ÿWPC4 §•‚ŸuiL->¬˜uá 8L:‹:íà‰ÑH}¤¨t=keTá(Ç,×ÓØŒƒ(m*¤Yä‰%áÿ‰@§!Ame•%>XZòŒ©óñŠóž}vD­‰Jöb‘I¶³DËE•_:¯1Ž×f=>J“Ñ=+(FÌJžè’;G%¬Í¬è¢†²}Ä‘zB‹óë‹„Hg:$—$©ô;Í-Ê‚\6|¥zG ô¤ÿé¿Ç úOÜÐJòIVy¨½™ËúÂâ4ƒˆýÑ,ÍÌ€Þ° êßì}/¤ÚSÌf/^.B0˜ÆÑ“Šþ¸±…–|xc9½®à'±îች`¥—& oOŒÍ4BiUÙ§ó@…޾ošåÄéÌÓŒ'M;¯ÉtõÔý_ªô=í´›'h¥³?)XÝ[Ú—”1ªO+mªËó”ÆÄËoe÷E‰8ÁÕ¾×&.·&qf~¼?ÊÒŸx.rA1=c‹%^`î=„}t\à‡™ª…øÊ]öž€} [š"Ìm=ƒîœÕBˆ·‚=dÅÇ…Ü+ˆP"”²AÉŽf3Óq8tˆeNÚÄšIÀÀžÝNV¾«þ+‹09ñût(›ÎÜØÀ61b#Á\ % UN# 0ˆq UNù 0DG 1‡‹ z ÒŒ 0w^ 0´Õ '‰ 1u°Æ%ÆëƱÆw 0c=N  0Š¢ 0 ,EÌ 0ÇÎ 0Û• 0ïp 0D_ 72£^ Õwá4åù m !!!!!!!!!!!!b)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 0ë1111 B 0¤9 D3Ý D- 0K== ASˆÆÛ 0¤¡ 0DE A«‰˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó  h6CEIMQUY]aAutoList1""""""""i)1)a) ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à Ý ƒRbõ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôê­ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMr.€Holt€claims€that€all€of€these€charges€were€dismissed€by€the€Criminal€Court€of€Franklin€County€on€AugustÐ ° Ð21,€1998€and€in€November,€1998.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù i)…nY+s j5+ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ - ù-(|G2bõ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ie»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôê­ò»»Ô d(|3IX$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ie»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3IX$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ie»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Ie»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼Ie»»»ÔÑ8€ XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îL”IeÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼Ie»îîL” #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓASSIGNED€ON€BRIEFS€MAY€24,€2001Ð üL ÐÔ‡X X»¼IeÔÌò òÔ#†¼Ie»XX ü#ÔGARY€WILLIAM€HOLTòòóó€v.€DENNIS€YOUNG,€òòet€alóó.Ô‡X X»¼IeÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Franklin€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€10,€956;€The€Honorable€Thomas€Graham,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„00243„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€October€25,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X XXX ÔThis€appeal€arises€from€the€seizure€of€the€Appellantððs€car€and€personal€possessions€by€the€Appellees.€Ð xÈ  ÐThe€Appellant€filed€a€complaint€against€the€Appellees€in€the€Circuit€Court€of€Franklin€County,Ð d´ Ðalleging€civil€rights€violations,€fraud,€negligence,€and€perjury€under€the€laws€of€the€State€ofÐ P  ÐTennessee.€€The€complaint€also€alleged€violations€of€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986.€€TheÐ <Œ ÐAppellees€filed€motions€to€dismiss€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€upon€which€relief€can€be€granted.€€TheÐ (x Ðtrial€court€entered€an€order€granting€the€Appelleesðð€motions€to€dismiss.Ð d ÐÌà  àThe€Appellant€appeals€the€order€entered€by€the€Circuit€Court€of€Franklin€County€granting€theÐ ì< ÐAppelleesðð€motions€to€dismiss.€€For€the€reasons€stated€herein,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððsÔ#†X XXX Ò#ÔÔ#†¼Ie»XX w#ÔÔ‡X X»¼IeÔÐ Ø( ÐÓÆÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ ° ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Ie»àX Ð#ÔÔ‡X X.¼IeÔAlan€E.€Highers,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.,óó€and€òòHollyÐ ˆØ ÐKirby€Lillard,€J.óó,€joined.Ð tÄ ÐÌGary€William€Holt,€Ft.€Worth,€TX,€òòpro€seóóÐ L œ ÐÌP.€Brocklin€Parks,€J.€Russell€Farrar,€Nashville,€TN,€for€Appellee€Dennis€YoungÐ $"t! ÐÌWilliam€E.€Godbold,€III,€Charles€W.€Poss,€Chattanooga,€TN,€for€Appellee€Tim€FullerÐ ü#L# ÐÓ‚ ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼Ie»XX ± #ÔÔ‡X X»¼IeÔÐ Ô%$!% ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼Ie»XX Ô #ÔÔ‡X X»¼IeÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡X XXX Ôà@ìàI.€€Facts€and€Procedural€Historyó óˆÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌà  àThe€Appellant,€Gary€William€Holt€(ð ðMr.€Holtðð),€is€an€inmate€in€the€Federal€MedicalÐ „)Ô$) ÐCorrectional€Center€in€Fort€Worth,€Texas.€€€In€February,€1996,€authorities€in€Franklin€County,Ð p*À%* Ðâ âTennessee€charged€Mr.€Holt€with€several€counts€of€aggravated€armed€robbery,€car€jacking,€andÐ \+¬&+ý= Ðaggravated€assault.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€€On€March€18,€1996,€the€Appellees,€Chief€Dennis€Young€of€the€Estill€SpringsÐ ° Ðâ âPolice€Department€(ð ðMr.€Youngðð),€and€Captain€Tim€Fuller€of€the€Franklin€County€Sheriffððs€OfficeÐ œì Ð(ð ðMr.€Fullerðð),€seized€Mr.€Holtððs€car€which€was€in€the€possession€of€the€United€States€MarshalÐ ˆØ ÐService.€€€The€car€was€allegedly€used€during€the€commission€of€the€aggravated€armed€robberies.€€Mr.Ð tÄ ÐYoung€and€Mr.€Fuller€also€seized€Mr.€Holtððs€personal€possessions€within€the€car.€€Prior€to€the€seizureÐ `° Ðof€the€car€and€personal€possessions,€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€presented€a€notice€of€seizure€to€Mr.Ð L œ ÐHoltððs€wife,€Stephanie€Holt€(ð ðMrs.€Holtðð),€who€was€confined€to€the€Franklin€County€Jail.€€The€noticeÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€seizure€was€signed€by€Mrs.€Holt€on€March€18,€1996€and€filed€in€the€Circuit€Court€of€FranklinÐ $ t ÐCounty€on€March€20,€1996.€€€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€state€that€no€claims€were€made€for€the€carÐ  ` Ðand€its€contents€and€that,€pursuant€to€section€40„33„109€of€the€Tennessee€Code,€the€car€and€itsÐ ü L  Ðcontents€were€forfeited€to€the€seizing€authorities.€€Mr.€Holt€claims€that€the€car€was€titled€solely€inÐ è 8  Ðhis€name€and€that€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€should€have€served€the€notice€of€seizure€upon€himÐ Ô$  Ðrather€than€Mrs.€Holt.€Ð À  ÐÌà  àOn€May€26,€1998,€Mr.€Holt€filed€a€complaint€against€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€in€the€CircuitÐ ˜è  ÐCourt€for€Franklin€County,€alleging€civil€rights€violations,€fraud,€negligence,€and€perjury€under€theÐ „Ô  Ðlaws€of€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€The€complaint€also€alleged€violations€of€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42Ð pÀ ÐU.S.C.€ðð€1986.€€€The€complaint€sought€actual€damages€in€the€amount€of€$3,000.00€for€the€loss€of€theÐ \¬ Ðcar,€actual€damages€in€the€amount€of€$7,000.00€for€the€loss€of€the€personal€property€within€the€car,Ð H˜ Ðnominal€damages€in€the€amount€of€$1,000.00€for€pain€and€anguish,€and€punitive€damages€in€theÐ 4„ Ðamount€of€$1,000,000.00.€€On€July€2,€1998,€Mr.€Young€filed€an€answer.€€On€November€4,€1998,€Mr.Ð  p ÐFuller€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€upon€which€relief€can€be€granted.€€€AsÐ  \ Ðgrounds€for€the€motion€to€dismiss,€Mr.€Fuller€claimed€that€Mr.€Holtððs€complaint€was€barred€by€theÐ øH Ðapplicable€statute€of€limitations.€€€On€November€25,€1998,€Mr.€Fuller€filed€a€supplement€to€hisÐ ä4 Ðmotion€to€dismiss,€adopting€by€reference€Mr.€Youngððs€motion€for€judgment€on€the€pleadings€andÐ Ð  Ðmemorandum€of€law€in€support€thereof.€Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àOn€February€23,€1999,€the€trial€court€entered€an€order€partially€granting€Mr.€Youngððs€and€Mr.Ð ”ä ÐFullerððs€motions€with€respect€to€the€following€claims:€(1)€the€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42Ð €Ð ÐU.S.C.