ÿWPCE šäâ7áù#¸=»’‰­Ô-z´¡9šÂâíç ÆäD"K8ý¥Þ¦ ¶-i}U þ¶¥¹tð÷ÄXwlˆ¯Wh9ØTÐ=å¡TØéf:Ž}~¨uÑ%䜼?&Àâчé»{ÊìÝû@-–„¾±½vò‰å!ž‰hŸ™‚Oެë4+j®ÑÿACËhuïc$)o±¨É³âõ°‰YfGŽ Öfà'Ô¶31:¢EŸZbn²[ˆçg¥ÙŠùûf±G}çÝ“ÏUÓ4]ŒL¿aiZ€NÙ– ÍÅã%è|ÍÔ,ùÉoMÄPyÂb¸C±6î1x.Nùå¯tP—®­4¯¤siBf£p,BcMž1 ,Ø«h4Ah‡ó0γÛ”Ò0ÚkÚòøZìùkûk9ÎtXôEˆ„óØY@q_ åŸãçÁ3Ù`+´j¸š 8/ÂJv‚‘d­»-@pð®áâ*¢±Ú·–EçD•èƒã ¿ž/|?VKU†/ÔG§ˆ¦Pó©XDf Æ£}hàT…<…ÜQ¹}bHÓCÎÎe€#Á 0#DÁ % 0ˆ U4N“ já ÅK zÒŠ\^ xw„4ˆÆœÆbÆ(Æî 0U´N  E mÙ5^‰löõõ„ëjoMÙ!¦&$‹Ì(W*‚g-Ié.ã2323232323n4«ƒ7².9'à;b=‘==  ?W«D«D«D«DÒIqÔKÔKEM 0ãbO 0ÅEP 0¿ QðÉQç¹V 0¹ X 0³YY 0­ Z 0§¹Z 0¡`[ 0Å\ 0ÑÆ\ 0³—] 0­J^ 0§÷^ 0¡ž_ 0›?` 0•Ú` 0oa 0Âüa 0ξb 0°Œc 0ªè×× C ×Ð X˜ Ðóó[Italics€in€the€policy]Ð \Ð Ð  ÐÌAfter€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€liberalization€of€the€minimum€Loss€of€Earned€Income€requirement€from€25%€to€20%,€theÐ ¤ ä  Ð$200€loss€of€earned€income€in€this€example€would,€in€fact,€qualify€as€a€Loss€of€Earned€Income€because€it€amounts€to€atÐ h ¨  Ðleast€20%€of€the€insuredððs€average€pre„disability€income. ÝÝ ƒRq $ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÔ‡ôàâò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFollowing€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€liberalization€of€the€minimum€Loss€of€Earned€Income€requirement€fromÐ ° Ð25%€to€20%,€the€$200€loss€of€earned€income€in€the€policyððs€example€would,€in€fact,€qualify€as€a€Loss€of€Earned€IncomeÐ xÈ Ðbecause€it€amounts€to€at€least€20%€of€the€insuredððs€average€pre„disability€income.*2+2 ÿÿ(_22Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*/+/ ÿÿ(_21Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó*,+, ÿÿ(_20Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)+) ÿÿ(_19Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó*&+& ÿÿ(_18Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó*AA ÿÿ(_17Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó*GG ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*88 ÿÿ(_15Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó*55 ÿÿ(_14Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó*22 ÿÿ(_13Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*// ÿÿ(_12Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó*,, ÿÿ(_11Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)) ÿÿ(_10Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó(&& ÿÿ&_9Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(AA ÿÿ&_8Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(GG ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó(88 ÿÿ&_6Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó(55 ÿÿ&_5Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó(22 ÿÿ&_4Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó(|G2<Æ$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Tí»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»Ô(// ÿÿ&_3Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó(,, ÿÿ&_2Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó()) ÿÿ&_1Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó d&&& ÿÿ$_Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(|3 l$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Tí»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó({2-m$©©Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Tí»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3 l$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Tí»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKK)Hairline d 3Ý ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòLong€v.