ÿWPCÊ /# ¢UN­ %û 0(w@)4i}Œ 0J” 0TÞ 0^2 0h 0rø 0|j 0†æ 0l 1uü 0dqU>ÕB) 0@< D3| B¯ DCÌ AM U*\ † v~Ž vÓ AQ߯0 0Dö 0D: D/~ B­˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLHÎ(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ ñeòEóôVõVöa÷DøÓ€Œƒ*#lar3|x2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ< Œ 9p`(&Times New Roman% Line 7 d("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò""""'ÿÿdxd d7Border 1dd* #Cþÿ << Gÿÿ< Œ 9p`(Arial þÝ ƒ!ÝÔ€ÔÝ  ÝÝ ƒ+"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€%ÔÔ€%ÔÓ  ÓÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€%XÔÌÌò òSeptember€18,€1997ÌÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€%ôÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHÚ(d'hStyl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  h HD: Geneva ÒÒ  h HD: Geneva Ò*+ ,-Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó..'÷ÿ dxdüÿP PdÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€ÔÝ  Ý›ò òÑ\R AØ'\ÑœÑ\R AØ'\Ñ›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEó óÌà@ àò òWESTERN€SECTION€AT€JACKSON€€€Ìà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌóóÌÌCHARLES€THOMAS€JOYNER,€€à àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)à àÌà àó óPlaintiff/Appelleeò òà àà àà à)à àó óShelby€Circuit€No.€28647„9€T.D.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àò ò)Ìvs.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à à€ÌœÙ€*ÙßR€$&#A1-j|D™` Å `€€@ÿRß›à àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌDEPUTY€SHERIFF€B.€TAYLOR,€et€al.,€€à à)à àó óAppeal€No.€02A01„9508„CV„00188Ìò òà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìó óà àDefendants/Appellants.à àò òà à)à àÌòòó óÌò òóóÌ€€€ÌÌÌà@ àó óAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€SHELBY€COUNTYÌà@ àAT€MEMPHIS,€TENNESSEEÌÌÌÌà@ àTHE€HONORABLE€ROBERT€L.€CHILDERS,€JUDGE€òòÌÌÌFor€the€Plaintiff/Appelleeóó:òòà àà àà àFor€the€Defendants/Appellantsóó:òòÌóóÌConnie€Westbrook€à àà àà àà àBrian€L.€Kuhn€€€€€€€ÌThomas€E.€œVornberger›à àà àà àMemphis,€Tennessee€€€€€€€€€ÌMemphis,€Tennesseeà àà àà àà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌÌò òÌà àà àà àà àà àà àÌà àà àà àà àà àà àREVERSEDÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà àó óHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.ÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌòòÌóóW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌDAVID€R.€FARMER,€J.ÇØØÙ  ÙÓÓò òÓ  ÓÑ7€üÔXXdðXXdð7ÑÑ  ÑOPINIONó óÌÓ  Óà àThis€is€a€civil€rights€case.€€Appellants,€Shelby€County€and€Shelby€County€Sheriff€A.C.ÏGilless,€Jr.,€appeal€a€jury€verdict€finding€them€liable€for€violating€the€civil€rights€of€AppelleeÏCharles€Thomas€Joyner€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983.€€Because€the€alleged€civil€rights€violation€wasÏcaused€by€simple€negligence,€and€not€by€a€County€policy,€procedure,€custom,€or€usage,€weÏreverse.Ìà àOn€June€15,€1976,€Charles€E.€Joyner€received€a€citation€for€a€DWI€violation€and€forÏdriving€without€tail€lights.€€He€failed€to€appear€for€his€scheduled€court€appearance.€€Consequently,Ïa€bench€warrant€was€issued€for€his€arrest.€Ìà àCharles€T.€Joyner,€the€Appellee€in€this€case,€received€a€speeding€ticket€on€December€17,Ï1982.