ÿWPC  \=ñ¦ÀógDø¤fy>|ôQ–¹CÞÐá‹É‡•$ˆpndSøš%óÑUwÎ:ô3Rð%8¦ùz›ó…»`zz÷WÛéÔLðÕe?Kkö Ã5)9î¹o#U§Ò¸;fE"o´ÞzÚœwW ìrQ 3’òÄCøúîÀ%QInyr7®„G2¢Ä÷œÀ•OØp{1¶ÁÍù`©ªSlA«àë˜X× fbꔿj“t«ûS̵¸ ºªu¡\Qc%¢SæO”(3ê‚Å4pDcTÖ{^·‰šgýaå&-½áX009‘Mù‚/Xß)·¥Â\¾Ž¦ÈÕoê$B´¦ÌaÐÿñ¥o¼OÀEç®8ÿáæ­i‘WÉúEÏÙ¿V¡^ìÀ¶Æ¼Û©'(÷ÿK:ˆr•Ì{ƒó#(­€TRK§B#I\¤™sGчò' ˦h|Lq­V*0¾ˆ·àíœ8S¼ÜxíÄì"6j`ê\Ë’)õ™K+(M¿åƒH S±ˆLk3ÒÇ+çBô Åy˜ô"Óõ¢kÆ2ëæÕËø07ZM„»FÌ‚]O=1›óÎüs®}ûR¡ ¤RDáh\/DžŒ»-XX9§n¸ÇJ¹ë2Ë¡d4~7W#ÁÂUNƒ %Ñ 0F×UN ^ k ww 4{  ž m  · b¿ :Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç Ç E                                                                B ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0(ÆúI Z‹6Times New Roman Regular»(iñ$¡¡Ó  ÓÔUSUS.,Ô(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular)—+s Xq+pn„Z¡3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ - ù- 0Ñ#€CXÿÿd#ÑÑ € Ñ dÝ ƒiñ!ÝÓ  ÓÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ‡»Ýd»»»ÔÔ‡îK î»»ÝdÔÓ  ÓÑ  ÑÑ€nÑIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÐ ° ÐÓ‡Óà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†»Ýd»îîK h#ÔÔ‡¼Ýd»»»ÝdԈРÖ& ÐÓ  Ó€January€30,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ#†»Ýd»»¼Ýd;#ÔÔ‡X±X»»ÝdÔÌò òÔ#†»Ýd»XX±Í#ÔÔ‡îK î»»ÝdÔKEVIN€JULIAN€JOHNSONòòóó€v.€DONNA€COLE€JOHNSONÔ#†»Ýd»îîK #ÔÔ‡X±X»»ÝdÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Williamson€CountyÐ  Z Ðà@@øøìàNo.€II„26076€€€€€€Russ€Heldman,€ChancellorÐ ö F ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<Í ` AßÐ Î   ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2000„00358„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€August€28,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ É  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE< ` AßÐ ¡ñ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThis€appeal€involves€the€dissolution€of€a€ten€year€marriage.€€The€trial€court€awarded€the€husband€aÐ œì  Ðdivorce€after€concluding€that€the€wife€was€guilty€of€inappropriate€marital€conduct.€€The€trial€courtÐ ˆØ  Ðgranted€custody€of€the€partiesðð€three€minor€children€to€the€father€and€refused€the€mother€visitationÐ tÄ Ðrights,€and€held€her€in€criminal€contempt€of€court.€€The€wife€now€appeals.€€We€have€determined€thatÐ `° Ðthe€trial€court€properly€awarded€custody€to€the€father€but€the€trial€court€erred€in€refusing€the€motherÐ Lœ Ðvisitation,€and€in€convicting€her€of€criminal€contempt.€€Accordingly,€we€affirm€in€part€and€reverseÐ 8ˆ Ðin€part.Ð $t ÐÓÊÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€Ð üL ÐAffirmed€in€Part€and€Reversed€in€Partó óÐ è8 ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†»Ýd»àX±…#ÔÔ‡X±X.»ÝdÔWilliam€B.€Cain,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòóóBòòENóó€H.€CòòANTRELLóó,€P.J.,€M.S.€andÐ À ÐòòóóWòòILLIAMóó€C.€KòòOCHóó,€JòòRóó.,€joined.Ð ¬ü ÐÌJohn€M.€Cannon,€Ô_ÔGoodlettsvilleÔ_Ô,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Donna€Cole€Johnson.Ð „Ô ÐÌWilliam€Donnell€Young,€Jr.€and€Thomas€F.€Bloom,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€KevinÐ \ ¬ ÐJulian€Johnson.Ð H!˜  ÐÌÓ|Óò òOPINIONó óÔ#†»Ýd»XX±«#ÔÔ‡X±X»»ÝdÔÐ  #p" ÐÌòòóóÔ#†»Ýd»XX±þ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡X±X»»ÝdÔà  àThe€parties€met€in€1984€while€both€were€employed€at€N.E.S.€€Donna€Cole€became€pregnantÐ ø$H $ Ðin€1987€with€the€partiesðð€first€child.€€The€parties€began€living€together€in€July€1988.€€They€eventuallyÐ ä%4!% Ðmarried€in€April€1989€and€two€months€later,€twins€were€born€to€the€marriage.Ð Ð& "& ÐÌà  àThe€marriage€was€very€turbulent€and€the€record€is€replete€with€instances€of€verbal€abuse€andÐ ¨(ø#( Ðepisodes€of€violence.€€Ð ”)ä$) ÐÌà  àOn€March€5,€1999,€Mr.€Johnson€filed€a€complaint€for€divorce€in€the€Chancery€Court€forÐ l+¼&+ ÐWilliamson€County€on€the€grounds€of€irreconcilable€differences€and€inappropriate€marital€conduct.€Ð X,¨', ÐHe€sought€custody€of€the€partiesðð€children.€€He€filed€for€an€order€of€protection€alleging€that€Mrs.Ð D-”(- ÐÑnÑâ âÑ8€±XXdìdÈ8ÑÑ€ Ñâ âÑ  ÑJohnson€had€violent€and€destructive€rages€in€front€of€the€children€including€cutting€his€tires,€breakingÐ ° Ða€side€mirror€on€his€truck,€and€shouting€obscenities€at€him.€€An€òòex€parteóó€order€of€protection€wasÐ œì Ðissued.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àOn€March€9,€1999,€a€show€cause€order€was€entered€compelling€Mrs.€Johnson€to€appear€toÐ `° Ðshow€cause€why€Mr.€Johnson€should€not€be€awarded€custody€of€the€partiesðð€three€minor€children.€Ð L œ ÐOn€that€same€date,€the€court€entered€a€temporary€restraining€order€removing€Mrs.€Johnson€from€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpartiesðð€residence€and€placing€custody€of€the€children€with€Mr.€Johnson€pending€a€hearing.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àOn€April€28,€1999,€the€parties€entered€an€agreed€order€allowing€Mrs.€Johnson€to€return€to€theÐ ü L  Ðmarital€residence,€and€providing€that€Mrs.€Johnson€would€terminate€all€contact€with€her€paramour,Ð è 8  ÐMr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô,€pending€the€final€hearing€of€the€case.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àOn€June€3,€1999,€Mrs.€Johnson€filed€a€counter„complaint€for€divorce€on€the€grounds€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðirreconcilable€differences€and€inappropriate€marital€conduct.€€She€also€sought€custody€of€theÐ ˜è  Ðchildren.€€She€filed€for€an€order€of€protection€on€June€9,€1999,€alleging€that€Mr.€Johnson€had€stoppedÐ „Ô  Ðthe€school€bus€she€drove,€knocked€the€sunglasses€off€of€her€face,€cursed€her,€and€committed€otherÐ pÀ Ðviolent€acts.€€An€òòex€parteóó€order€of€protection€was€issued.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àOn€June€22,€1999,€an€order€was€entered€providing€alternating€weeks€of€custody€in€the€maritalÐ 4„ Ðhome€and€that€Mrs.€Johnson€was€restrained€from€any€contact€with€Mr.€Harbison.Ð  p ÐÌà  àOn€August€26,€1999,€Mr.€Johnson€filed€a€petition€for€contempt€alleging€Mrs.€JohnsonÐ øH Ðcontinued€contact€with€Mr.€Harbison€in€violation€of€the€partiesðð€agreed€order€and€the€courtððsÐ ä4 Ðrestraining€order,€and€that€Mrs.€Johnson€had€the€minor€children€at€Mr.€Harbisonððs€home.€€On€OctoberÐ Ð  Ð7,€1999,€Mrs.€Johnson€responded€to€the€contempt€motion€admitting€she€spent€time€with€Mr.Ð ¼  ÐÔ_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€entered€an€order€on€December€17,€1999,€stating€as€follows:Ð €Ð ÐÌà8  àà ` à[T]he€Court€having€heard€sufficient€proof€to€cause€the€Court€concern€for€theÐ X ¨ Ðphysical€and€moral€welfare€and€safety€of€the€minor€children€of€the€parties€based€uponÐ D!” Ðthe€admissions€of€the€Defendant,€Donna€Cole€Johnson,€concerning€her€attitudeÐ 0"€  Ðtoward€this€Courtððs€Orders€and€her€attorneyððs€advice€and€directions,€and€the€CourtÐ #l! Ðbeing€of€the€opinion€it€now€is€compelled€to€issue€a€òòPendenteóó€òòLiteóó€Order€pending€theÐ $X" Ðfinal€judgment€of€this€cause€.€.€.€.€Ðô$D #Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Final€Judgment€and€Decree€of€Divorce€was€entered€on€January€20,€2000,€finding€in€part:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àAs€to€the€matter€of€the€divorce,€the€Court€finds€Defendant€has€willfully€lied€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcommitted€perjury€in€her€testimony€and€on€the€case€of€òòInman€v.€Inmanóó,€WL€122984Ð )à$( Ð(Tenn.€App.€10/18/92),€the€Court€will€not€grant€Defendant€any€affirmative€relief€inÐ |*Ì%) Ðthis€matter€and€her€Counter„Complaint€for€Divorce€is€dismissed;€that€Plaintiff€isÐ h+¸&* Ðentitled€to€an€absolute€divorce€from€the€Defendant€on€the€grounds€of€inappropriateÐ ° Ðmarital€conduct;€.€.€.€[T]hat€considering€the€cases€of€òòGaskill€v.€Gaskillóó,€936€S.W.2dÐ œì Ð626,€634€(Tenn.App.€1996)€and€òòSuttles€vs.€Suttlesóó,€748€S.W.2d€427€(Tenn.€1988)€inÐ ˆØ Ðmaking€its€decision€regarding€custody€and€visitation€as€well€as€the€statutory€factors,Ð tÄ Ðdemeanor€and€credibility€of€the€parties,€of€the€witnesses,€the€Court€awards€sole€andÐ `° Ðexclusive€custody€of€the€three€(3)€minor€children€of€the€parties€to€Plaintiff;€thatÐ L œ ÐPlaintiff€is€enjoined€and€restrained€from€delegating€any€corporal€punishment€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðminor€children€for€disciplinary€reasons€or€other€reasons€to€any€third€party;€.€.€.€that€asÐ $ t Ðshown€in€òòGaskill€v.€Gaskillóó,€supra,€a€parent€who€is€fundamentally€dishonest,€profaneÐ  ` Ðin€his€or€her€speech€to€children,€does€not€obey€the€Courtððs€Order€or€the€authority€ofÐ ü L  Ðthe€Court€is€not€a€good€example€to€children;€that€if€the€adultery€exposes€the€childrenÐ è 8  Ðto€some€physical,€emotional€or€moral€harm,€then€the€adultery€takes€on€greaterÐ Ô$  Ðsignificance€in€the€analyzing€of€factors;€that€it€appears€to€the€Court€that€DefendantÐ À  Ðwould€like€for€Plaintiff€to€be€dead,€that€Defendant€has€no€respect€or€certain€moralÐ ¬ü  Ðnorms€concerning€telling€the€truth€in€court,€concerning€following€court€orders,Ð ˜è  Ðconcerning€the€adultery€issue,€concerning€the€speaking€of€proper€language€in€theÐ „Ô  Ðpresence€of€children,€the€Court€finds€if€it€permits€Defendant€the€right€of€visitation€itÐ pÀ Ðwill€indeed€jeopardize€these€children€in€both€a€physical€and€moral€sense;€that€uponÐ \¬ ÐòòSuttle€v.