ÿWPC£ QY‘ Ö¦ãÍ…½®Ý¦ãÁUïr#§ä\1G×!å ùàƒD7¨QU¯ŸKEPsT$®™1³'e·òsÌߥ©/S,Øâæ5ùE4î€Óg‚lÕå]¬ÂwÀ+ãEi"Ò»ÇAŠÀ˜Ñ ‰½¿KrÊó^ÃãG·¤UPÿ…+]I•ê_·±UàUÁ>A¨1Ñç"»™Ï+ÚŠ¬+­Å©°†%EÈÚŽdf"v½máÿýPÂ6¤“]„ºôû-ÓNc;ªöQçx%þŽ @ía A1¥’ D²¿Ø·eìIÓÉo#$˜–¼ÿ}G­ªÃ^½]Ñâãc”³r±µ­uZÐ(']ïç*ë©3ocÒ g¬ÕÔá‹àQ·*hFèßõÿ¶wœ‹X,4üÏNÒz¸PzÕ·W-dìdoÈY‰àÝïŸ ¦Ì·Žob#É\ %% UN+ 0ˆy UN 0cO 1‡² z9 Ò³ ´… 1‡9 1uÀ 725ÆgÆ-Æóƹ 0DNÃ^ Å 0wÑEHwJ 1‡N4Õ 1‡ép mb˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜˜ 0ë     B‹‹ 0¤¨ D3L D- 0K¬¬ AS÷ÆJ 0¤ 0D´ A«ø˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular(`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(š½CEKQW]cioAutoList2A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A. ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ªÝ ƒR÷>$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¥¬ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà ` àSpecifically,€Plaintiffs€requested€the€following€instruction:Ð ° ÐÌÓ °Óà0  àà0` xxàIf€you€find€that€the€Plaintiff,€Gwendolyn€Jackson,€suffered€an€injury€as€a€proximateÐ 2‚ Ðresult€of€the€car€accident,€and€her€injury€was€aggravated€by€medical€treatment,€theÐ óC Ðnegligence€of€Ô_ÔZodieÔ_Ô€Hamilton€causing€the€original€injury€is€regarded€as€theÐ ´ Ðproximate€cause€of€the€damage€subsequently€flowing€from€the€medical€treatment.05HCEKQW]cioAutoList1I.A.I.I.I.I.I.I.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó•d/Ï (Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(ª½CEKQW]cioAutoList3A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.lk.ê:i¢×+00(º½CEKQW]cioAutoList4A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ- ù-(|G2÷>$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€‡ù»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô¥¬ò»»Ô d(|3ÿ $££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€‡ù»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ÿ $¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€‡ù»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€‡ù»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼‡ù»»»ÔÑ8€ÉgXXdé»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ò ò ìàÔ‡îe^‡ùÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼‡ù»îîe^ #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  ÓMAY€21,€2003€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡XÉgX»¼‡ùÔÌò òÔ#†¼‡ù»XXÉgï#ÔGWENDOLYN€JACKSON,€òòet€al.óó€v.€Ô_ÔZODIEÔ_Ô€HAMILTON,€òòet€alóó.Ô‡XÉgX»¼‡ùÔó óÐ ï? ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Shelby€CountyÐ é 9 Ðà@@øøìàNo.€44531€T.D.€€€€€€Rita€L.€Ô_ÔStottsÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ Ó # ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<` AßÐ ‘á  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2000„01992„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€November€4,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ŠÚ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<]` AßÐ ^®  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X>>XXXÉgÔThis€action€arises€out€of€an€automobile€accident,€and€Plaintiffsðð€claimed€damages€of€lost€wages,€lossÐ V¦  Ðof€consortium,€medical€expenses,€and€pain€and€suffering.€€The€case€was€tried€before€a€jury,€whoÐ ? Ðfound€in€favor€of€the€Plaintiffs€and€awarded€one€of€the€Plaintiffs€$600.€€Plaintiffs€appeal€the€verdict,Ð (x Ðand€this€Court€reverses€and€remands€the€case€for€a€new€trial.