ÿWPC…! jiÜ 'ü¤Z c¯^\T”û¢œ*ç¢÷¤A ÃÔÀ×Ãx;\¨ýôU×¼Tf*'Cy¿ÔCíÏ5ˆZo»¾ïÃÞ["RÇô‚â«m·X€ ô¼Ô;+ö©:cH˜c ³Ã|f·”p™Y9TF „‹Q\ò_ÉE˜¿,ÒvJ%é&ƒ<εRV‡¤páYGø–÷êÇiJ;Þ¼áÆQ ®DuŸiA)üc)\Tœ«6é î9xÇáM‰(ËÊã\Tx8œ ­Tú6^ssoãÿQæ =dt*þ‚*·:Õ‘]™ð†`2›ÃWæø#zÓ)«Ýÿü&OcÃ8–¥MWJõñìLˆ°nœ€ue¿cÛ«RT½·Ò¸¸Šw\WïáIžM9  •ðŠ[õb²çÁS/‰ÆµÃ<‘>¢gp«M%á2žIÁ¥ò—T²Rr×ô 7PÐ*MNAº',S~hµò”IÁ²•!~Ã;°v-ÌA=uâɦ V\˜í5ø’“–ÿeÈ{œTCº“<úë!µG·¯GI¶6i×®4Y‹#¢øòIòŽš•ƒ)Í‚5!æÁûÁ± Ù6 d!¼9b %\^ b 0ˆnU#NöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÉÐ Ð Æ™ Æ_ Æ%Æë±NÏU NѶ EÕ 0D×]bxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 0뀀€€ Bkk 0¤ˆ D5, D-a 0KŽŽ ASÙÆ, 0¤ò 0D– A«Ú »[‰„/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regularlk.b013c13|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S02\CLERKJACÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Hardin COAHighersSelmerbeserkCallieVickeySipes HassKnighton S.W. JahnFariencaregiver DirrGaskill(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular ¬ Ý ƒR4Ä$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôþDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€section€36„6„106(a)€factors€are:Ð ° ÐÌà8  à(1)€The€love,€affection€and€emotional€ties€existing€between€the€parents€and€child;Ð2‚Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àÔ‡ôþDòòôþDÔ(2)€The€disposition€of€the€parents€to€provide€the€child€with€food,€clothing,€medical€care,€education€andÐ ´ Ðother€necessary€care€and€the€degree€to€which€a€parent€has€been€the€primary€caregiver;ÐuÅÐ Ð  Ðà8  àÐ Ð Ð  Ðà8  à(3)€The€importance€of€continuity€in€the€Ô_ÔchildsÔ_Ô€life€and€the€length€of€time€the€child€has€lived€in€a€stable,Ð ÷ G Ðsatisfactory€environment€.€.€.€.;Ô#†ôþDòòôþDd#ÔÔ‡ôþDòòôþDÔи Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(4)€The€stability€of€the€family€unit€of€the€parents;Ð: Š Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(5)ò ò€ó óThe€mental€and€physical€health€of€the€parents;м Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(6)€The€home,€school€and€community€record€of€the€child;ÐB’ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(7)€The€reasonable€preference€of€the€child€if€twelve€(12)€years€of€age€or€older.€€The€court€may€hearÐ Ä  Ðthe€preference€of€a€younger€child€upon€request€€.€.€.€.;€Ð…Õ Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(8)ò ò€ó óEvidence€of€physical€or€emotional€abuse€to€the€child,€to€the€other€parent€or€to€any€other€person€.Ð W Ð.€.€.;Ô#†ôþDòòôþD‡#ÔÔ‡ôþDòòôþDÔ€ÐÌÐ Ð  ÐÌà8  à(9)€The€character€and€behavior€of€any€other€person€who€resides€in€or€frequents€the€home€of€a€parentÐ Nž Ðand€such€personððs€interactions€with€the€child;€andÐ_Ð Ð  ÐÌà8  à(10)€Each€parentððs€past€and€potential€for€future€performance€of€parenting€responsibilities,€includingÐ ‘á Ðthe€willingness€and€ability€of€each€of€the€parents€to€facilitate€and€encourage€a€close€and€continuingÐ R¢ Ðparent„child€relationship€between€the€child€and€the€other€parent,€consistent€with€the€best€interest€ofÐ c Ðthe€child.€.€.€.Ô#†ôþDòòôþD#ÔÔ‡ôþDòòôþDÔÐÔ$Ð Ð  ÐÔ#†ôþDòòôþDK #Ô(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó SÝ ƒR4Ä$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôþDò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMother€admitted€Fatherððs€testimony€that€she€had€an€affair€with€a€married€man,€but€described€the€affair€as€quiteÐ ° Ðbrief.