€HCA€Health€Servs.€of€Tenn.,€Inc.óó,€No.€M2001„00505„COA„R3„CV,€2002€WL€459009,€at€*6€(Tenn.Ð À ÐCt.€App.€Mar.€26,€2002)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Ô_ÔapplicationÔ_Ô€filed);€òòRawlings€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€John€Hancock€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€78Ð „Ä ÐS.W.3d€291,€302€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001)€(vacating€an€award€of€discretionary€costs€because€the€recipient€of€these€costsÐ Hˆ Ðwas€no€longer€the€prevailing€party);€òòMilliken€v.€Crye„Leike€Realtorsóó,€No.€M1999„00071„COA„R3„CV,€2001€WL€747638,Ð  L Ðat€*12€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€July€5,€2001),€òòperm.€app.€deniedóó€(Tenn.€Dec.€10,€2001).€€ ®Ý ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€835. ´Ý ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòScholz€v.€S.B.€Intððl,€Inc.óó,€40€S.W.3d€at€85. ÄÝ ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔòòScholz€v.€S.B.€Intððl,€Inc.óó,€40€S.W.3d€at€85. ŠÝ ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔòòWoodlawn€Memððl€Park,€Inc.€v.€Keithóó,€70€S.W.3d€at€698€(holding€that€ð ð[n]on„prevailing€party€defendants€areÐ À Ðnot€relieved€from€paying€discretionary€costs€merely€because€a€plaintiff€has€obliged€them€to€appear€in€courtðð). cÝ ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔIn€one€unreported€opinion,€a€panel€of€this€court€disallowed€expert€witness€fees€solely€because€the€trial€courtÐ À Ðcommented€that€the€testimony€of€the€witness€had€not€been€helpful€to€the€court.€€òòMcCracken€v.€City€of€Millingtonóó,€No.Ð „Ä Ð02A01„9707„CV„00165,€1999€WL€142391,€at€*13€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Mar.€17,€1999)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€Ô_ÔapplicationÔ_ÔÐ Hˆ Ðfiled).€€We€decline€to€follow€this€approach€because€the€test€is€not€the€weight€given€to€a€particular€witnessððs€testimony€butÐ  L Ðrather€the€reasonableness€and€necessity€of€expert€proof€regarding€the€subject€matter.€€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36Ð Ð ÐS.W.3d€at€836€(awarding€an€expert€witnessððs€appearance€fee€because€there€was€no€showing€that€expert€testimony€on€theÐ ”Ô Ðissue€would€have€been€cumulative,€unhelpful,€or€unnecessary);€òòShahrdar€v.€Global€Ô_ÔHous.,€Inc.Ô_ÔÔ_Ôóó,Ô_Ô€983€S.W.2d€230,€240Ð X˜ Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998)€(awarding€the€appearance€fee€of€a€testifying€expert€witness€even€though€the€parties€disputed€theÐ  \ Ðnecessity€of€the€testimony). Ý ƒR<Æ$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔOther€panels€of€this€court€have€held€that€they€will€presume€that€the€evidence€supports€a€trial€courtððs€decisionÐ À Ðregarding€discretionary€costs€in€the€absence€of€a€transcript€or€record€of€the€hearing€on€discretionary€costs.€€òòLuna€Ô_Ôv.Ô_ÔÐ „Ä ÐBreedingóó,€No.€M2000„01932„COA„R3„CV,€2001€WL€950187,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Aug.€22,€2001)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.Ð Hˆ ÐP.€11€Ô_ÔapplicationÔ_Ô€filed);€òòFaux€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Spearsóó,€No.