Ð a ÐÔ#†XÉgXXX>>#ÔÔ#†¼‡ù»XXÉg”#ÔÔ‡XÉgX»¼‡ùÔÌÓûÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Reversed€andÐ Ì ÐRemandedó óÐ ¶ ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼‡ù»àXÉg,#ÔÔ‡XÉgX.¼‡ùÔAlan€E.€Ô_ÔHighersÔ_Ô,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòW.€Frank€Crawford,€Ô_ÔP.J.Ô_Ô,€Ô_ÔW.SÔ_Ô,€óóÐ ‰Ù Ðand€òòHolly€M.€Kirby,€J.óó,€joined.Ð r ÐÌStanley€H.€Less,€Memphis,€TN,€for€AppellantsÐ D” ÐÌJohn€D.€Richardson,€Teresa€A.€Boyd,€Memphis,€TN,€for€AppelleesÐ f ÐÓëÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼‡ù»XXÉg#ÔÔ‡XÉgX»¼‡ùÔÐ è 8  ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼‡ù»XXÉg( #ÔÔ‡XÉgX»¼‡ùÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡X>>XXXÉgÔà@ûûìàFacts€and€Procedural€Historyó óˆÐ »" " ÐÌà  àOn€the€morning€of€March€4,€1991,€in€Shelby€County,€Tennessee,€Gwendolyn€JacksonÐ Ž$Þ$ Ð(ð ðJacksonðð)€stopped€at€a€stop€sign,€when€Ô_ÔZodieÔ_Ô€Hamilton€(ð ðHamiltonðð),€who€was€behind€Jackson,Ð w%Ç % Ðbecame€distracted€by€her€children€in€her€car€resulting€in€a€minor€impact€of€Hamiltonððs€car€withÐ `&°!& ÐJacksonððs€car.€€Officer€Ô_ÔGoforthÔ_Ô€of€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€Department€investigated€the€accidentÐ I'™"' Ðat€the€scene€and€testified€that€Jackson€told€him€she€was€not€hurt€even€though€she€was€wincing€inÐ 2(‚#( Ðpain.€€After€the€accident,€Jackson€did€not€go€to€work€and€obtained€a€name€of€a€chiropractor,€Dr.€RushÐ )k$) ÐRobinson€(ð ðRobinsonðð),€from€a€co„worker.Ð *T%* ÐÌà  àJackson€saw€Robinson€the€day€of€the€accident€in€the€early€afternoon€and,€initially,€she€hadÐ Ö+&', Ðno€complaints,€though€she€appeared€to€be€in€pain.€€Robinson€performed€no€spinal€adjustments€at€thatÐ ¿,(- Ðappointment,€but,€instead,€provided€Jackson€with€cold€packs,€a€neck€collar,€and€ordered€x„rays.€Ð ¨-ø(.ý ÐÔ_ÔAfter€Jackson€had€the€x„rays,€she€returned€home€and€began€to€experience€pain€in€her€shoulders€andÐ ° Ðback€with€a€tingling€feeling€in€her€fingers.€€On€March€5,€1991,€Robinson€again€saw€Jackson,€whoÐ ™é Ðcomplained€of€neck€pain€and€stiffness,€but€he€still€did€not€perform€a€spinal€adjustment.€€RobinsonÐ ‚Ò Ðsaw€Jackson€again€on€March€6,€1991,€and€it€was€at€this€appointment€that€Robinson€performed€aÐ k» Ðspinal€adjustment€on€Jacksonððs€neck.€€Though€Jackson€testified€that€she€experienced€an€immediateÐ T¤ Ðdecrease€in€pain€overall,€she€noticed€a€numbness€in€her€left€hand€a€couple€of€weeks€after€the€carÐ =  Ðaccident.€€Because€Robinson€was€concerned€about€Jacksonððs€left€arm€pain,€he€referred€her€to€aÐ & v Ðneurosurgeon,€Dr.€Thomas€Miller€(ð ðMillerðð),€on€March€22,€1991.€€€Miller,€after€seeing€Jackson€onÐ  _ ÐMarch€25,€1991,€ordered€an€MRI€and,€upon€review,€determined€that€she€had€a€soft€disc€rupture,Ð ø H Ðwhich€required€surgery.€€Jackson€underwent€cervical€laminectomy€with€diskectomy€with€aÐ á 1  Ðforaminotomy€by€Miller€on€May€10,€1991.€€Though€Jackson€remained€under€Millerððs€care€for€theÐ Ê   Ðnext€year,€she€continued€to€experience€pain€in€her€left€shoulder€and€arm.€€Because€her€condition€wasÐ ³  Ðnot€improving,€Jackson€decided€to€begin€seeing€Dr.€Moacir€Schnapp€(ð ðSchnappðð),€a€pain€doctor.€Ð œì  ÐJackson€experienced€an€adverse€reaction€to€one€of€the€medications,€Tegretol,€prescribed€by€SchnappÐ …Õ  Ðresulting€in€emergency€room€treatment€for€severe€headaches.