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ÔÔ€mÔÓ  ÓÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ ¸ ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ  ÑÑ  ÑÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ7€YÚXXdÖdÈ7ÑÙ€€ÙßR€proA1-j|` Å `€€@ÿRß›Þ ÞÌà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALSÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌHORACE€A.€LaRUE€and€CARLA€LaRUE,)à àKNOX€CIRCUITÌParents€and€next€of€kin€of€€€€€€)€€C.A.€No.€03A01„9702„CV„00053ÌRANDALL€CHARLES€LaRUE,€deceased,)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Plaintiffs„Appellants€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ìvs.€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àHON.€WHEELER€A.€ROSENBALMÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)à àJUDGEÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì1817€LAKE€INCORPORATED,€d/b/a€€€)à àAFFIRMED€IN€PART,ÌBONKERS,€HOWARD€R.€TANNENBAUM,€€)€€REVERSED€IN€PARTÌRICKY€CHAMBERS,€ROBERT€ARCHER,€€)€€AND€REMANDED.Ìand€DANNY€G.€BREWER,€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€)Ì€€€€€€€€€€Defendants„Appellees€€)ÌÌÌÌÌÌWILLIAM€A.€SIMMS,€œArnett›,€Draper€&€œHagood›,€Knoxville,€for€Appel…lant.ÌÌÌRICHARD€W.€BAKER,€JR.,€œGilreath›€&€Associates,€Knoxville,€forÏAppellee,€Danny€G.€Brewer.ÌÌÌCAROL€A.€œBEELER›€for€Appellee,€Permanent€General€Companies,€Inc.€ÌÌÌDOUGLAS€L.€DUTTON,€œHodges›,€Doughty€&€Carson,€Knoxville,€for€Appel…lee,€Maryland€Casualty€Insurance€Co.€€ÌÌÌJAMES€Y.€REED,€Jenkins€&€Jenkins,€Knoxville,€for€Appellee,€RickyÏChambers.€€ÌÌÌÇà@ àòòO€P€I€N€I€O€NÌÌÌóóà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà€ àMcMurray,€JudgeÌÌòòÌÓÓóóà àThis€case€arises€from€a€motorcycle€accident€in€which€RandyÏLaRue,€the€20„year€old€son€of€the€plaintiffs,€was€killed.€€Plain…tiffs€sued€1817€Lake,€Inc.€d/b/a€Bonkers,€a€Knoxville€restaurantÏand€bar,€and€Howard€Tannenbaum,€president€of€1817€Lake€Inc.,Ïalleging€that€the€defendants€negligently€and€unlawfully€servedÏRandy€and€his€companion,€defendant€Danny€Brewer,€€alcoholic€bever…ages€on€the€evening€of€the€accident.€€Plaintiffs€also€sued€RobertÏArcher,€the€bartender€who€allegedly€provided€LaRue€and€Brewer€withÏthe€drinks,€and€Ricky€Chambers,€the€doorman€on€duty€at€BonkersÏthat€night.€€The€remaining€defendant,€Danny€G.€Brewer€was€theÏoperator€of€the€motorcycle€at€the€time€of€the€accident€whichÏresulted€in€Randall€Charles€LaRue's€death.ÌÌà àThe€case€proceeded€to€trial€before€a€jury.€€At€the€close€ofÏplaintiffs'€proof,€however,€the€trial€court€directed€a€verdict€inÏfavor€of€all€the€defendants€and€dismissed€the€complaint.€ThisÏappeal€resulted.€€We€affirm€the€court's€ruling€as€to€the€"dramÍshop"€defendants€and€reverse€the€directed€verdict€in€favor€ofÏDanny€Brewer,€the€driver€of€the€motorcycle.ÌÌà àOn€October€26,€1992,€Randy€LaRue€and€Danny€Brewer€played€golfÏin€the€morning€and€early€afternoon.€€Brewer€testified€that€theyÏbought€a€12„pack€of€beer€on€the€way€and€while€playing,€each€ofÏthem€drank€four€or€œfive.›€€They€played€from€about€10:00€a.m.€untilÏ2:00€in€the€afternoon.€€On€the€way€back€they€went€to€a€liquorÏstore€and€bought€a€bottle€of€cheap€wine€called€œCisco›,€and€split€itÏwhile€"driving€around."€€Brewer€testified€that€they€ended€up€œat›ÏLaRue's€house€between€4:15€and€5:00€œp.m.