€03A01„9312„CV„00433,€1994€WL€147830,€at€*1€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Apr.€26,Ð  L Ð1994)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed);€òòMoser€v.€Bibeeóó,€No.€03A01„9209„CV„00347,€1993€WL€133292,€atÐ Ð Ð*1€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Apr.€28,€1993)€(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed).€€We€decline€to€apply€this€appeal„endingÐ ”Ô Ðpresumption€unless€the€record€affirmatively€shows€that€the€trial€courtððs€decision€regarding€discretionary€costs€was€basedÐ X˜ Ðon€evidence€other€than€the€partiesðð€affidavits€and€the€record€as€a€whole. Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€Tí»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑÀ°ÑÑаÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼Tí»»»ÔÑ8€aXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îT,TíÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ À Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼Tí»îîT,(#ԈРæ& ÐÓ  ÓFebruary€2,€1999€SessionÐ  L ÐÔ‡XaX»¼TíÔÌò òÔ#†¼Tí»XXa#ÔMASSACHUSETTS€MUTUAL€LIFE€INSURANCE€COMPANYòòóó€v.€Ð  J ÐDAVID€A.€JEFFERSONòòóóÔ‡XaX»¼TíÔó óÐ  ^ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Sumner€CountyÐ  ^ Ðà@@øøìàNo.€9696„C€€€€€€J.O.€Bond,€Judge,€Sitting€by€InterchangeÐ  J ÐÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<á ` AßÐ â "  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M1998„00904„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€Ô_Ô„€Filed€September€5,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÔ_ÔÐ Ý  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<´` AßÐ µõ  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ#†¼Tí»XXa¹#ÔÔ€XaX»¼TíÔThis€appeal€involves€a€clinical€psychologist€who€lost€his€professional€license€following€a€sexualÐ °ð  Ðaffair€with€a€former€patient.€€Five€months€after€the€Board€of€Examiners€in€Psychology€revoked€hisÐ œÜ Ðlicense,€the€psychologist€filed€a€claim€with€his€disability€insurance€carrier€asserting€that€depressionÐ ˆÈ Ðhad€prompted€him€to€have€the€affair€and€had€also€rendered€him€unable€to€practice€psychology.€€TheÐ t´ Ðinsurance€company€denied€coverage€and€filed€a€declaratory€judgment€action€in€the€Circuit€Court€forÐ `  ÐSumner€County€seeking€to€establish€its€obligations€under€the€psychologistððs€policy.€€Following€aÐ LŒ Ðbench€trial,€the€court€determined€that€the€psychologist€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€he€was€disabledÐ 8x Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€policy.€€On€this€appeal,€the€psychologist€asserts€that€he€is€entitled€toÐ $d Ðdisability€benefits,€and€the€insurance€company€insists€that€it€was€entitled€to€discretionary€costs€underÐ P ÐTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2).€€We€concur€with€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€psychologist€has€notÐ ü< Ðdemonstrated€that€he€is€entitled€to€benefits€under€his€disability€policy.€€We€also€find€that€theÐ è( Ðinsurance€company€was€entitled€to€recover€part€of€its€requested€discretionary€costs.€€Ð Ô ÐÌÓ)Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmed€in€Part€andÐ ¬ì ÐVacated€in€Part€ó óÐ ˜Ø ÐÌòòÓ  ÓWilliam€C.€Koch,€Jr.,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòBen€H.