€€There€was€not€an€allegation€that€this€impacted€her€ability€to€parent.€- ù-(|G24Ä$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÜY»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôþDò»»Ô d(|37$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÜY»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|37$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÜY»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€ÜY»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼ÜY»»»ÔÑ8€‡XXdé»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ò ò ìàÔ‡î4ÞÜYÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@òò%ìàAT€JACKSONÔ#†¼ÜY»îî4Þ #ԈРÓ# ÐÓ  ÓOctober€14,€2003€SessionÐ öF ÐÔ‡X‡X»¼ÜYÔÌò òÔ#†¼ÜY»XX‡ó#ÔCHARLES€F.€KNIGHTòòóó€Ð ï? Ðv.€Ð  P ÐRAMONA€D.€KNIGHTÔ‡X‡X»¼ÜYÔó óÐ  a ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€An€Appeal€from€the€General€Sessions€Court€for€Hardin€CountyÐ  [ Ðà@@øøìàNo.€5345€€€€€€Daniel€L.€Smith,€JudgeÐ õ E  ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<²` AßÐ ³  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€W2003„00001„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€December€4,€2003Ð ¬ü  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<` AßÐ €Ð Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThis€is€a€child€custody€case.€€The€mother€alleged€abuse€by€the€father€and€the€father€alleged€thatÐ xÈ Ðmother€had€psychological€problems,€failed€to€prepare€nourishing€meals,€and€had€difficultyÐ a± Ðestablishing€her€authority€as€a€parent.€€The€trial€court€designated€the€father€as€the€primary€residentialÐ Jš Ðparent€for€the€partiesðð€minor€son.€€We€affirm,€finding€no€abuse€of€discretion€by€the€trial€court.€€Ð 3ƒ ÐÓ¶ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€General€Sessions€Court€Affirmedó óÐ U ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼ÜY»àX‡Ž#ÔÔ‡X‡X.¼ÜYÔHolly€M.€Kirby,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.,óó€and€òòAlanÐ Ø( ÐE.€Highers,€J.óó,€joined.Ð Á ÐÌBetty€Stafford€Scott,€Jackson,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant€Ramona€D.€Knight.Ð “ã ÐÌBob€G.€Gray,€Selmer,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellee€Charles€F.€Knight.Ð eµ ÐÌÓ%ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼ÜY»XX‡T#ÔÔ‡X‡X»¼ÜYÔÐ  "p! ÐÌÌòòóóÔ#†¼ÜY»XX‡ #ÔÔ‡X‡X»¼ÜYÔÓ  ÓÓ Óà  àPlaintiff/Appellee€Charles€F.€Knight€(ð ðFatherðð)€and€Defendant/Appellant€Ramona€D.€KnightÐ Ü$, $ Ð(ð ðMotherðð)€Ô#†¼ÜY»XX‡~ #ÔÔ‡X‡X»¼ÜYÔwere€married€on€ò òó óDecember€31,€1997.€€Their€son,€ò òó óDwayne,€was€born€February€9,€1998.ò òó óÐ Å%!% Ðà  àOn€May€6,€2002,€Father€filed€a€Complaint€for€Divorce.€€Along€with€the€petition€for€divorce,Ð —'ç"' ÐFather€filed€a€proposed€parenting€plan€which€named€him€the€primary€residential€parent€for€Dwayne.€Ð €(Ð#( ÐIn€an€ð ðAffidavit€For€Temporary€Parenting€Plan,ðð€Father€alleged:€€Ð i)¹$) Ðà8  àThe€mother€has€suffered€psychological€difficulties€for€at€least€six€years,€and€she€hasÐ ;+‹&+ Ðbeen€hospitalized€.€.€.€for€this€condition€on€at€least€one€occasion.€€The€father€believesÐ $,t', Ðthat€her€lack€of€stability€would€be€detrimental€to€his€son€and€reasonably€fears€for€hisÐ  -](- Ðsafety.