€ðð€1986€were€barred€by€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations€under€section€28„3„104(a)€of€theÐ l¼ ÐTennessee€Code;€(2)€the€claim€for€punitive€damages€was€barred€by€section€40„33„215(c)€of€theÐ X ¨ ÐTennessee€Code;€(3)€the€claim€of€fraud€was€dismissed€because€the€claim€was€conclusory€and€notÐ D!” Ðplead€with€the€specificity€required€by€Rule€9.01€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure;€(4)€theÐ 0"€  Ðclaim€of€perjury€was€dismissed€because€it€did€not€give€rise€to€a€civil€cause€of€action;€(5)€the€claimÐ #l! Ðof€civil€rights€violations€was€dismissed€because€Mr.€Holt€failed€to€specify€what€civil€rights€had€beenÐ $X" Ðviolated;€and€(6)€the€claim€of€negligence€was€dismissed€because€the€claim€was€subsumed€by€andÐ ô$D # Ðlimited€by€section€40„33„215(c).€€€The€trial€court€denied€Mr.€Youngððs€and€Mr.€Fullerððs€motions€withÐ à%0!$ Ðrespect€to€the€wrongful€seizure€claim€and€damages€resulting€therefrom.€€(TR€v.€1€pg.€59).€€The€trialÐ Ì&"% Ðcourt€limited€the€claim€in€scope,€however,€to€the€requirements€of€section€40„33„215(c).€€(òòId.óó).€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÐ ¤(ô#' Ðà  àOn€October€12,€1999,€Mr.€Young€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€the€claim€brought€under€sectionÐ ° Ð40„33„215(c).€€Mr.€Young€noted€that€section€40„33„215(c)€took€effect€on€October€1,€1998.€€Mr.Ð œì ÐYoung€argued€that€because€the€seizure€of€Mr.€Holtððs€car€predated€the€enactment€of€section€40„33„Ð ˆØ Ð215(c),€the€statute€could€not€form€the€basis€of€an€action€for€damages.€€€On€October€20,€1999,€Mr.Ð tÄ ÐFuller€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss,€adopting€by€reference€Mr.€Youngððs€motion€to€dismiss.€€€On€JanuaryÐ `° Ð10,€2000,€the€trial€court€entered€an€order€granting€Mr.€Youngððs€motion€to€dismiss€and€amending€itsÐ L œ Ðprevious€order.€€This€appeal€followed.à À àà  àà p àà È àà  àà x àÐ 8 ˆ Ðò òó óà  àÌà@WW ìàò òII.€€Law€and€Analysisó óˆÐ  ` ÐÌà  àThe€following€two€issues€are€presented€for€our€review:Ð è 8  ÐÌ(1)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€dismissing€the€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ððÐ À  Ð1986€as€barred€by€the€applicable€statute€of€limitations;€andÐ ¬ü  Ð(2)€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€dismissing€the€remaining€claims€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€uponÐ ˜è  Ðwhich€relief€can€be€granted;€Ð „Ô  ÐWe€will€address€each€issue€in€turn.à h àòòóóÐ pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€first€issue€presented€for€our€review€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€dismissing€theÐ H˜ Ðclaims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986€as€barred€by€the€applicable€statute€ofÐ 4„ Ðlimitations.€€Mr.€Fuller€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€Mr.€Holtððs€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42Ð  p ÐU.S.C.€ðð€1986€as€barred€by€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations.€€Mr.€Fuller€argued€that€Mr.€Holt€failedÐ  \ Ðto€meet€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations€because€Mr.€Holt€filed€his€complaint€on€May€29,€1998,Ð øH Ðmore€than€two€years€after€his€car€was€seized€and€forfeited€pursuant€to€section€40„33„101€of€theÐ ä4 ÐTennessee€Code.€€The€trial€court€granted€Mr.€Fullerððs€motion€and€found€that€Mr.€Holtððs€claims€underÐ Ð  Ð42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986€were€barred€by€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations€underÐ ¼  Ðsection€28„3„104(a)€of€the€Tennessee€Code.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€federal€civil€rights€actions€are€governed€by€the€one„year€personal€injury€statuteÐ €Ð Ðof€limitations€under€section€28„3„104(a).€€òòSee€Hill€v.€State€of€Tennesseeóó,€868€F.