ÿWPCô  v«~Ä>›D@{roý-.ñƒ¿QH^7Ϲ+\]ÐW O@`roù_UN CµÝv]PNáý´ÙÈ_ÏKÖÆ‹ÖB…@ÄÓªZnöaÝG0Áfo#frgëÓ×͵ 'ÂUïp\å`bòSIç‰)´ÿ]¥/®ª#¶qŠŵu,$ouVòl»1‰áU.:‚w—TâåO‘ŒäÇÿxb:•˜l#;•d+¸Ï%“[¬ ?âyW#ÉÂUN‹ %Ù 0:ß UN bg ^ o w{ 4 “ ¢ 1¤ mÕ ¹ì ¥Í»» 0 Dˆˆ4Ì8E88B:T|zÐÀJ   0*àZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ 0 : : : : B× ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular- ù-îŽ:1Ï 6hö0B013C13|x  'Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔActually,€the€plaintiff€filed€two€motions,€one€for€a€new€trial€and€one€for€a€directed€verdict€and€a€new€trial.€Ð ° ÐThe€reason€for€this€is€unclear.ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ ¯Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThat€statute€provided:Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà ` à(a)€For€the€purpose€of€proving€a€violation€of€ðð€55„10„401(a)(1),€evidence€that€there€was,Ð 2‚ Ðat€the€time€alleged,€ten„hundredths€of€one€percent€(.10%)€or€more€by€weight€of€alcohol€in€theÐ óC Ðdefendantððs€blood€shall€create€a€presumption€that€the€defendantððs€ability€to€drive€was€sufficientlyÐ ´ Ðimpaired€thereby€to€constitute€a€violation€of€ðð€55„10„401(a)(1).ÐuÅÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„408(a)€(1998).€€Pursuant€to€a€2002€amendment€effective€July€1,€2003,€a€blood€level€ofÐ ÷ G Ð0.08%,€rather€than€0.10%,€triggers€the€presumption€that€the€ability€to€drive€is€impaired.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„Ð ¸  Ð408€(Supp.€2003).€€ Ñ ° Ñ ÃÝ ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€parties€agreed€that€Antonio€was€unavailable€for€trial€due€to€the€fact€that€he€was€in€a€federal€prison€inÐ ° ÐAtlanta,€Georgia,€and€that€his€deposition€was€admissible€as€evidence€at€trial.€€By€the€time€the€case€went€to€trial,Ð qÁ ÐAntonio€had€died€of€causes€not€apparent€in€the€record.(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó *Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLarry€had€originally€filed€a€lawsuit€against€the€estate€of€Santres,€but€his€suit€was€voluntarily€dismissed€forÐ ° Ðreasons€not€apparent€in€the€record. McCarroll COA P.J. W.S.HighersSchuermanDesoto Depo i]ntoxologyreweigh Bue i]tBiscanBallentine SysEdentonMcKelveybetray[edGilliam S.W. contributorilyLaRueSilcoxMcDaniel t]heLaShunAmacherBalentineSantres 8Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAntonio€later€testified€that€he€was€ð ðnot€quite€sure€where€[LaShun]€wentðð€during€that€time,€but€he€assumedÐ ° Ðthat€LaShun€went€to€visit€ð ða€lady€friend.ðð JÝ ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAntonio€said€that€he€could€not€go€out€with€them€because€he€was€under€an€8:00€p.m.€curfew€as€a€conditionÐ ° Ðof€his€release€on€bond€resulting€from€a€federal€armed€bank€robbery€charge. pÝ ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€driver€of€the€Caprice€was€identified€by€Gilliam€and€Antonio€as€Little€Willie€McPherson,€who€wasÐ ° Ðacquainted€with€LaShun.€€Though€McPherson€did€not€testify€at€trial,€he€told€Gilliam€that€he€witnessed€the€accident.€ ¶Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€trial€court€also€noted€that€the€jury€was€entitled€to€decide€who€was€driving€the€Lexus€at€the€time€of€theÐ ° Ðaccident.€€In€this€appeal,€however,€the€parties€do€not€take€issue€with€ò òó óthe€juryððs€finding€that€Santres€was€driving€theÐ qÁ Ðcar€on€the€night€in€question. Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€wife€of€one€of€the€plaintiffs€also€asserted€a€claim€for€loss€of€consortium.€€ò òòòParkeró óóó,€2002€WLÐ ° Ð31698661,€at€*1. &Ý ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMuch€of€the€courtððs€opinion€analyzed€the€confusion€caused€by€the€questions€regarding€fault€and€negligenceÐ ° Ðin€the€special€jury€verdict€form. ÖÝ ƒR‹u$ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWhen€the€two€people€involved€in€the€accident€are€deceased,€it€is€difficult€but€not€impossible€to€prove€thatÐ ° Ðthe€passenger€should€have€known€that€the€driver€was€impaired.€€The€ò òòòParkeró óóó€court€suggested€thatò òòòó óóó,€where€the€twoÐ qÁ Ðdecedents€of€the€speeding€vehicle€died€in€the€accident€the€burden€could€be€met,€for€example,€through€expert€proof€onÐ 3ƒ Ðthe€visible€effects€of€a€0.19%€alcohol€blood€level,€through€othersðð€observations,€or€other€such€evidence.€€ò òòòParkeró óóó,Ð ôD Ð2002€WL€31698661,€at€*6.