€Cantrell,€P.J.,€M.S.,óóÐ p °  Ðand€òòWilliam€B.€Cain,€J.óó,€joined.Ð \!œ! ÐÌThomas€H.€Bilbrey,€Lafayette,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€David€A.€Jefferson.Ð 4#t# ÐÌTyree€B.€Harris,€IV€and€Lisa€Ramsay€Cole,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€MassachusettsÐ  %L!% ÐMutual€Life€Insurance€Company.Ð ø%8"& ÐÓ¾ ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÐ Ð'$( Ðò òÌI.ó óÐ ¨)è%* ÐÌÓ  Óà  àDavid€A.€Jefferson€obtained€a€doctorate€in€clinical€psychology€and€acquired€a€license€toÐ €+À', Ðpractice€psychology€in€Tennessee€in€1977.€€He€and€his€family€moved€to€Sumner€County€where€heÐ l,¬(- Ðâ âestablished€a€flourishing€private€practice€in€Hendersonville.€€In€1984,€Dr.€Jefferson€began€treatingÐ X-˜).ý9 ÐJane€Roe׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€for€panic€attacks€and€depression.€€Ms.€Roeððs€panic€attacks€eventually€subsided,€and€Dr.Ð À Ðâ âJefferson€discontinued€her€therapy€in€August€1987.€€However,€Dr.€Jefferson€and€Ms.€Roe€continuedÐ ¬ì Ðto€see€each€other€on€a€personal€basis.€€Even€though€both€of€them€were€married,€they€began€havingÐ ˜Ø Ða€sexual€relationship€in€October€1987.׃T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Their€affair€ended€in€February€1989€after€Dr.€JeffersonÐ „Ä Ðstarted€an€affair€with€another€woman.€€Ms.€Roe€retaliated€by€telephoning€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€wife€andÐ p° Ðchildren€to€tell€them€about€her€relationship€with€Dr.€Jefferson€and€by€filing€a€complaint€with€theÐ \œ ÐBoard€of€Examiners€in€Psychology€(ð ðlicensing€boardðð).׃´×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Ð H ˆ ÐÌà  àIn€May€1989,€Dr.€Jefferson€sought€therapy€from€Dr.€Wayne€C.€Richard,€another€clinicalÐ  ` Ðpsychologist.€€Dr.€Richard€determined€that€ð ðvarious€stressorsðð€had€rendered€Dr.€Jefferson€ð ðsomewhatÐ  L  Ðdysfunctionalðð€in€his€professional€and€home€life.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€July€1989,€the€licensing€board€filed€a€formalÐ ø 8  Ðnotice€of€charges€against€Dr.€Jefferson€based€on€Ms.€Roeððs€complaint.€€Dr.€Jefferson€responded€toÐ ä $  Ðthese€charges€by€asserting€that€he€was€ð ða€highly€qualified€and€competent€psychologistðð€and€thatÐ Ð  Ðð ðthere€was€no€ethical€rule€.€.€.€which€prohibited€social€or€romantic€relationships€betweenÐ ¼ü  Ðpsychologists€and€their€former€patients.ðð€€Following€a€hearing€on€April€26€and€27,€1990,€theÐ ¨è  Ðlicensing€board€entered€an€order€on€May€15,€1990,€finding€that€Dr.€Jefferson€had€ð ðengaged€inÐ ”Ô  Ðimproper€sexual€contact€and€sexual€intercourse€with€.€.€.€[an]€individual€who€had€recently€completedÐ €À Ða€course€of€psychotherapy€and€was€still€under€the€influence€of€that€powerful€relationshipðð€and€thatÐ l¬ Ðhe€had€ð ðused€said€individual€to€fulfill€his€needs€and€exploited€said€individual.ðð€€Accordingly,€theÐ X˜ Ðlicensing€board€permanently€revoked€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€license€to€practice€psychology€in€Tennessee.Ð D„ ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€promptly€filed€a€petition€for€reconsideration€and€a€motion€for€a€stay€of€theÐ \ Ðlicensing€boardððs€May€15,€1990€order.€€Less€than€one€month€later,€he€consulted€with€a€physicianÐ H Ðfriend,€Dr.€William€E.