›€and€ate€dinner€there.ÌÌ€€à àWhile€at€the€LaRue€house,€they€spoke€with€Pam€œVandergriff›,Ïwho€was€cleaning€the€house.€€She€testified€that€neither€one€ofÏthem€appeared€to€be€drunk€or€under€the€influence€of€alcohol€andÏthat€"they€just€seemed€to€be€just€normal€guys."€€She€did€not€seeÏeither€of€them€drink€any€beer€while€they€were€there.€€BrewerÏtestified€that€he€had€a€cup€of€beer€at€the€LaRue€house.€€ÌÌà àAfter€leaving€LaRue's€house,€they€made€two€brief€stops,€oneÏat€a€friend's€house€and€another€at€Brewer's€house.€€At€Brewer'sÏhouse,€they€decided€to€take€Brewer's€Suzuki€motorcycle€to€Bonkers.€ÏBonkers€is€a€restaurant€and€bar€on€that€portion€of€CumberlandÏAvenue,€in€close€proximity€to€the€University€of€Tennessee€campus,Ïknown€as€"the€strip."€€Responding€to€the€question€of€whether€heÏwas€under€the€influence€of€an€intoxicant€before€they€got€toÏBonkers,€Brewer€replied,€"I€had€a€slight€buzz,€but€I€was€notÏintoxicated€drunk,€no."Ì€Ìà àThey€arrived€at€Bonkers€before€its€regular€opening€hour€œand›Ïwere€allowed€to€enter.€Brewer€testified€that€the€doorman,€Cham…bers,€let€them€in,€but€both€Chambers€and€the€bartender,€Archer,Ïtestified€that€it€was€Archer€who€opened€the€door€for€them.€€It€isÏundisputed€that€no€one€asked€either€Randy€LaRue€or€Brewer€for€ageÏidentification€nor€did€anyone€stamp€their€hands€with€a€designationÏof€either€under€or€over€21€years€of€age,€which€was€Bonkers'€normalÏpolicy.ÌÌà àThe€witnesses'€stories€diverge€considerably€at€this€point.€ÏBrewer€testified€that€he€and€Randy€sat€down€at€the€bar,€and€ArcherÏserved€them€a€pitcher€of€beer.€€Brewer€testified€that€to€the€bestÏof€his€knowledge,€Archer€gave€them€the€drinks€they€had€that€night,Ïbecause€Archer€was€a€friend€of€Randy€LaRue.€€Brewer€did€not€payÏfor€any€drinks,€and€he€said€that€he€did€not€see€Randy€pay€for€anyÏeither,€although€he€couldn't€be€completely€sure€whether€he€did€orÏnot.€€At€one€point€in€his€testimony,€Brewer€said€he€thought€thatÏthey€drank€between€one€and€three€pitchers,€and€probably€oneÏapiece,€and€at€another€point€he€said€he€thought€he€had€drunk€10€orÏ12€beers€at€Bonkers.ÌÌà àArcher€testified€that€after€they€were€admitted,€they€request…ed€to€be€served,€and€Archer€refused€because€they€were€not€"ofÏage."€€Randy€LaRue€then€told€Archer€not€to€worry€because€BrewerÏhad€a€fake€I.D.,€and€Archer€replied€that€it€didn't€matter.€€ArcherÏtestified€that€later€he€noticed€that€the€two€were€sitting€withÏsome€friends€that€had€bought€a€pitcher,€and€they€had€glasses€andÏwere€drinking€from€the€pitcher.€€Archer€stated€that€although€heÏknew€both€LaRue€and€Brewer€were€under€21,€he€did€nothing€aboutÍthem€sharing€drinks€from€the€pitcher.€€Archer€testified€that€heÏthought€they€were€drunk€when€they€got€there,€and€no€more€drunkÏwhen€they€left.€€However,€plaintiffs€introduced€Archer's€signedÏstatement€to€police€investigator€Tom€œPressley›,€in€which€ArcherÏstated,€"I€don't€know€what€they€had€before€they€came€in€here,€butÏI€don't€think€they€were€drunk."€€Ìà àLaRue€and€Brewer€were€at€Bonkers€for€a€little€over€an€hour.€ÏBrewer€testified€that€as€they€were€leaving,€Archer€gave€him€aÏCrown€Royal€and€coke,€saying,€"here's€one€for€the€road,€guys."€ÏBrewer€stated€that€he€"slammed"€the€drink€just€before€leaving.