(.G2‹u$¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôaòXXÔ dÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡XÒgXXXÔÔ‡¼›ý»XXÒgÔÑ€ÑÑ8€sæXXdédÈ8ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ€OYÑà@ò ò ìàÔ#†XÒgX»¼›ý\#ÔÔ‡îl‚îXXÒgÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†XÒgXîîl‚!#ÔÔ‡¼›ý»XXÒgԈРÓ# ÐÓ  ÓApril€21,€2004€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ#†XÒgX»¼›ý¹#ÔÌò òÔ‡¼›ý»XXÒgÔSHIRLEY€PATRICIA€GILLIAM,€Mother€and€next€of€kin€ofÐ ï? ÐLaSHUN€HALL,€DecedentÐ  P Ðòòv.€óóÐ  a ÐMICHAEL€G.€DERRICK,€Administrator€òòAd€Litemóó€for€the€Estate€ofÐ " r ÐSANTRES€A.€JOHNSON,€DecedentÐ 3 ƒ ÐÔ#†XÒgX»¼›ýL#Ôó óÌà@@½½ìàò òAn€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ -}  Ðà@@øøìàNo.€92742„1€T.D.€€€John€R.€McCarroll,€Jr.,€JudgeÐ g  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Ô` AßÐ Õ% ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„01353„COA„R3„CV€Ô_Ô„€Filed€September€24,€2004Ô_ÔÐ Î ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<¡` AßÐ ¢ò Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThis€is€a€wrongful€death€action.€€The€plaintiffððs€decedent€was€riding€as€a€passenger€in€a€car€drivenÐ šê Ðby€the€defendantððs€decedent.€€The€car€collided€at€a€high€rate€of€speed€into€the€guard€rail€of€a€bridge.€Ð ƒÓ ÐBoth€the€driver€and€the€passenger€died€in€the€accident.€€It€was€later€determined€that€the€driver€wasÐ l¼ Ðintoxicated,€but€that€the€passenger€had€not€been€drinking.€€The€plaintiff,€the€mother€of€the€passenger,Ð U¥ Ðfiled€this€wrongful€death€action€against€the€estate€of€the€driver,€alleging€that€the€driverððs€negligentÐ >Ž Ðconduct€caused€the€death€of€her€son.€€After€a€jury€trial,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€in€favor€of€theÐ 'w Ðdefendant.€€The€jury€concluded€that€the€passenger€was€50%€at€fault€for€his€demise,€because€theÐ ` Ðpassenger€knew€or€should€have€known€that€the€driver€was€intoxicated€when€he€got€into€the€car.€€TheÐ ùI Ðplaintiff€now€appeals.€€We€reverse,€finding€no€material€evidence€to€support€the€juryððs€conclusion€thatÐ â2 Ðthe€passenger€knew€or€should€have€known€that€the€driver€was€intoxicated.Ð Ë Ѐ€€€€€Ð ´ ÐÓŸÓò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€is€Ð  í ÐReversed€and€Remandedó óÐ ‡!×  ÐÌòòÓ  ÓHolly€M.€Kirby,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.,óóÐ Z#ª" Ðand€òòAlan€E.€Highers,€J.óó,€joined.Ð C$“# ÐÌWalter€Bailey,€Jr.,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Shirley€Patricia€Gilliam,€Mother€and€nextÐ &e!% Ðof€kin€of€LaShun€Hall,€decedent.€€Ð þ&N"& ÐÌEdward€M.€Hurley,€Jr.,€and€Kimberly€Schuerman,€Memphis,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€MichaelÐ Ð( $( ÐG.€Derrick,€Administrator€òòAd€Litem€óófor€the€Estate€of€Santres€A.€Johnson.Ô‡¼›ý»XXÒgÔÐ ¹) %) ÐÓ ÓÌÔ#†XÒgX»¼›ýK #Ôò òÐ  ²+'+ ÐOPINIONó óÐ ° ÐÌÓ  Óà  àThis€lawsuit€arises€out€of€a€tragic€one„car€accident€that€claimed€the€lives€of€two€young€men.€Ð ƒÓ ÐOn€September€30,€1997,€at€approximately€8:00€or€8:30€p.m.,€seventeen„year„old€Santres€JohnsonÐ l¼ Ð(ð ðSantresðð)€was€driving€westbound€on€the€Hernando€Desoto€Bridge.€€Nineteen„year„old€LaShun€HallÐ U¥ Ð(ð ðLaShunðð)€was€riding€in€the€front€passenger€seat,€and€Larry€Clements€(ð ðLarryðð)€(age€unknown)€wasÐ > Ž Ðriding€as€a€passenger€in€the€back€seat.€€According€to€witnesses,€Santres€was€driving€at€a€high€rateÐ ' w Ðof€speed,€weaving€in€an€out€of€cars€on€the€bridge.€€Suddenly,€he€hit€the€right€guard€rail€of€the€bridge,Ð  ` Ðand€the€car€flipped€over€and€burst€into€flames.€€Santres€and€LaShun€died€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€Ð ù I ÐLarry€survived,€but€sustained€serious€injuries.Ð â 2  ÐÌà  àOn€February€4,€1998,€Plaintiff/Appellant€Shirley€Patricia€Gilliam€(ð ðGilliamðð),€LaShunððsÐ ´  Ðmother,€filed€the€instant€wrongful€death€action€against€Defendant/Appellee€Michael€G.€Derrick,Ð í  ÐAdministrator€òòAd€Litem€óófor€the€estate€of€Santres€(ð ðdefendantðð).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€April€7,€8,€and€9,€the€case€wentÐ †Ö  Ðto€trial€by€jury.Ð o¿  ÐÌà  àAntonio€Hall€(ð ðAntonioðð),€LaShunððs€twenty„two„year„old€brother,€testified€in€his€depositionÐ A‘ Ðabout€the€events€leading€up€to€the€accidentÔ#†XsæXXXÒg=#ÔÔ‡XÒgXXXsæÔ.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô#†XsæXXXÒgc#ÔÔ‡XÒgXXXsæÔ€€Antonio€said€that,€at€approximately€5:00€or€5:30€p.m.Ð *z Ðon€the€night€of€the€accident,€he€and€LaShun€were€riding€around€Memphis,€Tennessee,€in€AntonioððsÐ c Ðpearl„colored€1994€Lexus€GS€300.