ÿWPC· h27ÚÏØOêvÖÓÍó«’Y+ƒï"¢_A,”l:‚ 8C˜‡Š£ ´âºsÌ¢s=ìl C—݇jÇü­SEE‘®'àX÷åò“- E`kŸr¥•”¯³½yO|°?+Áv‹ùH>¯8ýäD)â$¼¥àbÎÙÑkRv(VŒT¡‰\¨ó¾Ýƒ ÿ€Ù7£|ŒšîØëoN´PæŒozlÀ „Wм_xB…é#Sßü‘W؃®2þÿu®À‚T‹ l²õ8€ øž›?MÀÿC³ÃœH¦,ÿüŸ;(Æ.zM¾ÁÛ™Ú™UòºòÄíâz¼Gj1³#ôùj}Õ\ 0Þƒ&¾‡‘Â}߃cQÀ^ÀÕýϽrz¨0!;(_ùDÚfý51LJ¢8[~5o0-x-Æ)# >UNI %— 0(Åw@Í4 ! 0l0 0DœUNà .7 „RÆÖ(œU:ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ AQþ BO 0Dl 0D° 0Dôô D/88 Bg D3„˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLlÎ(ÈhH  Z ‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ Ÿ   ¡ ¢ ££¤¥¦D§Ó€³n~<$3|x³((3üÝ$¤¤Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÈhH  Z 6Times New Roman Regular ÿÝ ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ‡ô:’ôXXÔÔ#†XE^Xôô:’C#ÔLawrenceððs€complaint€was€filed€on€June€20,€1996.€€His€death€occurred€thereafter€onÐ ° ÐJanuary€18,€1997.€€When€a€party€entitled€to€relief€dies€while€an€action€for€personal€injuries€isÏpending,€the€partyððs€claim€does€not€abate€but€becomes€an€action€for€the€benefit€of€the€deceasedÏpartyððs€estate.€€òòò òSee€óóó óTenn.€Code€Annòò.€óóðð€20„5„112€(1994).€€The€procedural€steps€for€substitution€ofÐ tÄ Ðparties€in€such€cases€are€outlined€in€Rule€25€of€the€Tennessee€Rules€of€Civil€Procedure.€€ò òòòSeeÐ `° Ðóóó óT.R.C.P.€25.01(1).€€Our€review€of€the€record€reveals€that€Thelma€Lawrence,€Lawrenceððs€mother,€Ð L œ Ðwas€appointed€as€the€administrator€of€his€estate.€€It€further€reveals€that€counsel€for€Lawrence€andÏChandler€understood€that€Lawrenceððs€claim€was€being€brought€on€behalf€of€his€estate.€€It€doesÏnot€appear,€however,€that€any€of€the€steps€enumerated€in€Rule€25€have€been€taken€to€makeÏLawrenceððs€estate€a€party€to€this€lawsuit.€€Because€no€issue€has€been€raised€on€appeal€withÏrespect€to€substitution€of€parties,€we€make€no€finding€regarding€this€matter. Ý ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€orders€dismissing€Drumwright€and€striking€the€jury€demands€were€entered€pursuantÐ ° Ðto€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act.€€The€relevant€provisions€of€this€act€provide€inÏpertinent€part€as€follows:ÌÌà8  àà ` àNo€claim€may€be€brought€against€an€employee€or€judgment€entered€againstÏan€employee€for€damages€for€which€the€immunity€of€the€governmental€entity€isÏremoved€by€this€chapter€unless€the€claim€is€one€for€medical€malpractice€broughtÏagainst€a€health€care€practitioner.€€Ð Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Annòò.€óóðð€29„20„310(b)€(Supp.€1998).Ð  p  ÐÌà8  àThe€circuit€courts€shall€have€exclusive€original€jurisdiction€over€any€actionÏbrought€under€this€chapter€and€shall€hear€and€decide€such€suits€without€theÏintervention€of€a€jury,€except€as€otherwise€provided€in€ðð€29„20„313(b).à8@ Ð Ð àà8  àÐà0 Ð Ð  ÐÌTenn.€Code€Ann.òò€óóðð€29„20„307€(Supp.€1998). zÝ ƒ üÝ$Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝThe€award€to€the€minor€child€is€not€an€issue€on€appeal.ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 Ý ƒ!¯"ÝÝ  ÝÔ€Xq XXXÔÔ€™S  XXqÔÓ  ÓÔ Ad ÔFILEDÔ€Xq X ™SÔÐ  ÐÌò òOctober€28,€1998Ð šš ÐÌCecil€Crowson,€Jr.ÌÔ€ô–¾ô XXqÔAppellate€Court€Clerkó ó,c½¬AZ‹"Arial Regular!"#%Cþÿ<< Cÿÿ d(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý(3¯$££Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó'''÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd 'ÿÿdxdÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  Ýñ§ñ›ñ§ñÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÓ'°,X°À”X°œX'Óò òñ³ññ§ñßr€(<,(j 8` `€€@Eȱ` ttx$°ð Õrßñ§ññ³ññ³ññ³ññ§ñ›ñ§ñà@O O ìàIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEE,€ˆÌà@kk%ìàAT€JACKSONó óˆÐ œì ÐÌà@. . ìà_______________________________________________________ˆÌÌñ³ññ³ñà À à)Ìò òALLEN€W.€LAWRENCEó ó,à À à)à  àTipton€County€Circuit€CourtÐ 8 ˆ Ðà À à)à  àNo.€4544Ð ( x Ðñ³ññ³ñ€€€€€Plaintiff/Appellee.à À à)Ð  d Ðà À à)ÌVS.à À à)à  àC.A.€No.€02A01„9801„CV„00020Ð ì <  Ðà À à)Ìò òñ³ñœßt€(>.*jx¸ù<` `€€@E€` ttx$¸Äð  tß›ñ³ñTOWN€OF€BRIGHTONó ó,à À à)Ð Ä  Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Defendant/Appellant,à À à)Ð  ð  Ðà À à)ÌANDà À à)Ð xÈ Ðà À à)Ìò òGLENDA€CHANDLER€as€Natural€ó óà À à)Ð P  Ðò òParent€and€Guardian€and€Next€Friendó óà À à)Ð @ Ðò òon€Behalf€of€JAMES€M.€CHANDLERó ó,à À à)Ð 0€ Ðò òa€Minor€Child€and€Individually,€in€heró óà À à)Ð  p Ðò òown€rightó ó,à À à)Ð ` Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Plaintiff/Appellee,à À à)Ð ì< Ðà À à)ÌVS.à À à)Ð Ä Ðà À à)Ìò òTOWN€OF€BRIGHTONó ó,à À à)Ð œì Ðà À à)Ì€€€€€Defendant/Appellant.à À à)Ð x È Ð______________________________________________________________________________ÌÌFrom€the€Circuit€Court€of€Tipton€County€at€Covington.Ìò òHonorable€Joseph€H.€Walker,€III,€Judge€ó óÐ ($x" ÐÌÌÌò òJohn€D.€Burlesonó ó,Ð Ø'(#& Ðò òJeffery€G.€Fosteró ó,Ð È($' ÐRAINEY,€KIZER,€BUTLER,€œREVIERE›€&€BELL,€P.L.C.,€Jackson,€TennesseeÌœAttorneys›€for€Defendant/Appellant.ÌÌÌò òJ.€Houston€Gordonó ó,€Covington,€TennesseeÐ h-¸(, ÐAttorney€for€Plaintiffs/Appellees.ÌÌÌÌOPINION€FILED:ÌÌò òAFFIRMED€œAS€MODIFIED€AND›€REMANDEDó óÐ à30/3 ÐÌÌà À àò òFARMER,€J.ó óÐ ¤6ô16 ÐÌò òHIGHERS,€J.ó ó:€(Concurs)Ð |8Ì38 Ðò òLILLARD,€J.ó ó:€œ(Concurs)Ð l9¼49 ÐÌÐ H;˜6; Ðñžññ ññŸñÓ3°,X°` À”X°,X°À”X3ÓñŸññ ññ¡ññ ñÓ6°,X°` ¸ À”X°,X°À”X6Óñ ññ¡ññ¢ññ¡ñÓ6°,X°` ‚XÀ”X°,X°À”X6Óñ¡ññ¢ññ¢ñÓ0°,X°` ˜X°,X°À”X0Óñ¢ññ£ñÓ  Óñ£ññ¤ñÓÓñ¤ññ¥ñÔ‡ XäXXXÔà@QQìàòòò òI.€€Factual€and€Procedural€HistoryˆÐ ° Ðó óóóÌà ` àOn€May€22,€1996,€a€collision€occurred€between€a€vehicle€driven€by€Allen€W.ÏLawrence€and€a€vehicle€driven€by€Richard€Drumwright,€an€employee€of€the€Town€of€Brighton.€ÏLawrenceððs€sister€Glenda€Chandler€and€Chandlerððs€three€year€old€son€James€M.€Chandler€wereÏpassengers€in€the€Lawrence€vehicle.€€ÌÌà ` àFollowing€the€accident,€Lawrence€received€treatment€at€Tipton€County€Hospital€forÏa€cut€on€his€forehead.€€Two€days€later,€Lawrence€was€treated€by€Dr.€Reuben€Avila€for€neck€pain,Ïtenderness€of€the€abdomen,€tenderness€over€the€cut€on€his€forehead,€scattered€lacerations,€a€largeÏbruise€on€his€left€shoulder,€and€bruising€on€his€forehead€and€under€his€left€eye.€€Dr.€AvilaÏrecommended€that€Lawrence€take€over„the„counter€pain€medication.€€Lawrence€visited€Dr.€Avila€onÏtwo€subsequent€occasions€for€persisting€headaches€and€neck€pain.€€Dr.€Avila€recommended€thatÏLawrence€undergo€outpatient€physical€therapy.€€After€receiving€a€report€from€Lawrenceððs€motherÏthat€Lawrence€was€experiencing€numbness€in€his€left€leg,€Dr.€Avila€referred€Lawrence€to€Dr.€LanceÏWright,€a€neurologist.€€Dr.€Wright€prescribed€various€medications€for€pain€relief€and€orderedÏphysical€therapy.€€During€a€subsequent€visit€to€Dr.€Avila,€Lawrence€complained€of€knee€pain€andÏdecreased€sensation€in€his€left€leg.€€Dr.€Avila€referred€Lawrence€to€Dr.€Jim€Harkness€who€orderedÏcontinued€physical€therapy€and€nerve€blocks€to€relieve€Lawrenceððs€pain.€€On€January€18,€1997,ÏLawrence€died€as€a€result€of€a€heart€attack.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€At€the€time€of€his€death,€Lawrence€was€laid€off€fromÐ P( #& Ðhis€job€as€a€full€time€production€worker€or€packaging€operator€at€Coors€Brewing€Company.€€Ìò òÌà ` àó óGlenda€Chandler€was€also€examined€at€the€Tipton€County€Hospital€following€theÐ ð-@), Ðaccident.€€An€emergency€room€physician€prescribed€muscle€relaxants€and€pain€medication€for€deepÐ Ð/ +. Ðcuts€on€Chandlerððs€left€arm€and€hand€and€a€possible€partial€dislocation€of€her€left€elbow.€€Two€daysÏafter€the€accident,€Chandler€was€examined€by€Dr.€Phillip€Wright,€an€orthopedic€surgeon,€whoÏrecommended€that€Chandler€wear€a€sling€for€support€and€a€splint€or€supporting€brace€on€her€forearmÏand€wrist€to€ease€discomfort.€€During€a€second€visit€with€Dr.€Wright,€Chandler€complained€of€painÏin€her€knees.€€Dr.€Wright€recommended€physical€therapy.€€When,€during€a€follow€up€visit,€ChandlerÏcomplained€that€the€discomfort€in€her€elbow€and€knees€had€worsened,€Dr.€Wright€gave€her€someÏsamples€of€anti„inflammatory€medication.€€Chandler€also€saw€Dr.€Crockarell,€a€neurologist,€forÏpersisting€headaches.€€Dr.€Crockarell€advised€Chandler€to€take€Advil€as€needed€for€pain.€€ò òÐ Ð  ÐÌà ` àó óLawrence€and€Chandler€each€filed€a€complaint€against€Drumwright€and€the€Town€ofÐ à ÐBrighton.€€By€consent,€Drumwright€was€dismissed€from€both€actions.€€Consent€orders€were€enteredÏin€both€actions€granting€the€Town€of€Brightonððs€motions€to€strike€the€jury€demands€of€Lawrence€andÏChandler.׃ ×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 0€ ÐÌà ` àThe€actions€of€Lawrence€and€Chandler€were€consolidated€for€purposes€of€trial.€€TheÏparties€stipulated€that€the€collision€was€the€result€of€negligence€on€the€part€of€Drumwright€whileÏdriving€a€vehicle€owned€by€the€Town€of€Brighton.€€Thus,€the€sole€issue€at€trial€was€the€extent€of€theÏdamages€suffered€by€Lawrence,€Chandler,€and€Chandlerððs€minor€son.׃×Ý ƒ #ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€trial€judge€assessed€theÐ $à" Ðdamages€of€Lawrence€and€Chandler€as€follows:ÌÐ P( #& ÐÓÓà8 ` àDamages€of€Allen€W.€Lawrence:Ð ` x` x ÐÌÌà8 ` àMedical€Servicesà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à$10,268.40ЀÐ` x` x Ðà8 ` àTravelà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€à p à€€€€€€€à È à€€€€€$320.60ÐpÀ` x` x Ðà8 ` àLoss€of€Earning€Capacityà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à È à$23,000.00Ð` °` x` x Ðà8 ` àPain€and€Sufferingà h àà À àà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€à È à$21,500.00ÐP  ` x` x Ðà8 ` àLoss€of€the€Ability€to€Enjoy€Life€€€€€€€€€òòà p àóóà È à$17,500.00Ð@ ` x` x ÐÌà ` àTOTAL:à  àà h à$72,589.00Ð  p  ÐÌÌÌà ` àDamages€of€Glenda€Chandler:ÌÌÌÌà8 ` àMedical€Servicesà h àà À à€€€€à  àà p àà È à€€$4,577.75Рð` x` x Ðà8 ` àTravelà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$252.00Ðà` x` x Ðà8 ` àChild€Careà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È à€€€€€$217.00ЀÐ` x` x Ðà8 ` àPast€Pain€and€Sufferingà À àà  àà p àà È à$10,500.00ÐpÀ` x` x Ðà8 ` àFuture€Pain€and€Sufferingà À àà  àà p àà È à€€$8,900.00Ð`°` x` x Ðà8 ` àPermanent€Impairment„Disfigurementà p àà È à$28,000.00ÐP ` x` x Ðà8 ` àPast€and€Future€Loss€of€the€Ability€to€Enjoy€Lifeà È à$17,500.00Ð@` x` x ÐÌà ` àTOTAL:à  àà h à$69,946.75Ð  p ÐÌÌÌÓÓThe€Town€of€Brighton€appeals€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€in€both€causes€of€action.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€issues€presented€on€appeal€are€as€follows:ÌÌÓÓà8 ` àà ¸ àI.€€Did€the€trial€court€err€in€awarding€Lawrence€$23,000€forÏloss€of€earning€capacity?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àII.€€Is€the€award€of€$21,500€to€Lawrence€for€pain€and€sufferingÏexcessive?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àIII.€€Did€the€trial€court€err€in€awarding€Lawrence€and€ChandlerÏ$17,500€each€for€loss€of€ability€to€enjoy€life?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àIV.€€Is€the€award€of€$28,000€to€Chandler€for€permanentÏimpairment„disfigurement€excessive?Ð ` x` x ÐÌà8 ` àà ¸ àV.€€Are€the€awards€to€Chandler€of€$10,500€for€past€pain€andÏsuffering€and€$8,900€for€future€pain€and€suffering€excessive?Ð ` x` x ÐÌÌÌÓÓà ` àAs€an€initial€matter,€we€note€that€the€issues€raised€on€appeal€all€relate€to€the€trialÏcourtððs€assessment€of€the€damages€suffered€by€Lawrence€and€Chandler€as€a€result€of€the€negligenceÏof€Drumwright.€€Under€Tennessee€law,€there€are€no€mathematical€rules€for€computing€damages€inÐ ;`6: Ðnegligence€cases.€€ò òòòSee€Brown€v.€Null,€ó óóó863€S.W.2d€425,€429„30€(Tenn.€App.€1993);€ò òòòSmith€v.Ð ° ÐBullington,€óóó ó499€S.W.2d€649,€661€(Tenn.€App.€1973);€ò òòòClinchfield€R.R.€Co.€v.€Forbes,€óóó ó417€S.W.2dÐ à Ð210,€217€(Tenn.€App.€1966);€ò òòòTempleton€v.€Quarles,€óóó ó374€S.W.2d€654,€660€(Tenn.€App.€1963);Ð pÀ Ðò òòòFrance€v.€Newman,€óóó ó248€S.W.2d€392,€396€(Tenn.€App.€1952).€€The€amount€to€be€awarded€in€suchÐ P   Ðcases€is€primarily€within€the€discretion€of€the€trier€of€fact.€€ò òòòSee€Brown,€óóó ó863€S.W.2d€at€430(citingÐ 0 € Ðòòò òLunn€v.€Ealy,€ó óóó141€S.W.2d€893,€894€(Tenn.€1940);€òòò òShell€Oil€Co.€v.€Blanks,€óóó ó330€S.W.2d€569,€573Ð `  Ð(Tenn.€App.€1959)).€€Accordingly,€we€may€not€substitute€our€judgment€for€the€judgment€of€the€trialÏcourt€regarding€the€amount€of€damages€unless€there€has€been€an€abuse€of€discretion.€€òòò òSee€Dixie€FeedÐ Ð  Ð&€Seed€Co.€v.€Byrd,€ó óóó376€S.W.2d€745,€754€(Tenn.€App.€1963).€€Consistent€with€these€principles,€ourÐ ° Ðreview€in€the€instant€case€is€ò òòòde€novo€óóó óon€the€record,€accompanied€by€a€presumption€of€correctness€ofÐ à Ðthe€findings€of€the€court€below.€€Thus,€we€may€only€reverse€the€trial€courtððs€findings€if€they€areÏcontrary€to€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€ò òòòSee€óóó óT.R.A.P.€13(d);€ò òòòSmith,€ó óóó499€S.W.2d€atÐ P  Ð661(discussing€Tenn.€Code€Ann.òò€óóðð€27„303€(Supp.€1977),€which€has€been€incorporated€into€T.R.A.P.Ð 0€ Ð13(d)).ÌÌà@c c ìàò òòòII.€€Award€to€Lawrence€for€Loss€of€Earning€CapacityˆÐ Ð  ÐóóÌó óà ` àIn€an€action€for€personal€injury€in€Tennessee,€a€plaintiff€may€recover€damages€for€lossÐ $à" Ðof€earning€capacity.€€òòò òSee€Marress€v.€Carolina€Direct€Furniture,€Inc.,€ó óóó785€S.W.2d€121,€123€(Tenn.Ð p&À!$ ÐApp.€1989);€ò òòòClinchfield€R.R.€Co.,€óóó ó417€S.W.2d€at€215;€ò òòòSouthern€Coach€Lines,€Inc.€v.€Wilson,€óóó ó214Ð P( #& ÐS.W.2d€55,€56€(Tenn.€App.€1948).€€Damages€for€lost€earning€capacity€are€measured€not€by€theÏamount€of€the€plaintiffððs€lost€wages€but€by€the€extent€of€impairment€to€the€plaintiffððs€ability€to€earnÏa€living.€€ò òòòSee€Terminex€Intððl€Co.€Ltd.€Partnership€v.€Tennessee€Ins.€Guar.€Assððn,€óóó ó845€S.W.2d€772,Ð ð-@), Ð777€(Tenn.€App.€1992);€òòò òDingus€v.€Cain,€ó óóó406€S.W.2d€169,€171€(Tenn.€App.€1966);€€ò òòòClinchfield€R.R.Ð Ð/ +. ÐCo.,€ó óóó417€S.W.2d€at€215;€ò òòòDixie€Feed€&€Seed€Co.,€ó óóó376€S.W.2d€at€749;€€òòò òSouthern€Coach€Lines,€Inc.,Ð °1-0 Ðó óóó214€S.W.2d€at€56.€€Thus,€a€plaintiff€may€recover€damages€for€lost€earning€capacity€even€where€theÐ 3à.2 Ðplaintiff€was€unemployed€at€the€time€of€the€injury.€€òòò òSee€Southern€Coach€Lines,€Inc.,€ó óóó214€S.W.2dÐ p5À04 Ðat€57.€€In€determining€the€extent€of€a€plaintiffððs€loss€of€earning€capacity,€€ÌÌÓÓà8 ` àit€is€proper€to€take€into€consideration€plaintiffððs€age,€and€in€likeÏmanner,€attention€may€be€brought€to€his€health,€character,€capacity,Ð  > ìàòòIII.€€Award€to€Lawrence€for€Pain€and€Sufferingóóà@@ìì*ìàˆÐ ,`'* Ðó óÌà ` àThe€trial€judge€awarded€Lawrence€$€21,500€as€compensation€for€his€pain€andÏsuffering.€€The€Town€of€Brighton€contends€that,€because€Lawrenceððs€injuries€healed€over€time,€thisÏamount€is€excessive.ÌÌà ` àThere€is€a€substantial€amount€of€evidence€in€the€record€regarding€the€pain€experiencedÏby€Lawrence€during€the€eight€months€that€he€lived€following€the€accident.€€In€the€days€immediatelyÏafter€the€accident,€Lawrence€experienced€tenderness€of€his€abdomen€and€forehead€and€felt€pain€fromÐ ;`6: Ðvarious€cuts€and€bruises.€€He€also€suffered€from€neck€pain€and€burning€sensations€in€his€left€leg€andÏhip.€€His€neck€and€leg€would€hurt€when€he€tried€to€remove€big€pots€and€pans€from€the€oven.€€He€alsoÏfelt€pain€in€his€leg€when€he€attempted€to€pick€up€or€play€with€children.€€The€pain€in€his€left€leg€wasÏso€intense€that€he€was€no€longer€able€to€sleep€in€a€bed€because€he€might€roll€over€onto€his€left€side.€ÏFinally,€Lawrence€€developed€pain€in€his€left€knee€and€experienced€numbness€in€his€left€thigh.€€ÌÌà ` àIn€light€of€the€aforementioned€proof,€we€find€that€a€judgment€in€the€amount€ofÏ$21,500€for€Lawrenceððs€pain€and€suffering€is€neither€excessive€nor€contrary€to€the€preponderanceÏof€the€evidence.€€Accordingly,€we€uphold€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€with€respect€to€the€damages€awardedÏto€Lawrence€for€pain€and€suffering.€€€€Ìò òÌà@ccìàòòIV.€€Awards€to€Lawrence€and€Chandler€for€Loss€of€Ability€to€Enjoy€LifeóóˆÐ P  Ðó óÌà ` àThe€trial€court€awarded€$17,500€to€both€Lawrence€and€Chandler€for€loss€of€the€abilityÏto€enjoy€life.€€The€Town€of€Brighton€first€contends€that€damages€for€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€are€notÏrecoverable€in€personal€injury€cases€under€Tennessee€law.€€Alternatively,€the€Town€of€BrightonÏargues€that,€even€if€this€type€of€damages€is€recognized€in€Tennessee,€the€awards€granted€by€the€trialÏcourt€to€both€Lawrence€and€Chandler€were€excessive.€€Ì€€€€Ìà ` àIn€support€of€its€argument,€the€Town€of€Brighton€relies€principally€on€the€case€ofÏò òòòSpencer€v.€A„1€Crane€Service,€Inc.,€óóó ó880€S.W.2d€938€(Tenn.€1994).€€In€ò òòòSpenceróóó ó,€the€TennesseeÐ 0*€%( ÐSupreme€Court€held€that€hedonic€damages€are€not€recoverable€under€Tennesseeððs€wrongful€deathÏstatute.€€ò òòòSee€id.€óóó óat€943„44.€€The€òòò òSpencer€ó óóócourt€understood€the€phrase€ð ðhedonic€damagesðð€to€refer€toÐ ð-@), Ðð ðthe€value€of€the€pleasure,€the€satisfaction€or€the€utility€that€human€beings€derive€from€life,€separateÏand€apart€from€labor€or€earnings€value€of€life.ðð€€òòò òId.€óóó óat€939.€€Under€this€definition,€ð ðhedonic€damagesððÐ °1-0 Ðare€similar€to€damages€for€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.€€Nevertheless,€we€find€that,€because€the€holdingÏin€ò òòòSpencer€óóó órelied€on€statutory€interpretation,€it€is€limited€in€scope€to€wrongful€death€actions€and€thusÐ p5À04 Ðis€not€directly€applicable€to€the€case€at€bar.€€€ÌÌà ` àThe€Town€of€Brighton€argues€that€the€holding€in€ò òòòSpencer€ó óóówas€extended€to€other€typesÐ ;`6: Ðof€actions€in€the€case€of€ò òòòMiller€v.€Niblack,€ó óóó942€S.W.2d€533€(Tenn.€App.€1996).€€In€ò òòòMiller,€ó óóówe€heldÐ ° Ðthat€a€mother€and€her€nonmarital€child€could€not€recover€hedonic€damages€against€a€laboratory€thatÏnegligently€performed€a€paternity€test€on€the€childððs€putative€father.€€ò òòòSee€id.ó óóó€at€542.€€Unlike€the€courtÐ pÀ Ðin€òòò òSpenceró óóó,€however,€we€understood€the€plaintiffððs€request€for€ð ðhedonic€damagesðð€to€be€essentiallyÐ P   Ða€claim€for€loss€of€the€parent„child€relationship.€€ò òòòSee€id.€ó óóóat€542€n.6.€€ò òòòMilleró óóó,€then,€is€not€a€true€ð ðlossÐ 0 € Ðof€enjoyment€of€lifeðð€case.€€Thus,€we€find€that€the€holding€of€ò òòòMiller€óóó óis€inapplicable€to€the€case€at€bar.Ð `  ÐÌà ` àTennessee€courts€have€historically€recognized€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€as€a€distinctÏcategory€of€damages€in€personal€injury€cases.€€ò òòòSee€Thompson€v.€National€R.R.€Passenger€Corp.,Ð ° Ðó óóó621€F.2d€814,€842€(6th€Cir.€1980)(applying€Tennessee€law€in€personal€injury€action).€€In€the€recentÐ à Ðcase€of€òòò òLivingston€v.€Upper€Cumberland€Human€Resource€Agency,€ó óóóNo.€01„A„01„9609„CV„00391,Ð pÀ Ð1997€WL€107059€(Tenn.€App.€Mar.€12,€1997),€we€upheld€a€damage€award€for€loss€of€enjoyment€ofÏlife€where,€as€a€result€of€the€plaintiffððs€injuries,€he€could€no€longer€engage€in€athletic€activities€to€theÏsame€extent€as€before€his€accident.€€ò òòòSee€id.€ó óóóat€*2.€€In€ò òòòMartin€v.€Southern€Ry.€Co.,€óóó ó463€S.W.2d€690Ð ` Ð(Tenn.€1971),€the€court€upheld€a€jury€award€in€a€personal€injury€action€after€assuming€that€a€portionÏof€the€award€was€for€intangible€damages€including€ð ðdeprivation€of€the€normal€enjoyments€of€life.ðð€Ïò òòòId.€óóó óat€691.€€Finally,€in€ò òòòDixie€Feed€&€Seed€Co.€v.€Byrd,€óóó ó376€S.W.2d€745€(Tenn.€App.€1963),€also€anÐ °"  Ðaction€for€personal€injuries,€the€court€stated€that€it€did€not€know€the€value€that€the€jury€may€haveÏplaced€on€intangible€elements€of€damage€such€as€ð ðdeprivation€of€the€enjoyment€of€the€normalÏactivities€of€life.ðð€€ò òòòId.€óóó óat€753.Ð P( #& ÐÌà ` àBased€on€the€above€authority,€we€find€that€damages€for€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€areÏrecoverable€in€personal€injury€cases€under€Tennessee€law.€€We€now€consider€whether€the€awards€forÏloss€of€enjoyment€of€life€to€Lawrence€and€Chandler€in€the€instant€case€are€excessive.ÌÌà ` àFollowing€the€accident,€Lawrence€could€not€engage€in€a€number€of€activities€withoutÏexperiencing€increased€pain.€€He€could€no€longer€raise€or€care€for€his€dogs.€€Similarly,€he€was€notÏable€to€cook€or€help€his€mother€with€normal€household€chores.€€Lawrence€could€not€play€withÏchildren€as€he€had€in€the€past.€€He€could€no€longer€engage€in€exercises€such€as€lifting€weights,Ïrunning,€and€jumping.€€He€could€not€help€his€brother€with€yard€work€or€drive€a€car€to€Memphis€whenÐ ;`6: Ðhe€and€his€brother€went€shopping€together.€€Finally,€he€experienced€difficulties€sleeping€and,€becauseÏlying€in€bed€was€uncomfortable,€was€forced€to€sleep€in€a€recliner.€€€ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court€was€presented€with€ample€evidence€upon€which€it€could€have€foundÏthat€Lawrence€experienced€a€significant€loss€in€the€ability€to€enjoy€life€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€ÏWe€cannot€find€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€ruling€with€respect€toÏLawrenceððs€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.€€Further,€we€do€not€find€that,€under€the€circumstances€of€thisÏcase,€an€award€of€$17,500€for€the€loss€incurred€by€Lawrence€is€excessive.ÌÌà ` à€Our€review€of€the€record€reveals€that€Chandlerððs€activities€were€also€somewhatÏlimited€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€According€to€Chandler,€it€was€ð ða€good€two€monthsðð€followingÏthe€accident€before€she€was€able€to€go€about€her€normal€activities€again.€€Specifically,€Chandler€hadÏdifficulty€lifting€and€otherwise€taking€care€of€her€two€children€for€approximately€one€to€two€weeks.€ÏShe€also€was€unable€to€sleep€on€her€right€side€without€waking€up€with€a€headache.€€Finally,€there€isÏsome€evidence€indicating€that€she€would€turn€down€invitations€to€ð ðgo€do€somethingðð€with€herÏbrother€because€she€was€in€pain.€€The€record€also€indicates,€however,€that€these€limitations€onÏChandlerððs€activities€lasted€only€for€a€brief€period€of€time.€€Chandler€eventually€regained€a€full€rangeÏof€motion€in€her€fingers,€wrist,€and€forearm.€€Although€she€still€is€not€able€to€fully€straighten€out€herÏleft€elbow,€Chandler€stated€that€she€is€now€able€to€perform€all€of€the€activities€using€her€left€arm€andÏknees€that€she€was€able€to€perform€prior€to€the€accident.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€trial€court€awarded€damages€to€Chandler€for€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€in€anÏamount€equal€to€those€awarded€to€Lawrence€for€the€same€type€of€damages.€€We€agree€that€ChandlerÏdid€experience€some€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€as€a€result€of€her€injuries.€€From€our€review€of€theÏrecord,€however,€we€do€not€find€that€her€damages€are€even€remotely€comparable€to€those€sufferedÏby€Lawrence.€€Accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€contrary€to€theÏtrial€courtððs€implicit€finding€that€Chandler€suffered€a€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life€equal€to€the€lossÏsuffered€by€Lawrence.€€In€light€of€this€conclusion,€we€have€determined€that€the€preponderance€of€theÏevidence€does€not€support€an€award€to€Chandler€of€$17,500€for€her€loss€of€enjoyment€of€life.€ÏAccordingly,€we€modify€the€trial€courtððs€judgment€to€award€her€the€sum€of€$10,000.Ð ;`6: Їò òà@\ \ ìàòòV.€€Award€to€Chandler€for€Permanent€Impairment„DisfigurementóóˆÐ ° Ðó óÌà ` àChandler€was€also€awarded€$28,000€in€damages€as€compensation€for€the€permanentÏinjuries€that€she€suffered€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€The€most€significant€of€these€injuries€appearsÏto€be€a€permanent€ten€degree€loss€of€range€of€motion€in€Chandlerððs€left€elbow.€€Dr.€Wright€estimatedÏthat€a€ten€degree€loss€of€motion€of€the€elbow€is€equivalent€to€a€one€percent€impairment€of€the€entireÏperson.€€The€trial€judge€observed€that€Chandler€is€not€able€to€completely€straighten€out€her€left€arm,Ïleaving€it€in€a€permanently€crooked€position.€€In€addition€to€her€elbow€injury,€Chandler€hasÏpermanent€scarring€on€her€wrist,€arm,€left€leg,€and€right€knee€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€These€scarsÏwere€also€observed€by€the€trial€judge.€€ÌÌà ` àChandler€testified€that€she€has€regained€use€of€her€left€arm€and€is€now€able€to€use€theÏarm€in€the€same€manner€as€before€the€accident.€€The€Town€of€Brighton€contends€that,€because€theÏinjury€to€Chandlerððs€elbow€does€not€limit€her€activities,€she€has€not€suffered€an€impairmentÏsignificant€enough€to€justify€an€award€of€$28,000.€€We€find,€however,€that€even€if€the€damage€toÏChandlerððs€elbow€and€the€scars€on€various€parts€of€her€body€do€not€limit€her€physical€activities,€theyÏnevertheless€constitute€a€significant€impairment€to€her€appearance.€€The€trial€judge€assessed€theÏdamages€for€Chandlerððs€permanent€impairment„disfigurement€at€$28,000.€€We€cannot€find€that€theÏpreponderance€of€the€evidence€is€contrary€to€this€assessment.€€Thus,€we€uphold€the€trial€courtððsÏruling€regarding€the€amount€of€damages€for€Chandlerððs€injuries.€€ò òÐ P( #& ÐÌà@  ìàòòV.€€Award€to€Chandler€for€Pain€and€SufferingóóˆÐ ,`'* Ðó óÌà ` àFinally,€the€trial€court€awarded€Chandler€a€total€of€$19,400€for€past€and€future€painÏand€suffering.€€While€glass€was€being€removed€from€Chandlerððs€hands€and€arms,€ChandlerÏexperienced€so€much€pain€that€she€began€screaming.€€She€experienced€muscle€strain€and€tightnessÏin€her€shoulder.€€Chandler€also€suffered€dull€headaches€and€tenderness€each€time€she€tried€to€sleepÏon€her€left€side.€€For€a€period€of€time€after€the€accident,€Chandlerððs€knees€ached€on€a€daily€basis.€ÏChandler€described€this€pain€as€a€sensation€of€pins€and€needles€in€her€knees.€€Chandlerððs€brotherÏtestified€that€when€Chandlerððs€knees€would€pop,€she€would€ð ðdo€a€big€moan.ðð€€Although€the€injuryÐ ;`6: Ðto€Chandlerððs€knees€has€been€successfully€treated€with€medication,€she€continues€to€have€achingÏpains€in€her€elbow€and€wrist€approximately€twice€a€week.€€Additionally,€Chandler€continues€to€takeÏover„the„counter€medications€to€relieve€her€occasional€headache€pain.€€ÌÌà ` àBased€on€our€review€of€the€aforementioned€testimony,€we€agree€that€Chandler€isÏentitled€to€compensation€for€the€pain€and€suffering€that€she€experienced€and€will€continue€toÏexperience€as€a€result€of€the€accident.€€The€trial€court€awarded€Chandler€$10,500€for€past€pain€andÏsuffering€and€$8,900€for€future€pain€and€suffering.€€The€evidence€in€the€instant€case€does€notÏpreponderate€against€the€amount€of€these€awards.€€Accordingly,€we€uphold€the€trial€courtððsÏassessment€of€damages€for€Chandlerððs€pain€and€suffering.Ìà ` à€Ìà@]]#ìàò òòòVI.€€ConclusionˆÐ P  ÐÌà ` àóóó óWe€find€that€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€awarding€$23,000€to€Lawrence€for€loss€ofÐ ` Ðearning€capacity€or€in€awarding€$17,500€to€Lawrence€for€loss€of€ability€to€enjoy€life.€€We€further€findÏthat€the€$21,500€award€to€Lawrence€for€pain€and€suffering,€the€$28,000€award€to€Chandler€forÏpermanent€impairment„disfigurement,€and€the€$19,400€award€to€Chandler€for€pain€and€sufferingÏwere€not€excessive.€€The€judgment€of€the€trial€court€in€favor€of€Chandler€of€$17,500€for€loss€ofÏability€to€enjoy€life€is€modified€to€a€judgment€in€the€amount€of€$10,000.€€ÌÌà ` àThe€judgment€of€the€trial€court€is€affirmed€as€modified€and€remanded€for€furtherÏproceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€Costs€of€this€appeal€are€assessed€to€the€Town€of€Brighton,Ïfor€which€execution€may€issue€if€necessary.ÌÌÓÓà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à____________________________________Ìà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àFARMER,€J.ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌHIGHERS,€J.€(Concurs)ÌÌÌÌ______________________________ÌLILLARD,€J.€(Concurs)ñ¥ññ¦ññ¥ñÐ