€€He€also€failed€to€appear€for€his€court€date,€scheduled€on€January€27,€1983,€and€a€benchÏwarrant€was€issued€for€his€arrest.€€Charles€T.€Joyner€subsequently€appeared€in€court€on€FebruaryÏ4,€1983,€and€pled€guilty€to€the€charge€of€speeding.€€Consequently,€an€order€was€entered€recallingÏthe€bench€warrant€for€Charles€T.€Joyner.Ìà àIn€1981,€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€Department€acquired€a€new€computer€system,€knownÏas€S.C.A.T.S.€€In€1982€or€1983,€the€criminal€justice€information€in€the€City€of€MemphisððÏcomputer€system€was€transferred€to€S.C.A.T.S.€€This€was€a€huge€undertaking,€involvingÏthousands€of€entries.€€Much€of€the€information€was€transferred€through€the€computers.€€Some€of€itÏwas€manually€entered€into€the€S.C.A.T.S.€database.€€Somehow,€in€the€course€of€the€transfer€ofÏdata,€information€on€Charles€T.€and€Charles€E.€Joyner€was€intermingled,€resulting€in€Charles€T.ÏJoyner€being€identified€as€the€person€wanted€on€the€warrant€for€Charles€E.€Joynerððs€arrest.Ìà àOn€November€14,€1988,€Charles€T.€Joyner€(hereinafter€ð ðJoynerðð)€went€to€the€SocialÏSecurity€Office€in€Memphis€to€obtain€a€copy€of€his€lost€social€security€card.€€While€he€was€there,Ïtwo€officers€of€the€Shelby€County€Sheriffððs€Department,€deputy€sheriffs€Bobby€Taylor€(ð ðTaylorðð)Ïand€Gerald€Marcum€(ð ðMarcumðð),€€consulted€their€book€of€outstanding€warrants€and€found€JoynerÏlisted.€€They€€arrested€Joyner€on€the€outstanding€bench€warrant.€€They€confirmed€over€the€radioÏthat€the€first€and€last€name,€address,€and€date€of€birth€for€the€Charles€Joyner€in€their€records€back€atÍheadquarters€matched€those€of€the€person€they€had€arrested.€€Apparently,€the€officers€wereÏconcerned€that€Joynerððs€height€might€not€match€the€description€given€them€over€the€radio,€becauseÏMarcum€attempted€to€verify€Joynerððs€height€by€comparing€it€with€his.€€€Joyner€protested€hisÏinnocence€and€told€the€officers€that€he€was€the€wrong€person,€and€that€he€had€to€report€to€work.Ìà àBecause€Joyner€had€protested€repeatedly€that€the€officers€had€the€wrong€man,€theyÏrequested€that€Joyner€go€through€expedited€processing.€€Joyner€used€one€phone€call€to€call€hisÏmother.€€He€did€not€ask€his€mother€to€call€his€employer€because€he€ð ðdidnððt€think€about€it€then.ðð€€HeÏwas€given€the€chance€to€make€a€second€phone€call€and€signed€a€form€stating€his€right€to€make€aÏlong„distance€call.€€However,€Joyner€made€no€second€call;€he€testified€that€he€did€not€read€theÏform.€€After€having€spent€approximately€nine€and€a€half€hours€in€jail,€Joyner€posted€bond€thatÏnight.€€The€next€day,€Joynerððs€case€was€dismissed€at€his€court€appearance.€€The€same€day,€he€alsoÏdiscovered€€that€he€had€been€fired€from€his€job.Ìà àJoyner€filed€suit€against€officers€Taylor€and€Marcum€in€their€individual€and€officialÏcapacities,€against€Sheriff€Gilless€in€his€official€capacity,€and€against€Shelby€County€GovernmentÏfor€allegedly€violating€his€civil€rights€under€42€U.S.C.€ðððð€1983€and€1985.€€He€also€sued€the€twoÏdeputies€for€false€arrest€and€false€imprisonment.€€The€Section€1985€claim€was€later€dismissed€as€toÏall€defendants.Ìà àAt€trial,€all€of€the€defendants€moved€for€a€directed€verdict.