€€As€they€were€riding,€they€saw€Santres€and€Larry€at€an€auto€bodyÐ üL Ðshop.€€Santres€was€at€the€body€shop€getting€a€repair€estimate€on€his€1996€Chevrolet€Impala€that€hadÐ å5 Ðbeen€wrecked.€€Antonio€said€that,€as€they€were€leaving€the€body€shop,€he€got€in€Santresðð€Impala€withÐ Î ÐSantres€and€Larry,€and€let€LaShun€take€his€Lexus.€€The€three€in€the€Impala€then€drove€around€forÐ · Ðabout€an€hour€to€an€hour€and€a€half.€€Meanwhile,€LaShun€took€the€Lexus€to€be€cleaned€and€went€toÐ  ð Ðvisit€a€friend.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р‰Ù ÐÌà  àAntonio€testified€that,€during€the€course€of€the€evening,€he,€Santres,€and€Larry€met€up€withÐ [« Ðsome€young€women€Santres€knew€in€a€neighborhood€in€north€Memphis.€€Santres€made€plans€forÐ D” Ðthem€to€meet€the€women€later€at€a€car€auction€in€Arkansas.€€Later,€the€trio€met€the€women€at€aÐ -} Ðneighborhood€BP€gas€station.€€While€there,€Antonio€and€Santres€drank€a€fifth€of€Hennessy€Cognac.€Ð f ÐAntonio€was€unsure€about€whether€Larry€drank€any€of€the€cognac.€€Antonio€said€that€he€took€his€lastÐ ÿO Ðdrink€at€about€7:40€or€7:45€p.m.€€They€left€only€a€small€amount€of€cognac€in€the€bottle,€which€theyÐ è 8 Ðgave€to€another€friend€at€the€gas€station.€€Ð Ñ!!  Ðà  àAntonio€testified€that,€when€they€were€ready€to€leave€the€gas€station,€he€paged€LaShun€toÐ º" ! Ðpick€him€up.€€LaShun€arrived€at€the€gas€station€in€the€Lexus,€and€Antonio€got€into€the€driverððs€seat.€Ð £#ó" ÐAntonio€and€LaShun€in€the€Lexus€followed€Santres€and€Larry€in€the€Impala€to€Santresððs€house€soÐ ° Ðthat€Santres€could€drop€off€his€car.€€Then€all€four€of€them€got€into€the€Lexus,€with€Antonio€at€theÐ ™é Ðwheel,€to€go€to€Antonioððs€house.€€When€they€arrived,€Antonio€got€out€of€the€car,€gave€the€car€toÐ ‚Ò ÐSantres€to€use€for€the€evening,€and€went€inside€the€house.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€LaShun€began€to€go€inside€the€house€asÐ k» Ðwell,€but€Santres€asked€if€he€wanted€to€go€out€with€Larry€and€him.€€LaShun€agreed,€and€he€got€in€theÐ T¤ Ðfront€passenger€seat€of€the€Lexus.€€Larry€rode€in€the€back€seat€of€the€car.€€The€women€they€had€metÐ =  Ðat€the€gas€station€had€followed€the€group€in€their€gray€Toyota€Four€Runner€and€were€waiting€on€theÐ & v Ðstreet€for€Santres€and€the€others.€€After€the€three€drove€away€in€the€Lexus,€Antonio€testified,€he€neverÐ  _ Ðheard€from€them€again.€€About€thirty€to€thirty„five€minutes€later,€Antonio€said,€he€received€a€callÐ ø H Ðfrom€Santresððs€sister,€who€was€Antonioððs€girlfriend,€and€learned€that€Santres,€LaShun,€and€Larry€hadÐ á 1  Ðbeen€in€a€wreck.€€He€later€discovered€that€Santres€and€LaShun€had€died€as€a€result€of€the€wreck.Ð Ê   ÐÌà  àTwo€eyewitnesses€to€the€accident€testified€at€trial.€€Donna€Williams€(ð ðWilliamsðð),€anÐ œì  ÐArkansas€resident,€testified€that€she€was€traveling€westbound€in€the€middle€lane€on€the€HernandoÐ …Õ  ÐDesoto€Bridge,€in€the€same€direction€as€the€Lexus,€at€about€8:00€or€8:30€on€the€night€in€question.€Ð n¾  ÐShe€said€she€was€going€about€seventy€(70)€miles€per€hour.€€Williams€said€that€a€light€colored€carÐ W§  Ðpassed€her€on€the€left€side€going€at€ð ða€very,€very€high€rate€of€speedðð€and€weaving€in€and€out€of€cars.€Ð @ ÐShe€said€that€another€car€was€following€the€light„colored€car,€though€ð ðnot€nearly€as€fast,ðð€and€theÐ )y Ðsecond€car€passed€her€on€the€right.€€When€the€light„colored€car€attempted€to€pass€another€car€on€theÐ b Ðright€shoulder,€it€hit€the€guard€rail,€flipped€up€into€the€air,€and€burst€into€flames.€€Williams€saw€twoÐ ûK Ðcars€pull€over€on€the€shoulder€to€assist€the€occupants€of€the€light„colored€car.€€Williams€then€exitedÐ ä4 Ðthe€bridge€and€called€911€for€help.Ð Í ЀÌà  àBrandon€Hill€(ð ðHillðð),€an€Arkansas€resident,€was€traveling€westbound€in€the€right€lane€of€theÐ Ÿï ÐHernando€Desoto€Bridge€on€the€night€in€question.€€He€said€he€was€traveling€about€sixty€or€sixty„fiveÐ ˆØ Ðmiles€per€hour.€€Hill€said€that,€when€he€was€about€halfway€over€the€bridge,€three€cars€passed€himÐ qÁ Ðgoing€very€fast.€€He€noticed€that€the€first€car€was€a€white€Lexus,€the€second€was€a€dark„coloredÐ Zª ÐCaprice,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€the€third€was€a€Toyota€Land€Cruiser.€€Hill€estimated€that€all€three€cars€were€going€ð ð[i]nÐ C“ Ðexcess€of€a€hundred€miles€per€hour,ðð€and€said€that€they€were€only€about€two€or€three€car€lengthsÐ ,| Ðapart.