ÿWPCò! ÁŸTè9Zä²Î{Ëä"î²Ì{‰õÓ¥”ƒÌ]>óš}r ÷"ÓRìËPjV*£åu‚p¾í¼R‚/F—ˆMä ;®n¿iáÛGþ¶ÁœÉaç“CŠàDó·X*ZÜ øB”KR?òÚùv­Á¦à%‘„¶ÉE Õ‰ïïÓxšKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKbåååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååååå 0ëíííí BØØ 0¤õ D5™ D-Î 0Kûû ASFÆ™ 0¤_ 0D! A«G!˜\\IB01S01\CLERK1NASÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»g™–/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularqdj/˜Cê:i¢Ø+00 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ (Ý ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMr.€Greg€Kilgore,€the€funeral€director,€testified€that€Ms.€Hale€was€so€disruptive€at€the€funeral€that€he€threatenedÐ ° Ðto€remove€her€from€the€premises.€€Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó –Ý ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€report€indicates€that€the€dates€of€service€occurred€in€2002,€but€the€trial€court€order€noting€receipt€of€theÐ ° Ðcounseling€report€by€the€court€was€entered€on€March€19,€2001.€€The€2002€date€in€the€counseling€report€was€evidentlyÐ tÄ Ðin€error.€€ 4Ý ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEarlier€in€the€interview,€the€child€reported€that€Ms.€Hale€had€unexpectedly€shown€up€at€his€school€on€twoÐ ° Ðoccasions€and€that€he€had€been€upset€by€this€behavior.€€ Ý ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€statute€at€issue€in€òòEllisonóó€was€the€1997€version€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„306,€and€the€court€found€it€wasÐ ° Ðessentially€the€same€as€earlier€versions€examined€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòHawkóó€and€òòSimmonsóó€because€it€allowed€forÐ tÄ Ða€court„ordered€visitation€on€the€basis€of€a€best€interests€finding€without€a€danger€of€harm€pre„requisite. ËÝ ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€not€clear€from€the€record€if€this€counseling€session€ever€took€place.€€ Ý ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔWe€need€not€decide€that€question,€however,€because€of€our€disposition€on€the€facts€of€the€case€and€becauseÐ ° Ðthe€father€has€not€challenged€the€validity€of€the€statute€or€the€constitutionality€of€its€application€herein.Ð tÄ Ð ÉÝ ƒRæ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMs.€Hale€argues€that€the€statute€creates€a€Ô_ÔrebuttableÔ_Ô€presumption€that€if€there€were€an€existing€relationshipÐ ° Ðbetween€grandchild€and€grandparent€that€was€significant€enough,€the€loss€of€that€relationship€would€likely€cause€severeÐ tÄ Ðemotional€harm€to€the€child.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„306(b)(1)(A).€€Even€if€that€were€a€correct€and€ConstitutionalÐ 8ˆ Ðinterpretation€of€the€statute,€an€issue€which€we€do€not€reach,€Mr.€Culpepper€presented€evidence€rebutting€any€suchÐ üL Ðpresumption.  COAWeatherfordTullahomaKilgore LohrCulpeperMathisMultiphaseexamineesMcCloud NaleSantoskya]bsentHilliardMcNeelycaregiverTonyaDuganBottsCulpepper- ù-(|G2æ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€F»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôò9ò»»Ô d(|3‰^$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€F»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰^$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€F»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€F»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼F»»»ÔÑ8€ùXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îLFÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼F»îîL #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓSeptember€3,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XùX»¼FÔÌò òÔ#†¼F»XXùö#ÔALICE€HALE€v.€WAYNE€CULPEPPERÔ‡XùX»¼FÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òAppeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Coffee€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€30713€€€€€€L.€Craig€Johnson,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2002„01955„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€December€22,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓFollowing€the€death€of€a€childððs€mother,€the€maternal€grandmother€filed€a€petition€to€establishÐ xÈ  Ðgrandparent€visitation€with€her€grandson.