€Ð n¾  ЀÌà  àPlaintiff€incurred€medical€expenses€for€her€treatment€in€excess€of€$18,000.€€In€addition,Ð @ ÐPlaintiff€was€absent€from€work€from€March€4,€1991,€through€March€25,€1991,€and€from€May€10,Ð )y Ð1991,€through€September€3,€1991.€€Plaintiffððs€monthly€rate€of€pay€at€that€time€was€$3,061.67.€Ð b ÐÌà  àGwendolyn€Jackson€and€Charles€Jackson€(collectively€the€ð ðPlaintiffsðð)€filed€their€complaintÐ ä4 Ðagainst€Zodie€Hamilton€and€James€Hamilton€(collectively€the€ð ðDefendantsðð)€in€the€Circuit€Court€forÐ Í ÐShelby€County,€Tennessee,€on€March€2,€1992,€alleging€damages€in€the€form€of€pain€and€suffering,Ð ¶ Ðloss€of€consortium,€lost€wages,€and€medical€expenses.€€Defendants€filed€their€answer€on€April€9,Ð Ÿï Ð1992,€admitting€that€the€car€accident€occurred€but€denying€their€negligence€or€that€their€negligenceÐ ˆØ Ðproximately€caused€the€damages€Plaintiff€suffered.€€Defendants€moved€to€amend€their€answer€to€addÐ qÁ Ðthe€affirmative€defense€of€Robinsonððs€comparative€fault€but€the€trial€court€denied€this€amendment.€Ð Zª ÐA€trial€on€this€cause€of€action€was€held€in€September€1995€where€the€trial€judge€directed€a€verdictÐ C“ Ðin€favor€of€Plaintiffs€and€sent€the€issue€of€damages€to€the€jury,€which€was€unable€to€agree€on€aÐ ,| Ðverdict,€causing€a€mistrial.€€In€the€second€trial€of€December€1996,€the€jury€entered€a€verdict€in€favorÐ e Ðof€the€Plaintiffs€awarding€Gwendolyn€Jackson€$8,877.14€and€Charles€Jackson€one€dollar.€€UponÐ þN ÐPlaintiffsðð€motion€for€a€new€trial,€the€December€1996€verdict€was€set€aside€by€the€trial€judge,€actingÐ ç 7 Ðas€the€thirteenth€juror,€and€a€new€trial€was€ordered.€€After€a€third€trial€in€June€2000,€the€jury€enteredÐ Ð!   Ða€verdict€for€Plaintiffs€awarding€Gwendolyn€Jackson€$600€and€Charles€Jackson€nothing.€€PlaintiffsÐ ¹" ! Ðfiled€a€motion€for€a€new€trial,€which€was€denied€by€the€Honorable€Rita€Stotts,€and€timely€appealedÐ ¢#ò" Ðto€this€Court€presenting€the€following€issues€for€our€review:Ð ‹$Û# ÐÌÓ€ (5H03 ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£õÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€failed€to€properly€discharge€its€duty€as€thirteenth€juror€byÐ ]&­!% Ðdeferring€to€the€jury€verdict€rather€than€independently€weighing€the€evidence;݃3£õ. ÝŒÐF'–"&` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£!ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€the€admission€of€hypothetical€questionsÐ /(#' Ðunsupported€by€the€evidence€and€which€mischaracterize€the€evidence€propounded€toÐ )h$( ÐDr.€Schnapp;݃3£!º!ÝŒÐ*Q%)` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£.#ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚIIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€to€charge€the€jury€on€the€law€of€medicalÐ ê*:&* Ðcomplications€from€treatment€of€injuries€inflicted€by€the€original€tortfeasors;݃3£.#g#ÝŒÐÓ+#'+` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£»$ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚIVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€denying€Plaintiffsðð€motion€for€directed€verdict;€and݃3£»$ô$݌а` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£é%ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚVÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€the€trial€court€erred€in€allowing€Defendants€to€argue€the€PlaintiffÐ ™é ÐGwendolyn€Jackson€suffered€from€thoracic€outlet€syndrome.