€Suttlesóó,€supra,€the€Court€shall€not€grant€Defendant€any€visitation€with€theÐ H˜ Ðminor€children€of€the€parties€because€to€set€visitation€requires€visitation€be€set€byÐ 4„ ÐCourt€Order€and€Defendant€has€shown€she€cannot€follow€the€Courtððs€Orders€and€theÐ  p ÐCourt€has€no€confidence€whatsoever€these€children€would€be€anything€but€morallyÐ  \ Ðand€physically€jeopardized€by€being€under€Defendantððs€care;€that€the€only€contact€theÐ øH ÐDefendant€shall€have€is€two€(2)€hours€telephone€privileges€with€the€minor€children,Ð ä4 Ðthat€being€one€(1)€hour€on€Sunday€evening€and€one€(1)€hour€on€Wednesday€evening,Ð Ð  Ðwith€Defendant€being€enjoined€and€restrained€from€making€any€derogatory€remarksÐ ¼  Ðabout€Plaintiff/Father€or€using€any€profanity€during€these€conversations€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðchildren€.€.€.€.€Ð”äÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð l¼ ÐÌà8  àà ` àIt€is€further€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€AND€DECREED€Plaintiff€is€herebyÐ D!” Ðawarded€sole€and€exclusive€custody€of€the€three€(3)€minor€children,€Hank€Johnson,Ð 0"€  ÐJesse€Johnson€and€Kayce€Johnson.€€Plaintiff€is€enjoined€and€restrained€fromÐ #l! Ðdelegating€any€corporal€punishment€on€the€minor€children€for€disciplinary€reasonsÐ $X" Ðor€other€reasons€to€any€third€party.€€Further,€Plaintiff€is€enjoined€and€restrained€fromÐ ô$D # Ðusing€any€corporal€punishment€on€the€minor€children€except€as€means€of€last€resortÐ à%0!$ Ðor€extreme€circumstances;ÐÌ&"%Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àIt€is€further€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€AND€DECREED€Defendant€shall€haveÐ ¤(ô#' Ðno€visitation€or€contact€with€the€minor€children€of€the€parties€except€as€hereinafterÐ )à$( Ðordered.€€Defendant€is€awarded€telephone€privileges€with€one€(1)€or€all€three€(3)€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€partiesðð€minor€children€for€one€(1)€hour€from€7:00€p.m.€until€8:00€p.m.€on€SundayÐ h+¸&* Ðevening€and€one€(1)€hour€from€7:00€p.m.€until€8:00€p.m.€on€Wednesday€evening.€Ð ° ÐPlaintiff€shall€put€all€three€(3)€minor€children€in€a€room€with€the€telephone€to€talkÐ œì Ðwith€their€Mother€for€this€one€(1)€hour€on€each€Sunday€and€Wednesday.€€DefendantÐ ˆØ Ðis€hereby€enjoined€and€restrained€from€making€any€derogatory€remarks€aboutÐ tÄ ÐPlaintiff/Father€or€using€any€profanity€during€these€conversations€with€the€minorÐ `° Ðchildren.ÐL œÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà  àThe€appellant€has€presented€this€Court€with€six€issues€on€appeal:€€whether€the€trial€court€erredÐ $ t Ðin€(1)€admitting€into€evidence€illegally€obtained€audio€tapes,€(2)€excluding€witnesses€and€offers€ofÐ  ` Ðproof€from€the€appellant,€(3)€awarding€custody€to€the€father;€(4)€terminating€appellantððs€visitationÐ ü L  Ðrights,€(5)€finding€appellant€in€criminal€contempt,€and€(6)€entering€an€order€for€forged€checks€withoutÐ è 8  Ðan€amount€or€proof€of€use€of€the€funds.€€We€address€the€issues€in€the€order€presented€by€Appellant.Ð Ô$  ÐÔ#†»Ýd»XX±h #ÔÔ‡X±X»»ÝdÔÌAUDIO€TAPESÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àÔ#†»Ýd»XX±ˆ2#ÔÔ#†»Ýd»»»ÝdI#ÔÔ€X±X»»ÝdÔAppellant€first€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€admitting€into€evidence€illegally€obtainedÐ „Ô  Ðaudio€tapes.€€Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€the€1994€amendments,€the€federal€Omnibus€Crime€Control€and€Safe€Streets€Act,Ð H˜ Ðforbidding€nonconsentual€interception€of€wire€and€electronic€communications,€did€not€apply€to€theÐ 4„ Ðinterception€of€conversations€transmitted€by€way€of€radio€waves€from€a€cordless€telephone.€Ð  p ÐòòMcKamey€v.€Roachóó,€55€F.3d€1236,€1995€FED€App.€0180P€(6th€Cir.€1995).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àPrior€to€Chapter€970€of€the€Public€Acts€of€1994,€sections€1€and€4,€now€codified€as€TennesseeÐ ä4 ÐCode€Annotated€section€39„13„604,€no€Tennessee€law€prohibited€recording€and€dissemination€ofÐ Ð  Ðcordless€telephone€transmissions.€€Under€this€Act,€ð ð€ðð[Ô_Ôc]ordlessÔ_Ô€telephoneðð€means€a€two„way,€lowÐ ¼  Ðpower€communication€system€consisting€of€two€(2)€parts,€a€ððbaseðð€unit€which€connects€to€the€publicÐ ¨ø Ðswitched€telephone€network€and€a€handset€or€ððremoteðð€unit,€that€are€connected€by€a€radio€link€andÐ ”ä Ðauthorized€by€the€federal€communications€system€to€operate€in€the€frequency€bandwidths€reservedÐ €Ð Ðfor€cordless€telephones.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„604(a)(3).€€This€statute€further€provides€thatÐ l¼ Ðð ð[Ô_Ôn]oÔ_Ô€recording€of€a€protected€communication,€or€any€information€contained€therein,€may€be€usedÐ X ¨ Ðin€evidence€unless€such€recording€was€obtained€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€this€section;Ð D!” Ðprovided,€that€nothing€in€this€section€shall€be€construed€to€preclude€the€introduction€of€evidenceÐ 0"€  Ðderived€independently€from€sources€other€than€the€record.ðð€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„13„604(f)(7).Ð #l! ÐÌà  àKevin€Johnsonððs€sister€and€brother„in„law,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔDotsonÔ_Ô,€lived€across€the€street€fromÐ ô$D # ÐMrs.€Johnson.€€They€used€a€police„type€scanner€to€intercept€the€telephone€conversations€betweenÐ à%0!$ ÐMrs.€Johnson€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€and€other€friends€of€Mrs.€Johnson.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€is€clear€that€Mrs.€Johnson€was€using€a€ð ðremoteðð€unit€and€that€the€scanner€usedÐ ¤(ô#' Ðby€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Dotson€to€intercept,€record€and€disseminate€her€telephone€conversations€violatesÐ )à$( ÐTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€39„13„604.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àThe€tapes€were€admitted€into€evidence€during€cross„examination€of€Mrs.€Johnson€forÐ ° Ðpurposes€of€impeachment.Ð œì ÐÌà  àWhen€confronted€on€cross„examination€about€her€intemperate€and€profane€language,€muchÐ tÄ Ðof€which€was€in€the€presence€of€the€children,€Mrs.€Johnson€testified:Ð `° ÐÌà8  àQ.à ` àNow,€you€said€that€you€used€to€use€bad€language.€€When€did€you€stop€usingÐ 8 ˆ Ðbad€language?Ð$ tÐ Ð  Ðà8  àA.à ` àSince€I€got€away€from€Kevin,€Iððm€in€a€better€mood€and€Iððm€happier€now€andÐ  ` Ðeverything€seems€to€be€„€„Ðü L Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àWhat€is€the€date€of€that€please€maððam?Ðè 8 ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA.à ` àI€donððt€know.€€I€would€say€March€and€April€were€rough€months,€and€myÐ Ô$  Ðlanguage€has€drastically€changed€since€then.ÐÀ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àSo€you€havenððt€used€any€real€bad€language€since€April€of€ðð99?Ьü ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àI€may€have€said€a€few.€€I€donððt€do€it€as€much€as€I€used€to,€is€what€I€said.Иè ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àDo€you€still€use€bad€language?Ð„Ô ` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à ` àOn€occasion,€but€we€have€started€the€thing€with€me€and€the€kids€and€Carl€allÐ pÀ Ðof€us€that€whoever€says€a€bad€word€has€to€put€a€quarter€in€the€jar.Ð\¬Ð Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àHave€you€ever€said€that€you€didnððt€give€an€F€about€the€Courtððs€order?ÐH˜` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àNo.Ð4„` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àYou€never€said€that?Ð p` (#` (# Ðà  àA.à0 ` àNo,€sir.Ð \` (#` (# Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€When€he€says€F,€I€assume€youððre€meaning€there€is€aÐ øH Ðbad€word€that€comes€after€it?Ðä4Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àMR.€YOUNG:€Yes,€sir.Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€With€that€clarification€have€you€ever?м Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àWITNESS:€Not€that€I€recall,€no.ШøÐ Ð  Ðà  àBY€MR.€YOUNG:Ð ”ä Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àYour€husband€works€for€Nashville€Electric€Service?ЀÐ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àYes,€sir.Ðl¼` (#` (# Ðà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð X ¨ Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àHave€you€ever€told€anybody€that€you€wanted€the€SOB€to€die?ÐD!”` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àNo.Ð0"€ ` (#` (# Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àNever€done€that?Ð#l!` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àNo,€sir.Ð$X"` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àTo€die€a€horrible€death?Ðô$D #` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à ` àI€have€said€that€because€Kevin€„€„€I€said€he€would€die.€€My€father€died€inÐ à%0!