom€the€child€spends€the€majority€of€his€orÐ   ˜ Ðher€time.(.(3ì($¤¤Ý ƒ üœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó Ý ƒì($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ôß òXXÔAt€the€time€of€the€hearing€that€is€the€subject€of€this€appeal,€theÐ  ÐFather€was€exercising€ninety„seven€days€of€visitation€per€year. é Ý ƒì($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ôß òXXÔWith€respect€to€his€motive€for€requesting€a€change€of€custody,€theÐ  ÐFather€testified€as€follows:Ð ®¦ ÐÌÓ€ !(ê½8(ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£¯ÝÔ2ê½ÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝDo€you€„„€is€it€your€purpose€here€to€take€custody€from€yourÐ úò Ðformer€wife?݃3£¯è݌Р ˜` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝØ! !ØÓ€ #(ú½88!ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£ŠÝÔ2ú½ÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝNo,€sir.݃3£ŠÃÝŒÐF >` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ€ %( ¾88#ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£ÝÔ2 ¾ÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝDo€you€believe€she€to€be€a€good€mother?݃3£JÝŒÐì ä` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝØ! !ØÓ€ '(*ù88%ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£·ÝÔ2*ùÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝI€do€think€sheððs€a€good€mother.݃3£·ð݌В Š` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ€ )(:ù88'ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£XÝÔ2:ùÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝYouððre€here€in€opposition€to€her€moving€to€Florida,€are€youÐ 8 0 Ðnot?݃3£X‘ÝŒÐÞ Ö ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝØ! !ØÓ€ +(Jù88)ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£. ÝÔ2JùÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝYes,€sir.݃3£. g ݌Є | ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÓ€ -(Zù88+ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£¶ ÝÔ2ZùÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝWith€Heather?݃3£¶ ï ÝŒÐ*" ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝØ! !ØÓ€ /(jù88-ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£B ÝÔ2jùÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝWith€Heather. "Ý ƒì($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡ôß òXXÔThese€subsections€provide€as€follows:Ð  ÐÌÔ‡ôÂò òôßÔà  à(c)€If€the€parents€are€actually€spending€substantially€equal€intervals€of€time€with€the€child€and€the€relocatingÐ TL Ðparent€seeks€to€move€with€the€child,€the€other€parent€may,€within€thirty€(30)€days€of€receipt€of€notice,€file€a€petitionÐ úò Ðin€opposition€to€removal€of€the€child.€€No€presumption€in€favor€of€or€against€the€request€to€relocate€with€the€childÐ   ˜ Ðshall€arise.€€The€court€shall€determine€whether€or€not€to€permit€relocation€of€the€child€based€upon€the€best€interests€ofÐ F > Ðthe€child.€€The€courts€shall€consider€all€relevant€factors€including€the€following€where€applicable:Ð ì ä Ðà  à(1)€The€extent€to€which€visitation€rights€have€been€allowed€and€exercised;Ð ’ Š Ðà  à(2)€Whether€the€primary€residential€parent,€once€out€of€the€jurisdiction,€is€likely€to€comply€with€any€newÐ 8 0 Ðvisitation€arrangement;Ð Þ Ö  Ðà  à(3)€The€love,€affection€and€emotional€ties€existing€between€the€parents€and€child;Ð „ |  Ðà  à(4)€The€disposition€of€the€parents€to€provide€the€child€with€food,€clothing,€medical€care,€education€and€otherÐ *"  Ðnecessary€care€and€the€degree€to€which€a€parent€has€been€the€primary€Ô_ÔcaregiverÔ_Ô;Ð ÐÈ  Ðà  à(5)€The€importance€of€continuity€in€the€child's€life€and€the€length€of€time€the€child€has€lived€in€a€stable,Ð vn  Ðsatisfactory€environment;Ð   Ðà  à(6)€The€stability€of€the€family€unit€of€the€parents;Рº  Ðà  à(7)€The€mental€and€physical€health€of€the€parents;Ð h`  Ðà  à(8)€The€home,€school€and€community€record€of€the€child;Ð   Ðà  à(9)€The€reasonable€preference€of€the€child€if€twelve€(12)€years€of€age€or€older.€€The€court€may€hear€theÐ ´¬  Ðpreference€of€a€younger€child€upon€request.€€The€preferences€of€older€children€should€normally€be€given€greaterÐ ZR  Ðweight€than€those€of€younger€children;Ð ø  Ðà  à(10)€Evidence€of€physical€or€emotional€abuse€to€the€child,€to€the€other€parent€or€to€any€other€person;€€andÐ ¦ž  Ðà  à(11)€The€character€and€behavior€of€any€other€person€who€resides€in€or€frequents€the€home€of€a€parent€andÐ LD Ðsuch€person's€interactions€with€the€child.Ð òê Ðà  à(d)€If€the€parents€are€not€actually€spending€substantially€equal€intervals€of€time€with€the€child€and€the€parentÐ ˜ Ðspending€the€greater€amount€of€time€with€the€child€proposes€to€relocate€with€the€child,€the€other€parent€may,€withinÐ >6 Ðthirty€(30)€days€of€receipt€of€the€notice,€file€a€petition€in€opposition€to€removal€of€the€child.€€The€other€parent€mayÐ äÜ Ðnot€attempt€to€relocate€with€the€child€unless€expressly€authorized€to€do€so€by€the€court€pursuant€to€a€change€ofÐ Š‚ Ðcustody€or€primary€custodial€responsibility.€€The€parent€spending€the€greater€amount€of€time€with€the€child€shall€beÐ 0( Ðpermitted€to€relocate€with€the€child€unless€the€court€finds:Ð ÖÎ Ðà  à(1)€The€relocation€does€not€have€a€reasonable€purpose;Ð |t Ðà  à(2)€The€relocation€would€pose€a€threat€of€specific€and€serious€harm€to€the€child€which€outweighs€the€threatÐ " Ðof€harm€to€the€child€of€a€change€of€custody;€€orÐ ÈÀ  Ðà  à(3)€The€parent's€motive€for€relocating€with€the€child€is€vindictive€in€that€it€is€intended€to€defeat€or€deterÐ nf! Ðvisitation€rights€of€the€non-custodial€parent€or€the€parent€spending€less€time€with€the€child.Ð  " ÐSpecific€and€serious€harm€to€the€child€includes,€but€is€not€limited€to,€the€following:Ð º²# Ðà  à(1)€If€a€parent€wishes€to€take€a€child€with€a€serious€medical€problem€to€an€area€where€no€adequate€treatmentÐ `X$ Ðis€readily€available;Ð þ% Ðà  à(2)€If€a€parent€wishes€to€take€a€child€with€specific€educational€requirements€to€an€area€with€no€acceptableÐ ¬¤& Ðeducation€facilities;Ð R J' Ðà  à(3)€If€a€parent€wishes€to€relocate€and€take€up€residence€with€a€person€with€a€history€of€child€or€domesticÐ ø ð( Ðabuse€or€who€is€currently€abusing€alcohol€or€other€drugs;Ð ž!–) Ðà  à(4)€If€the€child€relies€on€the€parent€not€relocating€who€provides€emotional€support,€nurturing€andÐ D"<* Ðdevelopment€such€that€removal€would€result€in€severe€emotional€detriment€to€the€child;Ð ê"â+ Ðà  à(5)€If€the€custodial€parent€is€emotionally€disturbed€or€dependent€such€that€the€custodial€parent€is€not€capableÐ #ˆ, Ðof€adequately€parenting€the€child€in€the€absence€of€support€systems€currently€in€place€in€this€state,€and€such€supportÐ 6$.