݃3£é%"&݌ЂÒ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌDefendants/Appellees€also€raise€for€our€review:Ð T¤ ÐÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£'ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚVIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWhether€material€and€sufficient€evidence€exists€to€support€the€juryððs€verdict;€and݃3£'Ö'ÝŒÐ& v` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£È(ÝÔ25HÔÚ  ÚVIIÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝIf€this€Court€should€reverse€and€remand€the€case€for€a€new€trial,€Defendants€shouldÐ  _ Ðbe€allowed€to€amend€their€answer€to€allege€the€treatment€by€the€chiropractor€causedÐ ø H Ðthe€Plaintiff€Gwendolyn€Jacksonððs€ruptured€disc.݃3£È()ÝŒÐá 1 ` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌFor€the€following€reasons,€this€Court€reverses€and€remands€this€case€for€a€new€trial.Ð ³  ÐÌÓ  Óò òStandard€of€Reviewó óÐ …Õ  ÐÌÓ  Óà  àð ðFindings€of€fact€by€a€jury€in€civil€actions€shall€be€set€aside€only€if€there€is€no€materialÐ X¨  Ðevidence€to€support€the€verdict.ðð€€Tenn.€R.€App.€Proc.€13(d).€€In€addition,€our€review€is€generallyÐ A‘ Ðlimited€only€to€those€issues€presented€by€the€parties.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€Proc.€13(b).€€Finally,€a€judgmentÐ *z Ðshall€not€be€set€aside€by€this€Court€unless,€after€considering€the€whole€record,€error€involving€aÐ c Ðsubstantial€right€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment€or€would€result€in€prejudice€to€theÐ üL Ðjudicial€process.€€Tenn.€R.€App.€Proc.€36(b).Ð å5 ÐÌò òÓ  ÓHypothetical€Questionsó óÐ · ÐÌÓÿ-Óà  àPlaintiffs€argue€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€allowing€certain€portions€of€Dr.€SchnappððsÐ ŠÚ Ðdeposition€to€be€read€into€evidence.€€To€resolve€this€issue,€this€Court€need€not€search€the€entireÐ sà Ðrecord€to€determine€whether€every€possible€fact€was€listed€in€the€hypothetical€question€nor€shouldÐ \¬ Ðthis€Court€test€the€hypothetical€question€solely€against€the€evidence€presented€by€the€opposing€party.€Ð E• ÐòòPentecost€v.€Anchor€Wire€Corp.óó,€662€S.W.2d€327,€328„29€(Tenn.€1983).€€ð ðRather,€the€issue€shouldÐ .~ Ðbe€resolved€by€determining€whether€the€question€contained€enough€facts,€supported€by€the€evidence,Ð g Ðto€permit€an€expert€to€give€a€reasonable€opinion€which€is€not€based€on€mere€speculation€orÐ  P Ðconjecture€and€which€is€not€misleading€to€a€trier€of€fact.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€329.€€When€the€evidence€assumedÐ é 9 Ðin€a€hypothetical€is€conflicting,€as€it€is€in€this€case,€counsel€asking€the€question€is€permitted€toÐ Ò!"  Ðinclude€as€an€assumed€fact€his€version€of€the€evidence.€€òòTolliver€v.€Trippóó,€1990€Tenn.€LEXIS€336,Ð »" ! Ðat€*8€(Tenn.€1990).€€Ð ¤#ô" ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€first€asserts€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€admitted€the€following€portion€of€theÐ v%Æ $ ÐSchnapp€deposition:Ð _&¯!% ÐÌÓ€ (š½80 ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÓ XÓà  àÝ‚3£|4ÝÔ2š½ÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  ÝWell,€she€is€under€oath€with€us,€and€she€told€us€that€she€did€not€hurt€her€neckÐ 1(#' Ðin€this€accident.€€Is€that€significant€to€you?