€€The€father€has€provided€the€daily€care€for€his€son.€.€.€.Ð#ö-F).Ð Ð ý¦ #Ѐ€Ô#†¼ÜY»XX‡p #Ôà  àÔ€X‡X»¼ÜYÔOn€May€9,€2002,€Mother€filed€an€answer€and€counter„complaint,€along€with€her€ownÐ ° Ðproposed€parenting€plan€and€affidavit.€€Motherððs€proposed€parenting€plan€named€her€as€the€primaryÐ ™é Ðresidential€parent.€€In€her€affidavit€she€alleged:€Ð ‚Ò Ðà8  àThe€father€has€physically€assaulted€the€mother€on€several€occasions,€and€hasÐ T¤ Ðrepeatedly€threatened€to€kill€the€mother€.€.€.€.€The€father€is€a€dangerous,€violentÐ =  Ðindividual€and€the€mother€fears€for€the€safety€of€her€child.€€The€mother€has€alsoÐ & v Ðprovided€all€of€the€daily€requirements€for€the€child€since€the€child€was€born.Ð _Ð Ð  Ðà  àThe€parties€each€underwent€a€psychological€evaluation€but€later€stipulated€that€theÐ á 1  Ðevaluations€would€not€be€entered€into€evidence€as€they€did€not€have€a€bearing€on€parental€fitness.€Ð Ê   ÐA€bench€trial€was€held€on€October€24€and€October€31,€2002.€€Although€there€is€no€transcript€of€theÐ ³  Ðproceedings,€the€trial€court€approved€a€ð ðStatement€of€the€Evidenceðð€summarizing€the€two€days€ofÐ œì  Ðtestimony.€€€€Ð …Õ  Ðà  àMother€testified€that€she€had€been€physically€and€mentally€abused€by€Father.€€She€said€thatÐ W§  ÐFather€threatened€to€kill€her€if€she€tried€to€leave€him€and€take€Dwayne€with€her,€and€that€Father€triedÐ @ Ðto€control€her€mind.€€She€asserted€that€Dwayne€was€afraid€of€Father€because€he€had€witnessedÐ )y ÐFatherððs€abuse€of€Mother€and€because€Father€yelled€and€cursed€in€front€of€Dwayne.€€MotherÐ b Ðacknowledged€that€she€had€gone€to€Pathways,€apparently€a€mental„health€facility,€but€asserted€thatÐ ûK Ðshe€went€of€her€own€volition€because€Father€ð ðwas€always€telling€me€that€I€was€crazy€and€I€wantedÐ ä4 Ðto€find€out€for€myself.ðð€€At€Pathways,€Mother€said,€her€counselor€told€her€that€her€problems€wereÐ Í Ðcaused€by€a€reaction€to€a€birth€control€shot€and€the€adverse€conditions€of€living€with€Father.€€SheÐ ¶ Ðadmitted€that€she€had€taken€prescription€medicine€for€her€psychological€problems€but€discontinuedÐ Ÿï Ðtheir€use€without€first€consulting€her€physician.€€She€admitted€to€a€brief€affair€with€a€married€man,Ð ˆØ Ðand€testified€that€no€drugs€or€alcohol€were€used€during€the€marriage.€€She€said€that€she€worked€atÐ qÁ ÐDwayneððs€day€care€center€once€or€twice€a€week.€€Mother€said€that€she€prepared€ð ðquickðð€meals€forÐ Zª ÐDwayne€and€was€the€only€one€to€take€Dwayne€to€the€doctor.€Ð C“ Ðà  àFather€testified€as€well,€criticizing€Motherððs€parenting€skills.€€Father€said€that€Mother€wasÐ e Ðunable€to€discipline€Dwayne€and€had€difficulty€keeping€him€clean.€€He€claimed€that€MotherÐ þN Ðcharacterized€her€relationship€with€Dwayne€as€ð ðbrother€and€sister.ðð€€Father€asserted€that€Mother€hadÐ ç 7 Ðpsychological€problems,€depicting€her€as€argumentative,€un„cooperative,€and€violent.€€Father€saidÐ Ð!   Ðthat€Mother€tried€to€start€fights€with€and€physically€attack€others,€including€Father.€€He€noted€that,Ð ¹" ! Ðprior€to€the€marriage,€Mother€spent€a€week€at€Pathways,€the€afore„mentioned€mental„health€facility.€Ð ¢#ò" ÐOn€one€occasion€during€their€marriage,€Father€said,€Mother€went€ð ðbeserkðð€when€he€tried€to€get€herÐ ‹$Û# Ðinto€the€car€to€go€to€Pathways.