$ ÐJanuary€and€I€was€going€to€take€care€of€my€father,€we€took€shifts,€making€them€up€toÐ Ì&"% Ðhelp€my€step„mother€to€take€care€of€him€because€she€was€all€on€her€own,€and€he€toldÐ ¸'#& Ðme€have€you€forgotten€you€have€responsibilities€at€home,€and€I€had€the€houseÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcleaned,€the€kids€had€done€their€homework,€and€I€had€cooked€that€night,€and€wasÐ )à$( Ðgone€to€take€care€of€my€father€and€Kevin€called€and€told€me€I€had€forgotten€I€haveÐ |*Ì%) Ðresponsibilities€at€home,€for.€€I€told€him€that€for€you€saying€that€means€you€are€goingÐ h+¸&* Ðto€die€a€horrible€death.€€My€father€had€cancer€for€two€years€and€two€weeks€before€heÐ ° Ðdied.МìÐ Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à ` àHave€you€[ever]€told€anybody€that€you€hoped€he€died€a€horrible€death,€or€thatÐ ˆØ Ðhe€suffered€a€lot,€anything€like€that?ÐtÄÐ Ð  Ðà8  àA.à ` àNo,€sir,€I€think€everything€you€do€will€come€back€to€you,€whether€itððs€on€earthÐ `° Ðor€when€you€die.ÐL œÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àFollowing€this€testimony,€counsel€for€Mr.€Johnson€offered€the€illegally€intercepted€audioÐ $ t Ðtapes€of€Mrs.€Johnsonððs€telephone€conversations,€with€Carl€Harbison€and€with€others,€for€the€purposeÐ  ` Ðof€impeaching€the€testimony€of€Mrs.€Johnson.€€After€considerable€legal€argument,€the€court€allowedÐ ü L  Ðthe€audio€tapes€to€be€played.€€To€say€that€the€audio€tapes€thoroughly€impeached€the€testimony€of€Mrs.Ð è 8  ÐJohnson€is€an€understatement.Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àAfter€playing€the€first€tape,€the€following€occurred:à p àÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà8  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€Why€did€you€tell€the€Court€before€Mr.€Young€playedÐ „Ô  Ðthis€tape€that€you€hadnððt€said€certain€of€these€things?ÐpÀÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àWITNESS:€Whenever€Iððm€carrying€on€a€conversation€I€donððt€recallÐ \¬ Ðeverything€that€I€say.€€That€was€the€eighth€time€I€had€been€arrested€that€week.€€HeÐ H˜ Ðwouldnððt€let€the€kids€call€me€on€Thanksgiving.€€It€was€horrible.€€My€uncle€had€passedÐ 4„ Ðaway.€€It€was€a€very€upsetting€week.€€I€honestly€couldnððt€tell€you€what€I€saidÐ  p Ðyesterday,€but€I€know€the€kids€werenððt€there€listening.€€They€were€at€school.€€Ð \Ð Ð  Ðà8  àBY€MR.€YOUNG:€€ÐøHÐ Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à ` àWe€have€some€more,€maððam.€€Your€children€have€never€been€there€andÐ ä4 Ðlistened€to€that€kind€of€language?ÐÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àA.à ` àIððm€not€sure.€€We€have€started€making€a€jar€where€you€have€to€put€in€a€quarterÐ ¼  Ðfor€bad€words.€€I€never€lowered€myself€to€tapping€the€phone€on€Mr.€Johnson.€€AndÐ ¨ø ÐI€have€known€all€along€they€had€my€phone€tapped€or€they€couldnððt€have€followed€meÐ ”ä Ðto€Columbia€or€the€bowling€alley€or€anything€else.ЀÐÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àWhile€Mrs.€Johnson€did€not€consent€to€the€interception€of€her€telephone€calls,€it€is€difficultÐ X ¨ Ðto€conceive€of€how€she€could€use€the€kind€of€language€that€she€used€in€her€telephone€conversationsÐ D!” Ðwith€Mr.€Harbison€and€with€others€when€she€knew€all€the€time€that€her€phone€was€being€tapped.€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðquestion,€however,€is€whether€or€not€the€illegally€obtained€tapes€are€admissible€in€evidence€forÐ #l! Ðimpeachment€purposes.€€There€is€case€law€that€can€be€used€to€support€the€proposition€that€the€trialÐ $X" Ðcourt€was€not€in€error€in€admitting€the€tapes€for€impeachment€of€Mrs.€Johnson.€€òòSee€Anthony€v.€Stateóó,Ð ô$D # ÐNo.€02C01„9805„CC„00159,€1999€WL€569560,€at€*13€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1999);€òòsee€also€State€v.Ð à%0!$ ÐElectroplating,€Inc.óó,€990€S.W.2d€211,€226€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998);òòóó€òòsee€also€State€v.€Masonóó,€No.Ð Ì&"% Ð01C01„9509„CC„00288,€1997€WL€211245,€at€*9€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1997);€òòsee€also€State€v.€Hopperóó,Ð ¸'#& Ð695€S.W.2d€530,€538„39€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1985).Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àHowever,€the€statute€is€clear€in€its€prohibition€against€admissibility€as€ð ðevidence.ðð€€Tenn.Ð |*Ì%) ÐCode€Ann.€ðð€39„13„604.€€It€is€clear€that€in€many€cases€it€has€been€held€that€evidence€inadmissibleÐ h+¸&* Ðunder€the€criminal€exclusionary€rule€may€nevertheless€admissible€for€impeachment.Ð ° ÐÌà8  àà ` àEvidence€obtained€through€illegal€means€and,€for€that€reason,€renderedÐ ˆØ Ðinadmissible€by€the€exclusionary€rule,€is€nevertheless€admissible€to€impeach€theÐ tÄ Ðdirect€testimony€of€the€defendant€in€a€criminal€case,€òòWalder€v.€United€Statesóó,€347Ð `° ÐU.S.€62,€74€S.Ct.€354,€98€L.Ed.€503€(1954),€and€also€to€impeach€the€defendantððsÐ L œ Ðð ðanswers€to€questions€put€to€him€on€cross„examination€that€are€plainly€within€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðscope€of€the€defendantððs€direct€examination.ðð€€òòUnited€States€v.€Havensóó,€446€U.S.€620,Ð $ t Ð627,€100€S.Ct.€1912,€1916,€64€L.Ed.2d€559€(1980).€€This€constitutionally€permissibleÐ  ` Ðimpeachment€is€not€limited€to€evidence€that€merely€attacks€the€quality€of€aÐ ü L  Ðdefendantððs€testimony.€€Rather,€òòWalderóó€and€òòHavensóó€clearly€authorize€the€use€ofÐ è 8  Ðð ðimpeachmentðð€evidence€which€is€relevant€to€substantive€issues€and€which€usuallyÐ Ô$  Ðimplicates€the€defendant€on€the€ultimate€issue€of€guilt.€€In€these€cases,€illegally„Ð À  Ðobtained€physical€evidence€used€to€impeach€the€defendant„witness€would€haveÐ ¬ü  Ðcogently€inculpated€the€defendant,€were€it€not€for€the€limitations€on€use.€€òòSee€alsoÐ ˜è  ÐHarris€v.€New€Yorkóó,€401€U.S.€222,€91€S.Ct.€643,€28€L.Ed.2d€1€(1971)€(allowingÐ „Ô  Ðimpeachment€through€the€use€of€a€òòMirandaóó„deficient€confession).€€Nevertheless,€asÐ pÀ Ða€function€of€the€constitutional€rule€and€not€any€evidentiary€rule,€such€evidence€is€notÐ \¬ Ðto€be€used€in€the€ð ðgovernmentððs€direct€case,€or€otherwise,€as€substantive€evidence€ofÐ H˜ Ðguilt.ðð€€òòHavensóó,€446€U.S.€at€628,€100€S.Ct.€at€1917.€€Thus,€under€the€constitutionalÐ 4„ Ðrule,€ð ðimpeachmentðð€does€not€refer€to€precisely„crafted€rules€of€evidence€so€much€asÐ  p Ðit€signifies€a€general€policy€of€not€permitting€ð ðfalse€testimony€[to]€go€unchallenged.ðð€Ð  \ ÐòòId.óó,€446€U.S.€at€627,€100€S.Ct.€at€1917.ÐøHÐ Ð  ÐÌòòState€v.€Electroplating,€Inc.óó,€990€S.W.2d€211,€226€(Tenn.€Ô_ÔCrimÔ_Ô.€App.€1998).Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Supreme€Court€of€Indiana€addressed€an€analogous€factual€situation:Ð ¨ø ÐÌà8  àIn€òòBeaber€v.€Beaberóó,€(C.P.€Stark€Co.€1974)€41€Ohio€Misc.€95,€322€N.E.2d€910,€a€trialÐ €Ð Ðjudge€held€that€neither€the€federal€wiretap€statutes€nor€the€right€of€privacy€under€theÐ l¼ ÐUnited€States€Constitution€prevented€him€from€listening€to€a€husbandððs€wiretappingÐ X ¨ Ðof€a€wifeððs€telephone€conversations€in€the€marital€home.€€The€court€reasoned,€in€thisÐ D!” Ðdivorce€proceeding€wherein€child€custody€was€in€issue,€that€he€was€only€listening€toÐ 0"€  Ðthe€tapes€for€impeachment€purposes.€€On€the€basis€of€other€evidence€before€him,€theÐ #l! Ðjudge€thought€that€the€husband€was€in€an€ð ðindefensible€positionðð€without€the€tapes,Ð $X" Ðsince€the€husbandððs€testimony€alone€seemed€ð ðalmost€unbelievableðð€until€the€tapesÐ ô$D # Ðwere€admitted,€which€tapes€vindicated€him€and€ð ðcompletely€obliteratedðð€theÐ à%0!$ Ðotherwise€believable€testimony€of€his€wife.€€òòIdóó.,€41€Ohio€Misc.€at€97,€103,€322Ð Ì&"% ÐN.E.2d€at€912,€915.€€The€trial€judgeððs€opinion€was€affirmed€in€an€unpublishedÐ ¸'#& Ðopinion€by€the€Ohio€Court€of€Appeals,€òòBeaber€v.€Beaberóó,€No.€4187€(Ohio€App.,€5thÐ ¤(ô#' ÐDist.,€Aug.€4,€1975).€€The€Ohio€Court€of€Appeals€also€saw€the€question€as€one€ofÐ )à$( Ðadmitting€the€wiretaps€solely€for€purposes€of€impeachment,€upon€the€issue€of€witnessÐ |*Ì%) Ðcredibility€relative€to€alleged€perjury€in€fraudulently€obtaining€a€court€order,€ratherÐ h+¸&* Ðthan€as€a€question€of€using€such€wiretaps€as€substantive€proof€in€the€case,€absentÐ ° Ðperjury.€€òòIdóó.,€slip€op.€at€14„15.€€The€court€concluded,€after€recognizing€the€federal€lineÐ œì Ðof€authority€that€otherwise€unconstitutional€evidence€can€be€used€for€impeachmentÐ ˆØ Ðpurposes,€that:ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àà8 ` àð ðThe€law€has€justice€not€injustice€as€its€purpose.€€Justice€not€injusticeÐ L œ Ðis€the€end€sought€by€the€United€States€Constitution,€the€ConstitutionÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€State€of€Ohio,€and€by€the€laws€of€the€United€States,€of€the€StateÐ $ t Ðof€Ohio,€and€the€Courts.€€Although€under€some€other€circumstancesÐ  ` Ðthe€tapes€might€be€constitutionally€inadmissible€or€their€admissionÐ ü L  Ðmight€be€prohibited€by€statute,€under€the€facts€of€the€instant€case€thereÐ è 8  Ðcan€be€no€justification€for€permitting€the€plaintiff€to€turn€the€methodÐ Ô$  Ðby€which€the€tapes€were€obtained€to€her€own€advantage,€and€thusÐ À  Ðprovide€herself€with€a€shield€against€contradiction€of€her€ownÐ ¬ü  Ðuntruths.