€€After€a€hearing€where€the€trial€court€heard€testimony€andÐ d´ Ðafter€an€independent€psychological€report,€the€trial€court€awarded€visitation€to€the€grandmother.€€TheÐ P  Ðfather€appeals,€arguing€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€decision.€€BecauseÐ <Œ Ðthe€record€contains€no€evidence€of€danger€of€substantial€harm€to€the€child,€we€reverse€the€decisionÐ (x Ðof€the€trial€court.Ð d ÐÌÓ—Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€CourtÐ ì< ÐReversed€and€Remandedó óÐ Ø( ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼F»àXùY#ÔÔ‡XùX.¼FÔPatricia€J.€Cottrell,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòWilliam€B.€Cain,€J.óó€andÐ ° ÐJames€L.€Weatherford,€Sr.€J.,€joined.Ð œì ÐÌRobert€T.€Carter,€Tullahoma,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Wayne€Culpepper.Ð tÄ ÐÌH.€Thomas€Parsons,€Manchester,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€Alice€Hale.Ð L œ ÐÓÈÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼F»XXù÷#ÔÔ‡XùX»¼FÔÐ $"t! ÐÌI.Ð ü#L# ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼F»XXùË #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XùX»¼FÔà  àThis€appeal€arises€as€a€result€of€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€award€grandparentððs€visitationÐ Ô%$!% Ðto€Alice€Hale.€€Wayne€Culpepper,€father€of€the€child,€appeals€the€grant€of€visitation€to€Ms.€Hale.€€Ð À&"& ÐÌà  àMr.€Culpepper€and€his€wife€Tonya€had€a€child€in€1994.€€Tragically,€in€May€of€2000,€Mrs.Ð ˜(è#( ÐCulpepper€took€her€own€life.€€Ms.€Hale,€Ô_ÔTonyaÔ_Ôððs€mother,€filed€a€petition€several€months€after€herÐ „)Ô$) Ðdaughterððs€death€to€establish€grandparent€visitation.€€Ð p*À%* Ðâ âÐ \+¬&+ý ÐÔ_Ôà  àThe€only€testimony€in€the€case€was€taken€by€the€trial€court€shortly€after€the€petition€was€filedÐ ° Ðin€December€of€2000.€€We€do€not€have€a€transcript€of€those€proceedings,€but€the€Statement€of€theÐ œì ÐEvidence,€submitted€accordance€with€Tenn€R.€App.€P.€24,€summarizes€the€testimony€as€follows.Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌà  àMs.€Hale€testified€that€at€the€time€of€her€daughterððs€death,€she€felt€that€Mr.€Culpepper€wasÐ `° Ðresponsible€in€some€way.€€She€accused€Mr.€Culpepper€of€being€responsible€for€Tonyaððs€death€andÐ L œ Ðeven€got€visibly€disruptive€at€the€funeral.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€After€reflecting€on€her€actions,€Ms.€Hale€testified€that€sheÐ 8 ˆ Ðno€longer€blames€Mr.€Culpepper€for€her€daughterððs€death.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àMs.€Hale€testified€that€she€had€a€significant€existing€relationship€with€her€grandson€and€thatÐ ü L  Ðprior€to€her€daughterððs€death,€she€spent€significant€amounts€of€time€with€her€grandson;€she€said€thatÐ è 8  Ðhe€spent€the€night€at€her€house€about€once€a€week.€€Mr.€Culpepper€only€remembers€one€instanceÐ Ô$  Ðduring€an€ice€storm€that€his€wife€and€son€spent€the€night€at€Ms.€Haleððs€home,€but€conceded€that€itÐ À  Ðmay€have€occurred€on€more€occasions€when€he€was€out€of€town€on€business.€€He€also€testified€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðhe€did€not€ever€remember€his€son€spending€time€alone€with€his€grandmother€prior€to€his€wifeððs€death.€Ð ˜è  Ѐ€Ð „Ô  Ðà  àMr.€Culpepper€testified€that€aside€from€typical€marital€problems,€he€and€Tonya€CulpepperÐ pÀ Ðsuffered€from€nothing€unusual€during€their€marriage.€€He€did,€however,€acknowledge€his€wifeððsÐ \¬ Ðextreme€depression.€€He€was€the€first€person€to€discover€his€wifeððs€body€after€her€suicide;Ð H˜ Ðimmediately,€Ms.€Hale€went€to€the€Culpepper€residence€and€accused€Mr.€Culpepper€of€murderingÐ 4„ Ðhis€wife.€€She€stated,€ð ðI€know€what€happened,€you€will€not€get€away€with€this.ðð€€Mr.€CulpepperÐ  p Ðremembered€that€Ms.€Hale€was€disruptive€at€the€funeral€and€the€grave€side€service€in€front€of€herÐ  \ Ðgrandson.