€Supp.€221,€223Ð l¼ Ð(M.D.€Tenn.€1994).€€Section€28„3„104(a)€provides:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` à(a)€The€following€actions€shall€be€commenced€within€one€(1)€yearÐ 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àafter€the€cause€of€action€accrued:Ð #l! Ðà  àà ` à(1)€Actions€for€libel,€for€injuries€to€the€person,€false€imprisonment,Ð $X" Ðà  àà ` àmalicious€prosecution,€breach€of€marriage€promise;Ð ô$D # Ðà  àà ` à(2)€Actions€and€suits€against€attorneys€or€licensed€public€accountantsÐ à%0!$ Ðà  àà ` àor€certified€public€accountants€for€malpractice,€whether€the€actionsÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àà ` àare€grounded€or€based€in€contract€or€tort;Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` à(3)€Civil€actions€for€compensatory€or€punitive€damages,€or€both,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àbrought€under€the€federal€civil€rights€statutes;€andÐ )à$( Ðà  àà ` à(4)€Actions€for€statutory€penalties.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐòòTenn.€Code€Ann.óóðð€28„3„104(a)€(2000).Ð ° ÐÌWe€must€decide€when€a€cause€of€action€accrues€in€order€to€determine€the€time€at€which€the€one„yearÐ ˆØ Ðstatute€of€limitations€begins€to€run.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€at€bar,€Mr.€Holt€argues€that€his€cause€of€action€had€not€accrued€because€his€carÐ L œ Ðhad€not€been€disposed€of,€or€forfeited€by€operation€of€law,€at€the€time€he€filed€his€complaint.€€Mr.Ð 8 ˆ ÐHolt€relies€upon€òòHill€v.€State€of€Tennesseeóó,€868€F.€Supp.€221€(M.D.€Tenn.€1994),€for€the€propositionÐ $ t Ðthat€a€cause€of€action€does€not€accrue€for€purposes€of€the€statute€of€limitations€until€a€disposition€hasÐ  ` Ðbeen€made€on€the€property€at€issue.€€In€òòHillóó,€Mr.€Hill€was€arrested€by€Nashville/Davidson€CountyÐ ü L  Ðpolice€officers€for€possession€of€marijuana.€€òòSee€id.óó€at€222.€€The€police€officers€seized€Mr.€Hillððs€carÐ è 8  Ðpursuant€to€section€53„11„451€of€the€Tennessee€Code.€€òòSee€id.óó€€A€forfeiture€hearing€was€held.€€òòSeeÐ Ô$  Ðid.óó€at€222„23.€€Upon€completion€of€the€forfeiture€hearing,€the€judge€found€that€the€car€should€beÐ À  Ðforfeited€to€the€seizing€municipality.€€òòSee€id.óó€€Mr.€Hill€appealed€the€ruling€to€the€Chancery€Court€ofÐ ¬ü  ÐDavidson€County.€€òòSee€id.óó€at€223.€€The€chancery€court€reversed€the€judgeððs€ruling.€€òòSee€id.óó€€The€StateÐ ˜è  Ðof€Tennessee€appealed€the€chancery€courtððs€ruling€to€the€Tennessee€Court€of€Appeals.€€òòSee€id.óó€€TheÐ „Ô  Ðcourt€of€appeals€reversed€the€chancery€courtððs€ruling€and€reinstated€the€forfeiture.€€òòSee€id.óó€€Mr.€HillÐ pÀ Ðrequested€permission€to€appeal€to€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court.€€òòSee€id.óó€€The€supreme€court€deniedÐ \¬ Ðthe€permission€to€appeal€on€March€22,€1993.€€òòSee€id.óó€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àOn€October€22,€1993,€Mr.€Hill€filed€a€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€action€in€the€United€States€DistrictÐ  p ÐCourt€for€the€Middle€District€of€Tennessee€challenging€the€State€of€Tennesseeððs€forfeiture€of€Mr.Ð  \ ÐHillððs€car.€€òòSee€id.óó€€The€State€of€Tennessee€filed€a€motion€to€dismiss€alleging€that€the€action€wasÐ øH Ðbarred€under€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations.€€òòSee€id.óó€€The€State€of€Tennessee€argued€that€theÐ ä4 Ðaction€accrued€and€the€statute€of€limitations€began€to€run€when€the€car€was€seized€on€July€5,€1990.€Ð Ð  ÐòòSee€id.óó€€The€district€court€found€that€Mr.€Hillððs€action€did€not€accrue€until€March€22,€1993,€the€dateÐ ¼  Ðon€which€the€final€appeal€was€denied.€€òòSee€id.óó€at€224.