݃3£|4Ã4ÝŒÐ)j$(` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  Ýà0  àà0` Ð Ð àMr.€Less:€Iððm€going€to€object€to€that€question.€€Iððve€never€seen€that€in€any€ofÐ *S%) Ðthe€records,€and€Iððll€object€because€of€that€reason.Ðì*<&*` Ð ` Ð  ÐÓ€ (ª½88ÓØ! !ØÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà  àÝ‚3£s7ÝÔ2ª½ÔÚ  ÚQÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0 ` àÝ  Ý(By€Mr.€Richardson)€Is€that€significant€to€you?݃3£s7¬7ÝŒÐÕ+%'+` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;w8Ýà0  àÔ2ª½ÔÚ  ÚAÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝThat€is€significant€as€to€the€testimony€I€have€given€as€to€the€causation€of€herÐ ° Ðpain.€€If€she€had€neck€pain€prior€to€the€accident,€if€those€complaints€wereÐ ™é Ðalready€present€prior€to€that€then€Iððll€have€to€change€my€testimony.݃é;w8¤8݌ЂÒ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÓ X©4ÓThe€hypothetical€question€assumes€that€Plaintiff€Gwendolyn€Jackson€stated€she€did€not€hurt€her€neckÐ T¤ Ðin€the€accident€and€that€she€had€prior€complaints€of€neck€pain€which€is€supported€by€the€testimonyÐ =  Ðand€exhibits€in€the€record.€€Therefore,€this€portion€of€the€deposition€was€properly€admitted.Ð & v ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€next€argues€the€trial€court€erred€by€admitting€the€following€portion€of€the€sameÐ ø H Ðdeposition:Ð á 1  ÐÌÓ€ (º½88ÓØ! !ØÓ XÓà0  àà0` Ð Ð àQ.€€€€€€€€Assume€that€that€did€not€start€until€two€weeks€after€the€wreck.€Ð ³  ÐAssume€that€she€didnððt€hurt€at€the€accident€scene.€€Assume€that€she€told€theÐ œì  Ðpolice€she€wasnððt€hurting.€€Assume€that€she€wasnððt€hurting€when€she€left€theÐ …Õ  Ðscene.€€Assume€that€she€wasnððt€hurting€when€the€employee€referred€her€andÐ n¾  Ðtook€her€over€to€the€chiropractor.€€Assume€that€she€wasnððt€hurting€when€sheÐ W§  Ðwent€into€the€chiropractorððs€office.€€Assume€that€she€wasnððt€hurting€when€sheÐ @ Ðbegan€the€manipulations€in€her€neck€and€in€her€back€by€the€chiropractor.€Ð )y ÐAssume€that€her€neck€did€not€even€hurt€when€she€was€being€treated€by€theÐ b Ðchiropractor,€but€he€gave€her€manipulations€anyway€and€that€approximatelyÐ ûK Ðtwo€weeks€after€she€began€treatment€by€the€chiropractor€she€then€developedÐ ä4 Ðthe€numbness€in€her€left€arm.ÐÍ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` Ð Ð àà ¸ àNow,€making€those€assumptions€to€be€true,€doesnððt€that€argue€that€theÐ ¶ Ðwreck€didnððt€cause€the€problem?Пï` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` Ð Ð àA.€€€€€€€€€I€would€think€that€immediately€after€a€car€accident€some€patientsÐ ˆØ Ðdonððt€have€maximal€pain,€but€I€would€expect€the€pain€to€develop€within€theÐ qÁ Ðfirst€twenty„four€to€thirty„six€hours.€€Sometimes€they€because€of€the€stressÐ Zª Ðcannot€tell€the€pain.€€I€would€certainly€not€expect€this€to€develop€from€the€carÐ C“ Ðwreck€only€two€weeks€after€the€accident.Ð,|` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÓ X=ÓThe€hypothetical€question€in€this€passage€makes€a€number€of€assumptions,€and,€though€the€factsÐ þN Ðassumed€in€this€question€are€disputed€by€the€parties,€there€is€testimony€and€evidence€to€support€theÐ ç 7 Ðfacts€assumed€in€this€question.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court€properly€admitted€this€portion€of€Dr.Ð Ð!   ÐSchnappððs€deposition.Ð ¹" ! ÐÌà  àFinally,€Plaintiffs€object€to€another€portion€of€Dr.