€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àSince€his€wifeððs€death,€Mr.€Culpepper€and€his€son€have€moved€in€with€his€parents.€€He€statedÐ Ð  Ðthat€he€made€a€decision€as€a€parent€at€the€time€of€his€wifeððs€death€to€protect€his€son€by€keeping€himÐ ¼  Ðaway€from€Ms.€Hale€and€that€side€of€the€family.€€He€did€acknowledge,€however,€that€it€is€likely€thatÐ ¨ø ÐMs.€Hale€had€calmed€down€since€the€funeral.€€He€testified€that€his€son€is€well€adjusted€and€has€doneÐ ”ä Ðwell€in€school€since€his€motherððs€death.Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€final€witness€to€testify€at€the€hearing€was€Dr.€Bethany€Lohr,€a€child€psychologist€whoÐ X ¨ Ðknew€Mr.€Culpepper€and€his€son.€€Although€she€had€never€seen€the€child€in€a€clinical€setting,€Dr.Ð D!” ÐLohr€testified€that€in€her€professional€opinion€the€child€would€not€suffer€ð ðany€irremediable€orÐ 0"€  Ðsubstantial€harm€by€the€severance€of€his€relationship€with€his€grandmother.ðð€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àAfter€hearing€the€testimony,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€parties€to€meet€with€and€beÐ ô$D # Ðindependently€interviewed€by€Dr.€David€Mathis,€psychologist.€€The€purpose€of€the€independentÐ à%0!$ Ðevaluation€of€the€parties€was€to€ð ðmake€a€determination€as€to€whether€or€not€visitation€rights€with€theÐ Ì&"% Ðmaternal€grandmother€would€be€in€the€best€interest€of€the€child,€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€36„6„306€andÐ ¸'#& Ðbased€on€the€factors€in€T.C.A.€36„6„307(d)(2).ðð€€The€court€ordered€that€copies€of€the€respectiveÐ ¤(ô#' Ðstatutes€be€sent€to€Dr.€Mathis€ð ðto€aid€and€guide€him€in€regard€to€relevant€factors€to€be€considered.ðð€Ð ° ÐÌà  àAccording€to€the€report,€the€parties€met€with€Dr.€Mathis€on€various€dates€in€February€of€Ð ˆØ Ð2001.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Dr.€Mathis€interviewed€Ms.€Hale,€Mr.€Culpepper,€and€the€child€independently.€€Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àDr.€Mathis€met€with€the€child€on€two€occasions€and€felt€that€there€was€no€evidence€duringÐ L œ Ðhis€interview€or€through€the€childððs€drawings€that€there€was€any€type€of€psychological€distress.€€Dr.Ð 8 ˆ ÐMathis€felt€the€child€to€be€a€very€reliable€informant€who€was€able€to€give€relevant€and€accurateÐ $ t Ðinformation€about€his€background,€surroundings,€family,€and€activities.€€Dr.€Mathis€did€not€feel€thatÐ  ` Ðthe€child€had€been€coached€or€was€under€duress€to€respond€to€the€questions€in€any€particular€wayÐ ü L  Ðbecause€the€childððs€responses€appeared€to€be€natural€and€of€his€own€volition.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àDr.€Mathis€asked€the€child€extensively€about€his€feelings€and€wishes€in€regard€to€the€possibleÐ À  Ðvisitation€with€Ms.€Hale.€€The€report€indicates:Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà8  àWhen€asked€how€he€would€feel€if€the€judge€decided€for€him€to€have€visits€with€hisÐ „Ô  Ðmaternal€grandmother,€he€responded€that€he€would€be€ð ðreally€mad.ðð€€When€theÐ pÀ Ðexaminer€inquired€as€to€his€reasons,€he€reported€that€ð ðI€just€donððt€like€her.ðð€€UponÐ \¬ Ðfurther€inquiry,€he€reported€that€ð ðsometimes€she€is€mean€and€wonððt€let€me€touchÐ H˜ Ðanything.ðð€€When€asked€as€to€his€last€contact€with€her,€he€responded€that€he€wasnððtÐ 4„ Ðsure€but€maybe€five€months€ago€or€so.€€Ð pÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€He€was€aware€that€Ms.€Hale€had€accused€his€father€of€ð ðshootingðð€his€mother.€€HeÐ øH Ðdefended€his€father€against€this€accusation.€€When€asked€about€his€knowledge€of€theÐ ä4 Ðaccusation,€he€reported€that€his€father€had€related€this€to€him.€€He€was€also€aware€thatÐ Ð  Ðhis€father€and€Ms.€Hale€did€not€like€each€other.€€The€examiner€asked€[the€child]Ð ¼  Ðwhether€his€father€would€be€mad€at€him€if€he€wanted€to€see€his€maternalÐ ¨ø Ðgrandmother.€€He€related:€ð ðNo,€he€said€it€was€my€choiceðð€and€further€stated€that€heÐ ”ä Ðwould€not€be€mad€if€it€was€[the€childððs]€choice.