€€These€motions€were€denied€byÏthe€trial€court.€€The€jury€initially€delivered€a€verdict€in€favor€of€the€officers€and€Sheriff€Gilless€butÏagainst€Shelby€County€in€the€amount€of€$50,000.€€The€trial€court€instructed€the€jury€that€the€verdictÏwas€inconsistent€because€Shelby€County€could€not€be€found€liable€if€none€of€the€individualÏdefendants€were€found€liable.€€After€redeliberation,€the€jury€returned€a€verdict€for€the€two€officersÏbut€against€Sheriff€Gilless€and€Shelby€County,€once€again€finding€damages€in€the€amount€ofÏ$50,000.€€Sheriff€Gilless€and€Shelby€County€(hereinafter€ð ðthe€County€Defendantsðð)€moved€for€aÏnew€trial€or€remittitur,€which€was€denied.€€Joyner€moved€for€an€award€of€attorneyððs€fees,€and€thisÏwas€granted.€€Joyner€also€moved€for€the€trial€court€to€reconsider€the€amount€of€attorneyððs€fees€Íawarded€and€to€provide€findings€of€fact€supporting€its€award.€€The€trial€court€did€not€award€theÏamount€sought€by€Joyner,€but€altered€the€award€and€set€forth€its€findings€of€fact€in€support€of€theÏaward.Ìà àThe€County€Defendants€appeal€the€trial€courtððs€decisions€to€deny€both€motions€for€directedÏverdict€and€its€refusal€to€vacate€and€set€aside€the€jury€verdict.€€They€maintain€that€42€U.S.C.€ððÏ1983€requires€that€the€deprivation€of€constitutional€rights€be€caused€by€an€established€policy,Ïprocedure,€custom,€or€usage.€€They€argue€that€Joynerððs€arrest€was€the€result€of€a€simple€mistake,Ïnot€a€policy,€œÇprocedure,›€custom,€or€usage.€€€€Joyner€files€a€counter„appeal,€contending€that€the€trial€court€erredÏin€the€amount€of€its€award€of€attorneyððs€fees.Ìà àIn€considering€an€appeal€from€a€jury€verdict,€this€Court€does€not€ð ðreweigh€the€evidence€orÏreevaluate€witnesses'€credibility.ðð€€ò òòòWitter€v.€Nesbitó óóó,€878€S.W.2d€116,€121€(Tenn.€App.€1993).€€ÏRather,€this€Court€must€ð ðtake€the€strongest€legitimate€view€of€the€evidence€favoring€the€prevailingÏparty,€discard€all€contrary€evidence,€[and]€allow€all€reasonable€inferences€to€uphold€the€jury'sÏverdict€and€set€aside€the€jury€verdict€only€when€there€is€no€material€evidence€to€support€it.ðð€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€atÏ121;ò òòò€see€alsoó óóó€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d).€Ìà àJoyner€alleges€a€deprivation€of€€his€civil€rights€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983,€which€provides:ÌÓÓà8 àEvery€person€who,€under€color€of€any€statute,€ordinance,€regulation,€custom,€orÏusage,€or€any€State€or€Territory€or€the€District€of€Columbia,€subjects,€or€causes€toÏbe€subjected,€any€citizen€of€the€United€States€or€other€person€within€the€jurisdictionÏthereof€to€the€deprivation€of€any€rights,€privileges,€or€immunities€secured€by€theÏConstitution€and€laws,€shall€be€liable€to€the€party€injured€in€an€action€at€law,€suit€inÏequity,€or€other€proper€proceeding€for€redress.ÌÌÓÓ42€U.S.C.A.€ðð€1983€(Supp.€1997).€€It€is€well€established€that€a€municipality€can€only€be€guilty€ofÏa€Section€1983€violation€when€a€personððs€constitutional€rights€are€deprived€as€the€result€of€aÏgovernmental€policy,€procedure,€custom€or€usage.€€ò òòòSee€Monell€v.€Department€of€Soc.ÏServs.óóó ó,€436€U.S.€658,€690„91,€98€S.€Ct.€2018,€2035„36,€56€L.