€Schnappððs€deposition.€€In€this€portion,€theÐ ‹$Û# Ðquestion€refers€to€assumptions€made€in€another€portion€of€the€same€deposition€which€was€excludedÐ t%Ä $ Ðby€the€trial€court.€€The€portion€excluded€reads€as€follows:Ð ]&­!% ÐÓ X/FÓà0  àà0` Ð Ð àQ.€€€€€€€€€€Let€me€add€some€more€things.€€Youððve€already€told€us€that€you€mayÐ F'–"& Ðhave€to€change€your€testimony.€€Iððm€going€to€add€some€more€things€and€seeÐ /(#' Ðif€it€might€even€persuade€you€more,€okay?Ð)h$(` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` Ð Ð àà ¸ àAssume€that€she€did€not€hit€anything€inside€the€car.€€Assume€that€itÐ *Q%) Ðwas€a€minor€impact€with€little€or€no€damage€to€the€cars.€€And€I€can€show€youÐ ê*:&* Ðphotographs€if€you€would€like€of€both€cars,€and€there€is€no€damage€to€either.€Ð Ó+#'+ ÐIt€was€a€bump.€€And€that€when€she€went€to€the€chiropractor€she€was€not€evenÐ ° Ðhurting,€that€a€friend€of€hers€suggested€that€she€go€to€the€chiropractorÐ ™é Ðregardless€of€whether€she€was€hurting€and€that€when€she€went€to€theÐ ‚Ò Ðchiropractor€she€was€not€having€any€pain€in€her€neck.€€She€was€not€hurtingÐ k» Ðin€her€neck.€€She€was€not€hurting€at€all.€€She€had€only€been€dazed€simplyÐ T¤ Ðbecause€she€had€been€involved€in€a€wreck€and€was€upset€and€that€afterÐ =  Ðtreatments€by€the€chiropractor€she€developed€pain€in€her€arm.€€She€developedÐ & v Ðpain€in€her€neck€and€that€her€paraesthesia€and€numbness€in€her€arm€beganÐ  _ Ðtwo€weeks€after€the€treatment€by€the€chiropractor,€that€is€manipulated€on€herÐ ø H Ðneck€even€though€she€wasnððt€having€neck€problems.€€He€manipulated€on€herÐ á 1  Ðback€and€other€areas€of€her€body€and€that€she€began€experiencing€all€of€thisÐ Ê   Ðnumbness,€symptoms€that€would€be€attributable€to€a€disc€after€she€began€theÐ ³  Ðmanipulations€by€the€chiropractor.Мì ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` Ð Ð àà ¸ àNow,€assuming€that€to€be€trueð!ðand€that€will€be€what€the€jury€has€toÐ …Õ  Ðdecide€in€this€caseð!ðassuming€that€to€be€true,€does€that€not€cast€great€doubtð!ðaÐ n¾  Ðshadow€over€the€causation€in€this€case?ÐW§ ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àà ` àA.€€€€€€€€€€Of€course,€it€does.Ð @ ÐÌÓ XðFÓÒe°ÒThe€trial€court,€despite€excluding€this€portion,€permitted€the€following€portion,€which€directly€followsÐ b Ðthe€passage€above,€to€be€admitted:Ð ûK ÐÌÓ XZ;Óà ½ àà  àQ.€€€€€€€€€€Were€you€aware€of€any€of€that€information€that€I€just€gave€you?Ð Í Ðà ½ àà  àA.€€€€€€€€€€No.Ð ¶ Ðà ½ àà  àQ.€€€€€€€€€€Itððs€not€anywhere€in€your€records?Ð Ÿï Ðà ½ àà  àA.€€€€€€€€€€Not€at€all.Ð ˆØ Ðà0 ½ àà0 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€€€€€€€€€Doctor,€assuming€those€things€to€be€true,€doesnððt€that€argue€that€moreÐ qÁ Ðlikely€than€not€her€problems€are€not€due€to€this€car€wreck?ÐZª Ð  Ð  Ðà0 ½ àà0 ½Ð ½Ð àA.€€€€€€€€€€If€she€did€not€have€pain€at€all€after€the€car€wreck,€if€she€did€notÐ C“ Ðdevelop€that€pain€for€several€weeks€after€the€car€wreck€it€is€possible€that€thisÐ ,| Ðwas€not€caused€by€the€car€wreck.Ðe Ð  Ð  Ðà0 ½ àà0 ½Ð ½Ð àQ.€€€€€€€€€€Letððs€be€more€specific€so€that€we€make€sure€that€weððre€square€on€theÐ þN Ðfacts.€€The€numbness€that€she€developed€and€you€saw€on€the€recordsÐ ç 7 Ðthereð!ðdidnððt€you€see€some€complaints€of€numbness?ÐÐ!   Ð  Ð  Ðà ½ àà  àA.€€€€€€€€€€Yes.