€€Ð€ÐÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àWhen€the€examiner€inquired€as€to€whether€or€not€he€would€like€to€or€felt€a€need€toÐ X ¨ Ðsee€his€maternal€grandmother€he€responded€with€ð ðNo.ðð€€When€the€examiner€inquiredÐ D!” Ðas€to€his€reasons€for€this€he€responded:€ð ðI€just€know€it€for€some€reason.ðð€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðexaminer€inquired€as€to€his€maternal€aunts€and€uncles.€€He€responded€that€he€does€notÐ #l! Ðsee€them€but€related€that€he€ð ðused€to€see€Joe€Donðð€and€that€ð ðheððs€my€favorite.ðð€€HeÐ $X" Ðreported€that€he€had€not€seen€him€much€since€his€maternal€grandmother€had€ð ðsentÐ ô$D # Ðhim€out€and€made€him€move€out.ðð€€The€examiner€further€inquired€as€to€whether€orÐ à%0!$ Ðnot€phone€contact€with€his€grandmother€would€be€something€he€desired.€€He€againÐ Ì&"% Ðstated€no€interest€in€this€and€then€related€that€he€talked€to€her€when€she€came€over€toÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€school,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€but€that€he€was€bothered€by€this.€€He€stated€that€ð ðeven€when€we€tell€herÐ ° Ðshe€is€not€supposed€to,€she€keeps€doing€it.ðð€€He€stated€emphatically€that€he€ð ðwouldÐ œì Ðnever€want€her€to€come€overðð€in€regards€to€coming€to€his€school.€€He€then€alsoÐ ˆØ Ðexpressed€some€worry€that€she€might€again€appear€at€his€school.€€The€examiner€askedÐ tÄ Ð[the€child]€what€he€would€tell€the€judge,€if€given€the€chance,€about€visiting€hisÐ `° Ðmaternal€grandmother.€€He€related:€ð ðI€would€tell€him€I€wouldnððt€want€to€go.ðð€€TheÐ L œ Ðexaminer€then€asked€what€he€would€tell€the€judge,€if€asked,€if€his€maternalÐ 8 ˆ Ðgrandmother€could€some€over€to€see€him.€€He€related:€ð ðNo.€€I€just€wouldnððt€want€herÐ $ t Ðto€come€over.ððÐ `Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àDr.€Mathis€also€met€with€Mr.€Culpepper€on€two€occasions,€and€administered€the€MinnesotaÐ è 8  ÐMultiphase€Personality€Inventory„€II,€or€MMPI„II€to€Mr.€Culpepper€on€a€third€occasion.€€Dr.€MathisÐ Ô$  Ðfelt€that€Mr.€Culpepperððs€MMPI„II€score€did€not€suggest€any€significant€psychological€disturbanceÐ À  Ðor€maladjustment,€but€did€suggest€that€he€felt€persecuted.€€Dr.€Mathis€opined€that€these€feelingsÐ ¬ü  Ðprobably€stemmed€from€this€litigation.€€They€extensively€discussed€Mr.€Culpepperððs€background,Ð ˜è  Ðincluding€education,€work€history,€and€family€relationships.€€Mr.€Culpepper€reported€extremeÐ „Ô  Ðsadness€about€his€wifeððs€death€but€also€anger€toward€Ms.€Hale€for€her€accusations.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àDr.€Mathis€also€met€with€and€interviewed€Ms.€Hale€on€two€occasions.€€Dr.€Mathis€expressedÐ H˜ Ðthat€Ms.€Hale€was€very€tearful€and€at€times€emotional€during€the€interviews.€€He€also€felt€that€sheÐ 4„ Ðwas€defensive€in€her€answers€and€exhibited€some€distress€when€questioned€about€statements€madeÐ  p Ðby€Mr.€Culpepper.€€Dr.€Mathis€felt€that€Ms.€Haleððs€MMPI„II€results€decreased€her€credibility€as€anÐ  \ Ðinformant.€€She€told€Dr.€Mathis€that€she€felt€she€had€a€great€bond€with€the€child€and€that€he€neededÐ øH Ðher€relationship.€€The€report€indicates€that€Ð ä4 ÐÌà8  àThe€examiner€inquired€as€to€her€motivations€for€requesting€visitation€time€with€[theÐ ¼  Ðchild].€€She€expressed€her€concern€for€[the€child]€as€well€as€her€affection€for€him.€Ð ¨ø ÐShe€views€[the€child]€as€an€extension€of€her€daughter€and€expressed€her€deep€griefÐ ”ä Ðover€her€daughter€and€thus€not€wanting€to€also€lose€contact€with€[the€child].€€Ms.Ð €Ð ÐHale€then€began€to€express€concern€about€his€safety€and€happiness.€€When€theÐ l¼ Ðexaminer€inquired€further€about€her€safety€concerns€for€[the€child],€she€related€herÐ X ¨ Ðbelief€that€Mr.€Culpepper€was€responsible€for€her€daughterððs€death.€ÐD!”Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ  Ó.€.€.€.€Ð #l! ÐÓj7ÓÌà8  à.€.€.€Her€thoughts€regarding€Mr.€Culpepperððs€involvement€in€her€daughterððs€death€areÐ ô$D # Ðfixed.€€Yet€she€stated€her€belief€that€she€could€ð ðrespect€him€as€[the€childððs]€father.