€Ed.€2d€611€(1978).€€There€mustÏbe€a€direct€causal€connection€between€the€policy€and€the€alleged€violation.€€òòò òSee€Strauss€v.€CityÏof€Chicagoóóó ó,€760€F.2d€765,€767€(7th€Cir.€1985).€€A€municipality€cannot€be€held€liable€under€theÏcommon€law€theory€of€òòò òrespondeat€superioró óóó.€€ò òòòMonellóóó ó,€436€U.S.€at€691,€98€S.€Ct.€at€2036.€ÏMere€negligence€is€not€enough€for€a€Section€1983€violation;€either€gross€negligence€or€deliberateÏindifference€is€required.€€ò òòòOwens€v.€City€of€Atlantaóóó ó,€780€F.2d€1564,€1566„67€(11th€Cir.Ï1986).€€Indeed,€some€cases€hold€that€even€gross€negligence€is€not€sufficient.€€ò òòòLewellen€v.ÏMetropolitan€Govððtóóó ó,€34€F.3d€345,€351€(6th€Cir.€1994)€(relying€on€ò òòòCollins€v.€City€ofÏHarker€Heightsóóó ó,€503€U.S.€115,€112€S.€Ct.€1061,€117€L.€Ed.€2d€261€(1992)).Ìà àJoyner€asserts€two€alleged€policies€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€of€a€Section€1983Íviolation.€€First,€he€alleges€that€the€Sheriff€had€no€procedure€in€place€to€check€the€warrantÏinformation€in€the€S.C.A.T.S.€system,€and€that€the€failure€to€do€so€was€a€ð ðpolicyðð€that€resulted€inÏJoynerððs€erroneous€arrest.€€Second,€Joyner€asserts€that€the€Sheriffððs€Department€had€a€writtenÏpolicy€for€investigating€an€arresteeððs€claim€of€mistaken€identity.€€The€written€policy€included€anÏinvestigation€by€the€Records€and€Identification€Division€(ð ðR&Iðð),€which€Joyner€maintains€wouldÏhave€uncovered€the€mistake€which€lead€to€his€arrest.€€Instead,€the€officers€followed€the€SheriffððsÏDepartmentððs€ð ðunwritten€policyðð€of€utilizing€expedited€processing€for€prisoners€whose€identity€is€inÏquestion.€€Under€this€procedure,€Joyner€alleges€he€may€have€been€processed€more€quickly,€butÏthere€was€no€real€investigation€of€his€claims€of€mistaken€identity.€€Thus,€he€argues,€thisÏð ðprocedureðð€resulted€in€the€deprivation€of€his€constitutional€rights.€€We€will€first€address€theÏalleged€ð ðpolicyðð€of€having€no€procedure€for€checking€warrant€information.Ìà àThe€County€Defendants€rely€on€the€United€States€Supreme€Courtððs€decision€in€òòò òBaker€v.ÏMcCollanó óóó,€443€U.S.€137,€99€S.€Ct.€2689,€61€L.€Ed.€2d€433€(1979).€€In€ò òòòBakeróóó ó,€a€facially€validÏarrest€warrant€was€issued€for€McCollan,€who€had€committed€no€crime.€€Previously,€McCollanððsÏbrother€had€been€arrested.€€The€brother€procured€a€duplicate€of€McCollanððs€driverððs€license€and€putÏthe€brotherððs€photograph€on€it.€€Consequently,€when€the€brother€was€arrested,€McCollanððs€nameÏand€identifying€details€were€entered€into€the€computer.€€When€the€brother,€the€real€offender,Ïskipped€out€on€bail,€McCollan€was€later€picked€up€on€an€outstanding€bench€warrant.€€McCollanÏwas€held€in€jail€for€eight€days€before€the€mistake€was€discovered,€despite€his€repeated€protestationsÏthat€he€was€innocent.€€He€filed€an€action€under€42€U.S.C.€ðð€1983.€€The€Supreme€Court€concludedÏthat€there€had€been€no€constitutional€deprivation€of€his€due€process€rights.€€òòò òBakeró óóó,€443€U.S.€atÏ146,€99€S.€Ct.€at€2695„96.