€The€district€court€stated:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àà ` àThe€Supreme€Court€has€made€clear€that€ð ða€claim€that€the€applicationÐ €Ð Ðà  àà ` àof€government€regulations€effects€a€taking€of€a€property€interest€is€Ð l¼ Ðà  àà ` ànot€ripe€until€the€government€entity€charged€with€implementing€theÐ X ¨ Ðà  àà ` àregulations€has€reached€a€final€decisionðð€with€regard€to€the€taking€ofÐ D!” Ðà  àà ` àthe€property.€€Until€such€final€ruling€is€rendered,€it€is€not€certain€that€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àplaintiff€has€a€claim.€.€.€.€In€this€case,€Plaintiff€sought€judicial€reviewÐ #l! Ðà  àà ` àof€the€forfeiture€of€his€property€.€.€.€Plaintiffððs€claim€in€this€Court€wasÐ $X" Ðà  àà ` ànot€ripe€until€he€received€notice€that€his€request€to€appeal€had€beenÐ ô$D # Ðà  àà ` àdenied€by€the€state€supreme€court.€€It€was€not€until€that€time€that€heÐ à%0!$ Ðà0  àà0` (#(#àknew€the€forfeiture€of€his€[car]€was€ð ðpermanent.ðð€€Because€this€Courtà Ð àà @Ð àÐÌ&"%` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` àfinds€that€Plaintiffððs€cause€of€action€began€to€accrue€on€March€22,€1993,Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` àPlaintiffððs€Complaint,€which€was€filed€on€October€22,€1993,€is€not€Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àbarred€by€the€one„year€statute€of€limitations.Ð )à$( ÐÌòòId.Ð h+¸&* ÐóóÌà  àWe€find€the€òòHillóó€decision€distinguishable€from€the€situation€in€the€case€at€bar.€€In€òòHillóó,€Mr.Ð œì ÐHillððs€car€was€seized€and€forfeited€pursuant€to€section€53„11„451.€€Mr.€Hillððs€car€was€forfeited€as€aÐ ˆØ Ðresult€of€a€forfeiture€hearing.€€There€was€not€a€final€decision€with€regard€to€the€forfeiture€of€theÐ tÄ Ðproperty€until,€following€a€series€of€appeals,€the€supreme€court€denied€Mr.€Hillððs€permission€toÐ `° Ðappeal.€€As€stated€by€the€òòHillóó€court,€Mr.€Hill€did€not€know€that€his€forfeiture€was€permanent€until€theÐ L œ Ðsupreme€court€denied€his€permission€to€appeal.€€At€that€point,€Mr.€Hillððs€claim€accrued.€€Mr.€Hill€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ðone€year€from€the€time€of€the€final€decision€with€regard€to€the€forfeiture€of€the€property,€the€supremeÐ $ t Ðcourtððs€decision,€to€file€a€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€claim€against€the€State€of€Tennessee.€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€at€bar,€the€applicable€forfeiture€statute€is€section€40„33„101,€et€seq.€of€theÐ è 8  ÐTennessee€Code€(ð ðthe€forfeiture€statuteðð).€€Section€40„33„107(3)€of€the€Tennessee€Code€provides€thatÐ Ô$  Ðð ð[a]ny€person€claiming€any€conveyance€so€seized€may,€within€fifteen€(15)€days€after€receipt€ofÐ À  Ðnotification€of€seizure,€file€with€the€court€a€claim€in€writing,€requesting€a€hearing€and€stating€suchÐ ¬ü  Ðpersonððs€interest€in€the€conveyance€seized.ðð€€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€40„33„107(3)€(1997).€€If€the€personÐ ˜è  Ðfails€to€file€a€claim,€ð ðsuch€conveyance€shall€be€forfeited€without€further€proceedings€and€the€sameÐ „Ô  Ðshall€be€sold€or€disposed€of€as€herein€provided.€€The€above€procedure€is€the€sole€remedy€of€anyÐ pÀ Ðclaimant.ðð€€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€40„33„109€(1997).€€Mr.€Holt€argues€that€the€car€was€never€forfeitedÐ \¬ Ðby€operation€of€law€because€he€was€never€provided€a€notice€of€seizure€in€accordance€with€theÐ H˜ Ðforfeiture€statute.€€Section€40„33„203€of€the€Tennessee€Code€states,€in€pertinent€part:Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àà ` à(a)€Upon€effecting€a€seizure,€the€seizing€officer€shall€prepare€a€receiptÐ  \ Ðà  àà ` àtitled€a€Notice€of€Seizure.€€The€notice€of€seizure€shall€be€a€standardÐ øH Ðà  àà ` àform€promulgated€by€the€applicable€agency.