ððИè ` x` x ÐÌòòIn€re:€Marriage€of€Loppóó,€378€N.E.2d€414,€701„02€(Ind.€1978).Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àAppellant€argues€that€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€on€custody€and€visitation€was€based€largely€onÐ H˜ Ðthe€evidence€presented€from€the€audio€tapes.€€Unlike€òòÔ_ÔBeaberÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔBeaberÔ_Ôóó,€there€is€ample€evidence€inÐ 4„ Ðthis€record,€independent€of€the€tapes,€to€support€the€action€of€the€trial€judge€in€both€granting€theÐ  p Ðdivorce€to€Mr.€Johnson€and€in€awarding€him€custody.€€Under€such€circumstances,€even€if€theÐ  \ Ðadmission€of€the€audio€tapes€into€evidence€was€error,€such€error€was€harmless€considering€theÐ øH Ðevidence€at€trial€supporting€the€trial€courtððs€decision.€€It€does€not€justify€reversal€on€the€merits€of€thisÐ ä4 Ðcase.€€òòHamm€v.€Hammóó,€614€S.W.2d€366,€371€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1980);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€36(b).€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€appellant€has€a€problem€controlling€her€temper€and€obscene€language€around€herÐ ¨ø Ðchildren.€€Testimony€from€the€parties€and€witnesses€at€trial€reveals€the€unfitness€of€the€appellant.€Ð ”ä ÐThe€mother€testified€that€she€got€into€it€with€her€childððs€teacher€because€the€teacher€told€the€fatherððsÐ €Ð Ðsister€that€the€eldest€child,€Hank,€had€a€learning€disability.€€The€mother€testified€that€she€did€notÐ l¼ Ðconsider€the€learning€disability€anyoneððs€business€and€that€it€was€not€for€the€community€to€knowÐ X ¨ Ðabout€it.€€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àTimothy€Bennett,€Jesseððs€baseball€coach,€testified€that€during€a€tournament€game,€theÐ #l! Ðappellant€cussed€him€out€in€the€dugout€where€children€were€present.€€She€used€profane€language€inÐ $X" Ðfront€of€the€whole€team,€including€her€child.€€The€children€on€the€team€were€approximately€nineÐ ô$D # Ðyears€old.€€Michelle€Bottoms€testified€that€she€attempted€to€calm€the€appellant€down€but€it€did€notÐ à%0!$ Ðwork€so€she€got€her€own€son€out€of€the€dugout€so€he€would€not€hear€the€language€she€was€using.€€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðfather€was€not€present€but€he€apologized€to€Mr.€Bennett€for€his€wifeððs€behavior€at€a€later€time.€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àMrs.€Bottoms€further€testified€that€she€saw€the€appellant,€Ms.€Johnson,€jerk€her€childrenÐ )à$( Ðaround€when€the€children€were€young€and€heard€her€make€statements€that€she€would€ð ðslap€the€shitÐ |*Ì%) Ðout€of€them.ððÐ h+¸&* Їà  àRick€Hensel,€Ô_ÔKayceÔ_Ôððs€baseball€coach,€testified€that€when€he€was€in€the€middle€of€the€ballfieldÐ ° Ðthe€mother€cussed€him€out€using€sexually€explicit€language.€€Ð œì ÐÌà  àClark€Presley€also€testified€that€he€witnessed€the€mother€using€profanity€on€the€ballfield.€€HeÐ tÄ Ðalso€testified€that€when€she€arrived€for€her€week€of€custody€at€the€martial€home,€she€again€usedÐ `° Ðsexually€explicit€profanity.€€Ð L œ ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔJoannÔ_Ô€Johnson,€Mr.€Johnsonððs€mother,€testified€that€the€appellant€spit€in€her€face€in€front€ofÐ $ t Ðthe€children€and€used€profanity.€€Hank€Johnson,€the€partiesðð€eldest€child,€testified€that€he€witnessedÐ  ` Ðthe€appellant,€his€mother,€spit€in€his€paternal€grandmotherððs€face.€€Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àA€number€of€witnesses€testified€as€to€the€appellantððs€repeated€use€of€sexually€explicitÐ Ô$  Ðprofanity€in€the€presence€of€both€her€own€children€and€other€children€as€she€undertook€to€berateÐ À  Ðbaseball€coaches€during€the€childrenððs€ball€games.€€Thus,€the€tapes€were€a€minor€factor€inÐ ¬ü  Ðdetermining€the€appellantððs€unfitness€as€a€parent.€€From€the€testimony€at€trial,€it€is€clear€that€it€is€inÐ ˜è  Ðthe€best€interest€of€the€children€to€be€in€the€custody€of€the€appellee.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌEXCLUSION€OF€WITNESSES€AND€DENIAL€OF€OFFERS€OF€PROOFÐ \¬ ÐÌÔ‡X±XXX±Ôà  àThe€trial€court€found€that€Appellant€had€unclean€hands€applying€the€analysis€of€that€doctrineÐ 4„ Ðfound€in€òòÔ_ÔInmanÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔInmanÔ_Ôóó,€1989€WL€122984€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1989).€€The€trial€court€erred€in€applyingÐ  p Ðthe€doctrine€of€unclean€hands€to€the€present€case.€€ð ð[Ô_ÔU]ncleanÔ_Ô€hands€does€not€necessarily€repel€aÐ  \ Ðpetition€regarding€the€welfare€of€a€child€which€predominates€over€any€offended€dignity€of€the€court.ðð€Ð øH ÐòòHaynes€v.€Haynesóó,€904€S.W.2d€118,€120€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1995)€(citing€òòÔ_ÔStrubeÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔStrubeÔ_Ôóó,€53€Tenn.Ð ä4 ÐApp.€88,€379€S.W.2d€44€(1963)€and€authorities€therein)).€€The€primary€concern€is€for€the€best€interestÐ Ð  Ðof€the€child.Ô#†X±XXX±’‚#ÔÐ ¼  ÐÌà  àIn€òòÔ_ÔStrubeÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔStrubeÔ_Ôóó,€this€Court€observed:€€Ð ”ä ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€third€ground,€namely,€that€appellant€comes€into€court€with€unclean€handsÐ l¼ Ðmight€in€some€cases€be€sufficient€justification€for€denying€a€hearing€to€appellant.€€AsÐ X ¨ Ðwas€said€by€Mr.€Justice€Cook,€however,€speaking€for€the€Supreme€Court€in€òòState€exÐ D!” Ðrel.€Daugherty€v.€Roseóó,€167€Tenn.€489,€71€S.W.2d€685,€ð ðWhen€such€proceedingsÐ 0"€  Ðinvolve€the€custody€of€children,€they€are€not€decided€according€to€the€strict€legal€rightÐ #l! Ðof€the€petitioner,€but€are€dependent€upon€the€childððs€welfare.ðð€€And€in€òòState€ex€rel.Ð $X" ÐFrench€v.€Frenchóó,€182€Tenn.€606,€188€S.W.2d€603,€Mr.€Chief€Justice€Green,Ð ô$D # Ðspeaking€for€the€Supreme€Court,€where€a€similar€question€was€presented,€said,€ð ðIf€itÐ à%0!$ Ðbe€said€that€the€father€is€in€contempt€of€the€Ohio€courts,€nevertheless€we€think€heÐ Ì&"% Ðmight€be€heard€if€the€welfare€of€the€boy€so€dictated.€€The€Ohio€courts€would€notÐ ¸'#& Ðlikely€penalize€the€boy€for€the€fatherððs€contumacy.ðð€€For€the€same€reason,€we€thinkÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€father,€in€the€instant€case,€is€entitled€to€a€hearing€on€the€merits€of€his€appeal.€Ð)à$(Ð Ð  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔStrubeÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔStrubeÔ_Ôóó,€53€Ô_ÔTenn.AppÔ_Ô.€88,€96,€379€S.W.2d€44,€48€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1963).Ð h+¸&* Їà  àÔ‡X±XXX±ÔThe€trial€court€refused€to€allow€Appellant€to€submit€certain€offers€of€proof€for€excludedÐ ° Ðwitnesses€and€to€call€the€minor€children€as€witnesses.€€Appellant€argues€that€the€trial€court€erred€inÐ œì Ðrefusing€to€allow€Appellant€to€make€her€offers€of€proof€which€constitutes€reversible€error.€€TheÐ ˆØ ÐChancellor€did€not€allow€certain€of€Mrs.€Johnsonððs€witnesses€to€testify€or€offer€proof€from€thoseÐ tÄ Ðwitnesses,€James€Ô_ÔBorensteinÔ_Ô,€Ralph€Head,€or€Lisa€Coleman€(the€childrenððs€guidance€counselor).€€ItÐ `° Ðis€error€for€a€trial€judge€to€refuse€an€offer€of€proof.€€òòGeyer€v.€Geyeróó,€No.€01A01„9707„CH„00372,Ð L œ Ð1998€WL€68934,€at€*4€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Feb.€20,€1998).€Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àAt€the€trial,€the€Chancellor€invoked€the€Rule€for€sequestration€of€witnesses€upon€request€ofÐ  ` Ðcounsel€for€Mrs.€Johnson.€€The€trial€court,€upon€motion€of€counsel€for€Mr.€Johnson,€excluded€Mr.Ð ü L  ÐJames€Ô_ÔBorensteinÔ_Ô€as€a€witness€because€he€and€Mrs.€Johnson€spoke€about€the€case.€€The€trial€courtÐ è 8  Ðalso€excluded€Mr.€Ralph€Head€because€Mrs.€Johnson€had€called€him€the€day€prior€to€his€appearance.€Ð Ô$  ÐThe€childrenððs€proffered€testimony€was€provided€to€the€court€so€the€trial€court€could€determineÐ À  Ðwhether€to€allow€them€to€testify.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àð ð[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€trial€court€is€given€broad€discretion€in€deciding€whether€to€exclude€the€testimony€ofÐ „Ô  Ðwitnesses€who€may€have€violated€Rule€615.€€òòSee€Anderson€v.€Ô_ÔOtteÔ_Ôóó,€No.€02A01„9402„PB„00023,€1995Ð pÀ ÐWL€116013,€*4€(Mar.€15,€1995€Tenn.€Ct.€App.).€€The€trial€courtððs€determination€whether€to€excludeÐ \¬ Ðwitnesses€who€have€violated€the€Rule€will€not€be€reversed€unless€the€trial€judge€abused€its€discretion.€Ð H˜ ÐòòIdóó.€€The€Chancellor€did€not€abuse€his€discretion€in€excluding€the€witnesses.€€Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àLisa€Coleman€took€the€stand€and€counsel€for€Mr.€Johnson€objected€on€the€ground€of€hearsay.€Ð  \ ÐThe€court,€after€hearing€arguments,€determined€that€statements€of€the€children€to€Mrs.€Coleman€wereÐ øH Ðhearsay€and€sustained€the€objection.€€The€court€did€not€allow€offers€of€proof€on€these€excludedÐ ä4 Ðwitnesses.