€€Father€denied€abusing€Mother€but€admitted€that€he€once€pulled€herÐ t%Ä $ Ðhair€to€prevent€her€from€attacking€him.€€He€said€that€he€and€Mother€had€both€called€the€police€toÐ ]&­!% Ðreport€domestic€violence,€but€that€neither€was€ever€arrested.€€Father€testified€that€he€can€cook€andÐ F'–"& Ðthat€he€had€provided€a€variety€of€meals€for€Dwayne.€€He€testified€that€has€never€had€an€extra„maritalÐ /(#' Ðaffair€and€that€Dwayne€had€been€in€his€care€since€he€and€Mother€separated.€Ð )h$( Ðà  àSeveral€of€Fatherððs€family€members€testified.€€His€stepsister€recalled€an€argument€betweenÐ ê*:&* ÐFather€and€Mother€the€day€that€Dwayneððs€paternal€grandmother€returned€from€heart€surgery.€€TheÐ Ó+#'+ Ðstepsister€testified€that€Mother€pulled€Dwayne€off€of€a€table,€causing€him€to€fall.€€Fatherððs€motherÐ ° Ðasked€Mother€to€leave,€if€she€could€not€control€herself,€and€Mother€left€without€taking€Dwayne€withÐ ™é Ðher.€€Fatherððs€mother€corroborated€this,€and€asserted€that€Father€prepared€meals€for€Dwayne€whileÐ ‚Ò ÐMother€only€served€foods€such€as€pizza,€hot€dogs,€and€macaroni.€€Fatherððs€aunt€testified€that€MotherÐ k» Ðð ðacted€jealous€and€poutedðð€at€family€reunions€and€tried€to€make€Father€watch€after€Dwayne€at€theÐ T¤ Ðreunions.€€Ð =  Ðà  àMotherððs€mother,€Callie€Kirk€(ð ðKirkðð),€testified€on€Motherððs€behalf.€€Kirk€testified€that€sheÐ  _ Ðwitnessed€€Father€pull€Mother€off€the€porch€by€her€hair€and€threaten€to€shoot€Mother€if€she€tried€toÐ ø H Ðleave€and€take€Dwayne.€€She€asserted€that€she€heard€Father€tell€Mother€that€he€would€shoot€Kirk€ifÐ á 1  ÐKirk€tried€to€call€the€police.€€Kirk€said€no€child€should€be€taken€away€from€his€mother.€Ð Ê   Ѐà  àA€worker€at€Dwayneððs€daycare,€Vickey€Sipes€(ð ðSipesðð),€also€testified.€€Sipes€said€thatÐ œì  ÐMother€worked€at€the€daycare€once€or€twice€a€week€and€could€be€depended€upon€ð ðto€do€what€neededÐ …Õ  Ðto€be€done.ðð€€She€testified€that€Mother€was€usually€the€person€to€bring€Dwayne€to€daycare€and€toÐ n¾  Ðpick€him€up,€and€that€Mother€always€took€Dwayne€to€the€doctor€when€he€was€sick.€€She€observedÐ W§  Ðthat€Dwayne€always€seemed€happy€when€Mother€brought€him€and€that€he€was€always€clean€and€wellÐ @ Ðdressed.€€She€testified€that€she€noticed€bruises€on€Motherððs€arms€one€day,€and€Mother€told€her€thatÐ )y Ðshe€had€a€fight€with€Father.€€Sipes€said€that€Mother€was€a€good€parent€and€that€it€was€obvious€thatÐ b Ðshe€and€Dwayne€loved€each€other€very€much.€€She€acknowledged€that,€as€far€as€she€knew,€FatherÐ ûK Ðwas€a€good€parent.Ð ä4 Ðà  àAnother€daycare€worker€corroborated€that€Dwayne€was€always€happy,€clean€and€well€dressedÐ ¶ Ðwhen€brought€to€daycare.€€She€also€corroborated€that€Dwayne€and€Mother€obviously€had€a€lovingÐ Ÿï Ðrelationship.€€She€said€that€Father€seemed€to€be€a€nice€person€as€well.€€Ð ˆØ Ðòòóóà  àOn€January€13,€2003,€the€trial€court€issued€a€final€decree€holding€both€parties€to€be€entitledÐ Zª Ðto€a€divorce€and€setting€out€the€division€of€marital€property.€€The€decree€also€incorporated€aÐ C“ Ðð ðPermanent€Parenting€Plan,ðð€which€designated€Father€as€the€primary€residential€parent.€€The€trialÐ ,| Ðcourt€issued€€ð ðFindings€of€Fact€and€Opinion,ðð€though€it€does€not€articulate€the€trial€courtððs€reasoningÐ e Ðfor€designating€Father€as€the€primary€residential€parent.€€Mother€now€appeals€the€trial€courtððsÐ þN Ðdecision€to€name€Father€the€primary€residential€parent.Ð ç 7 Ðà  àThe€standard€of€review€is€set€forth€in€Rule€13(d)€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€AppellateÐ ¹" ! ÐProcedure.€€ò òòòHass€v.€Knightonó óóó,€676€S.W.2d€554,€555€(Tenn.€1984).€€Generally€questions€of€law€areÐ ¢#ò" Ðreviewed€òòde€novoóó,€with€no€presumption€of€correctness.€€ò òòòJahn€v.€Jahnó óóó,€932€S.W.2d€939,€941€(Tenn.Ð Œ$Ü# ÐCt.€App.€1996).€€Findings€of€fact€are€reviewed€òòde€novoóó,€with€a€presumption€of€correctness;€suchÐ v%Æ $ Ðfindings€will€not€be€reversed€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€ò òòòHassó óóó,€676Ð _&¯!% ÐS.W.2d€at€555;€ò òòòFarien€v.€Farienó óóó,€2001€WL€687144,€at€*8€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€June€13,€2001).Ð I'™"& Ðòòà  àÔ‡X‡XXX‡ÔóóIn€a€child€custody€decision,€the€paramount€concern€is€the€best€interest€of€the€child.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔLentzÔ_Ô€v.Ð )m$( ÐÔ_ÔLentzÔ_Ôó óóó,€717€S.W.2d€876,€877€(Tenn.€1986);ò ò€òòWhitaker€v.€Whitakeró óóó,€957€S.W.2d€834,€837€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð *W%) ÐApp.€1997).€€The€trial€court€must€determine€which€of€the€available€custodians€is€comparatively€moreÐ ó*C&* Ðfit€to€care€for€the€minor€child€by€engaging€in€a€ð ðcomparative€fitnessðð€analysisÔ#†X‡XXX‡ì.#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ô.€òòò ò€See€Gaskill€v.Ð Ü+,'+ ÐGaskilló óóó,€936€S.W.2d€626,€630€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996);òòò ò€Bah€v.€Bahó óóó,€668€S.W.2d€663,€666€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð ° ÐApp.€1983).€€òòÔ#†X‡XXX‡<1#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡ÔóóTennessee€Code€Annotated€section€36„6„106(a)€sets€forth€many€of€the€factors€to€beÐ šê Ðconsidered.Ô_Ô׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€€These€include€òòóólove€and€emotional€ties€between€the€parents€and€child,€the€parentsððÐ ƒÓ Ðdisposition€to€provide€necessary€care€to€the€child,€the€extent€to€which€the€parent€has€been€theÐ l¼ Ðprimary€caregiver,€the€parentsðð€mental€and€physical€health,€the€importance€of€continuity€and€stabilityÐ U¥ Ðin€the€childððs€life,€and€evidence€of€child€or€Ô_ÔspousalÔ_Ô€abuse.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€Ô#†X‡XXX‡?2#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ô36„6„106(a)(1),€(2),Ð > Ž Ð(3),€(5)€&€(8)€(2001).€€€€The€particular€facts€of€each€case€affect€the€determination€of€the€òòÔ#†X‡XXX‡A5#ÔÔ‡X‡XXX‡Ôóóchildððs€bestÐ ' w Ðinterest.€€ò òòòSeeóóó ó€ò òòòTaylor€v.€Tayloró óóó,€849€S.W.2d€319,€326€(Tenn.€1993);òòò ò€In€re€Parsonsó óóó,€914€S.W.2d€889,Ð  ` Ð893€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1995).€Ð ú J ÐÔ#†X‡XXX‡ 6#Ôà  àWe€are€mindful€that€ð ð€ððthe€details€of€custody€of€and€visitation€with€children€are€peculiarlyÐ Ì   Ðwithin€the€broad€discretion€of€the€Trial€Judge€whose€decisions€are€rarely€disturbed.ðð€ðð€òòò òDirr€v.€Dirróóó ó,Ð µ  Ð2003€WL€22345479,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Oct.€15,€2003)€(quoting€ò òòòEdwards€v.€Edwardsóóó ó,€501Ð Ÿï  ÐS.W.2d€283,€291€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1973)).€€The€trial€courtððs€ability€to€assess€firsthand€ò òó óthe€parentsððÐ ‰Ù  Ðdemeanor€and€credibility€is€given€great€deference.€€òòò òGaskill€v.€Gaskillóóó ó,òò€óó936€S.W.2d€626,€631€(Tenn.Ð r  Ðâ âCt.€App.€1996);€ò òòòsee€also€Lee€v.€Leeòòóóóóó ó,€66€S.W.3d€837,€843,€851€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001)€(consideringÐ \¬  Ðthe€apparent€weight€that€the€trial€court€gave€to€the€respective€parentsðð€testimony,€even€absent€expressÐ ° Ðfindings€of€fact).€ò òó óÐ ™é Ðâ âà  àFrom€the€ð ðStatement€of€the€Evidenceðð€in€this€case,€it€is€clear€that€Motherððs€allegations€ofÐ k» ÐFatherððs€abuse€were€sharply€disputed.€€On€the€other€hand,€Fatherððs€testimony€regarding€Mother€wasÐ T¤ Ðlargely€undisputed,€although€Mother€offered€explanations.€€For€example,€Father€noted€that€MotherÐ =  Ðhad€been€treated€at€a€mental„health€facility€for€psychological€problems.€€Mother€did€not€dispute€this,Ð & v Ðbut€explained€that€she€was€told€by€a€counselor€that€her€problems€stemmed€from€an€adverse€reactionÐ  _ Ðto€a€birth„control€shot€as€well€as€the€stress€of€living€with€Father.€€€Mother€admitted€that€she€had€takenÐ ø H Ðprescription€medication€for€her€psychological€problems€and€that€she€discontinued€taking€theÐ á 1  Ðmedication€without€consulting€her€physician.€€Mother€did€not€dispute€Fatherððs€testimony׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€that€sheÐ Ê   Ðprepared€only€convenience€foods€for€Dwayne,€such€as€pizza€and€hot€dogs,€although€she€describedÐ ³  Ðthese€as€ð ðquickðð€meals.€€Mother€did€not€dispute€Fatherððs€testimony€that€she€had€characterized€herÐ œì  Ðrelationship€with€Dwayne€as€akin€to€that€of€€ð ðbrother€and€sister,ðð€Fatherððs€allegation€that€she€tendedÐ …Õ  Ðto€argue€with€Dwayne€or€give€in€rather€than€discipline€him,€or€the€testimony€detailing€the€physicalÐ n¾  Ðattack€in€which€she€caused€Dwayne€to€fall€from€a€table€during€an€argument€with€Father.€€FatherððsÐ W§  Ðassertion€that€he€cooked€a€variety€of€meals€for€Dwayne€was€undisputed.€€Other€testimony€establishedÐ @ Ðthat€both€parents€had€a€loving€relationship€with€Dwayne€and€that€neither€parent€used€drugs€orÐ )y Ðalcohol€during€the€marriage.€€Ð b Ðà  àAlthough€the€trial€court€made€no€express€findings€of€fact,€we€must€presume€from€theÐ ä4 Ðdesignation€of€Father€as€the€primary€residential€parent€that€the€trial€court€credited€Fatherððs€denialÐ Í Ðof€any€abuse€and€discredited€Motherððs€allegations.€€Since€there€was€little€corroboration€of€MotherððsÐ ¶ Ðallegations€in€the€Statement€of€the€Evidence,€and€given€the€great€deference€accorded€a€credibilityÐ Ÿï Ðdetermination€by€the€trial€court,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€this€regard.€Ð ˆØ ÐConsidering€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€cannot€conclude€that€the€trial€court€erred€in€designatingÐ qÁ ÐFather€as€the€primary€residential€parent.Ð Zª Ðà  àThe€decision€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed.€€Costs€are€taxed€against€Defendant/AppellantÐ ,| ÐRamona€D.€Knight€and€her€surety,€for€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.€€Ð e Ðà  àÌÓ Óà  àÌà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#à___________________________________€Ð¢#ò"À(#À(# Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àHOLLY€M.€KIRBY,€JUDGE