€€The€applicable€agencyÐ ä4 Ðà  àà ` àmay€adopt€an€existing€notice€of€seizure€form.Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` à(b)(1)€Upon€seizure€of€a€conveyance,€the€seizing€officer€shall€makeÐ ¼  Ðà  àà ` àreasonable€efforts€to€determine€the€owner€or€owners€of€the€propertyÐ ¨ø Ðà  àà ` àseized€as€reflected€by€public€records€of€titles,€registrations,€and€otherÐ ”ä Ðà  àà ` àrecorded€documents.Ð €Ð ÐÌÓ€   (6x3 Óà  àà ` à*€*€*Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àà ` à(c)€Upon€the€seizure€of€any€personal€property€subject€to€forfeiture€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àpursuant€to€section€40„33„101€of€this€part,€the€seizing€officer€shallÐ #l! Ðà  àà ` àprovide€the€person€found€in€possession€of€the€property,€if€known,€aÐ $X" Ðà  àà ` àreceipt€titled€a€Notice€of€Seizure.€€Such€notice€of€seizure€shall€containÐ ô$D # Ðà  àà ` àthe€following:Ð à%0!$ Ðà  àà ` à(1)€A€general€description€of€the€property€seized€and,€if€the€propertyÐ Ì&"% Ðà  àà ` àis€money,€the€amount€seized;Ð ¸'#& Ðà  àà ` à(2)€The€date€the€property€was€seized€and€the€date€the€notice€of€Ð ¤(ô#' Ðà  àà ` àseizure€was€given€to€the€person€in€possession€of€the€seized€property;Ð )à$( Ðà  àà ` à(3)€The€vehicle€identification€number€(VIN)€if€the€property€seized€isÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àà ` àa€motor€vehicle;Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` à(4)€The€reasons€the€seizing€officer€believes€the€property€is€subject€toÐ ° Ðà  àà ` àseizure€and€forfeiture;Ð œì Ðà  àà ` à(5)€The€procedure€by€which€recovery€of€the€property€may€be€sought,Ð ˆØ Ðà  àà ` àincluding€any€time€periods€during€which€a€claim€for€the€recovery€mustÐ tÄ Ðà  àà ` àbe€submitted;€andÐ `° Ðà  àà ` à(6)€The€consequences€that€will€attach€if€no€claim€for€recovery€is€filed€Ð L œ Ðà  àà ` àwithin€the€applicable€time€period.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌòòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€40„33„203€(1994).Ð  ` ÐÌà  àMr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€presented€the€notice€of€seizure€to€Mrs.€Holt€rather€than€Mr.€Holt.€Ð è 8  ÐMrs.€Holt€signed€the€notice€of€seizure,€and€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€filed€the€notice€of€seizure€inÐ Ô$  Ðthe€Circuit€Court€of€Franklin€County.€€Mr.€Holt€claims€that€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€should€haveÐ À  Ðpresented€the€notice€of€seizure€to€him€because€he€was€the€sole€owner€of€the€car.€€Mrs.€Holt,€however,Ð ¬ü  Ðsigned€the€application€for€Certificate€of€Title€and€Registration€for€the€car€as€the€owner€of€the€car.€Ð ˜è  ÐWe€find€that€the€presentation€of€the€notice€of€seizure€to€Mrs.€Holt€satisfied€the€forfeiture€statute.€€Mr.Ð „Ô  ÐYoung€and€Mr.€Fuller€could€reasonably€believe€that€Mrs.€Holt€was€the€owner€of€the€car€because€Mrs.Ð pÀ ÐHolt€signed€a€public€title€and€registration€as€the€owner€of€the€car.€€Further,€the€intent€of€the€forfeitureÐ \¬ Ðstatute€was€satisfied€inasmuch€as€our€review€of€the€record€shows€that€Mr.€Holt€had€inquiry€noticeÐ H˜ Ðthat€his€car€had€been€seized.à  àà h àÐ 4„ ÐÌà  àNeither€Mr.€Holt€nor€Mrs.€Holt€filed€a€claim€for€the€car€within€fifteen€days€after€receipt€ofÐ  \ Ðnotification€of€seizure.€€In€accordance€with€the€forfeiture€statute,€Mr.€Holtððs€car€was€forfeited€as€aÐ øH Ðmatter€of€law€fifteen€days€following€receipt€of€notification€of€seizure.€€At€that€point,€there€was€a€finalÐ ä4 Ðdecision€with€regard€to€the€forfeiture€of€the€property€such€that€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€began€to€accrue.€€Mr.