€€In€òòAlley€v.€State,€óó882€S.W.2d€810,€815€(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.€1984),€the€general€rule€wasÐ Ð  Ðstated€that€ð ðassuming€an€offer€of€proof€has€been€reasonably€made,€it€is€error€for€the€trial€court€toÐ ¼  Ðrefuse€to€permit€counsel€to€state€what€evidence€he€is€offering.ððÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àð ðThe€purpose€of€an€offer€is€two„fold.€€First,€the€proof€informs€the€trial€court€what€the€partyÐ €Ð Ðintends€to€prove€.€.€.€[Ô_Ôs]econdÔ_Ô,€an€offer€creates€a€record€so€that€an€appellate€court€can€determineÐ l¼ Ðwhether€there€was€reversible€error€in€excluding€the€evidence.ðð€€òòState€v.€Torresóó,€No.€E1999„00866„Ð X ¨ ÐCCA„R3„DD,€2001€WL€245137,€*32€(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.€Mar.€13,€2001).€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àRule€103€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Evidence€provides,€in€part:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà ` àError€may€not€be€predicated€upon€a€ruling€which€admits€or€excludes€evidenceÐ ô$D # Ðunless€a€substantial€right€of€the€party€is€affected,€andÐà%0!$Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà8  àà ` à(2)€offer€of€proof.€„€„€In€case€the€ruling€is€one€excluding€evidence,€theÐ )à$( Ðsubstance€of€the€evidence€and€the€specific€evidentiary€basis€supporting€admissionÐ |*Ì%) Ðwere€made€known€to€the€court€by€offer€or€were€apparent€from€the€context.Ðh+¸&*Ð Ð  ЇTenn.€R.€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€103.Ð ° ÐÌà  àFrom€the€record€before€the€Court,€the€offer€of€proof€as€to€Mr.€Head€concerned€someÐ ˆØ Ðconversation€he€had€with€Mr.€Johnson€outside€the€courtroom€at€one€of€the€hearings€in€July.€€As€toÐ tÄ Ðthe€testimony€of€the€three€children,€the€trial€court€examined€written€questions€and€answers€involvingÐ `° Ðthe€three€children€and€while€the€court€disallowed€the€testimony€of€the€children,€these€questions€andÐ L œ Ðanswers€appear€in€the€record.€€Assuming€the€testimony€of€the€children€would€be€consistent€with€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðquestions€and€answers€appearing€in€the€record,€it€is€difficult€to€see€how€such€testimony€could€haveÐ $ t Ðaffected€the€outcome€of€the€case.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àAlthough€it€was€error€for€the€trial€judge€to€refuse€the€offers€of€proof,€it€is€apparent€from€theÐ è 8  Ðcontext€of€the€record€that€the€offers€of€proof€in€the€present€case,€more€probably€than€not,€would€notÐ Ô$  Ðhave€affected€the€judgment€in€the€case€or€Ô#†X±XXX±=#Ôresulted€in€prejudice€to€the€judicial€process.€€Ô_ÔTenn.R.App.P.Ô_ÔÐ À  Ð36(b).Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà  àGiven€the€broad€discretion€of€the€trial€court€in€determining€whether€to€exclude€a€witnessÐ „Ô  Ðsuspected€of€violating€Tenn.€Ô_ÔR.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔEvidÔ_Ô.€615,€òòState€ex€rel.€Commissioner€v.€Williamsóó,€828€S.W.2d€397,Ð pÀ Ð401„402€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1991),€and€the€context€of€the€record€relative€to€the€offers€of€proof,€any€errorÐ \¬ Ðof€the€trial€court€in€this€respect€is€harmless€and€not€a€basis€for€reversal.€€Ô_ÔTenn.R.App.P.Ô_Ô€36(b).Ð H˜ ÐÌCUSTODY€AND€VISITATIONà0 h àÐ ph(#h(# ÐÌÔ‡X±XXX±Ôà  àNext,€Appellant€contests€the€trial€courtððs€award€of€sole€custody€to€the€father€and€refusal€toÐ øH Ðgrant€visitation.€€Appellant€asserts€that€the€trial€court€abused€its€discretion€in€the€custodyÐ ä4 Ðdetermination€because€of€the€fatherððs€violent€nature,€refusal€to€support€the€children,€and€his€illegalÐ Ð  Ðacts€in€proffering€the€improperly€admitted€audio€tapes.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€relied€on€the€case€of€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€427€(Tenn.€1988)€toÐ ”ä Ðterminate€visitation€between€Appellant€and€her€three€children.€€The€trial€court€provided€that€the€onlyÐ €Ð Ðcontact€Appellant€was€allowed€with€her€children€was€on€the€telephone€which€does€not€in€any€wayÐ l¼ Ðconstitute€visitation.€€In€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€the€court€held€ð ðthe€combination€of€[the€Fatherððs]€incarceration,€theÐ X ¨ Ðcrime€for€which€he€is€in€prison,€the€age€of€the€child,€his€history€of€violent€behavior€toward€his€sonÐ D!” Ðand€[the€Mother],€and€his€obvious€need€to€deal€with€his€violent€temper€make€visitation€inappropriateÐ 0"€  Ðat€this€time.ðð€€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€at€423.Ð #l! ÐÌà  àThis€Court€recently€visited€the€issue€of€custody€and€visitation€when€a€parent€was€refusedÐ ô$D # Ðvisitation€rights€in€òòÔ_ÔWixÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔWixÔ_Ôóó,€No.€M2000„00230„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€2001€WL€219700€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.Ð à%0!$ ÐMar.€7,€2001).€€In€òòÔ_ÔWixÔ_Ôóó,€this€Court€stated:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà ` àCustody€and€visitation€decisions€are€among€the€most€sensitive€decisionsÐ ¤(ô#' Ðconfronting€a€trial€court€in€a€divorce€case.€€òòÔ_ÔGaskillÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔGaskillÔ_Ôóó,€936€S.W.2d€626,€630Ð )à$( Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1996).€€Rather€than€calling€for€heavy€handed,€authoritarianÐ |*Ì%) Ðintervention,€òòJones€v.€Jonesóó,€No.€01A01„9607„CV„00346,€1997€WL€80029,€at€*4Ð h+¸&* Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€Feb.€26,€1997)€(No€Ô_ÔTenn.R.App.P.Ô_Ô€11€application€filed),€they€requireÐ ° Ðtrial€courts€to€exercise€compassionate€and€practical€judgment€to€devise€anÐ œì Ðarrangement€that€will€promote€the€continuation€and€development€of€the€childððsÐ ˆØ Ðrelationship€with€both€parents.€€€òòÔ_ÔAabyÔ_Ô€v.€Strangeóó,€924€S.W.2d€623,€629€(Tenn.€1996);Ð tÄ ÐòòTaylor€v.€Tayloróó,€849€S.W.2d€319,€331„32€(Tenn.€1993);€òòWilson€v.€Wilsonóó,€987Ð `° ÐS.W.2d€555,€564€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1998).€€Trial€courts€must€not€use€these€decisions€toÐ L œ Ðreward€or€punish€parents.€€òòÔ_ÔAdelspergerÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔAdelspergerÔ_Ôóó,€970€S.W.2d€482,€485Ð 8 ˆ Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1997);€òòTurner€v.€Turneróó,€919€S.W.2d€340,€346€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1995).Ð$ tÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€goal€of€custody€and€visitation€decisions€is€to€promote€the€childððs€bestÐ ü L  Ðinterests€by€placing€him€or€her€in€an€environment€that€will€best€serve€his€or€herÐ è 8  Ðphysical€or€emotional€needs.€€òòLuke€v.€Lukeóó,€651€S.W.2d€219,€221€(Tenn.€1983).€€NoÐ Ô$  Ðhard€and€fast€rules€exist€for€determining€which€custody€and€visitation€arrangementÐ À  Ðwill€serve€a€childððs€needs€best.€òòTaylor€v.€Tayloróó,€849€S.W.2d€at€327€(Tenn.€1993);Ð ¬ü  ÐòòÔ_ÔDantzlerÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔDantzlerÔ_Ôóó,€665€S.W.2d€385,€387€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1983).€The€inquiry€isÐ ˜è  Ðfactually€driven€and€requires€the€courts€to€carefully€weigh€numerous€considerations,Ð „Ô  Ðincluding€those€identified€in€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„106€(Supp.€2000).€€òòÔ_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô€v.Ð pÀ ÐÔ_ÔNicholsÔ_Ôóó,€792€S.W.2d€713,€716€(Tenn.€1990);€òòÔ_ÔRogeroÔ_Ô€v.€Pittóó,€759€S.W.2d€109,€112Ð \¬ Ð(Tenn.€1988);€òòHolloway€v.€Bradleyóó,€190€Tenn.€565,€571,€230€S.W.2d€1003,€1006Ð H˜ Ð(1950).Ð4„Ð Ð  ÐÌ€à8  àà ` àThe€comparative€fitness€analysis€is€not€intended€to€ascertain€which€parent€hasÐ  \ Ðbeen€perfect€because€perfection€is€as€unattainable€both€in€marriage€and€in€parentingÐ øH Ðas€it€is€in€lifeððs€other€activities.€€òòRice€v.€Riceóó,€983€S.W.2d€680,€682„83€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.Ð ä4 Ð1998);€òòBush€v.€Bushóó,€684€S.W.2d€89,€93€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1984).€€Courts€understandÐ Ð  Ðthat€parents€have€their€own€unique€virtues€and€vices.€€òòÔ_ÔGaskillÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔGaskillÔ_Ôóó,€936€S.W.2dÐ ¼  Ðat€630.€€Accordingly,€we€do€not€expect€parents€to€prove€that€they€are€exemplary€orÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€other€parent€is€completely€unfit.€€Instead,€they€carefully€consider€the€conductÐ ”ä Ðand€circumstances€of€the€parents€to€determine€which€of€the€available€custodians€isÐ €Ð Ðcomparatively€more€fit€to€have€permanent€custody€of€the€child.€€òòEarls€v.€Earlsóó,€2000Ð l¼ ÐWL€696816,€at€*6;€òòÔ_ÔGaskillÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔGaskillÔ_Ôóó,€936€S.W.2d€at€631.ÐX ¨Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àCustody€and€visitation€determinations€often€hinge€on€subtle€factors,€includingÐ 0"€  Ðthe€parentsðð€demeanor€and€credibility€during€the€divorce€proceedings€themselves.€Ð #l! ÐAccordingly,€appellate€courts€are€reluctant€to€second„guess€a€trial€courtððs€decisions.