€€ÌÌà àLaRue€briefly€conversed€with€Chambers€as€he€was€leaving€andÏwhile€Brewer,€who€had€already€exited,€was€sitting€on€his€motorcy…cle.€€Chambers€testified€that€he€was€very€concerned€that€BrewerÏwas€drunk,€because€his€eyes€were€red€and€glassy€and€"he€was€actingÏwild."€€He€stated€that€he€expressed€concern€to€LaRue€about€gettingÏon€the€motorcycle€with€Brewer,€and€tried€to€persuade€him€not€to€doÏso€and€offered€to€find€him€another€ride.€€Chambers€testified€thatÏRandy€LaRue€did€not€appear€drunk€at€the€time,€and€that€he€couldn'tÏtell€that€anything€was€wrong€with€him.€€LaRue's€last€words€toÍChambers€were,€"Rick,€if€I€didn't€think€he€were€capable€of€drivingÏit,€I€wouldn't€get€on€it."€€ÌÌà àBoth€Archer€and€Chambers€testified€that€they€witnessed€theÏtwo€leaving,€and€that€they€were€headed€east,€toward€downtown€andÏthe€accident€site€with€Brewer€driving.€€Brewer€testified€thatÏbefore€the€accident€occurred€they€headed€west,€and€stopped€at€aÏfriend's€house€on€Concord€Street€to€pick€up€a€video€game.€€ÌÌà àThe€accident€occurred€on€the€Main€Avenue€ramp€in€downtownÏKnoxville,€between€9:15€and€9:30€p.m.,€almost€immediately€afterÏthe€two€left€Bonkers.€€The€motorcycle€struck€the€right€side€of€aÏguardrail€as€they€were€exiting€the€ramp.€€No€other€vehicles€wereÏinvolved.€€Randy€LaRue€was€thrown€between€30€and€40€feet€from€theÏmotorcycle,€sustained€a€massive€head€injury€and€never€regainedÏconsciousness.€€ÌÌà àFirst€on€the€scene€was€Mr.€Jim€Henderson,€an€employee€of€theÏKnox€County€Sheriff's€Department€who€was€then€off€duty€and€travel…ing€with€his€wife.€€He€stopped€his€car€and€assisted€Brewer,€whoÍhad€sustained€a€serious€leg€injury€but€was€conscious.€€HendersonÏasked€Brewer€what€happened€and€he€said€"that€they€had€came€off€theÏhill€at€Main€Street€going€too€fast€and€he€had€lost€control."€€Ms.ÏTricia€œAmmons›,€a€paramedic,€testified€that€Brewer€told€her€at€theÏscene€that€he€"was€driving€a€little€too€fast€and€he€lost€controlÏand€wrecked."€€ÌÌà àAt€the€time€of€the€accident,€Brewer's€blood€alcohol€level€wasÏdetermined€to€be€0.21,€and€LaRue's€was€measured€at€0.10.€€BrewerÏlater€pled€guilty€to€a€charge€of€criminally€negligent€homicide.€€ÌÌà@ àI.ÌÌà àThe€first€issue€we€will€address€is€the€propriety€of€the€trialÏcourt's€action€in€directing€a€verdict€in€favor€of€the€"dram€shop"Ïdefendants,€òòi.eóó.,€all€those€defendants€that€were€alleged€to€beÏnegligent€in€providing€alcohol€to€LaRue€and€Brewer.€€As€the€par…ties€recognize,€our€analysis€is€governed€by€T.C.A.€ðððð€57„10„101Ïand€102,€which€state:ÌÓÓÌò òà8 àà à57„10„101.€€Proximate€cause.ó ó€ð"ð€The€generalÏassembly€hereby€finds€and€declares€that€the€consumptionÏof€any€alcoholic€beverage€or€beer€rather€than€the€fur…nishing€of€any€alcoholic€beverage€or€beer€is€the€proxi…mate€cause€of€injuries€inflicted€upon€another€by€anÏintoxicated€person.ÌÌò òÌà8 àà à57„10„102.€€Standard€of€Proof.