Ð Ð  ÐHolt€had€one€year€from€the€time€of€the€final€decision€with€regard€to€the€forfeiture€of€the€car€to€fileÐ ¼  Ð42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986€claims€against€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller.€€Because€Mr.€HoltÐ ¨ø Ðfiled€his€claims€over€two€years€after€the€final€decision€with€regard€to€the€forfeiture€of€the€car,€Mr.Ð ”ä ÐHoltððs€claims€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986€were€barred€by€the€one„year€statute€ofÐ €Ð Ðlimitations.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€the€claims€under€42€U.S.C.Ð l¼ Ððð€1983€and€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1986€as€barred€by€the€applicable€statute€of€limitations.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àThe€second€issue€presented€for€our€review€is€whether€the€trial€court€erred€by€dismissing€theÐ 0"€  Ðremaining€claims€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€upon€which€relief€can€be€granted.€€The€trial€courtÐ #l! Ðdismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claims€for€fraud,€perjury,€state€civil€rights€violations,€negligence,€and€wrongfulÐ $X" Ðseizure€under€the€forfeiture€statute€for€failure€to€state€a€claim€upon€which€relief€can€be€granted.€€WeÐ ô$D # Ðwill€examine€each€of€Mr.€Holtððs€claims€in€turn.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àFirst,€the€trial€court€dismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€fraud.€€The€trial€court€found€that€the€claimÐ ¸'#& Ðfor€fraud€was€conclusory€and€not€plead€with€the€specificity€required€by€Rule€9.02€of€the€TennesseeÐ ¤(ô#' ÐRules€of€Civil€Procedure.€€We€agree.€€ð ðIn€all€averments€of€fraud€or€mistake,€the€circumstancesÐ )à$( Ðâ âconstituting€fraud€or€mistake€shall€be€stated€with€particularity.ðð€€òòTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.óó€9.02.€€Mr.€HoltððsÐ |*Ì%) Ðcomplaint€failed€to€plead€the€claim€for€fraud€with€the€specificity€required€by€Rule€9.02.€€Accordingly,Ð ° Ðwe€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€the€claim€for€fraud.€€Ð œì Ðâ âÌà  àSecond,€the€trial€court€dismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€perjury.€€The€trial€court€found€that€theÐ tÄ Ðclaim€for€perjury€failed€to€give€rise€to€a€civil€cause€of€action.€€We€agree.€€ð ðThe€law€in€this€jurisdictionÐ `° Ðdoes€not€recognize€a€civil€action€for€perjury€or€conspiracy€to€commit€perjury.ðð€€òòWhitaker€v.Ð L œ ÐWhirlpool€Corp.óó,€32€S.W.3d€222,€231€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000)€(quoting€òòLackey€v.€óóCarson,€886€S.W.2dÐ 8 ˆ Ð232,€€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1994)).€€Mr.€Holt€cannot€state€a€civil€claim€for€perjury.€€Accordingly,€we€affirmÐ $ t Ðthe€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€the€claim€for€perjury.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThird,€the€trial€court€dismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€state€civil€rights€violations.€€The€trialÐ è 8  Ðcourt€found€that€the€claim€for€state€civil€rights€violations€failed€to€specify€what€civil€rights€had€beenÐ Ô$  Ðviolated.€€We€agree.€€Mr.€Holtððs€complaint€made€a€conclusory€statement€that€his€state€civil€rights€hadÐ À  Ðbeen€violated.€€Mr.€Holt€failed€to€specify€what€civil€rights€were€violated.€€We€find€that€the€complaintÐ ¬ü  Ðfailed€to€duly€apprise€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€of€the€claims€for€state€civil€rights€violations€broughtÐ ˜è  Ðagainst€them.€€€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€the€claim€for€state€civilÐ „Ô  Ðrights€violations.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àFourth,€the€trial€court€dismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€negligence.€€The€trial€court€found€thatÐ H˜ Ðthe€claim€for€negligence€had€been€subsumed€by€the€forfeiture€statute.