Ð ¹" ! ÐÓ XPÓÌAgain,€just€as€there€was€evidence€to€support€the€assumptions€of€the€previous€two€hypotheticalÐ ‹$Û# Ðquestions,€this€Court€has€also€found€evidence€in€the€form€of€testimony€and€exhibits€to€support€theÐ t%Ä $ Ðassumptions€of€the€hypothetical€which€was€excluded€by€the€trial€court.€€The€hypothetical€whichÐ ]&­!% Ðrecalls€those€same€assumptions€was€properly€admitted€by€the€trial€court.€€Therefore,€the€trial€court,Ð F'–"& Ðas€an€evidentiary€matter,€did€not€err€when€it€admitted€these€portions€of€Dr.€Schnappððs€deposition€intoÐ /(#' Ðevidence.Ð )h$( ÐÌÓ  Óò òThe€Jury€Charge€of€the€Trial€Courtó óÐ ê*:&* ÐÐ Ô+$'+ ÐÓîWÓà ½ àPlaintiffs€argue€that€the€trial€court€judge€erred€in€refusing€to€include€within€the€jury€instructionÐ ° Ða€statement€of€the€common€law€rule€that€ð ð[if]€one€is€injured€by€the€negligence€of€another,€and€theseÐ ™é Ðinjuries€are€aggravated€by€medical€treatment€(either€prudent€or€negligent),€the€negligence€of€theÐ ‚Ò Ðwrongdoer€causing€the€original€injury€is€regarded€as€the€proximate€cause€of€the€damage€subsequentlyÐ k» Ðflowing€from€the€medical€treatment.ðð׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€òòAtkinsonóó,€1994€Tenn.€App.€LEXIS€480,€at€*4€(quotingÐ T¤ ÐòòTransports,€Inc.€v.€Perryóó,€414€S.W.2d€1€(Tenn.€1967)).€€ð ðThe€rationale€for€this€rule€is€that€theÐ =  Ðtortfeasor€whose€negligence€caused€the€injured€party€to€require€medical€attention€should€bear€all€theÐ & v Ðforeseeable€risks€resulting€from€the€injury,€including€risks€derived€from€the€medical€providerððs€humanÐ  _ Ðfallibility.ðð€€òòIdóó.€at€*5.€€Defendants€argue€that,€given€the€holding€of€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€inÐ ø H ÐòòMcIntyre€v.€Balentineóó,€833€S.W.2d€52€(Tenn.€1992),€the€common€law€rule€holding€the€originalÐ á 1  Ðtortfeasor€liable€for€the€subsequent€negligence€of€the€treating€physician€is€no€longer€the€rule€inÐ Ê   ÐTennessee.€€However,€the€common€law€rule,€since€the€òòMcIntyreóó€decision,€has€been€upheld€in€theÐ ³  ÐMiddle€and€Eastern€Sections€of€this€Court.€€òòAtkinson€v.€Hemphillóó,€1994€Tenn.€App.€LEXIS€480Ð œì  Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1994);€òòTroy€v.€Herndonóó,€1998€Tenn.€App.€LEXIS€793€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998).€€WeÐ …Õ  Ðare€in€accord€with€the€other€Sections€and€find€the€reasoning€of€the€òòAtkinsonóó€court€persuasive:Ð n¾  ÐÌÓ XÓà0 ½ àà  àThe€problem€for€this€court€is€to€harmonize€this€useful€common€law€rule€withÐ @ Ðthe€Supreme€Courtððs€directive,€relied€upon€by€the€defendant€in€his€Motion€to€AmendÐ )y Ðhis€Answer:Ðb½Ð ½Ð  ÐÓ XÚ_ÓÌÓ °Óà0 ½ àà0 ½x½xàð ð.€.€.€fairness€and€efficiency€require€that€defendants€called€upon€toÐ ä4 Ðanswer€allegations€in€negligence€be€permitted€to€allege,€as€anÐ Í Ðaffirmative€defense,€that€a€nonparty€caused€or€contributed€to€the€injuryÐ ¶ Ðor€damage€for€which€recovery€is€sought.€€In€cases€where€such€aÐ Ÿï Ðdefense€is€raised,€the€trial€court€shall€instruct€the€jury€to€assign€theÐ ˆØ Ðnonparty€the€percentage€of€the€total€negligence€for€which€he€isÐ qÁ Ðresponsible.ðð€€òòMcIntyre€v.€Balentineóó,€833€S.W.2d€52€at€58.ÐZª x x ÐÓ °aÓÌÓ XÓà0 ½ àà  àThe€Supreme€Court€established€this€procedure€to€encourage€the€resolution€ofÐ ,| Ðall€claims€in€a€single€proceeding,€where€liability€may€be€apportioned€in€accordanceÐ e Ðwith€fault.