€ð"ð€ó óNotwithstand…ing€the€provisions€of€ðð€57„10„101,€no€judge€or€jury€mayÏpronounce€a€judgment€awarding€damages€to€or€on€behalf€ofÏany€party€who€has€suffered€personal€injury€or€deathÏagainst€any€person€who€has€sold€any€alcoholic€beverageÏor€beer,€unless€such€jury€of€twelve€(12)€persons€hasÏfirst€ascertained€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÏsale€by€such€person€of€the€alcoholic€beverage€or€beerÏwas€the€proximate€cause€of€the€personal€injury€or€deathÏsustained€and€that€such€person:€ÌÌà8 àà0 àà à(1)€Sold€the€alcoholic€beverage€or€beer€to€aÏperson€known€to€be€under€the€age€of€twenty„one€(21)Ïyears€and€such€person€caused€the€personal€injury€orÏdeath€as€the€direct€result€of€the€consumption€ofÏthe€alcoholic€beverage€or€beer€so€sold;€orÌÌà8 àà0 àà à(2)€Sold€the€alcoholic€beverage€or€beer€to€anÏobviously€intoxicated€person€and€such€person€causedÏthe€personal€injury€or€death€as€the€direct€resultÏof€the€consumption€of€the€alcoholic€beverage€orÏbeer€so€sold.€€ÌÌÌÓÓà àIt€seems€quite€clear€that€for€T.C.A.€ðð€57„10„102€to€apply,Ïthe€plaintiffs€must€prove€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€that€theÏdefendants€"òòsoldóó"€an€alcoholic€beverage€to€LaRue€and€Brewer.€€TheÏstatute€in€each€and€every€instance€requires€a€sale€before€liabili…ty€can€be€imposed.€€There€is€no€direct€evidence€nor€evidence€inÏthe€record€from€which€an€inference€can€reasonably€be€drawn,€thatÏthere€was€a€sale€to€either€Brewer€or€LaRue€by€the€"dram€shop"Ïdefendants.€€Plaintiffs€argue,€however,€that€the€statute€shouldÏnot€be€construed€as€to€require€a€"sale"€of€alcohol€to€a€minor€orÏobviously€intoxicated€person.€€They€argue€that,€because€of€publicÏpolicy€against€furnishing€alcohol€to€minors,€a€showing€beyond€aÏreasonable€doubt€that€a€defendant€"furnished"€alcohol€to€a€personÏunder€21€should€be€enough€to€allow€a€jury€to€decide€whether€theÏfurnishing€was€the€proximate€cause€of€an€accident.€€We€most€re…spectfully€disagree.€€We€should€first€note€that€it€is€within€theÏprovince€of€the€General€Assembly€to€establish€and€proclaim€publicÏpolicy.€€The€Supreme€Court€in€òòWatson€v.€Cleveland€Chair€Coóó,€789ÏS.W.2d€538€(Tenn.€1989),€made€the€following€observations:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àA€definitive€statement€on€the€authority€of€theÏcourts€to€determine€public€policy€can€be€found€in€òòNash…ville€œRy›.€and€Light€Co.€v.€œLawson›óó,€144€Tenn.€78,€91,€229ÏS.W.€741€(1920),€citing€from€License€Tax€Case,€5€Wall,Ï469,€18€L.Ed.€497:Ì€Ìà0 àà8 àà à"This€Court€can€know€nothing€of€public€policyÏexcept€from€the€constitution€and€the€laws,€and€theÏcourse€of€administration€and€decision.€It€has€noÍlegislative€powers.€It€cannot€amend€or€modify€anyÏlegislative€acts.€It€cannot€examine€questions€asÏexpedient€or€inexpedient,€or€as€politic€or€impoli…tic.€Considerations€of€that€sort€must,€in€general,Ïbe€addressed€to€the€legislature.€Questions€ofÏpolicy€determined€there€are€concluded€here."Ì€ÌòòWatsonóó,€supra€at€page€540.€€òòSee€alsoóó€òòSmith€v.€Goreóó,€728€S.W.2d€738Ïand€the€cases€cited€therein.ÌÓÓà0 àà8 àÌà àThe€General€Assembly€has€unambiguously€declared€the€publicÏœpolicy›€with€regard€to€the€furnishing€of€alcohol€to€per‚sons€underÏthe€age€of€21€as€it€relates€to€"dram€shops."€€We€are€not€at€liber…ty€to€hold€otherwise.€€Accordingly,€in€the€absence€of€evidence€ofÏa€sale,€the€trial€court€was€correct€in€directing€a€verdict€inÏfavor€of€the€"dram€shop"€defendants.ÌÌà@ àII.ÌÌà àAfter€directing€verdicts€for€the€dram€shop€defendants,€theÏtrial€court€found,€as€to€the€remaining€defendant,€that€reasonableÏminds€could€reach€only€one€conclusion€ð"ð€that€LaRue€was€at€leastÏfifty€percent€at€fault€for€his€death,€when€compared€with€the€faultÏof€Brewer.€€We€must€disagree.€€Although€this€is€admittedly€a€closeÍquestion,€we€find€the€trial€court€should€have€allowed€it€to€beÏdecided€by€the€jury.Ì€€Ìà àAs€the€plaintiff€points€out,€the€facts€of€this€case€are€veryÏsimilar€to€those€in€òòSilcox€v.€Coffeeóó,€1993€WL€350134€(œTenn.€›App.ÏSept.€15,€1993).€€In€òòSilcoxóó,€the€plaintiff€was€killed€in€an€auto…mobile€accident€after€both€he€and€the€defendant€driver€had€beenÏdrinking€heavily.€€The€defendant's€blood€alcohol€level€was€0.39Ïand€plaintiff's€was€0.37.€€òòId.óó€at€**1.€€The€court€stated€theÏfollowing:Ìà8 àÌÓÓà8 àà àOur€inquiry€is€whether€viewing€the€evidence€in€theÏplaintiff's€favor,€the€evidence€can€reasonably€support€aÏconclusion€that€[plaintiff's]€decision€to€ride€with€anÏintoxicated€driver€did€not€account€for€50€percent€orÏmore€of€the€proximate€cause€of€his€death.€òòThe€reason…ableness€of€a€plaintiff's€decision€to€encounter€thisÏrisk€is€a€factual€determination€to€be€determined€by€theÏtrier€of€factóó€...€In€the€case€at€bar,€the€jury€deter…mined€that€[plaintiff's]€death€was€caused€40€percent€byÏhis€own€negligence.€This€conclusion€necessarily€involvesÏa€consideration€of€the€reasonableness€of€[plaintiff's]Ïdecision€to€ride€with€the€defendant.€€There€is€ampleÏevidence€to€support€that€[plaintiff's]€decision€to€rideÏwith€defendant€was€unreasonable.€We€cannot€say,€however,Ïthat€the€evidence€does€not€establish€a€basis€from€whichÏthe€jury€could€have€concluded€that€[plaintiff's]€deci…sion€accounted€for€less€than€50€percent€of€the€proximateÍcause€of€his€death.€€Accordingly,€we€find€no€error€withÏthe€trial€court's€denial€of€defendant's€motion€for€aÏdirected€verdict€and€his€motion€for€a€new€trial.ÌÌÌòòIdóó.€at€**5€(emphasis€added;€citation€omitted).ÌÌÓÓÌà àIn€òòœSilcoxóó,€›the€defendant€argued€that€Silcox€assumed€the€riskÏof€death€by€riding€with€an€intoxicated€driver€and€thus€was€barredÏfrom€recovering€damages.€Defendant€cited€òòHarvey€v.€Wheeleróó,€57ÏTenn.€App.€642,€423€S.W.2d€283,€285€(Tenn.€1967),€in€which€theÏcourt€œsaid:Ì›ÌÓÓà8 àà àAs€a€general€proposition,€a€guest„passenger€isÏprecluded€from€recovering€for€injuries€sustained€in€anÏautomobile€accident€where€the€intoxicated€condition€ofÏthe€driver€of€the€automobile€in€which€[the€passenger]Ïwas€riding€was€a€proximate€cause€of€the€accident,€if€theÏguest„passenger€knew€or€should€have€known€of€the€driv…er's€intoxication€at€the€time€the€guest„passenger€volun…teered€to€ride€in€the€automobile.€ÌÌà@ à*€€€€€*€€€€€*€€€€€*€ÌÌà8 àà àWhether€or€not€the€guest„passenger€is€contributori…ly€negligent€in€riding€in€the€automobile€of€the€defen…dant€is€not€to€be€determined€on€the€circumstances€asÏthey€appeared€to€the€guest„‚passenger,€but€is€to€beÏdetermined€by€comparing€the€guest€passenger's€conductÏwith€that€of€an€ordinarily€prudent€man€under€like€cir…cumstances.€(citation€omitted).€ÌÌÌÓÓà àAs€in€òòSilcoxóó,€there€is€ample€evidence€here€suggesting€thatÏLaRue's€decision€to€get€on€the€motorcycle€was€ill„advised€andÏnegligent.€€However,€viewing€all€of€the€evidence€in€a€light€mostÏfavorable€to€plaintiffs,€as€we€are€required€to€do,€we€cannot€sayÏthat€reasonable€minds€could€reach€only€the€conclusion€that€LaRueÏœwas€equally€or›€more€at€fault€than€Brewer.€€We€agree€that€theÏconclusion€reached€by€the€trial€court€that€LaRue's€fault€was€equalÏto€or€greater€than€Brewer's€is€a€reasonable€conclusion.€€We€cannotÏsay,€however,€that€there€is€not€another€conclusion€that€could€beÏreached€by€reasonable€minds.ÌÌà àBrewer€was€the€operator€of€the€motorcycle€and€admittedly€wasÏtraveling€too€fast€at€the€time€the€accident€œoccurred.€€It€is€notÏunreasonable€to€conclude€that€the€accident€was€caused€by€excessiveÏspeed€rather€than€or€in€addition€to€Brewers€state€of€intoxication.›ÏBrewer's€blood€alcohol€content€was€roughly€twice€that€of€LaRue's.€ÏIn€the€final€analysis,€as€the€òòSilcoxóó€court€noted,€comparativeÏfault€is€a€question€of€fact€within€the€jury's€province,€whichÏshould€not€lightly€be€invaded€by€the€trial€court.€€We€do€not€meanÍto€imply€in€any€fashion€that€the€trial€court's€action€gave€lightÏconsideration€to€the€evidence€or€any€other€facet€of€the€case.€€WeÏare€of€the€opinion€that,€under€all€the€circumstances€of€this€case,Ïthe€question€of€the€degree€of€fault€between€LaRue€and€BrewerÏshould€have€been€submitted€to€the€jury.ÌÌà àThe€cases€cited€and€relied€upon€by€Brewer,€òòWatts€v.€RobertsonÏCountyóó,€1994€WL€706676€(œTenn.à à›App.€Dec.€21,€1994),€òòCarr€v.€Ozburn„Hessey€Storage€Coóó.,€1996€WL€383295€(Tenn.€App.€July€10,€1996),€andÏòòEstate€of€Gunter€v.€Smithóó,€1996€WL€283069€(Tenn.€App.€May€30,Ï1996),€are€clearly€distinguishable€on€their€facts€from€this€case.€ÏIn€òòWattsóó,€the€plaintiffs,€passengers€in€a€motor€vehicle,€broughtÏsuit€for€damages€under€the€provisions€of€the€Government€TortÏLiability€Act,€seeking€to€recover€damages€for€their€injuries.€€TheÏcase€was€tried€at€a€bench€trial€and€the€court€found€the€issues€inÏfavor€of€the€defendant.€€Specifically,€the€court€found€that€theÏpassengers€were€as€knowledgeable€about€the€conditions€of€theÏroadway,€bridge€and€weather€conditions€as€the€driver.€€Fault€wasÏapportioned€and€as€between€the€plaintiffs€and€the€defendant,€theÍcourt€determined€that€the€plaintiff's€fault€exceeded€that€of€theÏdefendant.€€This€court€in€addressing€the€issue€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àThe€Trial€Judge€did€not€erroneously€apply€the€lawÏas€to€the€duty€of€a€passenger€under€the€facts€found€byÏhim.€Passengers€in€motor€vehicles€have€a€duty€to€exer…cise€reasonable€care€for€their€own€safety.€òòMansfield€v.ÏColonial€Freight€Systemsóó,€Tenn.€App.€1993,€862€S.W.2dÏ527.€It€is€negligence€for€a€passenger€to€voluntarilyÏcontinue€as€such€with€knowledge€of€conditions€of€unrea…sonable€danger.€òòTalbot€v.€Tayloróó,€184€Tenn.€428,€201ÏS.W.2d€1€(1947).€A€passenger€does€not€have€the€sameÏduties€as€the€driver€of€a€vehicle,€but€is€not€withoutÏresponsibility€for€his€or€her€own€safety.€òòHarrison€v.ÏœPittman›óó,€Tenn.€1976,€534€S.W.2d€311.€ÌÌÓÓà àÌà àWe€have€no€argument€with€the€proposition€set€out€in€òòWattsóó.€ÏIt€is€important€to€note€that€in€òòWattsóó,€however,€that€the€findingsÏof€fault€were€made€by€the€trier€of€fact€and€involved€the€credibil…ity€of€witnesses.€€Such€is€not€the€case€here.ÌÌà àòòCarr€v.€Ozburn„Hessey€Storage€Coóó.,€involved€a€collisionÏbetween€an€automobile€and€a€truck.€€The€defendant€moved€for€summa…ry€judgment.€€The€court€determined€that€there€were€no€genuineÏissues€of€material€fact€and€sustained€the€motion€for€summaryÍjudgment,€finding€from€the€undisputed€facts€that€the€plaintiffÏwas,€as€a€matter€of€law,€more€than€50%€at€fault.€€We€do€not€be…lieve€that€in€this€case€the€facts€before€the€court€are€undisputedÏto€the€extent€that€a€judgment€can€be€made€as€a€matter€of€law.ÌÌà àIn€òòEstate€of€Gunter€v.€Smithóó,€this€court,€in€essence,€deter…mined€that€from€the€undisputed€evidence€there€was€no€negligence€onÏthe€part€of€the€plaintiff.€€The€court€stated:ÌÌÓÓà8 àà àIn€the€final€analysis,€if€the€appellant€is€entitledÏto€recover€for€the€death€of€the€decedent€under€theÏcircumstances€present€here,€such€recovery€must€necessar…ily€be€based€on€an€inference€that€the€defendant€shouldÏhave€seen€the€decedent€before€the€collision€occurred.€WeÏdo€not€believe€that€actionable€negligence€can€be€in…ferred€from€"the€mere€fact€of€the€occurrence€of€injuryÏalone."€òòWilliams€v.€Jordanóó,€208€Tenn.€456,€€346€S.W.2dÏ583,€586€(Tenn.€App.€1961).€òòEaton€v.€œMcLain›óó,€891€S.W.2dÏ587,€590€(Tenn.€1994)€holds€that€the€doctrine€of€compar…ative€fault,€òòMcIntyre€v.€œBalentine›óó,€833€S.W.2d€52€(Tenn.Ï1992)€does€not€alter€the€standards€which€govern€assess…ment€of€evidence€based€upon€the€negligence€of€a€plain…tiff,€and€we€think€the€trial€judge€correctly€held€thatÏreasonable€minds€could€not€differ€as€to€the€conclusionÏto€be€drawn€in€a€light€most€favorable€to€the€plaintiffÏthat€the€negligence€of€the€deceased€was€equal€to€orÏgreater€than€any€inferential€negligence€of€the€defen…dant.€ÌÌÌÓÓà àWe€do€not€believe€that€the€authorities€cited€by€the€defen…dants€€have€any€application€to€the€issues€under€considerationÏhere.€€Here,€it€œis€reasonable€to€conclude€that›€more€probable€thanÏnot€œboth›€parties€were€œnegligent.€€Sufficient€doubt€exists,€howev…er,€to€require€the€case€to€be€submitted€to€the€jury.ÌÌà àAccordingly,€we€reverse€the€action€of€the€trial€court€inÏdirecting€a€verdict€against€the€plaintiffs€and€in€favor€of€theÏdefendant,€Brewer.€€The€trial€court€is€affirmed€in€all€otherÏrespects.ÌÌà àIn€our€discretion€costs€of€this€appeal€are€assessed€equallyÏbetween€the€plaintiffs€and€the€defendant,€Brewer.€€We€remand€theÏcase€to€the€trial€court€for€a€new€trial€as€to€the€defendant,ÏBrewer.€ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà àà àà€ à_____________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àà à€Don€T.€McMurray,€JudgeÌÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌHouston€M.€Goddard,€Presiding€Judgeà àÌÌÌ___________________________________ÌCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€JudgeÌÑ€sÑÇÑ  ÑÑ7€YÚXXdÖXXdÖ7Ñ›Ñ7€T§TXXdÈXXdÖ7ÑÑ ` ÑÑ , ÑÑ 5 ÑÑ  ÑÑ€n §u` ÑœßJ€pt;+'b|` Å `€@ÿJßÌ›à@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌÌà@ àEASTERN€SECTIONÌÌÌÌÌÌHORACE€A.€LaRUE€and€CARLA€à@ àà@ à)à àà àÌLaRUE,€Parents€and€next€of€kin€à@ à)à àÌof€RANDALL€CHARLES€LaRUE,à@ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à àà àà àà@ à)ÌDeceasedà@ à)Ìà@ à)Ìà àPlaintiffs„Appellantsà@ à)à àà àÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@ à)à àÌà@ à)à à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@ à€Ìà àv.à@ à)à àKNOX€COUNTYÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@ à)à à03A01„9702„CV„00053Ìà à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à@ à)Ì1817€LAKE€INCORPORATED,€d/b/aà@ à)ÌBONKERS,€HOWARD€R.€TANNENBAUM,à@ à)ÌRICKY€CHAMBERS,€ROBERT€ARCHER,à@ à)Ìand€DANNY€G.€BREWERà@ à)Ìà@ à)Ìà àDefendants„Appelleesà@ à)ÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà à€€€€€òòCONCURRING€OPINIONóóÌÌÌÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà à€€à àà àà à€€Goddard,€P.J.€ÌÌÌÌÌÓÓà àà àI€concur€in€Judge€McMurray's€reversal€of€the€TrialÏCourt's€dismissal€of€the€case€against€the€operator€of€the€motorcy…cle,€Mr.€Brewer,€for€the€reasons€stated€therein,€and€in€his€affir…mance€of€the€dismissal€as€to€the€"dram€shop"€Defendants.€€œI›€baseÏmy€concurrence€as€to€the€latter€upon€T.C.A.€57„10„101,€whichÏprovides€that€consuming€rather€than€furnishing× ƒu ××  ×€alcoholic€beveragesÏis€the€proximate€cause€of€injuries€inflicted€by€an€intoxicatedÏperson.ÌÌà àà àIn€reaching€this€conclusion€I€note€that€no€constitution…al€attack€is€leveled€as€to€the€statute€and,€further,€Ìthat€the€import€of€T.C.A.€57„10„102€is€not€entirely€clear.€€MyÏreading€of€both€Code€Sections,€however,€persuades€me€that€T.C.A.Ï57„10„102€is€intended€as€an€exception€to€57„10„101€and€allowsÏrecovery€if€the€requirements€contained€therein€are€met.€€While€itÏseems€anomalous€to€me€that€the€Legislature€would€insulate€anÏalcoholic€dispensing€establishment€from€liability€when€the€spiritsÏare€given€œaway€to€those€under€21€or€intoxicated,›€as€opposed€toÏbeing€sold,€I€conclude€that€€under€the€clear€language€of€T.C.A.Í57„10„101€the€acts€of€the€"dram€shop"€Defendants,€who€furnishedÏbut€did€not€sell€the€intoxicating€beverage,€are€not€the€proximateÏcause€of€the€death€of€Mr.€LaRue,€which€is€necessary€to€cast€themÏin€judgment.Ñ€vÑÇ€Ñ7€YÚXXdÖTXXdÈ7Ñà@ àIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌßJ€pw;+'b|Ž ` Å `€@ÿJßÌÌÌÌHORACE€A.€LaRUE€and€CARLA€LaRUE,)€C/A€NO.€03A01„9702„CV„00053ÌParents€and€next€of€kin€ofà à€€)ÌRANDALL€CHARLES€LaRUE,€deceased,)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àPlaintiffs„Appellants,)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€APPEAL€AS€OF€RIGHT€FROM€THEÌv.à àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€KNOX€COUNTY€CIRCUIT€COURTÌà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)Ì1817€LAKE€INCORPORATED,€d/b/aà à€€)ÌBONKERS,€HOWARD€R.€TANNENBAUM,€€)ÌRICKY€CHAMBERS,€ROBERT€ARCHER,€€)Ìand€DANNY€G.€BREWER,à àà à€€)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à€€)€HON.€WHEELER€A.€ROSENBALMÌà àà àDefendants„Appellees.€)€JUDGEÌÌÌÌÌÌÌà@ àÔ€[ÔÔ€[ ÔCONCURRING€OPINIONÔ€mÔÔ€mXÔÌÌÌà àà àI€concur€completely€in€Judge€McMurrayððs€holding€that€theÏdram€shop€defendants€were€entitled€to€a€directed€verdict.€€I€alsoÏagree€with€his€reasoning€in€support€of€that€holding.€€As€to€theÏdefendant€Brewer,€I€agree€that,€based€upon€the€plaintiffsðð€proof,Ïa€jury€could€reasonably€find€that€any€negligence€on€the€part€ofÏthe€deceased€was€less€than€the€negligence€of€Brewer.€€Therefore,€IÏagree€that€the€plaintiffsðð€claim€against€Brewer€must€be€remandedÏfor€a€new€trial.€€My€concurrence€is€limited€to€these€statements.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà àà à__________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€J.›ÌÌà àà àà àà àà àà à_______________________________Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àHouston€M.€Goddard,€P.J.€ÌœÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÑ P Ñ