ðð€Ð à%0!$ ÐShe€rejects€the€findings€from€previous€investigations.€€ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌThe€reportððs€summary€of€the€relevant€background€and€includes€the€statement€thatÐ ¤(ô#' Їà8  àMs.€Hale€was€reported€to€have€immediately€begun€accusing€Mr.€Culpepper€of€beingÐ ° Ðculpable€in€her€daughterððs€death.€€Ms.€Hale€continues€to€hold€the€belief€that€Mr.Ð œì ÐCulpepper€is€responsible€for€her€death.€€Based€on€this€belief,€there€has€been€aÐ ˆØ Ðsignificant€amount€of€hostility€and€acrimony€between€these€two€parties.€€ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àDr.€Mathis€also€submitted€detailed€conclusions€as€to€each€of€the€examinees.€€He€concluded,Ð L œ Ðin€part,€that€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€the€risk€exists€that€Ms.€Haleððs€behavior€could€be€influenced€by€her€emotionalÐ  ` Ðreasoning€and€thus€could€be€emotionally€distressing€to€[the€child].€€In€addition,€[theÐ ü L  Ðchild]€does€not€desire€a€relationship€with€her.€€His€prior€relationship€with€her€wasÐ è 8  Ðdependent€upon€the€presence€of€others,€namely,€his€mother.€€He€has€not€had€overnightÐ Ô$  Ðvisits€by€himself€with€Ms.€Hale€and€does€not€appear€to€have€a€bond€with€her€despiteÐ À  ÐMs.€Haleððs€belief€to€the€contrary.Ьü Ð Ð  ÐÌÓ  Óà8 @ à.€.€.€.€Ð „Ô  ÐÓû=ÓÌà8  àIt€appears€that€an€absence€of€visitation€with€his€grandmother€will€òònotóó€be€harmful€toÐ \¬ Ð[the€child].€€In€fact,€given€the€hostility€and€suspicion€between€Ms.€Hale€and€Mr.Ð H˜ ÐCulpepper,€visitation€with€Ms.€Hale€would€likely€increase€the€stress€for€[the€child]Ð 4„ Ðand€thus€could€even€be€detrimental.€€Mr.€Culpepper€should€be€trusted€to€look€afterÐ  p Ðthe€emotional€well€being€of€his€son,€especially€considering€the€loss€of€[the€childððs]Ð  \ Ðmother.€€€ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€March€of€2001,€the€trial€court€ordered€the€parties€to€submit€to€mediation.€€Apparently,€theÐ Ð  Ðattempt€at€mediation€was€unsuccessful,€because€the€next,€and€final,€order€from€the€trial€court€appearsÐ ¼  Ðto€have€been€entered€on€July€19,€2002,€after€a€June€24,€2002€hearing.€€The€trial€court€found€at€thatÐ ¨ø Ðtime€that:€(1)€€Ms.€Hale€had€standing€to€seek€grandparent€visitation€pursuant€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ððÐ ”ä Ð36„6„306;€(2)€€visitation€by€Ms.€Hale€would€be€in€the€best€interest€of€the€minor€child€based€on€theÐ €Ð Ðfactors€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„307(d)(2)€in€that€prior€to€the€death€of€her€daughter,€there€was€aÐ l¼ Ðsignificant€existing€relationship€between€Ms.€Hale€and€the€child;€(3)€the€total€absence€of€aÐ X ¨ Ðrelationship€between€the€child€and€Ms.€Hale€and€the€maternal€side€of€the€childððs€family€would€resultÐ D!” Ðin€substantial€harm€to€the€child;€and€(4)€there€had€been€no€significant€hostility€directed€by€Ms.€HaleÐ 0"€  Ðtoward€Mr.€Culpepper€in€the€presence€of€the€child.€€Ð #l! ÐÌà  àAs€a€result€of€these€findings,€the€trial€court€ordered€that€a€six€hour€period€of€visitation€takeÐ ô$D # Ðplace€on€one€weekend€day€per€month€at€either€the€home€of€Ms.€Hale€or€a€place€of€her€choosing.€€TheÐ à%0!$ Ðtrial€court€also€ordered€another€counseling€session€to€take€place€six€months€from€the€date€of€theÐ Ì&"% Ðorder׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€with€Dr.€Mathis€and€that€Dr.€Mathis€submit€a€sealed€report€from€that€session€to€the€court.€€AtÐ ¸'#& Ðthat€time,€the€court€would€entertain€argument€by€counsel€on€whether€the€visitation€should€continue.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÐ )à$( Ðà@••)ìàII.ˆÐ ° ÐÌà  àA€parent€has€a€fundamental€right€to€the€care,€custody€and€control€of€his€or€her€child.€€òòStanleyÐ ˆØ Ðv.€Illinoisóó,€405€U.S.€645,€651,€92€S.€Ct.€1208,€1212„13€(1972);òò€Nash„Putnam€v.€McCloudóó,€921Ð tÄ ÐS.W.2d€170,€174„75€(Tenn.€1996)òòóó;€òòIn€Re€Adoption€of€a€Female€Childóó,€896€S.W.2d€546,€547€(Tenn.Ð `° Ð1995);òò€Nale€v.€Robertsonóó,€871€S.W.2d€674,€678€(Tenn.€1994).