€€Soon€thereafter,€Hill€said,€he€saw€sparks€and€thought€that€one€of€the€cars€might€have€hit€theÐ e Ðguard€rail,€but€he€did€not€know€which€one.€€Hill€went€directly€to€the€home€of€his€brother,€who€wasÐ þN Ða€police€officer€in€West€Memphis,€Arkansas.€€Hillððs€brother€then€called€the€highway€patrol,€andÐ ç 7 Ðdeputies€came€to€the€house€to€get€a€statement€from€Hill.Ð Ð!   Ѐ€Ð ¹" ! Ðà  àThe€parties€stipulated€to€the€results€of€toxology€tests€taken€after€the€accident.€€The€testsÐ ¢#ò" Ðshowed€that€Santres€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€0.19%ò òó ó,€Larry€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€0.15%,Ð ‹$Û# Ðand€LaShun€registered€negative€for€alcohol.€€At€the€time€of€the€accident,€a€person€with€blood€alcoholÐ t%Ä $ Ðlevel€of€at€least€0.10%€was€presumed€to€be€impaired€for€purposes€of€Tennessee€Code€Annotated€ððÐ ]&­!% Ð55„10„401(a)(1)€(1998).€€òòò òSeeó óóó€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€55„10„408(a)€(1998).Ô#†XsæXXXÒgù#ÔÔ‡XÒgXXXsæÔ׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Therefore,€it€was€stipulatedÐ ° Ðthat€Santres€was€legally€intoxicated€by€alcohol€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€Ð šê ÐÌà  àOther€witnesses€testified€on€issues€not€pertinent€to€the€issues€in€this€appeal.€€In€particular,Ð l¼ Ðboth€LaShunððs€mother,€Gilliam,€and€Santresððs€mother,€Mildred€Butler,€testified€about€the€loss€ofÐ U¥ Ðtheir€sons.ò ò€ó óà ` àAt€the€close€of€€proof,€Gilliam€moved€for€a€directed€verdict.€€The€trial€court€deniedÐ > Ž Ðthe€motion,€concluding€that€the€evidence€was€sufficient€for€the€jury€to€decide€whether€LaShun€actedÐ * z Ðreasonably€in€getting€into€the€car€with€Santres€when€Santres€was€in€an€impaired€condition.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€juryÐ  c Ðreturned€its€verdict,€concluding€that€Santres€was€50%€at€fault€for€LaShunððs€death,€and€that€LaShunÐ ü L Ðwas€also€50%€at€faultòòóó.€€Accordingly,€on€April€16,€2003,€the€trial€court€entered€judgment€on€theÐ å 5  Ðverdict€in€favor€of€the€defendant.€Ð Î   ÐÌà  àOn€April€22,€2003,€Gilliam€filed€a€motion€to€set€aside€the€jury€verdict€or€for€a€new€trialÐ  ð  Ðpursuant€to€Rule€59€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure,€arguing€that€the€juryððs€verdict€wasÐ ‰Ù  Ðcontrary€to€the€law€and€not€supported€by€the€evidence€submitted€at€trial.׃ % ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€May€12,€2003,€the€trialÐ r  Ðcourt€denied€Gilliamððs€motion.€€From€that€order,€Gilliam€now€appeals.Ð [«  ÐÌà  àOn€appeal,€Gilliam€makes€the€same€arguments€made€in€her€post„trial€motion,€that€there€is€noÐ -} Ðmaterial€evidence€to€support€the€verdict€in€this€case.€€She€argues€that,€in€order€for€the€jury€to€findÐ f ÐLaShun€equally€at€fault€with€Santres,€there€must€be€evidence€in€the€record€to€support€a€finding€thatÐ ÿO ÐLaShun€knew€or€should€have€known€that€Santres€was€intoxicated.€€Because€there€is€no€suchÐ è8 Ðevidence,€Gilliam€argues,€the€trial€court€should€have€directed€a€verdict€in€her€favor.Ð Ñ! ÐÌà  àThe€trial€courtððs€decision€to€approve€the€juryððs€verdict€must€be€reviewed€under€the€ð ðmaterialÐ £ó Ðevidenceðð€standard€of€review.€€òòò òSee€Henley€v.€Amacheró óóó,€No.€M1999„02799„COA„R3„CV,€2002€WLÐ ŒÜ Ð100402,€at€*9€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Jan.€28,€2002);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d).€€Under€that€standard,€aÐ vÆ Ðreviewing€court€must€examine€the€entire€record€and€determine€whether€it€contains€any€materialÐ _¯ Ðevidence€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict.€€ò òòòHenleyó óóó,€2002€WL€100402,€at€*9.€€A€reviewing€court€may€notÐ H˜ Ðreweigh€the€evidence€or€make€credibility€determinations,€and€it€must€construe€the€evidence€in€theÐ ° Ðlight€most€favorable€to€the€verdict.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó;€ò òòòsee€Foster€v.€Bueó óóó,€749€S.W.2d€736,€741€(Tenn.€1988).€€AnÐ ™é Ðappellate€court€is€not€empowered€to€substitute€its€judgment€for€the€juryððs,€even€if€it€believes€that€theÐ ƒÓ Ðevidence€supported€a€different€result.€€ò òòòHenleyó óóó,€2002€WL€100402,€at€*10.€€The€reviewing€court€mayÐ l¼ Ðset€the€judgment€aside€only€if€the€record€contains€no€material€evidence€to€support€the€verdict.€€òòò òId.ó óóóÐ V¦ Ðat€*9.€€The€juryððs€allocation€of€fault€is€like€any€other€factual€determination€made€by€a€jury,€and€it€isÐ @  Ðlikewise€reviewed€under€the€material€evidence€standard.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€at€*10.