€Hardin,€about€ð ðgoing€on€disability€because€of€depression.ðð€€On€October€1,Ð ô4 Ð1990,€Dr.€Jefferson€filled€out€a€claim€form€seeking€benefits€under€his€Disability€Income€Policy€issuedÐ à  Ðby€Massachusetts€Mutual€Life€Insurance€Company€(ð ðMassachusetts€Mutualðð).€€He€described€hisÐ Ì  Ðsickness€as€ð ðmajor€depression€following€revocation€of€licenseðð€and€stated€that€he€had€been€totallyÐ ¸ø Ðdisabled€since€April€29,€1990€and€that€he€had€been€receiving€treatment€from€Dr.€Hardin€since€JuneÐ ¤ä Ð12,€1990.€€Ð Ð ÐÔ_ÔÌâ âÔ_ÔÐ h¨ Ðà  àOn€December€14,€1990,€the€licensing€board€heard€argument€on€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€petition€forÐ À Ðâ âreconsideration€and€motion€for€stay.€€Approximately€one€month€later,€on€January€24,€1991,Ð ¬ì ÐMassachusetts€Mutual€denied€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claim€for€disability€benefits.€€Thereafter,€on€FebruaryÐ ˜Ø Ð5,€1991,€the€licensing€board€denied€his€motions€to€reconsider€and€to€stay€its€order.€€Dr.€Jefferson€thenÐ „Ä Ðfiled€an€untimely,€pro€se€petition€for€reconsideration€of€the€boardððs€February€5,€Ô_Ô1991€order€assertingÔ_Ô,Ð p° Ðamong€other€things,€that€ð ðI€am€so€rehabilitated€that€it€is€almost€beyond€description.ðð€€When€theÐ \œ Ðlicensing€board€did€not€act€on€his€petition,€Dr.€Jefferson€sought€judicial€review€of€the€boardððsÐ H ˆ Ðdecision€in€the€Chancery€Court€for€Davidson€County.Ð 4 t ÐÌà  àIn€June€1991,€Massachusetts€Mutual€filed€a€declaratory€judgment€action€in€the€Circuit€CourtÐ  L  Ðfor€Sumner€County€to€ascertain€its€rights€and€obligations€under€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€insuranceÐ ø 8  Ðpolicy.€€It€asserted€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claimed€disability€was€the€result€of€his€own€voluntary€actsÐ ä $  Ðrather€than€a€debilitating€sickness€or€injury.€€After€taking€proof€on€October€31€and€November€5,Ð Ð  Ð1996,€the€trial€court€entered€its€judgment€on€February€3,€1997,€concluding€that€Dr.€Jefferson€ð ðwasÐ ¼ü  Ðnot€entitled€to€any€benefits€under€the€policy€of€disability€insurance€in€question€.€.€.€having€failed€toÐ ¨è  Ðdemonstrate€that€he€was€unable€to€work€as€the€direct€and€proximate€result€of€a€compensableÐ ”Ô  Ðdisability€and€did€not€demonstrate€a€loss€of€income€of€at€least€twenty€percent€(20%)€as€the€direct€andÐ €À Ðproximate€result€of€a€disability€Ô_Ô.€.€..Ô_Ôðð€€Dr.€Jefferson€filed€a€timely€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€59.04€motion,€andÐ l¬ ÐMassachusetts€Mutual€moved€for€its€discretionary€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2).€€Ð X˜ ÐÌà  àOn€December€4,€1997,€while€the€partiesðð€post„trial€motions€were€pending,€the€Chancery€CourtÐ 0p Ðfor€Davidson€County€filed€its€memorandum€and€order€in€the€proceeding€to€review€the€licensingÐ \ Ðboardððs€revocation€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€license.€€The€chancery€court€determined€that€the€licensing€boardÐ H Ðerred€by€finding€that€Dr.€Jefferson€had€violated€the€ethical€prohibition€against€client„therapistÐ ô4 Ðrelationships.€€However,€it€found€the€evidence€supported€the€boardððs€findings€that€Ms.€Roe€was€stillÐ à  Ðunder€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€influence€and€that€he€had€exploited€their€relationship€to€fulfill€his€own€needs.