€€However,€to€allow€a€tortfeasor€to€reduce€his€damages€by€alleging€theÐ þN Ðsubsequent€negligence€of€a€medical€provider€would€for€all€practical€purposes€abolishÐ ç 7 Ðthe€common€law€rule€discussed€above.€€We€do€not€believe€that€the€Supreme€CourtÐ Ð!   Ðintended€this€result.й" !½Ð ½Ð  ÐÌà0 ½ àà  àThe€Court€acted€in€òòMcIntyre€v.€Balentineóó€to€eliminate€the€harsh€rule€that€aÐ ‹$Û# Ðplaintiffððs€contributory€negligence€completely€bars€his€recovery,€and€to€establish€aÐ t%Ä $ Ðsystem€of€comparative€fault€that€more€equitably€allocates€liability€between€negligentÐ ° Ðactors.€€The€effect€of€eliminating€the€rule€now€at€issue€would€be€to€penalize€injuredÐ ™é Ðparties€in€several€inequitable€ways.ЂҽР½Ð  ÐÌà0 ½ àà  àAbolition€of€the€common€law€rule€would€effectively€shift€the€burden€ofÐ T¤ Ðproving€medical€negligence€(or€its€absence)€from€the€defendant€to€the€plaintiff.€€ToÐ =  Ðprotect€themselves,€plaintiffs€in€future€cases€would€feel€compelled€to€timely€nameÐ & v Ðmedical€providers€as€defendants€in€any€suit€where€the€negligence€of€the€originalÐ  _ Ðtortfeasor€led€to€the€necessity€for€medical€care,€whether€or€not€medical€negligence€wasÐ ø H Ðactually€suspected.€€In€cases€like€the€present€one,€where€this€was€not€done,€and€the€oneÐ á 1  Ðyear€statute€of€limitations€for€filing€medical€malpractice€claims€passed,€allowing€theÐ Ê   Ðdefendant€to€allege€medical€negligence€as€an€affirmative€defense€would€unfairlyÐ ³  Ðprejudice€the€plaintiffððs€right€to€a€full€recovery€for€her€injuries.Ðœì ½Ð ½Ð  ÐÓ X»cÓÌòòAtkinsonóó,€1994€Tenn.€App.€LEXIS€480,€at€*6„7.€€Because€we€uphold€the€common€law€rule€of€theÐ n¾  Ðoriginal€tortfeasorððs€liability€for€subsequent€medical€complications,€we€find€that€the€trial€courtÐ W§  Ðcommitted€prejudicial€error€when€it€refused€to€instruct€the€jury€on€this€rule€of€law.€€In€light€of€theÐ @ Ðdisposition€of€this€issue,€the€only€other€issue€this€Court€needs€to€address€is€issue€seven€above.Ð )y ÐÌò òÓ  ÓAmending€Defendantððs€Answeró óÐ ûK ÐÌÓÀmÓà ½ àDefendants€assert€that,€if€this€Court€should€remand€this€appeal€for€a€new€trial,€DefendantsÐ Î Ðshould€be€permitted€to€amend€their€answer€to€include€the€affirmative€defense€of€the€comparative€faultÐ · Ðof€Dr.€Robinson,€the€Plaintiffððs€chiropractor.€€We€find,€as€the€òòAtkinsonóó€and€òòTroyóó€courts€did,€that€suchÐ  ð Ðan€amendment€would€be€inconsistent€with€the€common€law€rule€of€holding€the€original€tortfeasorÐ ‰Ù Ðliable€for€subsequent€medical€treatment.€€Though,€at€first€glance,€this€may€seem€a€harsh€result€for€aÐ r Ðdefendant,€as€the€Court€in€òòAtkinsonóó€noted,€such€defendant€could€have€the€alternatives€of€impleadingÐ [« Ða€third€party€to€the€original€suit€or€suing€the€medical€provider€under€a€theory€of€subrogation.€€òòIdóó.€atÐ D” Ð*5.€€Therefore,€we€deny€Defendants€relief€to€amend€their€answer.Ð -} ÐÌò òÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌÌÌConclusionó óÐ {%Ë $ ÐÌÓÚqÓà ½ àFor€the€foregoing€reasons,€we€reverse€the€decision€below€and€remand€this€case€for€a€new€trial.€Ð N'ž"& ÐCosts€are€judged€against€Appellees,€Zodie€Hamilton€and€James€Hamilton,€for€which€execution€mayÐ 7(‡#' Ðissue,€if€necessary.Ô#†XÉgXXX>>´ #ÔÔ#†¼‡ù»XXÉg† #ÔÔ€XÉgX»¼‡ùÔÐ  )p$( ÐÌÌÐ Û++'+ Ðà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í à___________________________________€Ð ° Ðà ½ àà  àà m àà Å àà  àà u àà Í àALAN€E.€HIGHERS,€JUDGE