€€Therefore,€we€must€examineÐ ) y Ðthe€record€to€determine€whether€it€contains€any€material€evidence€to€support€the€finding€that€LaShunÐ  c Ðwas€50%€at€fault€for€his€own€death.Ð ü L ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€ð ð[i]t€is€well„settled€that€passengers€in€motor€vehicles€have€a€duty€to€exerciseÐ Î   Ðreasonable€or€ordinary€care€for€their€own€safety.€€This€duty€includes€the€duty€to€refrain€from€ridingÐ ·  Ðin€an€automobile€operated€by€an€intoxicated€or€reckless€driver.ðð€€òòò òBiscan€v.€Brownó óóó,€M2001„02766„Ð  ð  ÐCOA„R3„CV,€2003€WL€22955933,€at€*22€(Tenn€Ct.€App.€Dec.€15,€2003)€(citations€omitted),€ò òòòperm.Ð ŠÚ  Ðapp.€grantedó óóó,€May€10,€2004.€€In€ò òòòBiscanó óóó,€the€court€recognized€that,€prior€to€Tennesseeððs€adoption€ofÐ tÄ  Ðcomparative€fault€inò òòò€McIntyre€v.€Balentineóóó ó,€833€S.W.2d€52€(Tenn.€1992),€a€passengerððs€choice€toÐ ^®  Ðride€with€an€intoxicated€driver€precluded€recovery€on€the€basis€of€contributory€negligence€or€impliedÐ H˜ Ðassumption€of€the€risk,€because€the€passenger€had€failed€to€avoid€a€known€risk.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó;€ò òòòsee€also€Henleyó óóó,Ð 1 Ð2002€WL€100402,€at€*5€(noting€that€comparative€fault€principles€ð ðheralded€the€demise€of€both€theÐ k Ðdoctrine€of€contributory€negligence€and€the€doctrine€of€implied€assumption€of€the€riskðð).€€UnderÐ T Ðcomparative€fault€principles,€however,€the€failure€to€act€reasonably€in€riding€with€an€intoxicatedÐ í= Ðdriver€does€not€automatically€preclude€the€plaintiff€from€recovery.€€In€such€circumstances,€theÐ Ö& Ðpassengerððs€negligent€conduct€must€be€compared€with€the€negligence€of€the€intoxicated€driver.€òòò òÐ ¿ ÐBiscanó óóó,€2003€WL€22955933,€at€*22.€€The€standard€to€be€used€is€whether€the€passenger€ð ðknew€orÐ ¨ø Ðshould€have€known€of€the€driverððs€intoxication€at€the€time€the€guest„passenger€volunteered€to€rideÐ ’â Ðin€the€automobile.ðð€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€(quoting€ò òòòMansfield€v.€Colonial€Freight€Sys.ó óóó,€862€S.W.2d€527,€531€(Tenn.Ð {Ë ÐCt.€App.€1993)€(quoting€ò òòòHarvey€v.€Wheeleró óóó,€423€S.W.2d€283,€285€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1967))).€€TheÐ eµ Ðpassengerððs€reasonableness€is€to€be€judged€by€the€trier€of€fact€under€an€ð ðordinarily€prudent€personððÐ OŸ Ðstandard.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€€Once€it€is€determined€that€the€plaintiff€and€the€defendant€were€both€negligent,€the€trierÐ 8ˆ Ðof€fact€must€then€allocate€the€percentage€of€fault.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€at€*23.€Ð "r ÐÌà  àIn€the€instant€case,€Gilliam€does€not€dispute€the€instructions€given€to€the€jury€on€this€issue.€Ð õ E ÐRather,€she€argues€that€there€was€no€material€evidence€submitted€at€trial€to€support€the€juryððs€findingÐ Þ!.  Ðthat€LaShun€knew€or€should€have€known€that€Santres€had€been€drinking€or€that€he€was€intoxicated.€Ð Ç"! ÐGilliam€points€out€that€LaShun€was€not€present€when€Santres,€Antonio,€and€Larry€were€at€the€BPÐ °#" Ðgas€station€drinking€the€fifth€of€cognac.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€LaShun€saw€the€bottle,€smelledÐ ™$é# ÐSantresððs€breath,€or€had€any€other€reason€to€believe€that€Santres€had€been€drinking.€€Furthermore,Ð ‚%Ò $ Ðthere€was€no€testimony€indicating€that€Santres€appeared€intoxicated€or€showed€signs€that€he€hadÐ k&»!% Ðbeen€drinking,€to€LaShun€or€anyone€else,€such€that€a€reasonable€person€would€have€been€put€onÐ T'¤"& Ðnotice.€€She€cites€ò òòòEdenton€v.€McKelveyó óóó,€212€S.W.2d€616€(Tenn.€1948),€in€support€of€her€argumentÐ =(#' Ðthat€a€verdict€should€have€been€directed€in€her€favor.€€Decided€under€pre„òòò òMcIntyreó óóó€standards,€theÐ ')w$( ÐSupreme€Court€in€ò òòòEdentonó óóó€explained:Ð *a%) Ðâ âÐ û*K&* ÐÑOYÑâ âѰ°Ñâ âÑ  Ñà8  àBriefly,€actually€ascertainable€intoxication€is€essential,€and€no€contributoryÐ ° Ðâ ânegligence€in€this€connection€can€be€asserted€where,€at€the€crucial€time€ofÐ ™é Ðundertaking€or€continuing€the€status€of€guest,€the€operator€of€the€motor€vehicle€is€notÐ ‚Ò Ðintoxicated€to€the€knowledge€of€the€guest,€or€to€such€extent€that€the€latter€is€to€beÐ k» Ðcharged€with€knowledge;€and,€where€at€the€inception€of€the€journey€and€during€itsÐ T¤ Ðearly€progress,€nothing€in€the€driverððs€conduct€betrays€his€being€under€the€influenceÐ =  Ðof€liquor,€the€guest€is€not€deemed€at€fault€in€intrusting€himself€in€a€vehicle€under€suchÐ & v Ðdriverððs€control.