€€We€agree.€€Mr.€Holt€claimedÐ 4„ Ðthat€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€Fuller€were€negligent€in€their€failure€to€provide€Mr.€Holt€with€a€notice€ofÐ  p Ðseizure€under€the€forfeiture€statute.€€In€other€words,€Mr.€Holt€claimed€that€Mr.€Young€and€Mr.€FullerÐ  \ Ðnegligently€failed€to€comply€with€the€forfeiture€statute.€€Mr.€Holtððs€claims€for€negligence€are€broughtÐ øH Ðunder€the€forfeiture€statute€rather€than€brought€under€a€common€law€claim€for€negligence.€€Thus,€theÐ ä4 Ðclaim€for€negligence€falls€squarely€within€the€forfeiture€statute€of€section€40„33„101,€et€seq.€Ð Ð  ÐAccordingly,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€negligence.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àFinally,€the€trial€court€dismissed€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€for€wrongful€seizure€under€section€40„33„Ð ”ä Ð215€of€the€Tennessee€Code.€€The€trial€court€found€that€section€40„33„215€was€inapplicable€to€theÐ €Ð Ðseizure€of€Mr.€Holtððs€car.€€We€agree.€€Section€40„33„215€provides€that€a€person€whose€property€hasÐ l¼ Ðbeen€seized€under€the€forfeiture€statute€has€a€cause€of€action€against€the€seizing€agency€if€the€seizingÐ X ¨ Ðofficer€acted€in€bad€faith.€€òòSeeóó€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€40„33„215€(1998).€€A€person€who€prevails€in€anÐ D!” Ðaction€for€bad€faith€against€a€seizing€agency€is€entitled€to€monetary€damages€limited€to€the€rentalÐ 0"€  Ðvalue€of€the€property€similar€to€that€which€was€seized€for€the€period€of€time€it€was€seized,€attorneyððsÐ #l! Ðfees,€and€court€costs.€€òòSee€id.óó€€The€Tennessee€Legislature€added€section€40„33„215€to€the€forfeitureÐ $X" Ðstatute€effective€October€1,€1998.€€Section€40„33„215€is€not€applicable€to€the€seizure€in€the€case€atÐ ô$D # Ðbar€because€the€seizure€which€occurred€on€March€18,€1996€predated€the€enactment€of€section€40„33„Ð à%0!$ Ð215.€€Section€40„33„215€may€not€form€the€basis€for€an€action€for€damages€connected€with€the€seizureÐ Ì&"% Ðof€Mr.€Holtððs€car.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision€dismissing€Mr.€Holtððs€claim€forÐ ¸'#& Ðwrongful€seizure€under€section€40„33„215.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àThe€only€remaining€relief€provided€a€claimant€under€the€forfeiture€statute€is€a€return€of€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðseized€property.€€òòSeeóó€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€40„33„108(5)€(1997).€€On€June€24,€2000,€the€FranklinÐ h+¸&* ÐCounty€Sheriffððs€Department€released€the€seized€car€and€personal€possessions€to€Mrs.€Holt.€€OnÐ ° ÐApril€4,€2001,€Mr.€Fuller€filed€a€motion€to€supplement€the€record€on€appeal€to€consider€as€a€post„Ð œì Ðjudgment€fact€the€return€of€the€car€and€personal€possessions.€€On€April€23,€2001,€this€Court€grantedÐ ˆØ ÐMr.€Fullerððs€motion€to€consider€the€post„judgment€fact.€€Because€Mr.€Holt€has€already€been€providedÐ tÄ Ðthe€only€remaining€relief€under€forfeiture€statute,€return€of€the€seized€property,€we€find€that€Mr.€HoltÐ `° Ðis€not€entitled€to€further€relief€under€the€forfeiture€statute€as€a€result€of€the€seizure.€€€Ð L œ ÐÌà@MM"ìàò òIII.€€Conclusionó óˆÐ $ t ÐÌà  àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€decision.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€taxedÐ ü L  Ðagainst€the€Appellant,€Gary€William€Holt,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.Ð è 8  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà  àÔ#†X XXX ` #ÔÔ#†¼Ie»XX 2 #ÔÔ€X X»¼IeÔÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à___________________________________€Ð 0"€  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGE