ÿWPC Ô·*pFÀ}/ Àl/ñQÁá^—§Óè‘Z&ñX­íoÒs@ŸZ¤„´Ì㺙^˾筘\"©¯óœÑgÝy/…Rxe òÞØ§BYVT"«3SÐ`~Òß «*-áѤ»¤¬-âðZ#Aš0 ‹¿^@!”ŠõsYœ]CJôh7Zb<±ÇV\N0´ž«¨¡ÉbàG· ¤³+Ù‚Bɳ»ÑõÏËc6æÊPÀøQ”B΢‡Ûž°|¿ØæñãMÚjN!›¤L ¤ñžÂ?¶ãÀÜbY+ ðÕ§ñÒ"\fòaô`)bYs@¢Œ”V{„Û¸9ïœ :é™’·X:oj1G0Cµ9Ù˜¸8?ç9¥J[vqš+Õ8į?=¨Ù‡kéÆ7a¿Àƒ0àMjÛÙÌËJ².Ú‘×&˜ÒÖé9+€Y¹ZöþÑŽ¨ÛÛ-S UØ-÷'¤‚åÜêÓLkð%œ{¥ò,⮿G©ÜBðô‚ 7þo­d.Ælð¬Þed¡ãìs:”ÛþŠÑóO¼§åL¶»Š¬»KˆmäÄa[$aœ÷愼EŸ@Á>Ý)©Š /µ°)׉.˜ô½)4«y…štÔc©/.‘Å•4¨ÍÖgNˆJåb %\^ b 0ˆnU,NöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÉÐ ™ Æ¡ Æg Æ-Æó 0D¹NýýýEÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿb 0ë     Bôô 0¤ D5µ D-ê 0K ASbƵ 0¤{ 0D A«c»©ru/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular=ƒ.ê:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK4ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó- ù-(|G2Aw$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€[%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôéåò»»Ô d(|3u$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€[%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3u$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€[%»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€[%»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼[%»»»ÔÑ8€XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îL|[%ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEÔ#†¼[%»îîL| #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓJuly€2,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÌò òÔ#†¼[%»XXñ#ÔCITY€OF€KNOXVILLE€v.€ENTERTAINMENT€RESOURCES,€LLC.Ô‡XX»¼[%Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Knox€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€98„140736„2€€€€€€Daryl€Ô_ÔFanslerÔ_Ô,€ChancellorÐ æ 6 ÐÌFILED€NOVEMBER€21,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ¾   Ðà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„01143„COA„R3„CVÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  Óà  àThis€appeal€questions€the€constitutionality€of€Knoxville€Code€ðð€16„468€and€asserts€that€theÐ xÈ  ÐTrial€Court€erred€in€its€grant€of€a€temporary€injunction€against€the€Appellant,€EntertainmentÐ d´ ÐResources,€LLC.€€We€declare€the€ordinance€unconstitutional,€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€CourtÐ P  Ðand€remand.€€Ð <Œ ÐÓÀÓÌ€Ìò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€Reversed;€CauseÐ P ÐRemandedó óÐ ì< ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼[%»àXi#ÔÔ‡XX.¼[%ÔHouston€M.€Goddard,€P.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòHerschel€P.€Franksóó€andÐ Ä ÐòòCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ° ÐÌPhilip€N.€Elbert€and€Richard€L.€Gaines,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€EntertainmentÐ ˆØ ÐResources,€LLC.€Ð tÄ ÐÌAngela€R.€Bolton,€Beverly€B.€Ô_ÔClemerÔ_Ô,€Hillary€B.€Jones€and€Michael€S.€Kelley,€Knoxville,€Tennessee,€Ð L œ Ðfor€the€Appellee,€City€of€KnoxvilleÐ 8!ˆ  ÐÓûÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼[%»XX*#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÐ #`" ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼[%»XX­ #ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÓ  Ó€€€€€€€€€€Entertainment€Resources,€LLC.,€(hereinafter€ð ðEntertainment€Resourcesðð),€owns€and€operatesÐ è$8 $ Ða€number€of€videotape€movie€rental€stores€in€Nashville.€€In€1998€Entertainment€Resources€Ð Ô%$!% Ðformulated€a€plan€to€open€three€such€stores€in€Knoxville€at€approximate€three€month€intervals.€€InÐ À&"& Ðaccordance€with€this€plan,€in€August€of€1998,€Entertainment€Resources€opened€a€store€on€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_ÔÐ ¬'ü"' ÐRoad€in€Knoxville€under€the€name€ð ðFantasy€Videoðð€and€began€selling€and€renting€videotapes€forÐ ˜(è#( Ðhome€viewing.€€The€front€room€of€the€store€was€stocked€with€a€mix€of€videotapes€rated€G,€PG„13,Ð „)Ô$) Ðand€R,€as€well€as€un„rated€videotapes,€while€the€back€room€of€the€store€was€stocked€with€sexuallyÐ p*À%* Ðexplicit€X„rated€videotapes.€Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÐ H,˜',ýÔ Ðà  àAt€all€times€relevant€to€this€case€Knoxville€Code€section€16„468€(hereinafter€also€referred€toÐ ° Ðâ âas€ð ðthe€ordinanceðð)€was€in€effect€providing€in€pertinent€part€as€follows:Ð œì ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒSec.€16„468.€€Location€of€adult€businesses.Ð tÄ ÐÌà Ø à(a)€For€the€purpose€of€this€section,€the€following€words€and€phrases€shallÐ L œ Ðhave€the€meanings€ascribed€to€them€in€this€subsection:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà Ø àòòAdult€bookstore€óómeans€an€establishment€having€as€a€substantial€orÐ  ` Ðsignificant€portion€of€its€stock€and€trade€books,€magazines€and€other€periodicals,Ð ü L  Ðvideotapes€or€other€electronic€media€which€are€distinguished€or€characterized€byÐ è 8  Ðtheir€emphasis€on€matter€depicting,€describing€or€relating€to€specified€sexualÐ Ô$  Ðactivities€or€specified€anatomical€areas,€or€an€establishment€with€a€segment€or€aÐ À  Ðsection€devoted€to€the€sale€or€display€of€such€material.Ð ¬ü  ÐÌà Ø àòòAdult€business€óómeans€any€of€the€following€businesses:€adult€bookstore,Ð „Ô  Ðadult€motion€picture€Ô_ÔtheatreÔ_Ô,€adult€mini€motion€picture€Ô_ÔtheatreÔ_Ô,€and€adult€cabaret.Ð pÀ ÐÌà Ø à...Ð H˜ ÐÌà Ø à(b)€It€shall€be€unlawful€to€establish,€operate€or€maintain€any€adult€business,Ð  p Ðthat€is,€adult€bookstore,€adult€motion€picture€Ô_ÔtheatreÔ_Ô,€adult€mini€motion€pictureÐ  \ ÐÔ_ÔtheatreÔ_Ô€or€adult€cabaret,€within€the€city,€if€the€proposed€location€is€within€oneÐ øH Ðthousand€(1,000)€feet€of:Ð ä4 ÐÌà Ø à€(1)€A€residentially€zoned€district;Ð ¼  ÐÌà Ø à€(2)€Any€area€of€amusement€which€caters€to€family€entertainment;Ð ”ä ÐÌà Ø à€(3)€Any€area€which€is€devoted€in€part€or€exclusively€to€recreationalÐ l¼ Ðactivity;Ð X ¨ ÐÌà Ø à€(4)€Any€school,€park,€church,€mortuary€or€hospital;Ð 0"€  ÐÌà Ø à€(5)€Any€adult€businesses€as€defined€by€this€section;€orÐ $X" ÐÌà Ø à€(6)€Any€other€regulated€use,€including€but€not€limited€to€establishmentsÐ à%0!$ Ðauthorized€to€sell€any€alcoholic€beverages€for€on„or€off„premises€consumption.Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àKnoxville€Police€Department€officers€began€conducting€almost€daily€inspections€of€FantasyÐ ¤(ô#' ÐVideo€from€the€date€of€its€opening€and€on€each€inspection€issued€citations€charging€violations€of€theÐ )à$( Ðordinance.€€It€is€stipulated€that,€at€the€time€these€citations€were€issued,€Fantasy€Video€was€locatedÐ |*Ì%) Ðwithin€one€thousand€feet€of€a€residentially€zoned€district€separated€from€the€store€by€Interstate„40Ð h+¸&* Ðand€also€within€one€thousand€feet€of€an€establishment€licensed€to€sell€liquor€and€a€Boy€Scouts€office.€Ð ° ÐHowever,€it€is€also€stipulated€that€Vince€Ô_ÔBohananÔ_Ô,€the€managing€member€of€EntertainmentÐ œì ÐResources€who€conducted€a€search€of€available€locations€in€Knoxville,€was€not€able€to€find€a€locationÐ ˆØ Ðwhere€he€could€place€the€store€that€did€not€appear€to€be€within€one€thousand€feet€of€an€establishmentÐ tÄ Ðthat€sold€liquor€or€beer€and,€at€the€time,€he€believed€that€the€term€ð ðalcoholic€beveragesðð€includedÐ `° Ðbeer€as€well€as€liquor.€€It€is€further€stipulated€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔBohananÔ_Ô€was€not€aware€that€the€City€wouldÐ L œ Ðconsider€the€store€to€be€within€one€thousand€feet€of€a€residentially€zoned€district€which€was€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðother€side€of€Interstate„40€or€that€the€City€would€consider€the€Boy€Scouts€administrative€office€to€beÐ $ t Ða€place€devoted€in€part€or€exclusively€to€recreational€use.€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€opening€of€the€store€on€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road,€Entertainment€Resources€attemptedÐ è 8  Ðon€several€occasions€to€avoid€classification€as€an€ð ðadult€bookstoreðð€by€reducing€its€stock€of€sexuallyÐ Ô$  Ðexplicit€videotapes,€by€purchasing€additional€general€release€videotapes€at€a€cost€of€$15,000.00,Ð À  Ðacquiring€additional€front€room€movie€display€shelves€at€a€cost€of€$3,000.00€and€by€moving€a€wallÐ ¬ü  Ðat€a€cost€of€$1,500.00€to€reduce€the€portion€of€square€footage€store€space€in€the€back€room€andÐ ˜è  Ðincrease€the€square€footage€of€the€front€room€portion€of€the€store.€€€€Ð „Ô  ÐÌà  àOn€November€4,€1998,€the€Appellee,€City€of€Knoxville,€hereinafter€ð ðthe€Cityðð,€filed€aÐ \¬ Ðcomplaint€in€the€Knox€County€Chancery€Court€requesting€that€€temporary€and€permanent€injunctionsÐ H˜ Ðbe€issued€against€Entertainment€Resources.€€The€complaint€asserts€that,€in€operating€Fantasy€Video,Ð 4„ ÐEntertainment€Resources€is€operating€an€ð ðadult€bookstoreðð€in€violation€of€Knoxville€City€CodeÐ  p Ðsection€16„468.€€The€complaint€further€states€that,€despite€repeated€citations€and€fines,€EntertainmentÐ  \ ÐResources€continues€to€operate€Fantasy€Video€in€violation€of€the€ordinance,€that€€irreparable€€harmÐ øH Ðwill€result€absent€enjoinment€of€such€operations€and€that€a€temporary€injunction€is€necessary€toÐ ä4 Ðpreserve€òòstatus€quoóó€pending€a€hearing€on€the€Cityððs€request€for€a€permanent€injunction.€€€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAfter€hearing€was€held€on€the€Cityððs€complaint€on€December€8,€1998,€the€Trial€CourtÐ ¨ø Ðannounced€that:Ð ”ä ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Ò[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€defendant,€Entertainment€Resources€doing€business€as€Fantasy€Video€willÐ l¼ Ðbe€temporarily€enjoined€during€the€pendency€of€this€action€from€operating€an€adultÐ X ¨ Ðbookstore€at€6422€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road,€Knoxville,€Tennessee.€€This€holding€is€basedÐ D!” Ðon€the€fact€that€a€substantial€and€significant€portion€of€the€storeððs€stock€in€tradeÐ 0"€  Ðis€comprised€of€videos€which€are€characterized€by€their€emphasis€on€matterÐ #l! Ðdepicting,€describing€or€relating€to€specified€sexual€activities€or€specifiedÐ $X" Ðanatomical€areas€as€defined€in€the€ordinance.€€The€injunction€is€not€based€on€theÐ ô$D # Ðfact€that€the€store€has€a€segment€or€section€devoted€to€the€sale€or€display€of€suchÐ à%0!$ Ðmaterial.€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àThereafter,€on€December€21,€1998,€the€Trial€Court€entered€its€order€granting€the€temporaryÐ ¤(ô#' Ðinjunction€against€Entertainment€Resources.€€A€subsequent€motion€by€Entertainment€ResourcesÐ )à$( Ðseeking€interlocutory€appeal€was€denied.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà  àOn€March€18,€1999,€Entertainment€Resources€filed€its€answer€to€the€Cityððs€complaint,Ð ° Ðcounterclaiming€for€a€declaratory€judgment€that€Knoxville€Code€section€16„468€is€unconstitutionalÐ œì Ðand€seeking€compensation€for€damages€and€attorney€fees€incurred€as€a€result€of€its€enforcement.Ð ˆØ ÐÌà  àIn€January€of€2001,€Entertainment€Resources€lost€its€lease€on€the€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road€property€Ð `° Ðand€possession€was€transferred€to€the€landlord€on€February€28,€2001.€Thereafter,€the€City€filed€aÐ L œ Ðmotion€to€voluntarily€dismiss€its€complaint€for€injunctive€relief,€which€motion€was€granted€on€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðbasis€that,€upon€closure€of€the€store,€the€case€was€moot.€€The€Court€noted,€however,€thatÐ $ t ÐEntertainment€Resources€retained€the€right€to€seek€damages€should€it€turn€out€that€the€temporaryÐ  ` Ðinjunction€was€wrongfully€issued.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àOn€April€15,€2002,€the€Trial€Court€entered€its€memorandum€opinion€and€order€adopting€Ð Ô$  Ðfindings€of€fact€and€conclusions€of€law€proposed€by€the€City€and€holding€that€EntertainmentÐ À  ÐResources€was€not€wrongfully€enjoined€from€operating€the€video€store€on€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road€and€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðall€other€issues€involved€in€the€case€were€moot.€€The€order€further€provides€that€the€case€be€dismissedÐ ˜è  Ðwith€costs€taxed€to€Entertainment€Resources.€€Following€entry€of€this€memorandum€and€orderÐ „Ô  ÐEntertainment€Resources€filed€its€notice€of€appeal.Ð pÀ ÐÌà  àThe€issues€submitted€for€review€are€restated€as€follows:Ð H˜ ÐÌà  à1.€€Is€this€case€a€proper€matter€for€declaratory€relief?Ð  p ÐÌà  à2.€€Ô#†¼[%»XX #ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔAre€the€terms€of€Knoxville€City€Code€Section€16„468€unconstitutionally€vague?Ô#†¼[%»XXê1#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÐ øH ÐÔ#†¼[%»XXy2#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÌà  à3.€€Did€the€temporary€injunction€against€Entertainment€Resources€violate€Ô_ÔT.R.C.P.Ô_Ô€65.02(1)?Ô#†¼[%»XXÐ2#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÐ Ð  ÐÔ#†¼[%»XXš3#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÌà  à4.€€Is€Entertainment€Resources€entitled€to€recovery€of€damages€in€this€case?Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€in€this€non„jury€case€is€òòde€novoóó€upon€the€record€of€the€proceedingsÐ €Ð Ðbelow€and€there€is€no€presumption€of€correctness€with€respect€to€the€Trial€Court's€conclusions€of€law.€Ð l¼ ÐòòCampbell€v.€Florida€Steel€Corp.óó,€919€S.W.2d€26€(Tenn.€1996)€and€Ô_ÔT.R.A.P.Ô_Ô€13(d).€€The€Trial€Court'sÐ X ¨ Ðfactual€findings€are,€however,€presumed€to€be€correct€and€we€must€affirm€such€findings€absentÐ D!” Ðevidence€preponderating€to€the€contrary.€€òòUnion€Carbide€Corp.€v.€Ô_ÔHuddlestonÔ_Ôóó,€854€S.W.2d€87€(Tenn.Ð 0"€  Ð1993).Ô#†¼[%»XXñ3#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÐ #l! ÐÌà  àThe€first€issue€we€address€is€whether€this€case€is€a€proper€matter€for€declaratory€relief.€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà  àIn€its€counterclaim€filed€on€March€18,€1999,€Entertainment€Resources€requested€declaratoryÐ Ì&"% Ðrelief€regarding€the€constitutionality€of€the€ordinance€in€question€pursuant€to€the€TennesseeÐ ¸'#& ÐDeclaratory€Judgments€Act€as€embodied€at€T.C.A.€29„14„101,€òòet€seq.óó€€The€Trial€Court€held€that€uponÐ ¤(ô#' Ðclosure€of€the€store€this€issue,€along€with€all€other€issues€except€the€issue€of€the€propriety€of€theÐ )à$( Ðtemporary€injunction€and€resulting€damages,€became€moot.€€€In€accord,€the€City€points€out€that€at€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðtime€of€trial€below,€Fantasy€Video€was€no€longer€located€on€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road,€there€was€no€proof€thatÐ h+¸&* ÐEntertainment€Resources€had€attempted€to€reopen€any€location€within€Knoxville,€and€thatÐ ° ÐEntertainment€Resources€no€longer€had€a€presence€in€Knoxville.€€The€City€recognizes€that€the€partiesÐ œì Ðhave€stipulated€that€Entertainment€Resources€intends€to€open€and€operate€more€than€one€video€storeÐ ˆØ Ðlocation€in€Knoxville€if€and€when€a€judicial€determination€is€made€regarding€the€constitutionalityÐ tÄ Ðof€the€ordinance€and€that€Entertainment€Resources€has€the€financial€means€and€capability€to€openÐ `° Ða€video€store€in€Knoxville.€€However,€the€City€contends€that€the€òòintentionsóó€of€EntertainmentÐ L œ ÐResources€are€insufficient€to€create€a€justiciable€controversy.€In€support€of€its€argument€the€City€citesÐ 8 ˆ ÐòòWest€v.€Carr,€óó370€S.W.2d€469€(Tenn.€1963)€wherein€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€stated€as€follows:Ð $ t ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Ò[The€Declaratory€Judgments]€Act€deals€only€with€present€rights€that€have€accruedÐ ü L  Ðunder€presently€existing€facts.€€It€gives€the€Court€no€power€to€determine€futureÐ è 8  Ðrights€or€possible€controversies€in€anticipation€of€events€that€may€not€occur.Ð Ô$  Ð(Citations€omitted)Ð À  ÐÌIt€does€not€enable€courts€to€give€advisory€opinions€upon€what€the€law€would€beÐ ˜è  Ðupon€a€theoretical€or€hypothetical€state€of€facts.Ð „Ô  ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àThe€City€asserts€that€Entertainment€Resources€is€requesting€a€decision€based€upon€aÐ \¬ Ðhypothetical€set€of€facts€that€may€never€occur€and,€therefore,€declaratory€relief€should€be€denied.€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àIt€is€unnecessary€that€we€decide€whether€the€referenced€stipulations€of€the€parties€regardingÐ  p ÐEntertainment€Resourcesðð€future€plans€and€intentions€are€sufficient€to€show€a€justiciable€controversyÐ  \ Ðbecause€of€the€following€additional€stipulation:Ð øH ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Òà Ø àHearings€on€a€number€of€citations€issued€with€respect€to€the€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_ÔÐ Ð  ÐRoad€store€have€been€held€in€Knoxville€City€Court.€€The€City€Court€judge€found€Ð ¼  Ðthe€Ordinance€had€been€violated.€€The€citations€are€all€on€appeal€to€Circuit€Court,€Ð ¨ø Ðwhere€they€are€being€held€in€abeyance€with€the€agreement€of€the€parties€pendingÐ ”ä Ðthe€outcome€of€this€case.Ð €Ð ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àElsewhere€in€its€brief€the€City€notes€that,€as€of€the€date€of€its€November€4,€1998,€complaintÐ X ¨ Ðfines€and€costs€of€nearly€$4,000.00€had€been€imposed€by€the€Knoxville€Municipal€Court.Ð D!” ÐÌà  à€In€òòParks€v.€Alexanderóó,€608€S.W.2d€881€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1980),€we€noted€that€in€order€forÐ #l! Ðthere€to€be€a€justiciable€controversy€which€will€warrant€a€declaratory€judgment€action€ð ða€realÐ $X" Ðquestion€rather€than€a€theoretical€one€must€be€presented€and€a€real€legally€Ô_ÔprotectableÔ_Ô€interest€mustÐ ô$D # Ðbe€at€stake€on€the€part€of€the€plaintiff.ðð€€It€is€our€determination€that€Entertainment€Resources€has€a€Ð à%0!$ Ðð ðreal€legally€Ô_ÔprotectableÔ_Ô€interest€at€stakeðð€in€its€appeals€to€the€Circuit€CourtÔ#†¼[%»XXP7#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%Ô€and€the€issue€raisedÐ Ì&"% Ðregarding€€the€constitutionality€of€the€ordinance€presents€ð ða€real€questionðð€in€that€the€resolution€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðsuch€issue€will€have€a€decisive€effect€upon€the€outcome€of€those€appeals.€€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àIt€is€well€settled€that€the€purpose€of€the€Declaratory€Judgment€Act€ð ðis€to€settle€and€to€affordÐ |*Ì%) Ðrelief€from€uncertainty€and€insecurity€with€respect€to€rights,€status,€and€other€legal€relations;€and€isÐ h+¸&* Ðto€be€liberally€construed€and€administered.ðð€òòShelby€County€Bd.€of€Ô_ÔComððrsÔ_Ô.€v.€Shelby€CountyÐ ° ÐQuarterly€Court,€óó392€S.W.2d€935€(Tenn.€1965)€citing€òòMiller€v,€Milleróó,€261€Ô_ÔS.W.Ô_Ô€965€(1923).òò€óó€UnderÐ œì Ðthe€circumstance€presented€in€the€present€matter€we€find€that€it€is€appropriate€that€we€entertain€theÐ ˆØ Ðrequest€for€declaratory€relief.€€òòóóÐ tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€next€issue€we€address€is€whether€Knoxville€Code€Section€16„468€is€unconstitutionallyÐ L œ Ðvague€under€the€First€Amendment€of€the€United€States€Constitution€and€under€Article€I,€section€19Ð 8 ˆ Ðof€the€Tennessee€Constitution.€€Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€First€Amendment€is€applicable€to€the€States€through€the€Fourteenth€Amendment€andÐ ü L  Ðprovides€in€pertinent€part€that€ð ðCongress€shall€make€no€law€...€abridging€the€freedom€of€speech€orÐ è 8  Ðof€the€press.ðð€€Article€I,€section€19€of€the€Tennessee€Constitution€similarly€provides€in€pertinent€partÐ Ô$  Ðthat€ð ðthe€free€communication€of€thoughts€and€opinions€is€one€of€the€invaluable€rights€of€man€andÐ À  Ðevery€citizen€may€freely€speak,€write,€and€print€on€any€subject,€being€responsible€for€the€abuse€of€thatÐ ¬ü  Ðliberty.ðð€€€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌà  àThe€standard€applicable€in€determining€whether€a€statute€or€ordinance€is€unconstitutionallyÐ pÀ Ðvague€is€whether€ð ðit€requires€the€doing€of€an€act€in€terms€so€vague€that€men€of€common€intelligenceÐ \¬ Ðmust€necessarily€guess€at€its€meaning€and€differ€as€to€its€application.ðð€òòConnally€v.€GeneralÐ H˜ ÐConstruction€Co.óó,€269€U.S.€385€(1926).Ð 4„ ÐÌà  àIn€òòÔ_ÔGraynedÔ_Ô€v.€City€of€Rockfordóó,€408€U.S.€104€(1972)€the€Supreme€Court€stated€as€follows€atÐ  \ Ðpages€108„109:Ð øH ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Ò€à0 Ø àIt€is€a€basic€principle€of€due€process€that€an€enactment€is€void€forÐÐ Ø X Ø X  Ѐvagueness€if€its€prohibitions€are€not€clearly€defined.€€Vague€laws€offend€severalÐ ¼  Ðimportant€values.€€First,€because€we€assume€that€man€is€free€to€steer€betweenÐ ¨ø Ðlawful€and€unlawful€conduct,€we€insist€that€laws€give€the€person€of€ordinaryÐ ”ä Ðintelligence€a€reasonable€opportunity€to€know€what€is€prohibited,€so€that€he€mayÐ €Ð Ðact€accordingly.€€Vague€laws€may€trap€the€innocent€by€not€providing€fair€warning.€Ð l¼ ÐSecond,€if€arbitrary€and€discriminatory€enforcement€is€to€be€prevented,€laws€mustÐ X ¨ Ðprovide€explicit€standards€for€those€who€apply€them.€€A€vague€law€impermissiblyÐ D!” Ðdelegates€basic€policy€matters€to€policemen,€judges,€and€juries€for€resolution€onÐ 0"€  Ðan€òòad€hocóó€and€subjective€basis,€with€the€attendant€dangers€of€arbitrary€andÐ #l! Ðdiscriminatory€application.€€Third,€but€related,€where€a€vague€statute€ð ðabuts€uponÐ $X" Ðsensitive€areas€of€basic€First€Amendment€freedoms,ðð€it€ð ðoperates€to€inhibit€theÐ ô$D # Ðexercise€of€[those]€freedoms.ðð€€Uncertain€meanings€inevitably€lead€citizens€toÐ à%0!$ Ðð ðððsteer€far€wider€of€the€unlawful€zoneðð€...€than€if€the€boundaries€of€the€forbiddenÐ Ì&"% Ðareas€were€clearly€marked.ðððð€(Citations€omitted.)Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àAs€further€noted€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€this€state€in€òòDavis„Ô_ÔKiddÔ_Ô€Booksellers,€Inc.€v.Ð )à$( ÐÔ_ÔMcWherterÔ_Ôóó,€866€S.W.2d€520€(Tenn.€1993)€at€page€531:Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒIn€the€context€of€First€Amendment€cases,€the€Supreme€Court€has€imposed€a€moreÐ ° Ðstringent€rule€which€requires€that€statutes€that€impinge€on€the€area€of€freedom€ofÐ œì Ðexpression€must€have€a€greater€degree€of€specificity€than€in€other€contexts,€so€asÐ ˆØ Ðto€insure€that€citizens€will€not€be€ð ðchilledðð€from€exercising€their€constitutionalÐ tÄ Ðright€to€free€expression.Ð `° ÐÒ°€ÒÒ°€ÒÌà  àThe€ordinance€in€the€instant€matter€governs€the€location€of€any€business€determined€to€be€anÐ 8 ˆ Ðð ðadult€bookstoreðð€and€defines€ð ðadult€bookstoreðð€as€ð ðan€establishment€having€as€a€òòsubstantial€orÐ $ t Ðsignificant€óóportion€of€its€stock€and€trade€books,€magazines€and€other€periodicals,€videotapes€or€otherÐ  ` Ðelectronic€media€which€are€distinguished€or€characterized€by€their€emphasis€on€matter€depicting,Ð ü L  Ðdescribing€or€relating€to€specified€sexual€activities€or€specified€anatomical€areas,€or€an€establishmentÐ è 8  Ðwith€a€segment€or€section€devoted€to€the€sale€or€display€of€such€material.ðð€€(Emphasis€added.)€Ð Ô$  ÐÌà  àEntertainment€Resources€specifically€contendsÔ#†¼[%»XXÉH#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%Ô€that€the€phrase€ð ðsubstantial€or€significantðð€€Ð ¬ü  Ðis€vague€and€that€the€ordinance€does€not€provide€guidance€as€to€its€meaning.€As€a€result,Ð ˜è  ÐEntertainment€Resources€asserts€that€it€could€not€determine€at€what€point€it€would€be€deemed€to€beÐ „Ô  Ðan€ð ðadult€bookstoreðð€under€the€ordinance€and,€therefore,€could€not€determine€at€what€point€it€couldÐ pÀ Ðoperate€without€violating€the€temporary€injunction€which€enjoined€it€from€operating€as€an€ð ðadultÐ \¬ Ðbookstoreðð€at€the€location€in€question.€€Ð H˜ ÐÌà  àSergeant€Rick€Ferguson,€the€officer€in€charge€of€the€Inspection€Division€for€the€KnoxvilleÐ  p ÐPolice€Department,€supervised€the€inspection€and€citation€of€Fantasy€Video.€€Sergeant€FergusonÐ  \ Ðtestified€that€he€could€not€define€ð ðsubstantialðð€other€than€ð ðsubstantial€means€substantial€as€red€meansÐ øH Ðred;€I€know€red€when€I€see€it,€but€I€canððt€describe€red.ðð€€Sergeant€Ferguson€further€testified€thatÐ ä4 Ðð ðsignificant€to€me€means€a€quantity€of€something€that,€compared€to€something€else.ðð€€When€askedÐ Ð  Ðto€define€the€terms€ð ðsubstantialðð€and€ð ðsignificantðð,€€Officer€Phil€Major€who€worked€under€SergeantÐ ¼  ÐFergusonððs€supervision,€testified€that€ð ðsubstantial€is€substantial.€€I€donððt€really€have€an€opinion€onÐ ¨ø Ðthe€definition€of€substantial,€it€is€self„explanatory.ðð€€€Officer€Major€further€testified€that€ð ðsignificantÐ ”ä Ðis€just€like€substantial,€I€mean,€significant€is€significant,€just€as€substantial€is€substantial.ðð€€TheseÐ €Ð Ðofficers€also€stated€that€in€making€the€evaluation€of€ð ðsubstantialðð€and€ð ðsignificantðð€they€would€lookÐ l¼ Ðto€what€appeared€to€them€to€be€the€ð ðimportant€part€of€the€business.ððÐ X ¨ ÐÌà  àThis€testimony,€all€of€which€is€stipulated€by€the€parties€and€all€of€which€was€provided€byÐ 0"€  Ðwitnesses€for€the€City,€shows€that€the€officers€who€issued€the€citations€against€EntertainmentÐ #l! ÐResources€for€violation€of€the€ordinance€are€unable€to€offer€an€objective€definition€of€the€meaningÐ $X" Ðof€the€terms€ð ðsubstantialðð€and€ð ðsignificantðð€and€that€the€definitions€they€present€are€nothing€moreÐ ô$D # Ðthan€tautologies.Ô#†¼[%»XX¥_#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%ÔÐ à%0!$ ÐÌà  àThe€City€argues€that€the€police€officersðð€testimony€is€irrelevant€to€a€determination€of€whetherÐ ¸'#& Ðthe€ordinance€is€unconstitutionally€vague€and€that€such€testimony€should€not€be€considered€by€us€inÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthat€regard.€€In€support€of€this€argument€the€City€cites€òòDempsey€v.€Correct€Mfg.€Corp.óó,€755€S.W.2dÐ )à$( Ð798€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1988)€and€òòHung€v.€Otis€Elevator€Co.,€Inc.óó,€an€unpublished€opinion€of€this€CourtÐ |*Ì%) Ðfiled€in€Nashville€on€October€11,€1995.€Ð h+¸&* Їà  àIn€òòDempsey€óóthe€plaintiff€submitted€the€affidavit€of€an€electrical€engineer€wherein€the€engineerÐ ° Ðattested€that€he€had€read€the€regulations€which€were€relevant€in€that€case€and,€based€upon€suchÐ œì Ðreading,€stated€his€interpretation€of€the€statute€with€respect€to€the€defendantððs€duties.€€This€CourtÐ ˆØ Ðstated€at€page€806:Ð tÄ ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Òà Ø àThe€content€meaning€and€application€of€statutes€and€regulations€are€not€aÐ L œ Ðmatter€of€fact€to€be€proven€by€the€affidavit€of€an€expert€witness,€but€are€a€matterÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€law€to€be€presented€by€brief€and€argument€of€counsel€supported€by€citations€andÐ $ t Ðauthorities.Ð  ` ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àIn€òòHung€óóthe€plaintiff€offered€the€affidavit€of€an€engineer€in€which€the€engineer€set€forth€hisÐ è 8  Ðopinion€as€to€the€intent€of€a€rule€appearing€in€the€Elevator€Safety€Code€with€regard€to€the€duties€ofÐ Ô$  Ðescalator€manufacturers.€€Citing€òòDempsey,€supra,€óówe€found€that€the€opinions€of€the€electricalÐ À  Ðengineer€concerning€the€intent€of€the€legislature€and€the€intent€of€the€rule€were€inadmissible€intoÐ ¬ü  Ðevidence.Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àIn€the€matter€before€us€the€officersðð€testimony€does€not€present€their€determination€as€toÐ pÀ Ðwhether€Knoxville€City€Code€section€is€unconstitutional.€€Were€that€the€case€we€would€be€obligedÐ \¬ Ðto€disregard€such€testimony€under€the€authority€of€òòDempsey€óóand€òòHung.€€óóHowever,€the€fact€that€thoseÐ H˜ Ðcharged€with€enforcement€of€the€ordinance€are€themselves€unable€to€define€crucial€terms€in€a€wayÐ 4„ Ðthat€€would€provide€adequate€guidance€to€those€who€might€be€subject€to€the€ordinance€is€evidenceÐ  p Ðwe€can€consider€in€making€our€independent€determination€with€respect€to€whether€the€ordinance€is€Ð  \ Ðunconstitutionally€vague.Ð øH Ðà  àÌà  à€In€addition€to€the€testimony€of€the€officers€referenced€above,€it€is€stipulated€thatÐ Ð  ÐEntertainment€Resources€asked€the€police€conducting€the€inspections€what€portion€of€its€stock€wasÐ ¼  Ðpermitted€to€be€sexually€explicit€material€without€making€the€business€an€adult€bookstore€under€theÐ ¨ø Ðordinance€and€was€unable€to€obtain€any€guidance.€€It€is€further€stipulated€that€the€City€Court€judgeÐ ”ä Ðassigned€to€hear€the€citations€issued€to€Entertainment€Resources€advised€that€he€did€not€know€whatÐ €Ð Ðpercentage€of€stock€of€adult€videotapes€would€be€allowed€under€the€ordinance.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àInòò€Ô_ÔEllwestÔ_Ô€Stereo€Theater,€Inc.óó,€718€F.€Supp.€1553€(M.D.€Tennòò.€óó1989)òò€óóthe€Court€analyzed€Ð D!” Ðan€ordinance€governing€the€licensing€of€adult€oriented€businesses€in€Nashville€which€utilized€theÐ 0"€  Ðlanguage€at€issue€in€the€present€case€stating€as€follows€as€set€forth€at€page€1581:Ð #l! ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒððAdult€Bookstoreðð€means€an€establishment€having€as€a€òòsubstantial€or€significantÐ ô$D # Ðóóportion€of€its€stock€and€trade€in€books,€films,€video€cassettes,€or€magazines€andÐ à%0!$ Ðother€periodicals€which€are€distinguished€or€characterized€by€their€emphasis€on€Ð Ì&"% Ðmatter€depicting,€describing€or€relating€to€ððspecified€sexual€activitiesðð€or€ððspecifiedÐ ¸'#& Ðanatomical€areasðð....€€(Emphasis€added.)Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àThe€plaintiff€in€òòÔ_ÔEllwestÔ_Ô€óóargued€that€ð ðthe€phrase€ððsubstantial€or€significantðð€is€vague€andÐ |*Ì%) ÐÔ_ÔoverbroadÔ_Ô€and€does€not€put€the€owner€of€a€bookstore€which€sells€such€adult„oriented€material€onÐ h+¸&* Ðnotice€of€whether€it€is€an€ððadult€bookstoreðð€as€defined€by€the€ordinance.ðð€€€Noting€the€testimony€ofÐ ° Ða€health€department€official€charged€with€administering€the€ordinance€which€showed€that€he€couldÐ œì Ðnot€quantify€the€€phrase€ð ðsignificant€or€substantialðð,€this€Court€found€the€ordinance€in€òòÔ_ÔEllwestÔ_Ô€óóto€beÐ ˆØ Ðboth€Ô_ÔoverbroadÔ_Ô€and€vague€stating€as€follows€at€page€1581:Ð tÄ ÐÒ€°¿zÒÒ€°±zÒÌ€The€Court€finds€it€extremely€revealing€that€a€representative€of€the€HealthÐ L œ ÐDepartment,€the€agency€charged€with€administering€this€ordinance,€was€unable€toÐ 8 ˆ Ðdetermine€under€the€ordinance€which€establishments€it€was€entitled€to€regulate.€Ð $ t ÐClearly,€if€the€regulating€authority€cannot€determine€the€establishments€which€areÐ  ` Ðsubject€to€its€authority,€the€establishments€themselves€cannot€be€expected€toÐ ü L  Ðdetermine€whether€they€need€to€be€licensed€or€not.Ð è 8  ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àAlthough€the€City€states€in€its€brief€ð ðthe€officers€actually€had€no€trouble€understanding€theÐ À  ÐOrdinance€or€enforcing€its€termsðð,€it€is€our€determination€that€any€such€understanding€andÐ ¬ü  Ðenforcement€must€necessarily€have€been€based€upon€the€officersðð€subjective€analysis€and€€not€uponÐ ˜è  Ðan€objective€standard€which€would€serve€to€guide€a€citizen€seeking€to€comply€with€the€ordinance.€Ð „Ô  ÐThe€fact€that€the€officers€issued€citations€under€the€ordinance€is€not€evidence€that€the€ordinance€isÐ pÀ Ðconstitutional.€Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àThe€problem€with€the€use€of€terms€such€as€ð ðsignificantðð€or€ð ðsubstantialðð€is€that€they€mustÐ 4„ Ðsuffice€for€application€to€a€wide€range€of€situations€across€a€broad€spectrum.€€While€there€will€mostÐ  p Ðlikely€be€agreement€as€to€those€situations€falling€at€either€extreme€of€the€spectrum,€without€moreÐ  \ Ðspecificity,€there€will€be€inevitable€disagreement€as€to€those€situations€near€the€middle€of€theÐ øH Ðspectrum€and€ð ðmen€of€common€intelligenceðð€seeking€to€apply€the€ordinance€ð ðmust€necessarily€guessÐ ä4 Ðat€its€meaning€and€differ€as€to€its€application.ðð€€Accordingly€we€find€that€Knoxville€City€CodeÐ Ð  Ðsection€16„468€is€unconstitutionally€vague€and,€therefore,€unenforceable.Ð ¼  ÐÌà  àAlthough€Entertainment€Resources€raises€other€issues€regarding€the€constitutionality€of€the€Ð ”ä Ðordinance,€in€our€discretion€we€decline€to€address€those€issues€having€otherwise€determined,€for€theÐ €Ð Ðreasons€stated€above,€that€the€ordinance€is€unconstitutional€and€unenforceable.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àThe€next€issue€we€address€is€whether€the€Trial€Court€erred€in€its€issuance€of€the€temporaryÐ D!” Ðinjunction€against€Entertainment€Resources.Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àÔ_ÔT.R.C.P.Ô_Ô€65.02(1)€provides€as€follows:Ð $X" ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Òà Ø àEvery€restraining€order€or€injunction€shall€be€specific€in€terms€and€shallÐ à%0!$ Ðdescribe€in€reasonable€detail,€and€not€by€reference€to€the€complaint€or€otherÐ Ì&"% Ðdocument,€the€act€restrained€or€enjoined.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àThe€order€of€the€Trial€Court€entered€on€December€21,€1998,€temporarily€enjoinedÐ )à$( ÐEntertainment€Resources€ð ðfrom€operating€an€adult€bookstoreðð€during€the€pendency€of€the€case.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐGiven€our€finding€that€the€ordinanceððs€definition€of€ð ðadult€bookstoreðð€is€unconstitutionally€vagueÐ h+¸&* Ðit€necessarily€follows€that€the€injunction€fails€to€specify€ð ðin€reasonable€detail€...the€act€...€enjoined.ððÐ ° ÐAccordingly,€it€is€our€determination€that€the€temporary€injunction€violates€Ô_ÔT.R.C.P.Ô_Ô€65.02(1).Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€final€issue€we€address€in€this€appeal€relates€to€the€matter€of€damages.€€Entertainment€Ð tÄ ÐResources€seeks€damages€under€42€U.S.C.€section1983€for€lost€profits,€out„of€pocket€expenses€andÐ `° Ðattorney€fees.Ô#†¼[%»XX¨i#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%Ô€€The€City€asserts€€that€ð ðEntertainment€Resources€damage€claims€are€too€speculativeÐ L œ Ðin€nature€to€support€a€judgment€and€that€the€company€failed€to€mitigate€its€damages€after€entry€of€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðtemporary€injunction.ððÐ $ t ÐÌà  à42€U.S.C.€section€1983€provides€as€follows:Ð ü L  ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒEvery€person€who,€under€color€of€any€statute,€ordinance,€regulation,€custom,€orÐ Ô$  Ðusage,€of€any€State€or€Territory€or€the€District€of€Columbia,€subjects,€or€causes€toÐ À  Ðbe€subjected,€any€citizens€of€the€United€States€or€other€person€within€theÐ ¬ü  Ðjurisdiction€thereof€to€the€deprivation€of€any€rights,€privileges,€or€immunitiesÐ ˜è  Ðsecured€by€the€Constitution€and€laws,€shall€be€liable€to€the€party€injured€in€anÐ „Ô  Ðaction€at€law,€suit€in€equity,€or€other€property€proceedings€for€redress€.....Ð pÀ ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àThis€Court€has,€on€prior€occasion,€recognized€that€the€remedial€purpose€of€42€U.S.C.€sectionÐ H˜ Ð1983€is€ð ðto€ððensure€that€individuals€whose€federal€constitutional€or€statutory€rights€are€abridged€mayÐ 4„ Ðrecover€damages€or€secure€injunctive€relief.ðððð€òòÔ_ÔPendletonÔ_Ô€v.€Millsóó,€73€S.W.3d€115€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð  p Ð2001)€citing€òòBurnett€v.€Grattanóó,€468€U.S.€42€(1984).Ð  \ ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€before€us€the€parties€have€specifically€stipulated€that€ð ðEntertainment€ResourcesÐ ä4 Ðhas€lost€profits€because€of€the€entry€of€the€preliminary€injunction€in€this€cause.ðð€€The€law€in€this€stateÐ Ð  Ðprovides€that€while€speculative€damages€are€not€recoverable€ð ðððmere€uncertainty€as€to€the€amount€willÐ ¼  Ðnot€prevent€recovery€if€the€evidence€is€of€such€certainty€as€the€nature€of€the€case€permits€and€suchÐ ¨ø Ðas€to€lay€a€foundation€enabling€the€Ô_ÔtriersÔ_Ô€of€the€facts€to€make€a€fair€and€reasonable€assessment€ofÐ ”ä Ðdamages.ðð€òòWilson€v.€Farmers€Chemical€Associationóó,€444€S.W.2d€185€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1969).€Ð €Ð ÐÌà  àIn€support€of€its€argument€that€Entertainment€Resources€damages€attributable€to€lost€profitsÐ X ¨ Ðsuffered€by€Fantasy€Video€are€too€speculative€for€recovery€the€City€references€testimony€of€aÐ D!” Ðcertified€public€accountant€hired€by€Entertainment€Resources€to€the€effect€that€one€year€was€a€normalÐ 0"€  Ðoperating€cycle€to€predict€the€finances€of€a€business€and€the€City€asserts€that€Fantasy€Video€was€onlyÐ #l! Ðopen€for€four€monthsÔ#†¼[%»XX½#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%Ô€before€the€temporary€injunction€was€entered.€€The€City€also€notes€that€the€sameÐ $X" Ðwitness€testified€that€the€businesses€used€for€comparison€were€not€located€in€the€KnoxvilleÐ ô$D # Ðgeographic€market.€€We€disagree€that€this€testimony€warrants€the€conclusion€that€damages€in€thisÐ à%0!$ Ðcase€are€too€speculative€to€support€a€judgment€and€it€is€our€finding€that€a€trier€of€fact€mightÐ Ì&"% Ðreasonably€assess€damages€for€lost€profits€based€upon€the€performance€€of€similar€businesses€takingÐ ¸'#& Ðinto€account€relevant€variables.Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌà  àEntertainment€Resources€requests€that€we€instruct€the€Trial€Court€to€award€it€damages€forÐ |*Ì%) Ðlost€profits€for€a€second€and€third€store€it€ð ðhad€formulated€a€business€plan€to€open.ðð€€€While€we€doÐ h+¸&* Ðnot€find€that€lost€profit€damages€are€too€speculative€with€regard€to€the€store€at€Ô_ÔPapermillÔ_Ô€Road,€whichÐ ° Ðwas€open€and€operating,€we€do€find€that€such€damages€are€too€speculative€with€regard€to€the€non„Ð œì Ðexistent€second€and€third€stores€that€were€merely€planned.€€Accordingly,€this€request€ofÐ ˆØ ÐEntertainment€Resources€is€denied.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àAs€to€the€Cityððs€argument€that€Entertainment€Resources€failed€to€mitigate€its€damages€it€isÐ L œ Ðour€determination€that€it€is€appropriate€that€such€argument€be€addressed€by€the€Trial€Court€uponÐ 8 ˆ Ðremand.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àThe€parties€appear€to€be€in€agreement€that€the€propriety€of€awarding€attorney€fees€in€this€caseÐ ü L  Ðis€also€a€matter€that€is€properly€addressed€by€the€Trial€Court€upon€remand.Ð è 8  ÐÌà  àBased€upon€the€foregoing€we€reverse€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€and€declare€KnoxvilleÐ À  ÐCode€section€16„468€unconstitutional€and€unenforceable€and€remand€the€cause€as€to€the€matter€ofÐ ¬ü  Ðdamages.€€Costs€of€appeal€are€adjudged€against€the€City€of€Knoxville.Ð ˜è  ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à_________________________________________Ð H˜ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àHOUSTON€M.€GODDARD,€PRESIDING€JUDGEÐ 4„ ÐÔ#†¼[%»XXã˜#ÔÔ‡XX»¼[%Ô€€Ð  p Ðà  àÌ