€€Parents€are€protected€in€the€rearingÐ L œ Ðof€their€children€from€unwarranted€intervention€by€the€United€States€Constitution€and€the€TennesseeÐ 8 ˆ ÐConstitution.€€This€right€is€a€fundamental€but€not€absolute€right,€and€the€state€may€interfere€withÐ $ t Ðparental€rights€only€if€there€is€a€compelling€state€interest.€€òòSantosky€v.€Krameróó,€455€U.S.€745,€747,Ð  ` Ð102€S.€Ct.€1388,€1391€(1982);€òòNash„Putnamóó,€921€S.W.2d€at€174„75.€€A€compelling€state€interestÐ ü L  Ðsufficient€to€justify€judicial€interference€with€parental€decisions€is€the€need€to€protect€the€child€fromÐ è 8  Ðsubstantial€harm.€€òòHawk€v.€Hawkóó,€855€S.W.2d€573,€(Tenn.€1993).Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àParental€decisions€to€limit€a€childððs€relationship€with€his€or€her€grandparents,€includingÐ ¬ü  Ðpreventing€any€personal€interaction,€have€been€challenged€in€our€courts€by€grandparents€askingÐ ˜è  Ðcourts€to€order€visitation€over€the€parentsðð€objections.€€The€subject€has€also€been€addressed€by€theÐ „Ô  Ðlegislature.€€In€òòHawkóó,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€held,Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àð ðArticle€I,€Section€8€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€protects€the€privacy€interest€ofÐ H˜ Ðthese€parents€in€their€child„rearing€decisions,€so€long€as€their€decisions€do€notÐ 4„ Ðsubstantially€endanger€the€welfare€of€the€children.€€Absent€some€harm€to€the€child,Ð  p Ðwe€find€that€the€state€lacks€a€sufficiently€compelling€justification€for€interfering€withÐ  \ Ðthis€fundamental€right.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌòòHawkóó,€855€S.W.2d€at€582.€€The€court€concluded€that€the€then„existing€grandparent€visitation€statuteÐ Ð  Ðwas€unconstitutional€as€applied€to€parents€whose€fitness€was€unchallenged.€€òòIdóó.€at€577.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àCourts€cannot€grant€grandparent€visitation€solely€on€the€basis€of€a€best€interest€of€the€childÐ ”ä Ðanalysis.€€Instead,€the€threshold€requirement€is€a€finding€that€the€child€is€at€risk€of€substantial€harm.€Ð €Ð ÐòòSimmons€v.€Simmonsóó,€900€S.W.2d€682,€685€(Tenn.€1995).€€Legislative€enactments€that€allow€courtsÐ l¼ Ðto€order€grandparent€visitation€upon€a€finding€of€the€best€interests€of€the€child€have€been€found€toÐ X ¨ Ðconstitute€ð ðan€unconstitutional€invasion€of€privacy€rights€under€the€Tennessee€Constitution.ðð€€òòEllisonÐ D!” Ðv.€Ellisonóó,€994€S.W.2d€623,€624€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 0"€  ÐÌÌÌà  àIn€2000,€the€legislature,€in€apparent€recognition€of€the€Constitutional€requirements€Ð à%0!$ Ðâ âestablished€in€the€earlier€cases,€amended€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„306.€€Under€the€amended€statute,Ð Ì&"% Ðthe€threshold€determination€to€be€made€by€the€court€is€whether€there€is€a€danger€of€substantial€harmÐ ° Ðâ âto€the€child.€€The€procedure€for€a€trial€court€to€follow€in€considering€a€petition€for€grandparentÐ œì Ðvisitation€is€set€out:€Ð ˆØ ÐÌà8  à(b)(1)€In€considering€a€petition€for€grandparent€visitation,€the€court€shall€firstÐ `° Ðdetermine€the€presence€of€a€danger€of€substantial€harm€to€the€child.€€Such€finding€ofÐ L œ Ðsubstantial€harm€may€be€based€upon€cessation€of€the€relationship€between€anÐ 8 ˆ Ðunmarried€minor€child€and€the€childððs€grandparent€if€the€court€determines,€uponÐ $ t Ðproper€proof,€that:Ð `Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(A)€The€child€had€such€a€significant€existing€relationship€with€theÐ è 8  Ðgrandparent€that€loss€of€the€relationship€is€likely€to€occasion€severeÐ Ô$  Ðemotional€harm€to€the€child;ÐÀ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(B)€The€grandparent€functioned€as€a€primary€caregiver€such€thatÐ ˜è  Ðcessation€of€the€relationship€could€interrupt€provision€of€the€dailyÐ „Ô  Ðneeds€of€the€child€and€thus€occasion€physical€or€emotional€harm;€orÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à(C)€The€child€had€a€significant€existing€relationship€with€theÐ H˜ Ðgrandparent€and€loss€of€the€relationship€presents€the€danger€of€otherÐ 4„ Ðdirect€and€substantial€harm€to€the€child.