- Ðsystem€is€not€available€at€the€proposed€relocation€site;€€orÐ Ü$Ô. Ðà  à(6)€If€the€proposed€relocation€is€to€a€foreign€country€whose€public€policy€does€not€normally€enforce€theÐ ‚%z/ Ðvisitation€rights€of€non-custodial€parents,€which€does€not€have€an€adequately€functioning€legal€system€or€whichÐ (& 0 Ðotherwise€presents€a€substantial€risk€of€specific€and€serious€harm€to€the€child.Ð Î&Æ1 Ðà  à(e)€If€the€court€finds€one€(1)€or€more€of€the€grounds€designated€in€subsection€(d),€the€court€shall€determineÐ t'l 2 Ðwhether€or€not€to€permit€relocation€of€the€child€based€on€the€best€interest€of€the€child.€€If€the€court€finds€it€is€not€inÐ (!3 Ðthe€best€interests€of€the€child€to€relocate€as€defined€herein,€but€the€parent€with€whom€the€child€resides€the€majority€ofÐ À(¸!4 Ðthe€time€elects€to€relocate,€the€court€shall€make€a€custody€determination€and€shall€consider€all€relevant€factorsÐ f)^"5 Ðincluding€the€following€where€applicable:Ð  *#6 Ðà  à(1)€The€extent€to€which€visitation€rights€have€been€allowed€and€exercised;Ð ²*ª#7 Ðà  à(2)€Whether€the€primary€residential€parent,€once€out€of€the€jurisdiction,€is€likely€to€comply€with€any€newÐ X+P$8 Ðvisitation€arrangement;Ð þ+ö$9 Ðà  à(3)€The€love,€affection€and€emotional€ties€existing€between€the€parents€and€child;Ð ¤,œ%: Ðà  à(4)€The€disposition€of€the€parents€to€provide€the€child€with€food,€clothing,€medical€care,€education€and€otherÐ J-B&; Ðnecessary€care€and€the€degree€to€which€a€parent€has€been€the€primary€Ô_ÔcaregiverÔ_Ô;Ð ð-è&< Ðà  à(5)€The€importance€of€continuity€in€the€child's€life€and€the€length€of€time€the€child€has€lived€in€a€stable,Ð –.Ž'= Ðsatisfactory€environment;Ð  Ðà  à(6)€The€stability€of€the€family€unit€of€the€parents;Ð â/Ú(? Ðà  à(7)€The€mental€and€physical€health€of€the€parents;Ð ˆ0€)@ Ðà  à(8)€The€home,€school€and€community€record€of€the€child;Ð .1&*A Ðà  à(9)€The€reasonable€preference€of€the€child€if€twelve€(12)€years€of€age€or€older.€€The€court€may€hear€theÐ Ô1Ì*B Ðpreference€of€a€younger€child€upon€request.€€The€preferences€of€older€children€should€normally€be€given€greaterÐ z2r+C Ðweight€than€those€of€younger€children;Ð  3,D Ðà  à(10)€Evidence€of€physical€or€emotional€abuse€to€the€child,€to€the€other€parent€or€to€any€other€person;€€andÐ Æ3¾,E Ðà  à(11)€The€character€and€behavior€of€any€other€person€who€resides€in€or€frequents€the€home€of€a€parent€andÐ l4d-F Ðsuch€person's€interactions€with€the€child.€€The€court€shall€consider€the€availability€of€alternative€arrangements€toÐ 5 .G  Ðfoster€and€continue€the€child's€relationship€with€and€access€to€the€other€parent.€€The€court€shall€assess€the€costs€ofÐ  Ðtransporting€the€child€for€visitation€and€determine€whether€a€deviation€from€the€child€support€guidelines€should€beÐ ®¦ Ðconsidered€in€light€of€all€factors€including,€but€not€limited€to,€additional€costs€incurred€for€transporting€the€child€forÐ TL Ðvisitation.Ô#†ôß òòô¿#ÔÐ úò ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(c),€(d),€(e)€(Supp.€1998).(ê½CEKQW]cioAutoList7A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular(ú½CEKQW]cioAutoList8A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.( ¾CEKQW]cioAutoList9A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.(*ùEGMSY_ekqAutoList10A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.(:ùEGMSY_ekqAutoList11A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.(JùEGMSY_ekqAutoList12A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.(ZùEGMSY_ekqAutoList13A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.(jùEGMSY_ekqAutoList14A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A. d(.3¾$££Ý ƒ üœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝYYYY)ÿÿ!dxdxabZc[Cþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(.3¾$¢¢Ý ƒ üœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óÝ ƒ üœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTR[° AØ'Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓb€ (ÿÿ43 bÓÒe°ÒÓ  ÓÓ  ÓѰÑÑ@°ÑÓ°°œXÓÔ€XµWXXXÔßx€`[B2.jz;±`  `€€@ÿEN¹` (ttx@†ð ¡xßÔ_Ôà@ØØà€€€€€€€ò ò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ˆàH­­JàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE,€ˆÐ  Ðà0  àà@ÚÚs#s#à€€€€€€€€€€€€€AT€NASHVILLEó óˆÐ ÒÊ ÐÌà@à€€€€€€€€€€___________________________________________________________________ˆÌÌò òKIMBERLY€LYNN€(FOLEY)€CAUDILL,ó óà  à)€€€€€Williamson€County€Chancery€CourtÐ ò ê Ðà  à)€€€€€No.€23856Ìò òó óà  à)Ð „ | Ѐ€€€€Plaintiff/Appellant,à  à)Ð L D Ðà  à)Ìò òó óVS.à  à)€€€€€No.€01A01„9903„CH„00187Ð ÜÔ  Ðà  à)Ìò òWILLIAM€HOWARD€FOLEYó ó,à  à)Ð ld  Ðà  à)Ì€€€€€Defendant/Appellee.à  à)Ð þö  Ðà  à)Ìò òó óÌÓ ðÓ____________________________________________________________________________ÌÌFrom€the€Chancery€Court€of€Williamson€County€at€FranklinÌò òHonorable€Russ€Heldman,€Chancellor€Ð ®¦ ÐÌÓ ðÓÌÌó óÌÌò òJohn€D.€Kitchó ó,€Nashville,€TennesseeÐ ^V ÐAttorney€for€Plaintiff/Appellant.ÌÌò òó óÌò òó óÌò òEdward€P.€Silvaó ó,€Ð H@ ÐHARTZOG,€SILVA€&€DAVIES,€Franklin,€TennesseeÌAttorney€for€Defendant/Appellee.Ìò òó óÌÌÌò òó óÌÌÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:Ìò òÌAFFIRMED€IN€PART,€REVERSED€IN€PART€AND€REMANDEDÌÌÌà  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  à¼à  àFARMER,€J.ÌÌÌHIGHERS,€J.ó ó:€€(Concurs)Ð b4Z-: ÐÌò òKOCH,€J.ó ó:€€(Concurs)Ð ô5ì.< ÐÌÌÌÌÐ Þ9Ö2A ÐÓ °` ŠX°ÓÓ  ÓÓÓòòò òÔ‡XX¡XXX¼PÔà ` àó óóóIn€this€dispute€between€Kimberly€Lynn€Foley€(ð ðMotherðð)€and€William€HowardÐ  ÐFoley€(ð ðFatherðð),€the€trial€court€denied€the€Motherððs€petition€to€relocate€with€the€partiesðð€minorÐ ˜ Ðchild,€removed€the€child€from€the€partiesðð€joint€custody,€and€placed€the€child€in€the€sole€custody€ofÐ (  Ðthe€Father.€€For€the€reasons€set€forth€below,€the€rulings€of€the€trial€court€with€respect€to€relocationÐ ¸ ° Ðand€child€custody€are€reversed€and€the€cause€is€remanded€for€the€setting€of€the€Fatherððs€newÐ H @ Ðvisitation€schedule.€€€€Ð ØÐ  ÐÌà@èèàòòò òFactual€and€Procedural€HistoryˆÐ øð  ÐÌà ` àóóó óAt€the€time€of€the€partiesðð€divorce€in€1996,€their€daughter€Heather€was€five€yearsÐ  Ðold.€€Pursuant€to€the€partiesðð€marital€dissolution€agreement,€the€divorce€court€placed€Heather€inÐ ¨  Ðthe€partiesðð€joint€custody,€designating€that€the€Mother€would€be€the€primary€custodial€parent€andÐ 80 Ðthat€the€Father€would€have€liberal€and€reasonable€visitation.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òòòó óóóThe€parties€initially€were€veryÐ ÈÀ Ðcooperative€and€worked€well€together€regarding€the€raising€of€their€daughter.€€The€partiesððÐ XP Ðrelationship€became€strained,€however,€after€the€Father€became€engaged€in€October€of€1996€andÐ èà Ðlater€married€Dr.€Nina€Foley.€€Further€friction€developed€between€the€parties€when,€in€August€ofÐ xp Ð1998,€the€Mother€sent€a€letter€to€the€Father€informing€him€that€she€intended€to€relocate€withÐ    ÐHeather€to€Freeport,€Florida€and€offering€to€work€out€a€new€visitation€schedule.€€Thereafter€inÐ ˜!" ÐSeptember€of€1998,€the€Mother€married€Craig€Ô_ÔCaudillÔ_Ô,€who€owns€a€millwork€company€inÐ (# $ ÐFreeport,€Florida.€€ò òÐ ¸$°& ÐÌà ` àó óThe€Mother€subsequently€filed€a€petition€seeking€permission€to€relocate€withÐ Ø'Ð * ÐHeather.€€The€Father€then€filed€a€response€asking€that€the€petition€be€denied€or,€in€the€alternative,Ð h)`", Ðthat€he€be€awarded€primary€physical€custody€of€Heather€with€visitation€to€the€Mother.€€After€aÐ ø*ð#. Ðhearing€on€the€matter,€the€trial€judge€ruled€from€the€bench€that€section€36„6„108€of€the€TennesseeÐ ˆ,€%0 ÐCode€Annotated€was€unconstitutional,€denied€the€Motherððs€petition€to€relocate,€and€placedÐ .'2 ÐHeather€in€the€sole€custody€of€the€Father.€€òòóóThe€Mother€subsequently€filed€a€motion€for€new€trial,Ð ¨/ (4 Ðarguing€that€the€Attorney€General€and€Reporter€had€not€been€given€notice€that€theÐ 810*6 Ðconstitutionality€of€section€36„6„108€had€been€called€into€question€and€that€the€pleadings€did€notÐ È2À+8 Ðinclude€a€request€by€the€Father€for€a€change€of€custody.€€The€Mother€later€filed€an€amendedÐ X4P-: Ðmotion€for€new€trial€and€a€motion€to€recuse,€noting€that€the€trial€judge€had€previously€participatedÐ è5à.< Ðas€an€attorney€in€a€case€with€similar€issues.€€The€trial€court€subsequently€entered€an€order€givingÐ x7p0> Ðnotice€to€the€Attorney€General€and€Reporter€that€it€had€declared€section€36„6„108€to€beÐ  Ðunconstitutional€and€offering€the€Attorney€General€and€Reporter€and€opportunity€to€be€heard€onÐ ˜ Ðthe€matter.€€The€trial€court€then€entered€an€order€granting€a€new€trial€with€respect€to€theÐ (  Ðconstitutionality€of€section€36„6„108€and€denying€the€Motherððs€motion€to€recuse.€€Finally,€afterÐ ¸ ° Ðconsidering€a€motion€to€amend€and€supporting€memorandum€filed€by€the€Attorney€General€andÐ H @ ÐReporter,€the€trial€court€issued€a€memorandum€opinion€and€final€order€declaring€subsections€(c),Ð ØÐ  Ð(d),€and€(e)€of€section€36„6„108€to€be€unconstitutional€as€applied€to€the€facts€of€the€case€andÐ h`  Ðreinstating€its€prior€order€placing€Heather€in€the€sole€custody€of€the€Father€with€visitation€to€theÐ øð  ÐMother.€€This€appeal€followed.€€òòò òÐ ˆ€  ÐÌà@àIssues€and€Standard€of€ReviewˆÐ ¨  ÐÌà ` àóóó óThe€issues€on€appeal,€as€we€perceive€them,€are€as€follows:Ð ÈÀ ÐÌÓÓà8 ` à1.€€Did€the€trial€judge€err€in€declaring€section€36„6„108€of€theÐ èà ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€unconstitutional?а¨` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` à2.€€Did€the€trial€judge€err€in€denying€the€Motherððs€petition€toÐ @8 Ðrelocate€with€the€partiesðð€minor€child?Ð  ` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` à3.€€Did€the€trial€judge€err€in€removing€the€child€from€the€partiesððÐ ˜!" Ðjoint€custody€and€placing€her€in€the€sole€custody€of€the€Father?Ð`"X#` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` à4.€€Did€the€trial€judge€err€in€refusing€to€recuse€himself?Ðð#è%` Ã` à ÐÌÌÌÓ¨ÓÓ€ (…h84ÓTo€the€extent€that€these€issues€involve€questions€of€fact,€our€review€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€is€ò òòòdeÐ ' ) Ðnovo€óóó ówith€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòò òSee€ó óóóÔ_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€13(d).€€Accordingly,€we€may€not€reverseÐ  (˜!+ Ðthese€findings€unless€they€are€contrary€to€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€ò òòòSee,€e.g.,€RandolphÐ 0*(#- Ðv.€Randolphóóó ó,€937€S.W.2d€815,€819€(Tenn.€1996);€Ô_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€13(d).€€With€respect€to€the€trial€courtððsÐ À+¸$/ Ðlegal€conclusions,€however,€our€review€is€ò òòòde€novoóóó ó€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€ò òòòSee,€e.g.,Ð P-H&1 ÐBell€ex€rel.€Snyder€v.€Ô_ÔIcardÔ_Ô,€Merrill,€Cullis,€Ô_ÔFurenÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔGinsburgÔ_Ô,€P.A.ó óóó,€986€S.W.2d€550,€554Ð à.Ø'3 Ð(Tenn.€1999);€Ô_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€13(d).Ð p0h)5 Ðòòò òÌà@ÁÁ!àMotherððs€RelocationˆÐ 3ˆ,9 ÐÌó óóóà ` àParental€relocation€in€child€custody€cases€is€governed€by€section€36„6„108€of€theÐ °6¨/= ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated.€€ò òòòSee€óóó óTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108€(Supp.€1998).€€The€trial€court,€onÐ @881? Ðits€own€motion,€called€into€question€the€constitutionality€of€section€36„6„108,€ultimately€rulingÐ Ð9È2A ÐÔ_Ôthat€this€provision€is€unconstitutional€as€applied€to€the€facts€of€the€case€at€bar.€€Specifically,€theÐ  Ðtrial€court€found€(1)€that€the€retroactive€application€of€this€provision€would€violate€Article€I,Ð ˜ ÐSection€20€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€(2)€that€subsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e)׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€of€this€provisionÐ (  Ðviolate€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine€contained€in€Article€II,€Sections€1€and€2€and€Article€VI,Ð  ÐSection€1€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€and€(3)€that€subsections€(c)€and€(d)€of€this€provisionÐ ˜ Ðviolate€the€equal€protection€clause€contained€in€Article€XI,€Section€8€of€the€TennesseeÐ (  ÐConstitution.€€Ð ¸ ° ÐÌà ` àWe€first€address€whether€Article€I,€Section€20€of€the€Tennessee€ConstitutionÐ ØÐ  Ðprohibits€the€retrospective€application€of€section€36„6„108.€€Article€I,€Section€20€provides€ð ð[t]hatÐ h`  Ðno€retrospective€law,€or€law€impairing€the€obligations€of€contracts,€shall€be€made.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.Ð øð  Ðart.€I,€ðð€20.€€The€term€ð ðretrospective€lawsðð€has€been€defined€as€ð ðthose€which€take€away€or€impairÐ ˆ€  Ðvested€rights€acquired€under€existing€laws€or€create€a€new€obligation,€impose€a€new€duty,€or€attachÐ  Ða€new€disability€in€respect€of€transactions€or€considerations€already€passed.ðð€€òòò òMorris€v.€Grossó óóó,€572Ð ¨  ÐS.W.2d€902,€907€(Tenn.€1978).€€Article€I,€Section€20€thus€prohibits€the€retrospective€applicationÐ 80 Ðof€laws€that€impair€the€obligation€of€contracts€or€divest€or€impair€vested€rights.€€òòò òSee€DarkÐ ÈÀ ÐTobacco€Growersðð€Co„op.€Assððn€v.€Dunnóóó ó,€266€S.W.€308,€311€(Tenn.€1924).€€This€provisionÐ XP Ðgenerally€does€not,€however,€prohibit€the€retrospective€application€of€laws€that€are€remedial€inÐ èà Ðnature.€€ò òòòSee€Doe€v.€Sundquistó óóó,€943€F.€Supp.€886,€893€(M.D.€Tenn.€1996),€òòò òaffððdóóó ó,€106€F.3d€702€(6òòthóóÐ xp ÐCir.€1997);€òòò òand€cert.€deniedóóó ó,€522€U.S.€810€(1997);€òòò òKee€v.€Shelter€Ins.€Co.ó óóó,€852€S.W.2d€226,€228Ð    Ð(Tenn.€1993);€ò òòòSaylors€v.€Riggsbeeóóó ó,€544€S.W.2d€609,€610€(Tenn.€1976);€€ò òòòState€Depððt€of€HumanÐ ˜!" ÐServs.€v.€DeFrieceóóó ó,€937€S.W.2d€954,€957„58€(Tenn.€App.€1996);€€òòò òMorford€v.€Yong€Kyun€Choó óóó,Ð (# $ Ð732€S.W.2d€617,€620€(Tenn.€App.€1987).€€Ð ¸$°& ÐÌà ` àIn€the€instant€case,€the€partiesðð€marital€dissolution€agreement€states€that€ð ðWife€shallÐ Ø'Ð * Ðnot€remove€childððs€residence€from€jurisdiction€of€Court€without€court€approval.ðð€€The€trial€courtÐ h)`", Ðfound€that,€upon€entering€into€an€agreement€containing€this€language,€the€parties€were€vested€withÐ ø*ð#. Ðthe€right€to€have€the€existing€law€of€ò òòòAaby€v.€Strangeóóó ó,€924€S.W.2d€623€(Tenn.€1996),€apply€to€anyÐ ˆ,€%0 Ðsubsequent€proceeding€involving€a€request€by€the€Mother€to€relocate€with€the€partiesðð€minor€child.€Ð .'2 ÐThe€trial€court€then€concluded€that,€pursuant€to€Article€I,€Section€20,€this€ð ðvested€rightðð€may€notÐ ¨/ (4 Ðbe€divested€or€impaired€by€the€retrospective€application€of€section€36„6„108.€€We€disagree€withÐ 810*6 Ðthe€trial€courtððs€conclusion.€€This€Court€has€previously€held€that€section€36„6„108€is€remedial€inÐ È2À+8 Ðnature€and€does€not€impair€any€vested€right.€€òòò òSee€Adams€v.€Adamsóóó ó,€No.€01A01„9711„CVÔ_Ô„00626,Ð X4P-: Ð1998€WL€721091,€at€*3€(Tenn.€App.€Oct.€16,€1998).€€Thus,€its€retrospective€application€is€notÐ  Ðprohibited€by€Article€I,€Section€20.€€Assuming,€however,€that€Article€I,€Section€20€is€in€some€wayÐ ˜ Ðtriggered€in€the€case€at€bar,€we€would€still€find€that€the€retrospective€application€of€section€36„6„Ð (  Ð108€would€not€divest€or€impair€the€partiesðð€vested€rights.€€Nowhere€in€the€partiesðð€maritalÐ ¸ ° Ðdissolution€agreement€did€they€agree€that€the€law€of€ò òòòÔ_ÔAabyÔ_Ô€ó óóówould€govern€any€future€disputesÐ H @ Ðregarding€relocation.€€Rather,€the€parties€merely€agreed€that€the€Mother€would€not€remove€HeatherÐ ØÐ  Ðfrom€the€state€of€Tennessee€without€first€obtaining€approval€from€the€trial€court.€€This€requirementÐ h`  Ðis€consistent€with€and€is€in€no€way€undermined€by€section€36„6„108,€which€sets€forth€a€procedureÐ øð  Ðfor€seeking€court€approval€in€cases€involving€relocation.€€Thus,€because€36„6„108€does€not€operateÐ ˆ€  Ðto€divest€or€impair€the€partiesðð€rights€under€their€marital€dissolution€agreement,€we€conclude€thatÐ  ÐArticle€I,€Section€20€does€not€prohibit€the€retrospective€application€of€this€provision€to€the€case€atÐ ¨  Ðbar.Ð 80 ÐÌà ` àWe€next€address€whether€subsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e)€of€section€36„6„108€areÐ XP Ðunconstitutional€under€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine€contained€in€Article€II,€Sections€1€and€2Ð èà Ðand€Article€VI,€Section€1€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Article€II,€Section€1€provides€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôt]heÔ_ÔÐ xp Ðpowers€of€the€Government€shall€be€divided€into€three€distinct€departments:€the€Legislative,Ð    ÐExecutive,€and€Judicialðð€while€Article€II,€Section€2€states€that€ð ð[Ô_Ôn]oÔ_Ô€person€or€persons€belongingÐ ˜!" Ðto€one€of€these€departments€shall€exercise€any€of€the€powers€properly€belonging€to€either€of€theÐ (# $ Ðothers,€except€in€the€cases€herein€directed€or€permitted.ðð€€Tenn.€Const.€art.€II,€ðððð€1,€2.€€Article€VI,Ð ¸$°& ÐSection€1€vests€power€in€the€judicial€department€as€follows:Ð H&@( ÐÌÓÓà8 ` àThe€judicial€power€of€this€State€shall€be€vested€in€one€SupremeÐ h)`", ÐCourt€and€in€such€Circuit,€Chancery€and€other€inferior€Courts€as€theÐ 0*(#- ÐLegislature€shall€from€time€to€time,€ordain€and€establish;€in€theÐ ø*ð#. ÐJudges€thereof,€and€in€Justices€of€the€Peace.€The€Legislature€mayÐ À+¸$/ Ðalso€vest€such€jurisdiction€in€Corporation€Courts€as€may€be€deemedÐ ˆ,€%0 Ðnecessary.€€Courts€to€be€holden€by€Justices€of€the€Peace€may€also€beÐ P-H&1 Ðestablished.€Ð.'2` Ã` à ÐÌÓˆ=ÓÌTenn.€Const.€art.€VI,€ðð€1.€€Ð 810*6 ÐÌà ` àUnder€the€doctrine€of€separation€of€powers,€the€three€departments€of€governmentÐ X4P-: Ðare€ð ðcoordinate,€independent,€coequal€and€potentially€coextensive.ðð€€ò òòòAnderson€County€QuarterlyÐ è5à.< ÐCourt€v.€Judges€of€28th€Judicial€Circuitóóó ó,€579€S.W.2d€875,€877€(Tenn.€App.€1978)(citationÐ x7p0> Ðomittedò òòòó óóó).€€Each€department€is€expressly€prohibited€from€encroaching€on€the€powers€and€functionsÐ 92@ Ðof€the€other€departments.€€ò òòòSee€Richardson€v.€Tennessee€Bd.€of€Dentistryóóó ó,€913€S.W.2d€446,€453Ð ˜:3B ÐÔ_Ô(Tenn.€1995)ò òòòóóó ó;€€òòò òRichardson€v.€Youngóóó ó,€125€S.W.€664,€668€(Tenn.€1910);€€òòò òState€v.€Brackettóóó ó,€869Ð  ÐS.W.2d€936,€939€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.€1993).€€Under€the€Tennessee€Constitution,€the€legislativeÐ ˜ Ðdepartment€is€empowered€to€make,€order,€and€repeal€the€laws€while€the€judicial€department€isÐ (  Ðempowered€to€interpret€and€apply€the€laws.€€ò òòòSee€Richardsonóóó ó,€913€S.W.2d€at€453;€€òòò òRichardsonó óóó,Ð ¸ ° Ð125€S.W.€at€668;€€òòò òBrackettó óóó,€869€S.W.2d€at€939òòò òó óóó.€€ò òòòóóó óIt€is€therefore€improper€for€the€General€AssemblyÐ H @ Ðto€attempt€to€exercise€judicial€power€by€enacting€a€statute€that€effectively€removes€from€theÐ ØÐ  Ðjudiciary€its€authority€to€interpret€and€apply€the€laws.€€The€courts€of€this€state€have€held€onÐ h`  Ðnumerous€occasions€that€such€statutes€are€unconstitutional€and€void.€€ò òòòSee€Northern€v.€Barnesóóó ó,€70Ð øð  ÐTenn.€603,€612„13€(1879)(act€directing€the€supreme€court€to€remand€cases€in€which€land€isÐ ˆ€  Ðdecreed€for€sale€and€to€order€the€sale€of€the€land€by€the€clerk€of€the€inferior€court);€ò òòòPerkins€v.Ð  ÐScalesóóó ó,€2€Shannonððs€Cases€235,€240€(1877)(act€directing€the€manner€of€determining€judgments€orÐ ¨  Ðdecrees€rendered€by€the€supreme€court€when€the€judges€are€equally€divided);€ò òòòArrington€v.€Cottonóóó ó,Ð 80 Ð60€Tenn.€316,€319€(1872)(declaratory€act€construing€statute€regarding€the€payment€of€schoolÐ ÈÀ Ðteachers);€€ò òòòSells€v.€Kingó óóó,€58€Tenn.€(11€Heisk.)€397,€399€(1872)(act€directing€the€court€to€order€aÐ XP Ðchange€of€venue€under€certain€circumstances);€ò òòòMabry€v.€Baxteróóó ó,€58€Tenn.€(11€Heisk.)€682,€691„93Ð èà Ð(1872)(act€giving€defendants€a€right€to€sever€and€a€right€to€a€change€of€venue);€ò òòòBrown€v.Ð xp ÐHaywoodóóó ó,€51€Tenn.€(4€Heisk.)€357,€363€(1871)(act€providing€that,€upon€the€filing€of€affidavits€ofÐ    Ðthree€ð ðunconditional€Union€men,ðð€the€court€shall€transfer€the€lawsuit€back€to€the€county€fromÐ ˜!" Ðwhich€the€action€was€originally€removed);€€ò òòòState€v.€Flemingóóó ó,€26€Tenn.€(7€Hum.)€152,€153„54Ð (# $ Ð(1846)(resolution€providing€that€all€cases€pending€against€defendants€charged€with€tippling€shallÐ ¸$°& Ðbe€dismissed);€ò òòòGovernor€v.€Porteróóó ó,€24€Tenn.€(5€Hum.)€165,€167„68€(1844)(act€directing€that€aÐ H&@( Ðprevious€statute€shall€be€construed€to€require€that€bonds€be€issued€every€year);€ò òòòJonesðð€Heirs€v.Ð Ø'Ð * ÐPerryóóó ó,€18€Tenn.€(10€Yer.)€59,€69„71€(1836)(act€authorizing€guardian€to€sell€land€descended€fromÐ h)`", Ðthe€parent€to€pay€the€debts€of€the€parent).€€Ð ø*ð#. ÐÌò òó óà ` àSubsection€(c)€of€section€36„6„108€provides€that,€when€the€parents€are€spendingÐ .'2 Ðsubstantially€equal€amounts€of€time€with€the€child€and€one€parent€seeks€to€relocate€with€the€child,Ð ¨/ (4 Ðthe€trial€court€ð ðshall€determine€whether€or€not€to€permit€relocation€of€the€child€based€upon€the€bestÐ 810*6 Ðinterests€of€the€child.ðð€€ò òòòóóó óTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(c)€(Supp.€1998).€€Additionally,€subsection€(d)Ð È2À+8 Ðof€section€36„6„108€states€that,€if€the€parents€are€not€spending€substantially€equal€amounts€of€timeÐ X4P-: Ðwith€the€child€and€the€parent€spending€the€greater€amount€of€time€with€the€child€seeks€to€relocateÐ è5à.< Ðwith€the€child,€the€trial€court€shall€allow€the€relocation€unless€(1)€the€parent€does€not€have€aÐ x7p0> Ðreasonable€purpose€for€relocating,€(2)€the€relocation€would€pose€a€threat€of€specific€and€seriousÐ 92@ Ðharm€to€the€child€greater€than€the€threat€of€harm€to€the€child€that€would€be€posed€by€a€change€ofÐ ˜:3B Ðcustody,€or€(3)€the€parentððs€motive€is€vindictive€in€that€his€or€her€reason€for€relocating€is€to€defeatÐ  Ðor€deter€the€visitation€rights€of€the€other€parent.€€ò òòòSee€óóó óTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(d)€(Supp.Ð ˜ Ð1998).€€Finally,€subsection€(e)€of€section€36„6„108€provides€that,€if€any€of€these€three€groundsÐ (  Ðexists,€the€trial€court€ð ðshall€determine€whether€or€not€to€permit€relocation€of€the€child€based€on€theÐ ¸ ° Ðbest€interest€of€the€child.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(e)€(Supp.€1998).€€This€provision€furtherÐ H @ Ðstates€that,€if€the€trial€court€finds€that€relocation€is€not€in€the€best€interests€of€the€child€and€theÐ ØÐ  Ðparent€spending€the€majority€of€the€time€with€the€child€still€elects€to€relocate,€the€court€ð ðshallÐ h`  Ðmake€a€custody€determination€and€shall€consider€all€relevant€factors.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„Ð øð  Ð108(e)€(Supp.€1998).ò òÐ ˆ€  Ðó óÌà ` àIn€ruling€that€subsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e)€violate€the€separation€of€powers€doctrine,Ð ¨  Ðthe€trial€court€stated€as€follows:Ð 80 ÐÌÓÓà8 ` àFor€the€Legislature€to€tell€how€the€courts€should€now€decide€post„Ð XP Ðdecree€custody€cases€or€control€decrees€within€a€relocation€contextÐ   Ðunconstitutionally€crosses€the€line€to€be€maintained€between€theÐ èà Ðlegislative€and€judicial€branches€of€government€and€collides€withÐ °¨ Ðthe€Tennesse€[sic]€Supreme€Courtððs€ð ðinterpretationðð€andÐ xp Ðð ðapplicationðð€of€the€existing€law€of€controlling€custody€decreesÐ @8 Ðwhen€relocation€is€requested€or€opposed.Ð  ` Ã` à ÐÌÓWÓÌContrary€to€the€implication€of€the€trial€court,€we€do€not€think€that€the€General€Assembly€invadedÐ (# $ Ðthe€province€of€the€judiciary€when€it€enacted€subsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e).€€These€provisions€do€notÐ ¸$°& Ðmandate€any€particular€result€in€parental€relocation€cases.€€Rather,€as€noted€above,€section€36„6„Ð H&@( Ð108€is€remedial€in€nature.€€ò òòòSee€Adamsóóó ó,€1998€WL€721091,€at€*3.€€It€is€within€the€province€of€theÐ Ø'Ð * ÐGeneral€Assembly,€not€the€judiciary,€to€establish€and€control€the€remedies€that€are€available€toÐ h)`", Ðpersons€seeking€judicial€relief.€€òòò òSee€Pacific€E.€Corp.€v.€Harpeth€Village€Dev.€Co.óóó ó,€902€S.W.2dÐ ø*ð#. Ð946,€955€(Tenn.€App.€1995).€€Although€section€36„6„108€sets€forth€the€law€of€parental€relocation,Ð ˆ,€%0 Ðsubsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e)€leave€the€ultimate€decision€within€the€discretion€of€the€trial€court.€€ForÐ .'2 Ðexample,€under€subsection€(c),€the€trial€court€must€determine€whether€relocation€is€in€the€bestÐ ¨/ (4 Ðinterests€of€the€child.€€Additionally,€under€subsection€(d),€the€trial€court€must€determine€whetherÐ 810*6 Ðthe€parentððs€purpose€for€relocating€is€reasonable,€whether€relocation€would€pose€a€serious€threat€toÐ È2À+8 Ðthe€child€greater€than€the€threat€posed€by€a€change€of€custody,€and€whether€the€parentððs€motive€forÐ X4P-: Ðrelocating€is€vindictive.€€Finally,€under€subsection€(e),€the€trial€court€must€make€rulings€regardingÐ è5à.< Ðrelocation€and€custody€according€to€the€best€interests€of€the€child.€€Thus,€we€do€not€think€thatÐ x7p0> Ðthese€provisions€remove€from€the€trial€court€its€authority€to€interpret€and€apply€the€law€of€parentalÐ 92@ Ðrelocation.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€subsections€(c),€(d),€and€(e)€do€not€violate€the€separation€ofÐ ˜:3B Ðpowers€doctrine€contained€in€Article€II,€Sections€1€and€2€and€Article€VI,€Section€1€of€theÐ  ÐTennessee€Constitution.€€€Ð ˜ Ðà ` àFinally,€we€address€whether€subsections€(c)€and€(d)€of€section€36„6„108€areÐ (  Ðunconstitutional€under€the€equal€protection€clause€contained€in€Article€XI,€Section€8€of€theÐ ¸ ° ÐTennessee€Constitution.€€Article€XI,€Section€8€provides€that€ð ð[t]he€Legislature€shall€have€noÐ H @ Ðpower€.€.€.€to€pass€any€law€granting€to€any€individual€or€individuals,€rights,€privileges,€immunitie,Ð ØÐ  Ð[immunities]€or€exemptions€other€than€such€as€may€be,€by€the€same€law€extended€to€any€memberÐ h`  Ðof€the€community,€who€may€be€able€to€bring€himself€within€the€provisions€of€such€law.ðð€€Tenn.Ð øð  ÐConst.€art.€XI,€ðð€8.€€This€provision€guarantees€that€persons€who€are€similarly€situated€will€beÐ ˆ€  Ðtreated€alike.€€ò òòòSee€Evans€v.€Steelmanóóó ó,€970€S.W.2d€431,€435€(Tenn.€1998)(citing€ò òòòTennessee€SmallÐ  ÐSch.€Sys.€v.€McWherteróóó ó,€851€S.W.2d€139,€153€(Tenn.€1993)).€€When€interpreting€Article€XI,Ð ¨  ÐSection€8,€the€courts€of€this€state€utilize€the€same€framework€developed€by€the€United€StatesÐ 80 ÐSupreme€Court€for€analyzing€equal€protection€claims€brought€under€the€Fourteen€Amendment€toÐ ÈÀ Ðthe€federal€constitution.€€ò òòòSee€id.€óóó ó(citing€ò òòòNewton€v.€Coxó óóó,€878€S.W.2d€105,€109€(Tenn.€1994);Ð XP Ðòòò òTennessee€Small€Sch.€Sys.óóó ó,€851€S.W.2d€at€152„54).€€Under€this€framework,€a€legislativeÐ èà Ðclassification€is€subject€to€strict€scrutiny€when€it€interferes€with€a€fundamental€right€or€operates€toÐ xp Ðthe€disadvantages€of€a€suspect€class€of€persons.€€ò òòòSee€id.€óóó ó(citing€ò òòòNewtonóóó ó,€878€S.W.2d€at€109).€€If,Ð    Ðhowever,€a€legislative€classification€does€not€interfere€with€a€fundamental€right€or€adversely€affectÐ ˜!" Ða€suspect€class€of€persons,€then€the€classification€is€subject€to€rationale€basis€scrutiny.€€ò òòòSee€id.Ð (# $ Ðóóó ó(citing€ò òòòNewtonó óóó,€878€S.W.2d€at€110).€Under€rational€basis€scrutiny,€a€legislative€classification€willÐ ¸$°& Ðbe€upheld€if€a€reasonable€basis€can€be€found€for€the€classification€or€if€any€set€of€facts€mayÐ H&@( Ðreasonably€be€conceived€to€justify€it.€€ò òòòSee€Tennessee€Small€Sch.€Sys.ó óóó,€851€S.W.2d€at€153€(citingÐ Ø'Ð * Ðò òòòHarrison€v.€Schraderóóó ó,€569€S.W.2d€822,€825„26€(Tenn.€1978)).€€Ð h)`", ÐÌà ` àSubsections€(c)€and€(d)€classify€parents€according€to€the€amount€of€time€spent€withÐ ˆ,€%0 Ðtheir€child,€providing€a€preference€in€relocation€cases€to€the€parent€spending€a€greater€amount€ofÐ .'2 Ðtime€with€the€child.€€ò òòòSee€óóó óTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(c),€(d)€(Supp.€1998).€€ò òòòóóó óThis€classificationÐ ¨/ (4 Ðdoes€not€disturb€a€fundamental€right€or€adversely€affect€a€suspect€class€of€persons.€€Thus,€we€mustÐ 810*6 Ðuphold€the€classification€so€long€as€there€is€a€reasonable€basis€for€it.€€In€ò òòòEvans€v.€Steelmanóóó ó,€970Ð È2À+8 ÐS.W.2d€431€(Tenn.€1998),€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€found€that€ð ðthe€Stateððs€interest€inÐ X4P-: Ðpreserving€the€integrity€of€the€familyðð€was€a€reasonable€basis€for€a€statute€that€effectivelyÐ è5à.< Ðprohibited€a€biological€father€from€legitimating€his€child€if€the€childððs€mother€was€married€toÐ x7p0> Ðanother€man€at€the€time€of€the€childððs€birth.€€ò òòòId.€óóó óat€435.€€In€ò òòòCline€v.€Drewóóó ó,€735€S.W.2d€232€(Tenn.Ð 92@ ÐApp.€1987),€this€Court€upheld€a€similar€legitimization€statute,€noting€that€the€state€has€an€Ô_ÔinterestÐ ˜:3B Ðin€ð ðpreserving€and€protecting€the€integrity€of€the€family€unitðð€and€in€ð ðprotecting€the€best€interestsÐ  Ðof€the€child.ðð€€ò òòòId.€óóó óat€239.€€Likewise,€we€think€that€the€stateððs€interest€in€protecting€the€bestÐ ˜ Ðinterests€of€the€childÔ_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€is€a€reasonable€basis€for€the€legislative€classification€contained€inÐ (  Ðsubsections€(c)€and€(d)€and€the€preference€that€these€provisions€give€to€the€parent€spending€theÐ ¸ ° Ðgreater€amount€of€time€with€the€child.€€We€therefore€conclude€that€subsections€(c)€and€(d)€do€notÐ H @ Ðviolate€the€equal€protection€clause€contained€in€Article€XI,€Section€8.Ð ØÐ  ÐÌà ` àHaving€concluded€that€section€36„6„108€is€constitutional€as€applied€to€the€case€atÐ øð  Ðbar,€we€must€now€determined€whether,€applying€the€law€of€section€36„6„108,€the€trial€court€erredÐ ˆ€  Ðin€denying€the€Motherððs€petition€to€relocate.€€There€is€no€dispute€that,€although€the€parties€sharedÐ  Ðjoint€custody€of€Heather,€the€Mother€is€the€parent€spending€a€greater€amount€of€time€with€theÐ ¨  Ðchild.€€Section€36„6„108(d),€which€applies€to€situations€in€which€the€parents€do€not€actually€spendÐ 80 Ðsubstantially€equal€intervals€of€time€with€the€child,€provides€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:Ð ÈÀ ÐÌÓÓà8 ` àThe€parent€spending€the€greater€amount€of€time€with€the€child€shallÐ èà Ðbe€permitted€to€relocate€with€the€child€unless€the€court€finds:а¨` Ã` à Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(1)€The€relocation€does€not€have€a€reasonable€purpose;Ðxp` Ã` à Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(2)€The€relocation€would€pose€a€threat€of€specific€andÐ @8 Ðserious€harm€to€the€child€which€outweighs€the€threat€of€harm€to€theÐ    Ðchild€of€a€change€of€custody;€orÐÐ È!` Ã` à Ðà8 ` àà ¸ à(3)€The€parentððs€motive€for€relocating€with€the€child€isÐ ˜!" Ðvindictive€in€that€it€is€intended€to€defeat€or€deter€visitation€rights€ofÐ `"X# Ðthe€non„custodial€parent€or€the€parent€spending€less€time€with€theÐ (# $ Ðchild.Ðð#è%` Ã` à ÐÌÌÌÓvÓTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(d)€(Supp.€1998).€€Ð ' ) ÐÌà ` àThe€Mother€stated€three€reasons€for€relocating,€including€(1)€that€her€new€husbandÐ 0*(#- ÐMr.€Ô_ÔCaudillÔ_Ô€resides€and€owns€a€successful€business€in€Freeport,€Florida,€(2)€that€she€has€anÐ À+¸$/ Ðexcellent€chance€for€re„employment€with€her€former€employer€in€Freeport,€and€(3)€that€HeatherÐ P-H&1 Ðhas€many€friends€and€relatives€that€live€in€the€areas€surrounding€Freeport.€€ò òó óEach€of€theseÐ à.Ø'3 Ðpurported€reasons€constitutes€a€reasonable€purpose€for€relocation.€€Additionally,€there€is€noÐ p0h)5 Ðallegation€that€the€Motherððs€relocation€with€Heather€would€pose€a€threat€of€specific€and€seriousÐ 2ø*7 Ðharm€to€the€child.€€ò òó óWith€respect€to€the€question€of€vindictiveness,€however,€the€trial€court€stated€asÐ 3ˆ,9 Ðfollows:€€Ð  5.; ЇÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àAnd€from€considering€all€of€the€evidence,€I€have€to€point€outÐ  Ðthat€I€was€„„€€I€have€to€admit€that€I€was€impressed€with€the€new€Mrs.Ð ÐÈ ÐFoley,€that€she€was€not€„„€she€didnððt€come€across€as€the€kind€ofÐ ˜ Ðperson€that€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCaudillÔ_Ô€claimed.€€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCaudillÔ_Ô,€you€seem€to€wantÐ ` X Ðto€attack€her€for€several€reasons€and€that€you€testified€concerningÐ (  Ðyour€concerns€about€her€alcoholism,€about€her€speeding€and€aboutÐ ð è Ðher€being€an€abusive€mother.€€And€you€have€a€right€to€say€thoseÐ ¸ ° Ðthings.€€But€as€I€considered€all€of€the€proof,€I€have€concluded€thatÐ € x Ðsheððs€not€that€kind€of€person.€€And€that€the€fact€that€you€exerciseÐ H @ Ðyour€right€to€claim€those€things€and€failed€raises€in€the€Courtððs€mindÐ   Ðthe€issues€of€vindictiveness€in€this€matter.ÐØÐ ` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àPlus,€you€were€very€candid€with€the€court€in€cross„Ð h`  Ðexamination€concerning€your€feelings€toward€Dr.€Foley€and€youÐ 0(  Ðhave€a€right€to€say€those€things.€€And€I€listened€and€I€watched€you.€Ð øð  ÐAnd€I€watched€how€you€acted€from€the€witness€stand.€€And€I€can€doÐ À¸  Ðnothing€but€conclude€that€your€motives€are€vindictive€and€that€yourÐ ˆ€  Ðmotives€are€intended€to€defeat€or€deter€the€visitation€rights€of€Mr.Ð PH  ÐFoley.€€I€have€come€to€that€conclusion€based€upon€what€you€saidÐ  Ðand€based€upon€watching€you.ÐàØ` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àNow€that€being€the€case,€I€looked€at€other€things€such€as€theÐ ph Ðsuggestion€that€if€you€did€move€that€his€visitation€days€would€haveÐ 80 Ðto€be€cut€back.€€That€was€very€troubling€when€that€evidence€cameÐ ø Ðinto€the€record.€€That€supports€the€Courtððs€finding€of€vindictiveness.€Ð ÈÀ ÐThere€were€other€things€that€came€into€the€record€and€I€consideredÐ ˆ ÐDr.€Foleyððs€testimony€and€concerning€what€sheððs€done€to€try€toÐ XP Ðrehabilitate€herself€and€I€just€donððt€see€how€the€Court€can€fault€herÐ   Ðat€this€point€as€being€a€member€of€a€household€that€is€inappropriateÐ èà Ðfor€this€child.а¨` Ã` à ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àTherefore,€the€Court€is€going€to€deny€the€petition€to€removeÐ @8 Ðthe€child€by€Mrs.€Ô_ÔCaudillÔ_Ô.Óß}ÓÐ  ` Ã` à ÐÌThe€trial€courtððs€finding€of€vindictiveness€appears€to€have€been€based€solely€on€its€conclusion€thatÐ (# $ Ðthe€Mother€dislikes€the€Fatherððs€new€wife.€€Under€section€36„6„108(d),€however,€the€parentððsÐ ¸$°& Ðmotive€for€relocating€is€vindictive€if€it€is€intended€to€defeat€or€deter€the€visitation€rights€of€theÐ H&@( Ðother€parent.€€ò òòòSee€óóó óTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„108(d)€(Supp.€1998).€€There€is€no€evidence€in€theÐ Ø'Ð * Ðrecord€suggesting€the€Mother€has€any€desire€to€defeat€or€deter€the€Fatherððs€visitation€with€Heather.€Ð h)`", ÐOn€the€contrary,€in€a€letter€informing€the€Father€of€her€intention€to€relocate,€the€Mother€included€aÐ ø*ð#. Ðrevised€visitation€schedule€allowing€the€Father€to€spend€substantially€the€same€number€of€days€perÐ ˆ,€%0 Ðyear€with€Heather€and€offered€to€meet€the€Father€at€a€location€which€is€approximately€half€wayÐ .'2 Ðbetween€their€residences€to€facilitate€the€Fatherððs€visitation.€€The€Mother€also€testified€that,€if€theÐ ¨/ (4 ÐFather€was€visiting€his€parents€in€Pensacola,€Florida,€she€would€drive€Heather€to€Pensacola€forÐ 810*6 Ðvisitation.€€The€Mother€further€stated€that,€although€she€has€some€reservations€regarding€theÐ È2À+8 ÐFatherððs€new€wife,€she€would€ð ðbend€over€backwardsðð€and€ð ðdo€anything€it€takesðð€to€ensure€thatÐ X4P-: ÐHeather€maintains€a€good€relationship€with€the€Father€and€his€new€wife.€€Based€on€this€testimonyÐ è5à.< Ðand€a€lack€of€testimony€to€the€contrary,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€finding€of€vindictivenessÐ x7p0> Ðis€contrary€to€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€Accordingly,€we€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€denialÐ 92@ Ðof€the€Motherððs€petition€to€relocate€with€Heather€to€Freeport,€Florida.Ð ˜:3B Їò òòòà@ûû"àChange€of€CustodyˆÐ  ÐÌà ` àó óóóIn€addition€to€denying€the€Motherððs€petition€to€relocate,€the€trial€court€alsoÐ (  Ðremoved€Heather€from€the€partiesðð€joint€custody€and€placed€her€in€the€sole€custody€of€the€Father.€Ð ¸ ° ÐWhen€considering€a€non„custodial€parentððs€request€for€a€change€of€custody,€the€court€must€firstÐ H @ Ðdetermine€whether€there€has€been€a€material€change€in€circumstances€arising€subsequent€to€theÐ ØÐ  Ðinitial€decree€awarding€custody€such€that€the€welfare€of€the€child€demands€a€redetermination€ofÐ h`  Ðcustody.€€ò òòòSee,€e.g.,€Ô_ÔMassengaleÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔMassengaleÔ_Ôó óóó,€915€S.W.2d€818,€819€(Tenn.€App.€1995)(citingÐ øð  Ðò òòòDailey€v.€Daileyóóó ó,€635€S.W.2d€391,€393€(Tenn.€App.€1981)).€€If€there€has€been€a€material€change€inÐ ˆ€  Ðcircumstances,€the€court€must€then€determine€whether€a€change€of€custody€is€in€the€best€interestsÐ  Ðof€the€child.€€ò òòòSee,€e.g.,€Ô_ÔVarleyÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔVarleyÔ_Ôóóó ó,€934€S.W.2d€659,€665„66€(Tenn.€App.€1996)(quotingÐ ¨  Ðòòò òKoch€v.€Kochó óóó,€874€S.W.2d€571,€575€(Tenn.€App.€1993));€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„106€(Supp.Ð 80 Ð1998).€€If,€however,€there€has€not€been€a€material€change€in€circumstances,€the€court€is€notÐ ÈÀ Ðrequired€to€make€a€best€interests€determination€and€must€deny€the€request€for€a€change€of€custody.Ð XP ÐÌà ` àIn€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€cited€the€failure€of€the€partiesðð€existing€custodyÐ xp Ðarrangement€as€a€material€change€in€circumstances.€€In€requesting€a€change€of€custody,€however,Ð    Ðthe€Father€did€not€allege€that€the€partiesðð€joint€custody€arrangement€had€become€unworkable.€Ð ˜!" ÐRather,€the€Fatherððs€request€for€a€change€of€custody€appears€to€have€been€triggered€solely€by€theÐ (# $ ÐMotherððs€intention€to€relocate€with€the€child€to€Freeport,€Florida.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€At€trial,€the€Father€testified€thatÐ ¸$°& Ðhis€ex„wife€was€a€good€mother,€that€the€Mother€had€always€been€agreeable€regarding€his€visitationÐ H&@( Ðwith€Heather,€and€that€his€desire€was€that€Heather€remain€in€Tennessee€and€live€with€the€Mother.€Ð Ø'Ð * ÐThe€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€has€expressly€held€that€the€removal€of€a€child€from€the€jurisdiction,Ð h)`", Ðin€and€of€itself,€may€not€serve€as€a€material€change€in€circumstances€sufficient€to€justify€a€changeÐ ø*ð#. Ðof€custody.€€ò òòòSee€Tayloróóó ó,€849€S.W.2d€at€332.€€We€thus€conclude€that€the€trial€courtððs€finding€of€aÐ ˆ,€%0 Ðmaterial€change€in€circumstances€is€contrary€to€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€Consequently,Ð .'2 Ðwe€reverse€the€portion€of€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€granting€a€change€of€custody€to€the€Father.Ð ¨/ (4 Ðò òòòÌà@ccàRecusal€of€Trial€JudgeˆÐ ˜ ÐÌà ` àóóó óAs€stated€above,€the€Mother€filed€a€post„judgment€motion€asking€the€trial€judge€toÐ ¸ ° Ðrecuse€himself€based€on€his€participation€as€an€attorney€in€òòò òSmith€v.€Kelleyóóó ó,€No.€01A01„9711„CH„Ð H @ Ð00657,€1998€WL€743731€(Tenn.€App.€Oct.€27,€1998),€a€relocation€case€issued€just€days€before€theÐ ØÐ  Ðtrial€in€the€case€at€bar.€€In€denying€the€motion,€the€trial€judge€stated€as€follows:Ð h`  ÐÌÓÓà8 ` àThe€fact€that€before€becoming€a€Judge€the€undersigned,€as€a€privateÐ ˆ€  Ðpractitioner,€represented€a€parent€opposing€a€childððs€relocation€in€aÐ PH  Ðdomestic€action€in€an€appeal€made€several€months€before€theÐ  Ðundersigned€was€sworn€in€as€Circuit€Court€Judge€of€the€21òòstóó€JudicialÐ àØ ÐDistrict€does€not€create€the€appearance€of€impropriety€or€partialityÐ ¨  Ðto€require€recusal€in€the€instant€case.€.€.€.€€The€Opinion€in€ò òòòSmith€v.Ð ph ÐKelley€óóó óand€its€release€on€October€27,€1998,€did€not€prevent€theÐ 80 Ðundersigned€from€making€a€fair€and€impartial€decision€in€this€case,Ð ø Ðwhich€the€undersign€[sic]€did€make.€€Furthermore,€by€hearing€thisÐ ÈÀ Ðcase€the€undersigned€Chancellor€cannot€reasonably€be€construed€toÐ ˆ Ðevidence€the€appearance€of€partiality€or€impropriety€justifyingÐ XP Ðrecusal€in€response€to€a€post„trial€motion€by€Plaintiff€underÐ   Ðobjective,€reasonable€person€recusal€standards.€€The€parties€haveÐ èà Ðhad€the€benefit€of€the€ð ðcold€neutralityðð€of€a€fair€and€impartialÐ °¨ ÐChancellor.Ó…žÓÐxp` Ã` à ÐÌà ` àAll€litigants€are€entitled€to€the€ð ðcold€neutrality€of€an€impartial€courtðð€and€have€aÐ ˜!" Ðright€to€have€their€cases€heard€by€fair€and€impartial€judges.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔKinardÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔKinardÔ_Ôó óóó,€986€S.W.2d€220,Ð (# $ Ð227€(Tenn.€App.€1998)(quoting€òòò òÔ_ÔLeightonÔ_Ô€v.€Hendersonó óóó,€414€S.W.2d€419,€421€(Tenn.€1967);Ð ¸$°& Ðò òòòÔ_ÔChumbleyÔ_Ô€v.€Peopleððs€Bank€&€Trust€Co.ó óóó,€57€S.W.2d€787,€788€(Tenn.€1933)).€€In€general,€a€judgeÐ H&@( Ðshould€recuse€himself€or€herself€if€there€is€any€doubt€regarding€the€judgeððs€ability€to€presideÐ Ø'Ð * Ðimpartially€or€if€the€judgeððs€impartiality€can€reasonably€be€questioned.€€ò òòòSee€State€v.€Ô_ÔHinesÔ_Ôóóó ó,€919Ð h)`", ÐS.W.2d€573,€578€(Tenn.€1995).€€Under€Canon€3€of€the€Code€of€Judicial€Conduct,€a€judge€isÐ ø*ð#. Ðrequired€to€recuse€himself€or€herself€when€ð ðthe€judge€has€a€personal€bias€or€prejudice€concerningÐ ˆ,€%0 Ða€party€or€a€partyððs€lawyer,€or€personal€knowledge€of€disputed€evidentiary€facts€concerning€theÐ .'2 Ðproceeding.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€Sup.€Ct.€10,€Canon€3(E)(1)(a).€€Ð ¨/ (4 ÐÌà ` àIn€the€case€at€bar,€the€Mother€does€not€complain€that€the€trial€judge€had€a€personalÐ È2À+8 Ðbias€or€prejudice€toward€her€or€her€attorney.€€Rather,€she€contends€that€the€trial€judgeððs€vigorousÐ X4P-: Ðrepresentation€of€a€father€opposing€parental€relocation€in€a€prior€lawsuit€gives€the€appearance€ofÐ è5à.< Ðbias€or€partiality€with€respect€to€the€subject€matter€of€relocation.€€As€explained€below,€however,Ð x7p0> Ðthis€type€of€bias€or€prejudice€does€not€trigger€a€judgeððs€duty€to€recuse:Ð 92@ ÐÐ ˜:3B ÐÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àBias€and€prejudice€are€only€improper€when€they€areÐ  Ðpersonal.€€A€feeling€of€ill€will€or,€conversely,€favoritism€toward€oneÐ ÐÈ Ðof€the€parties€to€a€suit€are€what€constitute€disqualifying€bias€orÐ ˜ Ðprejudice.€€For€example,€where€a€judge€stated€that€he€ð ðcould€notÐ ` X Ðstandðð€a€certain€law€enforcement€officer€and€would€not€accept€casesÐ (  Ðinitiated€by€him,€it€was€found€that€his€personal€feelings€and€intenseÐ ð è Ðdislike€of€the€officer€were€improper.€€However,€neither€bias€norÐ ¸ ° Ðprejudice€refer€to€the€attitude€that€a€judge€may€hold€about€theÐ € x Ðsubject€matter€of€a€lawsuit.€€That€a€judge€has€a€general€opinionÐ H @ Ðabout€a€legal€or€social€matter€that€relates€to€the€case€before€him€orÐ   Ðher€does€not€disqualify€the€judge€from€presiding€over€the€case.€Ð ØÐ  ÐDespite€earlier€fictions€to€the€contrary,€it€is€now€understood€thatÐ  ˜  Ðjudges€are€not€without€opinions€when€they€hear€and€decide€cases.€Ð h`  ÐJudges€do€have€values,€which€cannot€be€magically€shed€when€theyÐ 0(  Ðtake€the€bench.€€The€fact€that€a€judge€may€have€publicly€expressedÐ øð  Ðviews€about€a€particular€matter€prior€to€its€arising€in€court€shouldÐ À¸  Ðnot€automatically€amount€to€the€sort€of€bias€or€prejudice€thatÐ ˆ€  Ðrequires€recusal.ÓH«ÓÐPH ` Ã` à ÐÌJeffrey€M.€Shaman€et€al.,€Judicial€Conduct€and€Ethics€ðð€4.04,€at€101„02€(2d€òòóóed.€1995)(footnotesÐ ph Ðomitted).€€It€must€also€be€remembered€that€an€attorney€may€not€necessarily€agree€with€an€opinionÐ ø Ðexpressed€or€a€position€advocated€on€behalf€of€his€or€her€client.€€Thus,€the€fact€that€the€trial€judgeÐ ˆ Ðonce€represented€a€client€opposing€relocation€does€not€in€any€way€reveal€the€trial€judgeððs€personalÐ   Ðbeliefs€regarding€the€subject€of€relocation.€€Nor€can€we€find€in€the€record€any€comments€made€byÐ °¨ Ðthe€trial€judge€that€indicate€his€personal€beliefs€regarding€relocation.€€We€are€also€mindful€that,€asÐ @8 Ða€practical€matter,€the€rule€suggested€by€the€Mother€would€be€unworkable.€€If,€in€fact,Ð Ð È! Ðparticipation€as€an€attorney€in€a€prior€lawsuit€concerning€the€same€subject€matter€triggers€the€needÐ `"X# Ðfor€recusal,€then€nearly€every€judge€would€be€required€to€recuse€himself€or€herself€in€nearly€everyÐ ð#è% Ðcase.€€We€are€unwilling€to€recognize€a€rule€that€would€lead€to€such€a€result.Ð €%x' ÐÌà ` àRequests€for€recusal€are€left€primarily€to€the€sound€discretion€of€the€court.€€ò òòòSeeÐ  (˜!+ ÐÔ_ÔHinesÔ_Ôó óóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€578;€òòò òÔ_ÔKinardÔ_Ôó óóó,€986€S.W.2d€at€228;€€òòò òYoung€v.€Youngóóó ó,€971€S.W.2d€386,€390Ð 0*(#- Ð(Tenn.€App.€1997);€ò òòòEllison€v.€Alleyóóó ó,€902€S.W.2d€415,€418€(Tenn.€App.€1995).€€We€will€notÐ À+¸$/ Ðinterfere€with€a€courtððs€decision€regarding€recusal€unless€it€is€clear€that€the€court€has€abused€itsÐ P-H&1 Ðdiscretion.€€ò òòòSee€Ô_ÔHinesÔ_Ôó óóó,€919€S.W.2d€at€578;€€òòò òYoungó óóó,€971€S.W.2d€at€390.€€Under€the€circumstancesÐ à.Ø'3 Ðof€the€instant€case,€we€do€not€think€that€the€refusal€of€the€trial€judge€to€recuse€himself€was€anÐ p0h)5 Ðabuse€of€discretion.€€Thus,€with€respect€to€the€issue€of€recusal,€the€ruling€of€the€trial€judge€isÐ 2ø*7 Ðaffirmed.€Ð 3ˆ,9 Ðà ` àòòò òÌà@77%àConclusionˆÐ °6¨/= ÐÌó óóóà ` àBased€on€the€foregoing,€we€affirm€in€part,€reverse€in€part,€and€remand€the€causeÐ Ð9È2A Ðwith€instructions€that€the€trial€court€enter€an€order€revising€the€Fatherððs€visitation€schedule€to€takeÐ  Ðinto€account€the€Motherððs€expected€relocation€to€Freeport,€Florida.€€The€costs€of€this€appeal€areÐ ˜ Ðtaxed€to€the€Father,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð (  ÐÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________________Ð H @ Ðà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àFARMER,€J.Ð   ÐÌÌÌ______________________________Ð 0(  ÐHIGHERS,€J.Ð øð  ÐÌÌÌ______________________________Ð  ÐKOCH,€J.Ô#†X¼PXXXX¡ù #ÔÐ àØ ÐÌ