€Ð Ì  ÐAccordingly,€the€chancery€court€upheld€the€licensing€boardððs€determination€that€Dr.€Jefferson€wasÐ ¸ø Ðguilty€of€repeated€negligence€in€the€course€of€his€practice.€€The€chancery€court€also€reduced€Dr.Ð ¤ä ÐJeffersonððs€punishment€from€a€permanent€revocation€to€an€eight„year€suspension€ending€on€May€15,Ð Ð Ð1998.€€The€court€conditioned€the€reinstatement€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€license€on€the€licensing€boardððsÐ |¼ Ðimposition€of€reasonable€conditions€to€assure€that€his€negligent€behavior€did€not€reoccur.׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð h¨ ÐÌà  àThe€chancery€courtððs€decision€prompted€Dr.€Jefferson€to€file€Ô_Ôan€amended€Tenn.Ô_Ô€R.€Civ.€P.Ð @!€  Ð59.04€motion€in€this€proceeding.€€On€January€13,€1998,€the€trial€court€filed€an€order€denying€Dr.Ð ,"l! ÐJeffersonððs€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€59.04€motion€and€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€motion€for€discretionaryÐ #X" Ðcosts.€€Dr.€Jefferson€perfected€this€appeal.€€He€now€argues€that€the€trial€court€misconstrued€the€termsÐ $D # Ðof€his€disability€policy€and€ð ðdid€not€properly€weigh€the€evidence.ðð€€Massachusetts€Mutual€asserts€thatÐ ð$0!$ Ðthe€trial€court€properly€determined€that€Dr.€Jefferson€was€not€entitled€to€benefits€under€his€disabilityÐ Ü%"% Ðpolicy€but€that€the€trial€court€erred€by€denying€its€motion€for€discretionary€costs.Ð È&#& ÐÌÌÌÐ x*¸&* Ðà@……)ìàò òII.ó óˆÐ À Ðà@Z Z ìàòòò òDr.€Jeffersonððs€Disability€Income€Policyó óóóˆÐ ¬ì ÐÌà  àThis€appeal€requires€that€we€first€scrutinize€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€policy€because€both€hisÐ „Ä Ðrights€and€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€obligations€are€governed€by€the€terms€of€their€contract€ofÐ p° Ðinsurance.€€òòMerrimack€Mut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.€v.€Battsóó,€59€S.W.3d€142,€148€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001).€€InÐ \œ Ðthis€case,€the€contract€of€insurance€is€found€in€the€policy€itself€ð ðwhich€includes€any€attached€papersÐ H ˆ Ðand€endorsements.ðð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 4 t ÐÌà  àInsurance€policies€are€subject€to€the€same€rules€and€principles€that€are€used€to€construe€otherÐ  L  Ðcontracts.€€òòAmerican€Justice€Ins.€Reciprocal€v.€Hutchisonóó,€15€S.W.3d€811,€814€(Tenn.€2000);Ð ø 8  ÐòòWilliams€v.€Berube€&€Assocs.óó,€26€S.W.3d€640,€643€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€€The€courtsðð€role€is€to€giveÐ ä $  Ðeffect€to€the€partiesðð€intentions€as€reflected€in€their€written€contract€of€insurance.€€òòHarrell€v.Ð Ð  ÐMinnesota€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€937€S.W.2d€809,€814€(Tenn.€1996);€òòAngus€v.€Western€Heritage€Ins.Ð ¼ü  ÐCo.óó,€48€S.W.3d€728,€730€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€€Accordingly,€when€the€provisions€of€an€insuranceÐ ¨è  Ðpolicy€are€clear€and€unambiguous,€our€construction€of€the€policy€should€favor€neither€party,€òòBrownÐ ”Ô  ÐÔ_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Tennessee€Auto.€Ins.€Co.óó,€192€Tenn.€60,€63,€237€S.W.2d€553,€554€(1951);€òòÔ_ÔVictoria€Ins.Ô_Ô€Co.€v.Ð €À ÐHawkinsóó,€31€S.W.3d€578,€580€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000),€and€should€avoid€artificially€narrowing€theÐ l¬ Ðpolicyððs€coverage€or€extending€coverage€beyond€the€policyððs€intended€scope.€€òòMerrimack€Mut.€FireÐ X˜ ÐIns.€Co.€v.€Battsóó,€59€S.W.3d€at€148.Ð D„ ÐÌà  àAn€insurance€policy€should€be€construed€fairly€and€reasonably.€€òòAngus€v.€Western€HeritageÐ \ ÐIns.€Co.óó,€48€S.W.3d€at€730„31;€òòBlack€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Aetna€Ins.€Co.óó,€909€S.W.2d€1,€3€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1995).€€ItÐ H Ðshould€also€be€construed€as€a€whole,€òòEnglish€v.€Virginia€Sur.€Co.óó,€196€Tenn.€426,€430,€268€S.W.2dÐ ô4 Ð338,€340€(1954),€and€its€language€should€be€taken€and€understood€in€its€plain,€ordinary,€and€popularÐ à  Ðsense.€€òòAmerican€Justice€Ins.€Reciprocal€v.€Hutchisonóó,€15€S.W.3d€at€814;òò€Griffin€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Shelter€Mut.€Ins.Ð Ì  ÐCo.óó,€18€S.W.3d€195,€200€(Tenn.€2000).€€When€coverage€questions€arise,€the€courts€should€considerÐ ¸ø Ðthe€components€of€an€insurance€policy€in€the€following€order:€(2)€the€declarations,€(2)€the€insuringÐ ¤ä Ðagreements€and€definitions,€(3)€the€exclusions,€(4)€the€conditions,€and€(5)€the€endorsements.€Ð Ð ÐòòStandard€Fire€Ins.€Co.€v.€Chester„OððDonley€&€Assocs.óó,€972€S.W.2d€1,€7€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998).€€TheÐ |¼ Ðinsuring€agreement€defines€the€outer€limits€of€an€insurance€policyððs€coverage.€€Thus,€if€coverageÐ h¨ Ðcannot€be€found€in€the€insuring€agreement,€it€cannot€be€found€elsewhere€in€the€policy.€€òòMerrimackÐ T ” ÐMut.€Fire€Ins.€Co.€v.€Battsóó,€59€S.W.3d€at€148.€Ð @!€  ÐÌà  àThe€insuring€agreement€in€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€policy€appears€under€the€headingÐ #X" Ðð ðIncome€Benefit.ðð€€It€states€quite€succinctly€that€ð ð[w]e€will€pay€a€monthly€income€for€each€monthÐ $D # Ðthat€the€Insured€is€disabled€beyond€the€end€of€the€Waiting€Period.ðð€€The€significant€terms€in€thisÐ ð$0!$ Ðsentence,€ð ðmonthly€income,ðð€ð ðdisabled,ðð€and€ð ðwaiting€period,ðð€are€defined€elsewhere€in€the€policy.Ð Ü%"% Ðâ âÐ È&#& Ðà  àFor€our€purposes,€the€term€most€relevant€to€this€appeal€is€ð ðdisabledðð€because€an€insured€isÐ À Ðnot€entitled€to€a€monthly€income€payment€for€any€month€in€which€he€or€she€is€not€disabled.€€The€termÐ ¬ì Ðð ðdisabilityðð€is€defined€in€the€policyððs€definition€section€asÐ ˜Ø Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àÔ_ÔanÔ_Ô€incapacity€of€the€Insured€which:Ðp°` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àððà8` x` xàIs€due€to€sickness€or€Ô_ÔinjuryÔ_Ô;€andÐ\œÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àððà0` x` xàBegins€while€this€policy€is€in€force;€andÐH ˆxx Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àððà0` x` xàRequires€care€by€or€at€the€direction€of€a€legallyÐ 4 t Ðqualified€physician€(this€physician€must€be€someoneÐ  ` Ðother€than€the€Insured€or€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔInsuredððsÔ_ÔÐ  L  Ðimmediate€family);€andÐø 8 xx Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àððà0` x` xàReduces€the€Ô_ÔInsuredððsÔ_Ô€ability€to€work;€andÐä $ xx Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àððà0` x` xàCauses€a€Loss€of€Earned€Income,€as€discussed€in€thisÐ Ð  ÐPart.