€€And€where€the€guest€has€no€opportunity€to€alight€after€discoveringÐ  _ Ðthat€the€driver€is€intoxicated,€he€is€not€negligent.Ðø HÐ Ð  ÐÌòòò òEdentonó óóó,€212€S.W.2d€at€617€(citation€omitted).€€Gilliam€insists€that,€in€the€case€at€bar,€nothing€inÐ Ê   Ðthe€evidence€submitted€at€trial€showed€that€Santresððs€conduct€ð ðbetray[ed]€his€being€under€theÐ ´  Ðinfluence€of€liquor.ðð€€Therefore,€LaShun€cannot€be€ð ðdeemed€at€fault€in€intrusting€himself€in€a€vehicleÐ í  Ðunder€[Santresððs]€control.ðð€€ò òòòId.ó óóóÐ †Ö  ÐÌà  àIn€response,€the€defendant€asserts€that€all€of€the€surrounding€circumstances€suggested€thatÐ Y©  ÐLaShun€knew€or€should€have€known€that€Santres€was€intoxicated.€€The€defendant€claims€that€theÐ B’ Ðpertinent€question€is€ð ðwhether€or€not€LaShun€Hall€had€sufficient€time€in€which€to€form€an€opinionÐ +{ Ðas€to€Santres€Johnsonððs€condition,€considering€that€he€had€a€blood€alcohol€content€reading€of€0.19Ð d Ðimmediately€after€the€accident.ðð€€In€arguing€against€Gilliamððs€motion€for€a€directed€verdict,€theÐ ýM Ðdefendant€conceded€that€the€evidence€against€LaShun€was€primarily€circumstantial€ð ðbecause€theÐ æ6 Ðplaintiff€and€defendant€are€both€deceased.ðð€€Thus,€the€material€evidence€on€which€the€defendantÐ Ï Ðrelies€consists€of€the€stipulated€fact€that€Santres€had€a€blood€alcohol€reading€of€0.19%,€along€withÐ ¸ Ðthe€amount€of€time€that€elapsed€between€LaShunððs€first€contact€with€Santres€after€Santres€had€beenÐ ¡ñ Ðdrinking€and€the€time€of€the€accident.€€ò òó óHe€argues€that€LaShun€had€adequate€opportunity€to€ascertainÐ ŠÚ Ðthat€Santres€was€intoxicated,€particularly€in€light€of€the€fact€that€Santresððs€blood€alcohol€level€wasÐ sà Ðquite€high,€0.19%.ò òó óÐ \¬ ÐÌà  àIt€is€helpful€to€examine€other€cases€involving€intoxicated€drivers.€€In€the€recent€case€ofÐ .~ Ðò òòòLanier€v.€Baneóóó ó,€No.€M2000„03199„COA„R3„CV,€2004€WL€1268956€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€June€8,€2004),Ð g Ðthe€plaintiff€passenger€sued€the€driverððs€estate€for€injuries€sustained€in€a€one„car€collision€whichÐ  Q Ðcaused€the€driverððs€death.€€At€the€conclusion€of€the€trial,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€finding€the€driverÐ ê : Ð100%€at€fault€for€the€accident,€but€found€the€plaintiff€50%€at€fault€for€his€own€injuries.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òòòLanieró óóó,Ð Ó!#  Ð2004€WL€1268956,€at€*2.€€One€of€the€issues€on€appeal€was€whether€sufficient€evidence€wasÐ ½" ! Ðsubmitted€at€trial€to€show€that€the€plaintiff€passenger€was€aware€of€the€intoxicated€condition€of€theÐ ¦#ö" Ðdriver€when€he€chose€to€ride€in€the€automobile.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€at€*6.€€The€appellate€court€concluded€that€theÐ $ß# Ðevidence€submitted€at€trial€to€support€that€conclusion€was€ð ðoverwhelming.ðð€€The€evidence€showedÐ y%É $ Ðthat€the€blood€alcohol€level€of€the€driver€was€0.158%€at€the€time€of€the€accident.€€In€addition€to€theÐ b&²!% Ðresults€of€the€blood€alcohol€test,€several€witnesses€testified€that€they€saw€the€driver€drinking€heavilyÐ K'›"& Ðthroughout€the€evening,€and€one€testified€that€he€was€ð ðpretty€drunk.ðð€€ò òòòId.óóó ó€at€*7.€€Another€witnessÐ 4(„#' Ðtestified€that€the€driver€had€smoked€two€marijuana€joints,€and€that€someone€else€was€driving€himÐ )n$( Ðaround€earlier€that€night€because€he€was€intoxicated.€€After€reviewing€this€evidence,€the€appellateÐ ° Ðcourt€concluded€that€ð ðthe€jury€could€certainly€infer€that€what€was€obvious€to€everyone€else€wouldÐ ™é Ðhave€to€be€obvious€to€[the€plaintiff].ðð€€ò òòòId.óóó ó€€Even€more€incriminating,€however,€was€the€plaintiffððsÐ ‚Ò Ðown€testimony€that,€when€he€got€into€the€car,€the€driver€was€drinking€a€40„ounce€bottle€of€beer.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€Ð l¼ ÐUnder€all€of€these€circumstances,€the€appellate€court€found€that€the€juryððs€allocation€of€50%Ð V¦ Ðnegligence€to€the€plaintiff€was€supported€by€material€evidence.Ð ?  ÐÌà  àIn€other€cases€involving€intoxicated€drivers,€jury€verdicts€adverse€to€the€plaintiff€passengerÐ  a Ðhave€been€upheld€where€there€was€evidence€that€the€passenger€was€aware€that€the€driver€had€beenÐ ú J Ðdrinking.€€òòò òSee€Schwartz€v.€Johnsonó óóó,€280€S.W.€32,€33€(Tenn.