€Ð $X" ÐTrial€courts€must€be€able€to€exercise€broad€discretion€in€these€matters,€but€they€stillÐ ô$D # Ðmust€base€their€decisions€on€the€proof€and€upon€the€appropriate€application€of€theÐ à%0!$ Ðapplicable€principles€of€law.€€òòÔ_ÔGaskillÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔGaskillÔ_Ôóó,€936€S.W.2d€at€631;€òòD€v.€K,óó€917Ð Ì&"% ÐS.W.2d€682,€685€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1995).€€Thus,€we€review€these€decisions€de€novo€onÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€record€with€a€presumption€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€correct€unlessÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€evidence€preponderates€otherwise.€€òòÔ_ÔNicholsÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔNicholsÔ_Ôóó,€792€S.W.2d€at€716;€òòDolesÐ )à$( Ðv.€Dolesóó,€848€S.W.2d€656,€661€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1992).Ð|*Ì%)Ð Ð  ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ° ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€Accordingly,€Tennesseeððs€General€Assembly€and€courts€have€recognized€thatÐ ˆØ Ðnon„custodial€parents€have€a€fundamental€right€to€visit€their€children.€€Tenn.€CodeÐ tÄ ÐAnn.€ðð€36„6„301€(Supp.€2000);€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€427,€429€(Tenn.€1988);Ð `° ÐòòÔ_ÔHelsonÔ_Ô€v.€Cyrusóó,€989€S.W.2d€704,€707€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1998);€òòÔ_ÔJahnÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔJahnÔ_Ôóó,€93Ð L œ ÐS.W.2d€939,€941€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1996);€òòWeaver€v.€Weaveróó,€37€Ô_ÔTenn.AppÔ_Ô.€195,€202„Ð 8 ˆ Ð03,€261€S.W.2d€145,€148€(1953).à À àÐ$ tÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` à.€.€.€.Ð ü L  ÐÌà8  à.€.€.€However,€a€parentððs€right€to€visit€with€his€or€her€children€is€not€absolute.€€TheÐ Ô$  Ðcourts€may€restrict,€suspend,€or€terminate€visitation€rights€upon€the€presentation€ofÐ À  Ðclear€and€definite€evidence€that€permitting€continued€visitation€will€jeopardize€theÐ ¬ü  Ðchild€physically,€emotionally,€or€morally.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„301;€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ô€v.Ð ˜è  ÐÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€at€429;€òòÔ_ÔHelsonÔ_Ô€v.€Cyrusóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€707;€òòÔ_ÔWeerÔ_Ô€v.€Weaveróó,€37Ð „Ô  ÐTenn.€App.€at€202„03,€261€S.W.2d€at€148.ÐpÀÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBecause€of€the€legal€and€psychological€significance€of€a€parentððs€visitationÐ H˜ Ðrights,€persons€seeking€to€restrict€or€eliminate€visitation€must€demonstrate€that€thereÐ 4„ Ðis€probable€cause€that€the€child€will€be€placed€at€risk€if€visitation€is€permitted.€€TheÐ  p ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€requires€that€this€proof€must€be€ð ðdefinite,ðð€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ô€v.Ð  \ ÐÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€at€429,€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„301€requires€that€the€proofÐ øH Ðdemonstrate€that€visitation€is€ð ðlikelyðð€to€endanger€the€childððs€physical€or€emotionalÐ ä4 Ðhealth.€€These€evidentiary€standards€have€effectively€created€a€presumption€againstÐ Ð  Ðseverely€circumscribing€or€denying€visitation€to€non„custodial€parents.€€Such€drasticÐ ¼  Ðmeasures€are€appropriate€only€when€arrangements€less€detrimental€to€the€parent„childÐ ¨ø Ðrelationship€are€not€available€or€workable€as€a€practical€matter.à  àДäÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àWith€these€principles€in€mind,€the€courts€have€terminated€or€suspendedÐ l¼ Ðvisitation€by€a€non„custodial€parent€only€in€extreme€circumstances€such€as€(1)€theÐ X ¨ Ðnon„custodial€parentððs€history€of€physically€abusing€his€spouse€and€child,€òòÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ô€v.Ð D!” ÐÔ_ÔSuttlesÔ_Ôóó,€748€S.W.2d€at€429;€(2)€the€non„custodial€parentððs€abandonment€of€the€child;Ð 0"€  ÐòòTurner€v.€Turneróó,€919€S.W.2d€at€346;€òòÔ_ÔMimmsÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔMimmsÔ_Ôóó,€780€S.W.2d€739,€745Ð #l! Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1989);€or€(3)€conduct€of€the€non„custodial€parent€that€is€injurious€toÐ $X" Ðthe€childððs€physical€health,€òòSmith€v.€Smithóó,€No.€03A01„9603„CV„00078,€1996€WLÐ ô$D # Ð591181,€at€*4€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€Oct.€11,€1996)€(No.€Ô_ÔTenn.R.App.P.Ô_Ô€11€applicationÐ à%0!$ Ðfiled).€€In€other€circumstances,€the€courts€have€stopped€short€of€terminating€orÐ Ì&"% Ðsuspending€visitation€when€less€restrictive€alternatives,€such€as€supervised€visitation,Ð ¸'#& Ðhave€been€reasonably€available.€€òòE.g.,€Whitaker€v.€Whitakeróó,€957€S.W.2d€834,€838„39Ð ¤(ô#' Ð(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1997)€(disapproving€unreasonably€burdensome€restrictions€onÐ )à$( Ðvisitation€on€a€parent€ordered€to€undergo€counseling);€(approving€supervisedÐ |*Ì%) Ðvisitation€for€a€parent€who€permitted€a€child€to€play€unattended€in€a€parking€lot);Ð h+¸&* ÐòòÔ_ÔPizilloÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔPizzilloÔ_Ôóó,€884€S.W.2d€at€757€(approving€supervised€visitation€for€a€non„Ð ° Ðcustodial€parent€convicted€of€sexual€abuse);€(approving€supervised€visitation€for€aÐ œì Ðnon„custodial€parent€charged€with€sexual€abuse).ЈØÐ Ð  ÐÌÔ#†X±XXX±¥#ÔòòÔ‡X±XXX±ÔÔ_ÔWixÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔWixÔ_Ôóó,€No.€M2000„00230„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV,€2001€WL€219700,€at€*9„11€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Mar.€7,Ð `° Ð2001).Ô#†X±XXX±†Õ#ÔÔ‡»Ýd»XX±ÔÐ L œ ÐÌà  àÔ#†X±X»»ÝdÖ#ÔThe€record€in€this€case,€developed€through€eight€days€of€trial€spread€over€a€six€month€period,Ð J š Ðreflects€that€the€trial€judge€was€faced€with€an€analysis€of€comparative€unfitness€rather€thanÐ 6 † Ðcomparative€fitness.€€He€chose€the€least€objectionable€of€his€alternatives€and€the€evidence€does€notÐ " r  Ðpreponderate€against€that€choice.€€Weighing€strongly€against€Mrs.€Johnson€is€not€her€lack€of€love€forÐ ^  Ðher€children,€deficiencies€as€a€homemaker,€or€her€attention€to€the€physical€needs€of€her€children.€€TheÐ úJ  Ðrecord,€however,€is€replete€with€incidents€of€her€seemingly€uncontrollable€temper€reflected€inÐ æ6  Ðconfrontations€with€the€childrenððs€teachers€and€coaches€in€which€she€expresses€her€complaints€withÐ Ò"  Ðsexually€explicit€profanity€in€the€presence€of€her€own€children€and€other€children.€€Likewise,€whileÐ ¾  Ðthe€courtððs€orders€prohibiting€her€relationship€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€are€probably€unenforceable€whenÐ ªú  Ðlimited€to€a€one€to€one€relationship€in€the€absence€of€the€children,€it€certainly€is€a€factor€in€any€fitnessÐ –æ Ðanalysis.€€Of€more€significance€is€her€repeated€relationship€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€in€the€presence€of€herÐ ‚Ò Ðchildren.Ð n¾ ÐÌà  àMrs.€Johnson€testified€on€December€15,€1999:Ð F– ÐÌà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àSlept€in€the€bed€with€him€there?€Ðn` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àYes,€sir.Ð Z` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àWhen€your€children€were€there?ÐöF` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àMy€children€have€never€seen€us€sleeping€together.€€I€will€promise€you€that.Ðâ2` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àDid€you€sleep€in€the€bed?ÐÎ` (#` (# Ðà  àA.à0 ` àI€answered€that€question.к ` (#` (# Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àWith€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€when€your€children€were€present€in€the€house?Цö` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àI€have€slept€with€Carl€but€my€children€have€never€seen€me€sleeping€with€Carl.Ð’â` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àWhen€the€children€were€there€did€you€get€in€the€bed€with€him?Ð~ Î` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àYes,€sir,€but€they€still€never€saw€it.Ðj!º` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àWhere€did€they€sleep?ÐV"¦ ` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àThey€slept€on€the€couch€or€on€pallets€or€in€beds.ÐB#’!` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€above€was€not€an€isolated€incident€but€a€continuing€pattern€which€included€a€four€dayÐ %j # Ðvacation€to€Florida€during€which€she€slept€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô.€€She€testified:Ð &V!$ ÐÌà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àYou€werenððt€there€for€your€court€appearance,€were€you?ÐÞ'.#&` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àNo,€sir,€I€wasnððt.ÐÊ($'` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àTell€the€Court€where€you€were.ж)%(` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à ` àI€took€my€kids€on€vacation€to€Florida.€€They€have€had€the€roughest€year€ofÐ ¢*ò%) Ðtheir€life€and€theyððve€always€had€a€vacation.