Ð p` x` x ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„306(b)(1).€€Ð øH ÐÌà  àA€ð ðsignificant€existing€relationshipðð€is€established€if€the€child€either€resided€with€theÐ Ð  Ðgrandparent€for€at€least€six€(6)€consecutive€months,€the€grandparent€was€a€full„time€caretaker€of€theÐ ¼  Ðchild€for€a€period€of€not€less€than€six€(6)€consecutive€months,€or€the€grandparent€had€frequentÐ ¨ø Ðvisitation€with€the€child€for€a€period€of€not€less€than€one€(1)€year.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„Ð ”ä Ð306(b)(2).€€Only€upon€an€initial€finding€of€danger€of€substantial€harm€to€the€child,€ð ðthe€court€shallÐ €Ð Ðthen€determine€whether€grandparent€visitation€would€be€in€the€best€interests€of€the€child€based€uponÐ l¼ Ðthe€factors€in€ðð€36„6„307ðð€and€order€reasonable€visitation.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„307€lists€seven€factors€and€states€that€the€court€ð ðshall€consider€allÐ 0"€  Ðpertinent€matters,€including,€but€not€necessarily€limited€toðð€those€factors€in€determining€the€bestÐ #l! Ðinterests€of€the€child.€€Those€factors€are:Ð $X" ÐÌà8  à(1)€the€length€and€quality€of€the€prior€relationship€between€the€child€and€theÐ à%0!$ Ðgrandparent€and€the€role€performed€by€the€grandparent;ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(2)€the€existing€emotional€ties€of€the€child€to€the€grandparent;и'#&Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€the€preference€of€the€child€if€the€child€is€determined€to€be€of€sufficient€maturityÐ ¤(ô#' Ðto€express€a€preference;Ð)à$(Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(4)€the€effect€of€hostility€between€the€grandparent€and€the€parent€of€the€childÐ |*Ì%) Ðmanifested€before€the€child,€and€the€willingness€of€the€grandparent,€except€in€case€ofÐ h+¸&* Ðabuse,€to€encourage€a€close€relationship€between€the€child€and€the€parent€or€parents,Ð ° Ðor€guardian€or€guardians€of€the€child;МìÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(5)€the€good€faith€of€the€grandparent€in€filing€the€petition;ЈØÐ Ð  Ðà8  à(6)€if€the€parents€are€divorced€or€separated,€the€time„sharing€arrangement€that€existsÐ tÄ Ðbetween€the€parents€with€respect€to€the€child;€andÐ`°Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(7)€if€one€(1)€parent€is€deceased€or€missing,€the€fact€that€the€grandparents€requestingÐ L œ Ðvisitation€are€the€parents€of€the€deceased€or€missing€person.Ð8 ˆÐ Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„307.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€statute€allows€a€court€to€proceed€to€a€determination€of€whether€grandparent€visitationÐ è 8  Ðwould€be€in€the€best€interests€of€the€child€only€after€a€finding€of€the€danger€of€substantial€harm.€Ð Ô$  ÐHowever,€the€statute€authorizes€a€finding€of€substantial€harm€to€be€based€upon€the€cessation€of€theÐ À  Ðgrandparent„grandchild€relationship€itself.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€It€is€debatable€whether€our€Supreme€Courtððs€holdingsÐ ¬ü  Ðon€parental€rights€could€be€read€to€sanction€interference€with€decisions€by€fit€parents€based€upon€theÐ ˜è  Ðabsence€of€a€relationship€with€a€grandparent.׃d×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòSee€Dugan€v.€Myersóó,€No.€E2001„00281„COA„R3„JV,Ð „Ô  Ð2001€WL€1117514,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Sept.€24,€2001)€(no€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed)Ð pÀ Ð(Susano,€J.€concurring);€òòTerry€v.€Bottsóó,€No.€E2000„01288„COA„CV,€2001€WL€173207,€at€*8€(Tenn.Ð \¬ ÐCt.€App.€Feb.€22,€2001)€(no€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed)€(Susano,€J.€concurring).€WhileÐ H˜ Ðin€òòHawkóó€the€Supreme€Court€stated€that€state€interference€with€parenting€decisions€must€be€based€onÐ 4„ Ðsignificant€harm€to€the€child€resulting€from€those€decisions,€855€S.W.2d€at€581,€it€also€specificallyÐ  p Ðrejected€the€ð ðpresumptive€analysisðð€and€ð ðunquestioning€judicial€assumptionðð€that€grandparent„Ð  \ Ðgrandchild€relationships€always€benefit€children.