€1926)€(prior€to€comparative€fault,Ð ã 3  Ðholding€that€the€plaintiffððs€decedent,€the€passenger,€was€contributorily€negligent€in€drinking€togetherÐ Í   Ðwith€the€driver,€then€allowing€the€intoxicated€driver€to€drive€around€at€a€high€rate€of€speed);€òòò òLaRueÐ ¶  Ðv.€1817€Lake€Inc.ó óóó,€966€S.W.2d€423,€427€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1997)€(holding€that€a€jury€question€wasÐ  ð  Ðpresented€as€to€the€plaintiff„passengerððs€negligence€when€the€plaintiff„passenger€and€the€driver€ofÐ ŠÚ  Ðthe€motorcycle€had€been€drinking€beer€together€before€the€accident).€€In€these€cases,€the€passengerððsÐ sà  Ðnegligence€precluded€him€from€recovering€for€his€injuries.€€Under€principles€of€comparative€fault,Ð \¬  Ðhowever,€a€passenger€can€be€found€to€be€less€negligent€than€the€driver,€even€if€he€was€aware€that€theÐ E• Ðdriver€had€been€drinking€when€he€got€into€the€vehicle.€€In€this€situation,€the€passengerððs€negligenceÐ .~ Ðmay€reduce€his€recovery€but€does€not€bar€it.€€ò òòòSee€Silcox€v.€Coffeeó óóó,€No.€01A01„9304„CV„00166,Ð g Ð1993€WL€350134,€at€*5€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Sept.€15,€1993)€(approving€jury€verdict€that€the€plaintiffÐ Q Ðpassenger€was€40%€at€fault€with€the€driver,€when€evidence€showed€that€the€passenger€and€driver€hadÐ ê: Ðbeen€drinking€together€and€were€ð ðstaggering€drunkðð);€ò òòòsee€also€Harvey€v.€Wheeleró óóó,€423€S.W.2d€283,Ð Ó# Ð285„86€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1967)€(prior€to€comparative€fault,€upholding€jury€verdict€in€favor€of€theÐ ½  Ðplaintiff„passenger,€even€when€passenger€knew€the€driver€had€been€drinking€and€was€speeding;Ð ¦ö Ðquestion€is€whether€evidence€is€sufficient€for€reasonable€minds€to€differ€on€the€passengerððsÐ ß Ðreasonableness).€€In€all€of€those€cases,€however,€evidence€was€presented€at€trial€that€the€passengerÐ xÈ Ðhad€either€been€drinking€with€the€driver,€or€that€the€passenger€knew€that€the€driver€had€been€drinkingÐ a± Ðwhen€he€got€into€the€car€with€him.Ð Jš ЀÌà  àA€different€result€is€mandated€where€there€is€no€proof€that€the€passenger€knew€or€should€haveÐ l Ðknown€that€the€driver€was€intoxicated.€€The€case€of€òòò òParker€v.€McDanieló óóó,€No.€E2001„03110„COA„Ð  U ÐR3„CV,€2002€WL€31698661€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Dec.€3,€2002),€is€particularly€instructive.€€In€ò òòòParkeró óóó,Ð ï ? Ðtwo€occupants€in€a€car€traveling€at€a€high€rate€of€speed€collided€with€a€car€occupied€by€the€twoÐ Ù!)  Ðplaintiffs.€€The€passenger€in€the€speeding€car€was€the€owner€of€the€vehicle.€€The€occupants€of€theÐ Â"! Ðspeeding€car€were€intoxicated,€and€both€died€in€the€accident.€€The€two€plaintiffs€in€the€other€car€suedÐ «#û" Ðtheir€estates.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òòòParkeró óóó,€2002€WL€31698661,€at€*1.€€The€plaintiffs€requested€a€jury€instruction€onÐ ”$ä# Ðnegligent€entrustment,€asserting€that€the€owner/passenger€of€the€speeding€car€negligently€entrustedÐ ~%Î $ Ðthe€driver€with€driving€in€an€intoxicated€state.€€The€trial€court€refused€to€give€the€requestedÐ g&·!% Ðinstruction.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€at€*4.€€The€jury€returned€a€verdict€in€favor€of€the€plaintiffs€and€against€the€driver€ofÐ P' "& Ðthe€speeding€car,€but€not€against€the€owner/passenger.€€In€light€of€the€jury€verdict,€the€trial€courtÐ :(Š#' Ðdismissed€the€plaintiffsðð€claim€against€the€owner/passenger€of€the€speeding€car.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€Ð #)s$( Їà  àOn€appeal,€the€plaintiffs€argued,€among€other€things,€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€failing€toÐ ° Ðgive€the€negligent€entrustment€charge€to€the€jury€and€in€dismissing€the€plaintiffsðð€claim€against€theÐ ™é Ðowner/passenger.€€Under€a€theory€of€negligent€entrustment,€an€owner€of€a€vehicle€can€be€held€legallyÐ ‚Ò Ðresponsible€for€damages€caused€by€someone€he€permits€to€drive€his€car€if€€ð ð[t]he€owner€knows,€orÐ k» Ðfrom€the€facts€known€to€the€owner€should€know,€that€the€user€is€under€the€influence€of€intoxicantsÐ T¤ Ðor€drugs€.€.€.€.ðð€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€at€*6.€€In€ò òòòParkeró óóó,€it€was€undisputed€that€the€driver€of€the€speeding€car€had€a€bloodÐ =  Ðalcohol€content€of€0.16%€after€the€accident.€€The€appellate€court€held,€however,€that€the€trial€courtÐ ' w Ðdid€not€err€in€refusing€to€give€the€negligent€entrustment€instruction€to€the€jury€because€there€was€ð ðnoÐ  ` Ðproof€whatsoeverðð€that€the€owner/passenger€of€the€car€knew€or€should€have€known€that€the€driverÐ ù I Ðwas€intoxicated.€€The€ò òòòParkeró óóó€court€stated:Ð â 2  ÐÌà8  àThere€is€no€proof€where€or€with€whom€[the€driver]€was€drinking€prior€to€the€accident,Ð µ  Ðif€[the€passenger„owner]€even€was€aware€he€had€been€drinking,€whether€there€wereÐ žî  Ðany€visible€effects€on€[the€driver]€of€the€alcohol€consumption,€etc.€€Likewise,€thereÐ ‡×  Ðwas€no€expert€proof€describing€the€visible€effects€a€blood€alcohol€content€of€.16Ð pÀ  Ðwould€have€had€on€[the€driver]€or€any€other€individual.ÐY© Ð Ð  ÐÌò òòòId.óó€ó ó€Thus,€the€ò òòòParkeró óóó€court€held€that,€where€the€evidence€showed€only€that€the€driver€wasÐ +{ Ðintoxicated,€that€the€driver€had€a€blood€alcohol€level€of€0.16%,€and€that€the€passenger€was€riding€inÐ g Ðthe€same€car€with€the€driver€at€a€high€rate€of€speed,€this€was€insufficient€evidence€to€support€aÐ P Ðfinding€that€the€passenger€knew€or€should€have€known€that€the€driver€was€intoxicated.€Ð é9 ÐÌà  àThe€instant€case,€of€course,€involves€comparative€fault€between€the€plaintiff€and€theÐ »  Ðdefendant,€and€ò òòòParkeró óóó€involved€a€claim€of€negligent€entrustment.€€The€issue€to€be€decided,€however,Ð ¤ô Ðis€the€same:€Was€there€material€evidence€submitted€at€trial€to€support€a€factual€finding€that€theÐ ŽÞ Ðpassenger€knew€or€should€have€known€that€the€driver€of€the€car€was€intoxicated?€€ò òòòó óóó€First,€we€mustÐ wÇ Ðnote€that€there€is€no€evidence€that€LaShun€had€òòactualóó€knowledge€that€Santres€had€been€drinkingÐ `° Ðalcohol.€€It€is€undisputed€that€LaShun€was€not€present€at€the€gas€station€when€Antonio€and€SantresÐ I™ Ðdrank€the€cognac.€€In€addition,€there€is€no€evidence€that,€when€LaShun€came€to€the€gas€station€toÐ 2‚ Ðpick€up€Antonio,€that€LaShun€got€out€of€the€Lexus€or€socialized€with€the€group€at€the€gas€station.€Ð k ÐWhen€LaShun€arrived€at€the€gas€station,€he€moved€over€to€allow€Antonio€to€drive€the€Lexus,€andÐ  T ÐSantres€and€Larry€got€into€Santresððs€car.€€Thereafter,€Antonio€and€LaShun€followed€Santres€andÐ í = ÐLarry€to€Santresððs€house.€€At€that€point,€LaShun€got€into€the€back€seat€of€the€Lexus,€with€AntonioÐ Ö!&  Ðat€the€wheel,€to€ride€to€Antonioððs€house€to€drop€him€off.€€Only€at€Antonioððs€house€did€LaShun€endÐ ¿"! Ðup€in€the€Lexus€with€Santres€driving,€and€there€is€no€evidence€that€LaShun€had€any€ð ðopportunity€toÐ ¨#ø" Ðalightðð€after€that€point.€€ò òòòEdentonó óóó,€212€S.W.2d€at€617.€€With€respect€to€whether€LaShun€òòshould€haveÐ ‘$á# Ðknown€óóthat€Santres€was€intoxicated,€the€only€evidence€is€the€undisputed€fact€that€Santres€had€a€bloodÐ {%Ë $ Ðalcohol€level€of€0.19%€at€the€time€of€the€accident.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€There€was€no€proof€that€Santres€showed€anyÐ d&´!% Ðvisible€signs€of€being€impaired,€nor€was€there€any€expert€proof€describing€the€effects€that€such€aÐ ° Ðblood€alcohol€level€would€have€had€on€Santres€or€on€any€other€person€similarly€situated.€€Indeed,Ð ™é Ðthe€only€testimony€elicited€regarding€Santresððs€behavior€was€Antonioððs€testimony€that€Santres€didÐ ‚Ò Ðnot€appear€impaired.€€Defense€counsel€directly€asked€Antonio€his€impression€of€Santresððs€condition:Ð k» ÐÌà8  à[Question:]€.€.€.€€How€did€ð!ð€when€you€gave€Santres€your€car€keys€to€your€Lexus€.€.€.Ð =  Ðwhat€was€his€condition?€€Did€you€have€a€feeling€at€the€time€that€he€might€be€underÐ & v Ðthe€influence€of€that€cognac?€Ð _Ð Ð  Ðà8  à[Antonio:]€Well,€I€knew€we€had€been€drinking,€but€I€was€under€the€ð!ð€I€was€under€theÐ ø H Ðimpression€that€he€was€capable€of€handling€his€driving.€€Ðá 1 Ð Ð  ÐÌTo€be€sure,€the€jury€was€entitled€to€discredit€Antonioððs€testimony,€who€had€been€drinking€withÐ ³  ÐSantres€but€nevertheless€gave€him€the€keys€to€his€car.€€However,€in€this€record,€there€is€simply€noÐ œì  Ðmaterial€evidence€to€support€a€finding€that€LaShun€knew€or€should€have€known€that€Santres€wasÐ …Õ  Ðintoxicated.€€Thus,€under€these€circumstances,€we€must€set€aside€the€judgment€entered€on€the€verdictÐ n¾  Ðand€remand€the€cause€for€further€proceedings.Ð W§  ÐÌà  àWe€reverse€the€decision€of€the€trial€court€and€remand€for€further€proceedings€not€inconsistentÐ )y Ðwith€this€Opinion.€€Costs€on€appeal€are€to€be€taxed€to€Appellee€Michael€G.€Derrick,€AdministratorÐ b ÐòòAd€Litem€óófor€the€Estate€of€Santres€A.€Johnson,€decedent.€€Ð ûK ÐÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð ˆØ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àHOLLY€M.€KIRBY,€JUDGEÔ#†XsæXXXÒg .#Ô