€€School€was€getting€ready€to€start€andÐ Ž+Þ&* ÐJim€was€trying€to€have€it€put€off,€and€the€DA€„€„€€Ð°Ð Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àYou€knew€the€case€was€set€that€day?Мì` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àYes,€sir,€but€Kevin€had€plenty€of€dates€postponed€on€me€before.ЈØ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àTell€the€Court€who€you€went€with.ÐtÄ` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àMe€and€the€kids€and€Carl€and€Jonathan.Ð`°` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àAnd€Carl€and€Jonathan€stayed€at€a€motel€in€Panama€City€Florida€Days€Inn?ÐL œ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àA.à0 ` àYes,€sir,€we€did.Ð8 ˆ` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àAnd€you€and€Carl€slept€where?Ð$ t` (#` (# Ðà  àA.à0 ` àWe€had€two€rooms.Ð `` (#` (# Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àWhere€did€you€sleep?Ðü L ` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àEverybody€switched€up€overnight.€€No€particular€place.Ðè 8 ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àQ.à0` Ð Ð àYou€didnððt€sleep€in€the€room€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô?ÐÔ$ ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àI€may€have€one€night.€€Iððm€not€sure.€€We€had€kids€laying€everywhere.ÐÀ ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà  àQ.à0 ` àWith€children€in€the€room?Ьü ` (#` (# Ðà8  àA.à0` Ð Ð àAnd€I€slept€in€with€the€kids.Иè ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà  àThis€Court€has€held:Ð pÀ ÐÌà8  àà ` àAbsent€some€compelling€reason€otherwise,€considerable€weight€must€be€givenÐ H˜ Ðto€the€judgment€of€a€trial€court€in€a€divorce€proceeding€in€respect€to€the€credibilityÐ 4„ Ðof€the€parties€and€their€suitability€as€custodians.€€òòBush€v.€Bushóó,€Ô_ÔTenn.AppÔ_Ô.€1984,€684Ð  p ÐS.W.2d€89.à ¸ àà  àÐ \Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àThe€trial€courts€are€vested€with€a€wide€discretion€in€matters€of€child€custody,Ð ä4 Ðand€the€reviewing€courts€will€not€interfere€except€upon€a€showing€of€erroneousÐ Ð  Ðexercise€of€that€discretion.€€òòGrant€v.€Grantóó,€39€Ô_ÔTenn.AppÔ_Ô.€539,€286€S.W.2d€349Ð ¼  Ð(1956).ШøÐ Ð  ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMimmsÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔMimmsÔ_Ôóó,€780€S.W.2d€739,€744„45€(Ô_ÔTenn.Ct.AppÔ_Ô.€1989).Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€did€not€abuse€its€discretion€in€awarding€custody€of€the€minor€children€to€Mr.Ð X ¨ ÐKevin€Johnson.Ð D!” ÐÌà  àThe€refusal€of€the€trial€court€to€grant€any€form€of€visitation€to€Mrs.€Johnson€with€her€childrenÐ #l! Ðis€in€error€for€the€same€reasons€set€forth€in€òòÔ_ÔWixÔ_Ôóó.€€There€is€no€evidence€in€the€record€that€theÐ $X" Ðappellantððs€behavior€put€the€children€in€danger€of€physical€abuse,€or€that€the€appellant€has€abandonedÐ ô$D # Ðher€children,€or€has€injured€their€health.Ð à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€action€of€the€court€denying€visitation€to€Mrs.€Johnson€is€reversed€and€on€remand,€aÐ ¸'#& Ðreasonable€visitation€schedule€will€be€established€for€Mrs.€Johnson,€conditioned€as€the€trial€courtÐ ¤(ô#' Ðmay€deem€appropriate.Ð )à$( ÐÌÐ h+¸&* ÐTHE€CRIMINAL€CONTEMPTà0 h àà0Àh(#h(#àаÀ(#À(# ÐÌà  àIn€the€final€judgment€and€decree€of€divorce€entered€January€20,€2000,€the€trial€court€held,€inÐ ˆØ Ðpart:Ð tÄ ÐÌà8  àà ` àThis€matter€came€on€to€be€heard€on€the€6th€day€of€January,€2000€as€well€asÐ L œ Ðthe€previous€dates€of€July€26th,€28th,€29th,€and€30th,€1999,€December€15th,€16th,€andÐ 8 ˆ Ð17th,€1999,€before€the€Honorable€Russ€Ô_ÔHeldmanÔ_Ô,€Judge,€holding€the€Chancery€CourtÐ $ t Ðof€Williamson€County,€Tennessee,€in€the€continuing€trial€of€this€cause€and€hearingÐ  ` Ðon€the€Petition€For€Contempt€filed€on€behalf€of€Plaintiff,€and€upon€testimony€ofÐ ü L  Ðwitnesses,€statement€of€counsel,€and€the€entire€record€of€this€cause€the€Court€havingÐ è 8  Ðheard€proof€finds€that€Defendantððs€violations€of€the€Orders€of€this€Court€are€notÐ Ô$  Ðjustifiable;€that€the€Petition€for€Contempt€filed€on€behalf€of€Plaintiff€is€proper€and€theÐ À  Ðcontemptuous€violations€of€Defendant€are€criminal€not€civil;€that€in€having€heardÐ ¬ü  Ðproof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€the€Court€finds€Defendant€committed€thirty„threeÐ ˜è  Ð(33)€separate€violations€of€the€Orders€of€this€Court€(i.e.€Agreed€Order€entered€AprilÐ „Ô  Ð28th,€1999;€Agreed€Order€entered€June€22nd,€1999;€and,€Order€entered€DecemberÐ pÀ Ð17th,€1999)€every€other€weekend€since€June€of€1999€with€respect€to€having€contact€Ð \¬ Ðor€been€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€(i.e.€twelve€(12)€weekends€x€2€days€per€weekend=Ð H˜ Ðtwenty„four€(24)€violations;€four€(4)€days€in€Florida€trip;€three€(3)€occasions€sinceÐ 4„ ÐOrder€of€December€7th,€1999;€one€(1)€dinner€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€after€entry€ofÐ  p ÐAgreed€Order€of€June€22nd,€1999;€and,€one€(1)€telephone€conversation€with€CarlÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€for€clearly€at€least€thirty„three€(33)€violations);€but€since€the€Court€isÐ øH Ðrunning€the€violations€of€Defendant€with€the€children€concurrent€with€the€separateÐ ä4 Ðviolations€of€the€Defendant€herself,€the€Court€did€not€make€a€determination€as€to€theÐ Ð  Ðnumber€of€violations€by€Defendant€with€respect€to€the€minor€children€of€the€partiesÐ ¼  Ðhaving€contact€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô;€that€because€of€Defendantððs€willful,€gross€andÐ ¨ø Ðflagrant€violations€of€the€Orders€of€this€Court€and€in€an€effort€to€protect€the€integrityÐ ”ä Ðof€the€judicial€system€as€well€as€to€enforce€these€Orders€of€this€Court,€the€CourtÐ €Ð Ðsentences€Defendant€to€ten€(10)€days€in€the€Williamson€County€Jail€for€eachÐ l¼ Ðviolation,€which€makes€a€total€of€330€days€of€incarceration€in€the€Williamson€CountyÐ X ¨ ÐJail,€and€sets€Defendantððs€bond€at€$33,000.00€and€hereby€orders€Defendant€to€beÐ D!” Ðtaken€immediately€into€custody€and€taken€to€jail€by€the€Williamson€County€SheriffððsÐ 0"€  ÐDepartment€upon€the€Courtððs€conclusion€in€adjudicating€the€divorce€issues€of€thisÐ #l! Ðcase.Ð$X"Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àKevin€Julian€Johnson€had€filed€a€Petition€for€Contempt€against€Donna€Cole€Johnson€onÐ à%0!$ ÐAugust€26,€1999.€€In€this€Petition€for€Contempt,€it€is€asserted:Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà8  àà ` à2.à ¸ àThat€on€April€28th,€1999€an€Agreed€Order€was€entered€in€this€cause,Ð ¤(ô#' Ðsaid€Agreed€Order€is€adopted€herein€by€reference€as€though€fully€and€specifically€setÐ )à$( Ðout.€€The€Agreed€Order€provided,€among€other€things,€that€Wife€agrees€to€terminateÐ |*Ì%) Ðall€contact€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€pending€the€final€hearing€of€this€cause.Ðh+¸&*Ð Ð  Їà8  àà ` à3.à ¸ àThat€on€June€22nd,€1999€an€Order€was€entered€in€this€cause,€saidÐ ° ÐOrder€is€adopted€herein€by€reference€as€though€fully€and€specifically€set€out.€€TheÐ œì ÐOrder€provided,€among€other€things,€that€each€party€keep€the€minor€children€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðparties€in€the€marital€home€of€the€parties€for€a€week€at€a€time;€that€Defendant/WifeÐ tÄ Ðshall€remain€in€the€marital€home€until€6:00€p.m.€on€Sunday,€June€20th,€1999,€atÐ `° Ðwhich€time€the€Defendant/Wife€shall€leave€the€home€and€Plaintiff/Husband€shallÐ L œ Ðmove€back€into€the€marital€home€and€remain€until€6:00€p.m.€on€Sunday,€June€27th,Ð 8 ˆ Ð1999;€that€the€parties€shall€alternate€living€in€the€marital€home€every€other€weekÐ $ t Ðthereafter€until€the€final€hearing€in€this€cause;€and,€that€Defendant/Wife€is€enjoinedÐ  ` Ðand€restrained€from€any€contact€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€or€with€keeping€the€children€ofÐ ü L  Ðthe€parties€and€the€children€of€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€together.Ðè 8 Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à4.à ¸ àPlaintiff€alleges€on€the€first€night€after€the€Agreed€Order€was€enteredÐ À  Ðinto€by€the€parties€in€open€Court€the€Defendant,€Mrs.€Johnson,€and€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_ÔÐ ¬ü  Ðwent€to€dinner€together€which€was€a€flagrant€disregard€and€contempt€of€the€AgreedÐ ˜è  ÐOrder.Ð„Ô Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à5.à ¸ àPlaintiff€states€Defendant€has€violated€the€Order€of€the€Court€enteredÐ \¬ Ðon€June€22nd,€1999€on€an€almost€daily€basis€as€she€has€continued€her€adulterousÐ H˜ Ðrelationship€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€as€well€as€having€the€partiesðð€minor€children€and€CarlÐ 4„ ÐÔ_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ôððs€child,€Ô_ÔJohnathanÔ_Ô,€together.€€On€numerous€occasions,€Defendant€has€hadÐ  p Ðthe€partiesðð€minor€children€at€the€home€of€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô.€€On€numerous€occasions,Ð  \ ÐDefendant€and€the€partiesðð€minor€children€have€stayed€overnight€at€the€home€of€Mr.Ð øH ÐÔ_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€with€Defendant€sleeping€in€the€same€bed€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€and€the€partiesððÐ ä4 Ðminor€children€sleeping€on€the€floor.€€As€testified€to€by€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€in€open€Court,Ð Ð  ÐDefendant€and€the€partiesðð€minor€children€even€spent€the€night€before€the€finalÐ ¼  Ðhearing€in€this€cause€at€the€home€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€with€Defendant€sleeping€in€theÐ ¨ø Ðsame€bed€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€and€the€children€sleeping€on€the€floor.ДäÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à6.à ¸ àFurther,€Plaintiff€states€Defendant€and€the€partiesðð€minor€childrenÐ l¼ Ðwent€to€Florida€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ôððs€child,€Ô_ÔJohnathanÔ_Ô,€fromÐ X ¨ ÐAugust€9th,€1999€through€August€12th,€1999€and€then€they€spent€the€night€at€the€à8@L l€parentàÐ D!” Ðhome€of€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€on€August€13th€and€14th,€1999.à È àà8@ÈÐ Ð àà  àÐ 0"€  ÐÌÌà8  àà ` à7.à ¸ àPlaintiff€states€Defendantððs€flagrant€disregard€and€contempt€of€theÐ ô$D # ÐCourtððs€orders€in€continuing€her€adulterous€relationship€with€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€andÐ à%0!$ Ðallowing€the€partiesðð€minor€children€and€the€children€of€Carl€Ô_ÔHarbisonÔ_Ô€to€be€togetherÐ Ì&"% Ðis€an€act€of€willful€contempt€of€this€Court.и'#&Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àà ` àPREMISES€CONSIDERED,€PLAINTIFF€PRAYS:Ð )à$( ÐÌà8  àà ` à1.à ¸ àThat€proper€process€issue€and€be€served€on€the€Defendant,€DonnaÐ h+¸&* ÐCole€Johnson,€by€and€through€her€counsel,€James€L.€Curtis,€causing€Defendant€toÐ ° Ðanswer€this€Petition€for€Contempt.МìÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à2.à ¸ àThat€at€the€hearing€of€this€cause,€Defendant€be€found€in€contempt€ofÐ tÄ Ðthis€Court€and€punished€accordingly.Ð`°Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à3.à ¸ àThat€the€Defendant€be€required€to€pay€all€attorneyððs€fees€and€courtÐ 8 ˆ Ðcosts€in€this€cause.Ð$ tÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` à4.à ¸ àFor€such€other,€further€and€general€relief€as€to€which€the€Plaintiff€mayÐ ü L  Ðbe€entitled.€€Ðè 8 Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAt€the€hearing€of€December€15,€1999,€the€following€occurred:Ð À  ÐÌà8  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€You€made€me€aware.€€Iððm€going€to€rule€on€theÐ ˜è  Ðcontempt€petition€Mr.€Johnson€has€filed€based€on€the€evidence€and€of€course€giveÐ „Ô  ÐMrs.€Johnson€wide€latitude€to€defend€against€it.€€Is€there€going€to€be€any€proof€fromÐ pÀ ÐMrs.€Johnson€that€is€not€before€the€Court€in€the€divorce€case?Ð\¬Ð Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àÔ_ÔMRÔ_Ô.€CURTIS:€I€donððt€know.€€I€have€answered€it.€€I€donððt€know€whatÐ H˜ Ðother€facts€they€are€going€to€put€forward.Ð4„Ð Ð  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€Then€„€„Ð  p Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àÔ_ÔMRÔ_Ô.€YOUNG:€From€the€petitionerððs€point€of€view€it€will€be€the€sameÐ  \ Ðproof€that€is€going€to€come€out€as€a€result€of€the€divorce€case.ÐøHÐ Ð  Ðà8  àà ` àà ¸ àTHE€COURT:€We€will€make€a€determination€adjudication€of€Mr.Ð ä4 ÐJohnsonððs€contempt€petition€during€these€proceedings€as€anticipated€.€.€.€.ÐÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€record€shows€without€doubt€that€Mrs.€Johnson€repeatedly€violated€the€orders€of€the€court,Ð ¨ø Ðmuch€in€the€manner€charged€in€the€August€26,€1999€Petition€for€Contempt.Ð ”ä ÐÌà  àThe€convictions€of€Mrs.€Johnson€for€criminal€contempt€cannot€stand.€€The€very€first€time€thatÐ l¼ Ðcriminal€contempt€is€mentioned€is€in€the€Final€Judgment€and€Decree€of€Divorce€entered€on€JanuaryÐ X ¨ Ð20,€2000€where€the€court€determines€Mrs.€Johnson€to€be€guilty€of€criminal€contempt.€€No€effort€isÐ D!” Ðmade€to€comply€with€Rule€42(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€such€failure€isÐ 0"€  Ðfatal€to€a€conviction€for€criminal€contempt.€€This€Court€has€held:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà ` àBecause€the€contempt€was€criminal€in€nature,€the€husband€was€entitled€to€allÐ ô$D # Ðthe€constitutional€protections€of€any€criminal€defendant,€including€ð ðthe€presumptionÐ à%0!$ Ðof€innocence€and€the€right€to€require€guilt€to€be€shown€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt,ððÐ Ì&"% Ðòòid.óó€(citing€òòÔ_ÔStrunkÔ_Ô€v.€Lewis€Coal€Co.óó,€547€S.W.2d€252,€253€(Ô_ÔTenn.Crim.AppÔ_Ô.€1976),Ð ¸'#& Ðthe€right€not€to€incriminate€himself,€and€notice.€€òòÔ_ÔGompersÔ_Ô€v.€Buckððs€Stove€&€RangeÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCo.óó,€221€U.S.€418,€444„46,€31€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€492,€499„500,€55€Ô_ÔL.EdÔ_Ô.€797,€807„08€(1911).Ð)à$(Ð Ð  ÐÌÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà ` àThe€husband€has€challenged€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€criminal€contemptÐ ° Ðon€the€grounds€that€the€contempt€petition€did€not€provide€notice€that€the€husband€wasÐ œì Ðbeing€charged€with€criminal€contempt€and€that€the€petitioner€failed€to€prove€theÐ ˆØ Ðhusbandððs€contempt€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt.ÐtÄÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àWith€regard€to€notice,€the€United€States€Supreme€Court€stated€in€òòÔ_ÔGompersÔ_ÔóóÐ L œ Ðthat€manifestly€every€citizen,€however€unlearned€in€the€law,€by€mere€inspection€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðpapers€in€contempt€proceedings€ought€to€be€able€to€see€whether€it€was€instituted€forÐ $ t Ðprivate€litigation€or€for€public€prosecution,€whether€it€sought€to€benefit€theÐ  ` Ðcomplainant€or€vindicate€the€courtððs€authority.€€He€should€not€be€left€in€doubt€as€toÐ ü L  Ðwhether€relief€or€punishment€was€the€object€in€view.€€He€is€not€only€entitled€to€beÐ è 8  Ðinformed€of€the€nature€of€the€charge€against€him,€but€to€know€that€it€is€a€charge€andÐ Ô$  Ðnot€a€suit.€€òòId.óó€at€446,€31€Ô_ÔS.CtÔ_Ô.€at€500,€55€Ô_ÔL.EdÔ_Ô.€at€807„08.ÐÀ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àIn€addition,€Rule€42(b)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€requiresÐ ˜è  Ðthat€a€criminal€contempt€be€prosecuted€on€notice,€which€ð ðshall€state€the€time€andÐ „Ô  Ðplace€of€hearing,€allowing€a€reasonable€time€for€the€preparation€of€the€defense,€andÐ pÀ Ðshall€state€the€essential€facts€constituting€the€criminal€contempt€charged€and€òòdescribeÐ \¬ Ðit€as€suchóó.ðð€€Ô_ÔTenn.R.Crim.ProcÔ_Ô.€42(b)€(emphasis€added).ÐH˜Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àOur€review€of€the€record€indicates€that€none€of€the€contempt€petitions€againstÐ  p Ðthe€husband€designated€the€contempt€as€criminal.€€Apparently,€the€nature€of€theÐ  \ Ðcontempt€did€not€become€known€to€the€parties€until€the€trial€court€entered€itsÐ øH Ðmemorandum€opinion€sentencing€the€husband€to€a€set€time€in€the€county€workhouseÐ ä4 Ðand€providing€no€opportunity€for€the€Ô_ÔcontemnorÔ_Ô€to€purge€himself.ÐÐ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  àà ` àBecause€the€husband€was€not€afforded€proper€notice€as€required€by€theÐ ¨ø ÐTennessee€Rules€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€òòÔ_ÔGompersÔ_Ô,€supraóó,€we€find€it€necessary€toÐ ”ä Ðreverse€that€part€of€the€trial€courtððs€order€sentencing€the€husband€to€two€10„dayÐ €Ð Ðperiods€in€the€county€workhouse.Ðl¼Ð Ð  ÐÌòòStorey€v.€Storeyóó,€835€S.W.2d€593,€599„600€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1992)€(internal€footnotes€omitted).Ð D!” ÐÌÌà  àThe€action€of€the€trial€court€finding€Mrs.€Johnson€in€criminal€contempt€is€reversed€and€theÐ $X" Ðsentences€imposed€upon€her€are€vacated.Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àThe€final€issue€on€appeal€relative€to€alleged€forgery€of€checks€was€abandoned€in€argumentÐ Ì&"% Ðby€the€appellant.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌCONCLUSIONÐ )à$( ÐÌà  àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€awarding€custody€of€the€children€to€Kevin€Johnson€isÐ h+¸&* Ðaffirmed.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€denying€visitation€to€Mrs.€Johnson€is€reversed.€€TheÐ ° Ðjudgment€of€the€trial€court€finding€Mrs.€Johnson€guilty€of€criminal€contempt€is€reversed€and€allÐ œì Ðsentences€imposed€are€vacated.€€The€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€with€instructions€to€setÐ ˆØ Ðreasonable€and€meaningful€visitation€rights€for€Mrs.€Johnson,€subject€to€such€conditions€as€the€trialÐ tÄ Ðcourt€may€deem€appropriate.à  àÐ `° ÐÌà  àCosts€of€appeal€are€assessed€equally€to€the€parties.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌÌÌà  à€Ð è 8  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________________Ð Ô$  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€B.€CAIN,€JUDGE