€€In€its€opinion,€the€Court€found€the€following:ÌÓÓà8 àGiven€the€requirements€that€arrest€be€made€only€on€probable€cause€and€that€oneÏdetained€be€accorded€a€speedy€trial,€we€do€not€think€a€sheriff€executing€an€arrestÏwarrant€is€required€by€the€Constitution€to€investigate€independently€every€claim€ofÏinnocence,€whether€the€claim€is€based€on€mistaken€identity€or€a€defense€such€as€lackÏof€requisite€intent.€€Nor€is€the€official€charged€with€maintaining€custody€of€theÏaccused€named€in€the€warrant€required€by€the€Constitution€to€perform€an€error„freeÏinvestigation€of€such€a€claim.€€The€ultimate€determination€of€such€claims€ofÍinnocence€is€placed€in€the€hands€of€the€judge€and€the€jury.ÌÌÓÓò òòòId.óóó ó€at€145„46,€99€S.€Ct.€at€2695.€€The€Court€also€made€the€following€point:ÌÓÓà8 àThe€Constitution€does€not€guarantee€that€only€the€guilty€will€be€arrested.€€If€it€did,€Ìà àðð€1983€would€provide€a€cause€of€action€for€every€defendant€acquitted„„indeed,€for€Ìà àevery€suspect€released.ÌÌÓÓò òòòId.óóó ó€at€145,€99€S.€Ct.€at€2695.€€The€County€Defendants€argue€that,€under€òòò òBakeró óóó,€since€the€officersÏin€the€instant€case€acted€pursuant€to€a€facially€valid€arrest€warrant€and€took€action€to€determine€ifÏthey€had€the€right€man,€the€fact€that€their€investigation€was€flawed€does€not€give€rise€to€a€claimÏunder€Section€1983.Ìà àThe€County€Defendants€also€cited€ò òòòHoward€v.€Regional€Transit€Authorityó óóó,€667€F.ÏSupp.€540€(N.D.€Ohio€1987),€in€which€an€arrest€was€based€on€mistaken€information€from€aÏcomputer€system€much€like€the€S.C.A.T.S.€system€in€the€instant€case.€€The€Court€concluded€thatÏthe€plaintiffððs€arrest€did€not€amount€to€a€civil€rights€violation:ÌÓÓà8 àà àThis€Court€concludes€that€if€a€law€enforcement€officer€acts€reasonably€andÏconsistent€with€the€information€obtained€from€the€computer€system,€then€a€personÏwho€is€mistakenly€arrested€because€of€such€information€cannot€maintain€a€cause€ofÏaction€under€ðð€1983.ÌÌÓÓò òòòId.óóó ó€at€546.€€The€County€Defendants€argue€that€the€officers€in€this€case€acted€in€a€reasonableÏmanner,€€consistent€with€the€information€available€to€them.€€€The€name,€date€of€birth,€and€addressÏall€matched.€€There€was€apparently€some€concern€that€Joynerððs€height€did€not€match€theÏinformation€from€headquarters,€but€the€difference€was€insufficient€to€cause€reasonable€officers€toÏconclude€that€they€were€arresting€the€wrong€man.€Ìà àJoyner€cites€several€cases€purportedly€establishing€that€a€police€departmentððs€failure€toÏupdate€and€correct€information€in€a€computer€system€is€a€policy€or€procedure€sufficient€to€support€aÏSection€1983€violation.€€ò òòòSee€United€States€v.€Mackeyóóó ó,€387€F.€Supp.€1121€(D.€Nev.€1975);Ïò òòòPeople€v.€Ramirezóóó ó,€668€P.2d€761€(Cal.€1983)€(in€banc);€ò òòòAlbo€v.€Stateóóó ó,€477€So.€2d€1071Ï(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.€1985);€ò òòòPeople€v.€Lawsonóóó ó,€456€N.E.2d€170€(Ill.€App.€Ct.€1983);€ò òòòPeopleÏv.€Jonesóóó ó,€443€N.Y.S.2d€298€(N.Y.€Crim.€Ct.€1981).€€However,€none€of€these€cases€involveÍcivil€actions€for€alleged€Section€1983€violations.€€Rather,€they€deal€with€the€suppression€ofÏevidence€collected€in€a€search€based€on€inaccurate€information€from€police€computers€or€records.€ÏIn€these€cases,€€inaccurate€information€was€relayed€because€of€negligence,€not€deliberateÏindifference.€€ò òòòSee€Mackeyóóó ó,€387€F.€Supp.€at€1125;€ò òòòRamirezó óóó,€668€P.2d€at€766;€and€€ò òòòAlboóóó ó,€477ÏSo.€2d€at€1076.€€As€noted€above,€a€Section€1983€violation€cannot€be€based€on€a€finding€of€mereÏnegligence;€either€gross€negligence€or€deliberate€indifference€is€required.€€ò òòòOwens€v.€City€ofÏAtlantaó óóó,€780€F.2d€at€1566„67.€€€Joyner€cites€no€case€in€which€a€Section€1983€claim€is€upheld€onÏthe€basis€of€inaccurate€record€keeping.€Ìà àFrom€the€record€in€this€case,€it€is€apparent€that€the€mixup€in€information€on€Joyner€was€theÏresult€of€a€clerical€error.€€Under€these€circumstances,€based€on€ò òòòBakeró óóó€and€ò òòòHowardó óóó,€the€failure€toÏdetect€the€mixup€prior€to€Joynerððs€arrest€was€insufficient€to€support€a€jury€verdict€finding€a€SectionÏ1983€violation.ÌœÇ›Ñ Ð Ñà àJoyner€also€argues€that€the€Sheriffððs€Department€failed€to€follow€its€written€policy€forÏinvestigating€an€arresteeððs€claim€of€mistaken€identity.€€Instead,€the€officers€followed€theÏDepartmentððs€ð ðunwritten€policyðð€of€utilizing€expedited€processing€for€Joyner.€€Joyner€asserts€that€Ïthe€mistaken€identity€would€have€been€discovered€earlier€had€the€official€written€policy€beenÏfollowed,€which€would€have€entailed€an€investigation€by€R&I.€€Ìà àIn€Section€1983€cases,€the€plaintiff€must€produce€evidence€that€the€policy€at€issue€causedÏhis€injury.€€€ò òòòSee€Straussóóó ó,€760€F.2d€at€767€(ð ðA€successful€[ðð€1983]€suit€requires€the€plaintiff€toÏestablish€that€he€was€injured,€and€that€some€municipal€policy,€custom€or€practice€proximatelyÏcaused€the€injury.ðð).€€Even€if€this€were€deemed€a€governmental€policy,€procedure€or€custom,ÏJoyner€failed€to€introduce€evidence€that€it€caused€his€injury.€€€There€was€no€evidence€that€anÏinvestigation€by€R&I€in€Joynerððs€case€would€have€uncovered€the€clerical€error€and€ended€inÏJoynerððs€being€released€earlier.€Absent€evidence€of€causation,€the€evidence€on€this€theory€wasÏinsufficient€to€support€the€juryððs€finding€of€a€Section€1983€violation.€Ìà àIn€sum,€the€Sheriffððs€Departmentððs€failure€to€detect€the€mixup€in€information€on€JoynerÏprior€to€his€arrest€cannot€be€deemed€a€governmental€policy,€procedure€or€custom€to€support€aÏSection€1983€violation.€€Joyner€failed€to€introduce€evidence€that€the€officerððs€decision€to€utilizeÏexpedited€processing€instead€of€referring€Joynerððs€matter€to€R&I€for€investigation€caused€JoynerððsÏinjury.€€Absent€evidence€of€causation,€the€evidence€was€insufficient€to€support€a€Section€1983Ïviolation.€€Therefore,€the€trial€courtððs€failure€to€grant€the€County€Defendantsðð€motion€for€directedÏverdict€must€be€reversed.€€The€award€of€attorneyððs€fees€to€Joyner€must€also€be€reversed.€€JoynerððsÏissue€on€appeal,€regarding€the€amount€of€attorneyððs€fees€awarded,€is€pretermitted€by€this€holding.Ìà àThe€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€reversed.€€Costs€are€taxed€to€the€Appellee,€for€whichÏexecution€may€issue€if€necessary.€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ìà àà àà àà àà àò òóóHOLLY€KIRBY€LILLARD,€J.Ìó óà àò òÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ÌóóW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€P.€J.,€W.S.ÌÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€óóÌDAVID€R.€FARMER,€œJ.ó ó›