€€òòIdóó.€at€581„82.Ð øH ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€herein€found€that€prior€to€the€motherððs€death€there€existed€a€significantÐ Ð  Ðrelationship€between€the€child€and€his€grandmother€as€defined€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„306(b)(2).€Ð ¼  ÐRegardless€of€whether€the€evidence€supports€that€finding,€there€is€simply€no€evidence€of€the€dangerÐ ¨ø Ðof€substantial€harm€to€the€child€because€of€the€cessation€of€that€relationship€or€otherwise.€€There€isÐ ”ä Ðno€evidence€that€Mr.€Culpepper€is€anything€but€a€fit€parent€or€that€the€child€is€in€any€danger€of€harmÐ €Ð Ðfrom€his€living€environment€or€from€Mr.€Culpepperððs€parenting€decisions.€€The€court€found€that€theÐ l¼ Ðtotal€absence€of€a€relationship€with€the€grandmother€and€the€maternal€side€of€his€family€would€resultÐ X ¨ Ðin€substantial€harm€to€the€child.€€There€is€simply€no€proof€of€such€harm.€€The€psychologist€appointedÐ D!” Ðby€the€court,€relying€in€part€on€the€childððs€statements,€reported€a€conclusion€contrary€to€the€finding.Ð 0"€  ÐÐ #l! Ðà  àMs.€Hale€asks€us€to€give€more€weight€to€the€findings€of€the€trial€court€than€the€testimony€ofÐ ° ÐDr.€Mathis.€€Of€course,€pursuant€to€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Appellate€Procedure,€our€review€of€thisÐ œì Ðrecord€is€òòde€novoóó€upon€the€record€of€the€trial€court,€accompanied€by€a€presumption€of€correctnessÐ ˆØ Ðof€factual€findings,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d);Ð tÄ ÐòòCross€v.€City€of€Memphisóó,€20€S.W.3d€642,€643€(Tenn.€2000).€€Thus,€we€would€presume€theÐ `° Ðcorrectness€of€the€trial€courtððs€findings€if€they€are€supported€by€evidence€in€the€record.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àHowever,€Ms.€Hale€does€not€direct€us€to€any€testimony€or€other€evidence€that€òòthisóó€childÐ $ t Ðwould€be€harmed€by€loss€of€contact€with€his€grandmother.€€There€is€none€in€the€Statement€of€theÐ  ` ÐEvidence.€€We€are€asked€to€simply€presume€that€would€be€the€effect,€and€this€we€cannot€do.€€òòSeeÐ ü L  ÐHawkóó,€€855€S.W.2d€at€581„82.€€In€addition,€where€the€applicable€standard€is€a€risk€of€substantialÐ è 8  Ðharm,Ð Ô$  ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€the€use€of€the€modifier€ð ðsubstantialðð€indicates€two€things.€€First,€it€connotes€a€realÐ ¬ü  Ðhazard€or€danger€that€is€not€minor,€trivial,€or€insignificant.€€Second,€it€indicates€thatÐ ˜è  Ðthe€harm€must€be€more€than€a€theoretical€possibility.€€While€the€harm€need€not€beÐ „Ô  Ðinevitable,€it€must€be€sufficiently€probable€to€believe€that€the€harm€will€occur€moreÐ pÀ Ðlikely€than€not.Ð\¬Ð Ð  ÐÌòòRay€v.€Rayóó,€83€S.W.3d€726,€732€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2002).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àOur€review€of€the€record€before€us€requires€the€conclusion€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ  \ Ðagainst€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact.€€The€threshold€determination€of€the€danger€of€substantialÐ øH Ðharm€has€not€been€established.€€Thus,€Mr.€Culpepper€is€entitled€to€protection€of€his€parental€rights.Ð ä4 ÐÌà  àMr.€Culpepperððs€decision€to€remove€Ms.€Hale€from€his€childððs€life€is€one€that€is€extremelyÐ ¼  Ðpainful€to€Ms.€Hale,€especially€in€view€of€the€loss€of€her€daughter.€€Regardless€of€whether€someoneÐ ¨ø Ðelse,€including€members€of€this€court,€might€make€a€different€decision,€or€whether€it€might€be€betterÐ ”ä Ðfor€the€child€to€allow€visitation,€those€are€simply€not€grounds€to€allow€the€state,€through€the€courts,Ð €Ð Ðto€interfere€with€Mr.€Culpepperððs€child„rearing€decisions.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àWe€reverse€the€decision€establishing€grandparent€visitation€and€remand€the€case.€€The€costsÐ D!” Ðof€the€appeal€are€taxed€to€the€appellee,€Alice€Hale.Ð 0"€  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àPATRICIA€J.€COTTRELL,€JUDGEÐ Ì&"% Ð