мü xx ÐÌThe€repeated€use€of€the€coordinating€conjunction€ð ðandðð€at€the€conclusion€of€the€separate€clausesÐ ”Ô  Ðlimiting€the€scope€of€the€term€ð ðincapacityðð€signals€that€Ô_Ôan€incapacityÔ_Ô€must€be€consistent€with€eachÐ €À Ðof€the€five€limitations€before€it€can€be€considered€a€disability€for€the€purposes€of€Dr.€JeffersonððsÐ l¬ Ðpolicy.€€òòSeeóó€òòSherman€v.€Reserve€Ins.€Co.óó,€350€So.€2d€349,€352€(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.€1977);òò€Casteel€v.Ð X˜ ÐIowa€Depððt€of€Transp.óó,€395€N.W.2d€896,€898€(Iowa€1986);€òòsee€also€Blackððs€Law€Dictionary€óó86€(6thÐ D„ Ðed.€1990)€(Ô_ÔdefiningÔ_Ô€ð ðandðð€as€a€ð ðconjunction€connecting€words€or€phrases€expressing€the€idea€that€theÐ 0p Ðlatter€is€to€be€added€to€or€taken€along€with€the€firstðð).Ð \ ÐÌà  àThe€policy€further€defines€several€of€the€key€terms€found€in€the€clauses€limiting€the€types€ofÐ ô4 Ðincapacity€that€will€render€a€person€disabled.€€A€disability€due€to€sickness€is€a€ð ðdisability€whichÐ à  Ðresults€from,€or€is€contributed€to€by,€illness,€disease€or€bodily€or€mental€infirmity.ðð€€A€disability€dueÐ Ì  Ðto€injury€is€a€ð ðdisability€which€results€from€accidental€bodily€injury€to€the€Insured€and€which€is€notÐ ¸ø Ðcontributed€to€by€illness,€disease€or€bodily€or€mental€infirmity.ðð€Ð ¤ä ÐÌà  àNot€all€persons€who€become€ill€or€who€are€injured€are€entitled€to€disability€benefits€under€Dr.Ð |¼ ÐJeffersonððs€policy.€€In€light€of€the€policyððs€definition€of€ð ðdisability,ðð€a€person€whose€ability€to€workÐ h¨ Ðhas€been€reduced€because€of€a€sickness€or€injury€is€not€entitled€to€monthly€income€payments€unlessÐ T ” Ðthe€sickness€or€injury€has€also€caused€a€ð ðLoss€of€Earned€Income.ðð€€The€policy€defines€and€explainsÐ @!€  Ðthe€computation€of€the€€ð ðLoss€of€Earned€Income.ðð€€It€is€essentially€a€monthly€computation€of€theÐ ,"l! Ðdifference€between€(1)€the€monthly€average€of€the€insuredððs€earned€income€before€the€sickness€orÐ #X" Ðinjury׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€(2)€the€amount€of€income€the€insured€actually€earns€during€a€particular€month€followingÐ $D # Ðthe€illness€or€injury.€€However,€before€an€insured€is€entitled€to€disability€benefits€for€a€particularÐ ð$0!$ Ðâ âmonth,€the€policy€requires€that€his€or€her€Loss€of€Earned€Income€for€that€month€be€at€least€20%€ofÐ Ü%"% Ðhis€or€her€average€pre„disability€income.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€In€simple€terms,€an€insured€is€not€entitled€to€a€monthlyÐ À Ðâ âdisability€payment€unless€his€or€Ô_ÔherÔ_Ô€earned€income€for€that€month€is€at€least€20%€less€than€his€pre„Ð ¬ì Ðdisability€average€earned€income.׃=Ü×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜Ø ЀÌà@^^(ìàò òIII.ó óˆÐ p° Ðà@è è ìàòòò òDr.€Jeffersonððs€Disability€Claimó óóóˆÐ \œ ÐÌà  àWe€now€turn€to€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€claim.€€As€the€person€seeking€benefits,€Dr.€JeffersonÐ 4 t Ðhad€the€burden€of€establishing€that€he€had€become€incapacitated€and€that€he€was€entitled€to€benefitsÐ  ` Ðunder€his€disability€policy.€€While€the€basis€for€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claim€changed€over€time,€the€trialÐ  L  Ðcourt€concluded€that€his€ð ðincapacityðð€beginning€on€April€29,€1990,€was€not€caused€by€a€disabilityÐ ø 8  Ðdue€to€sickness€or€that€this€incapacity€had€not€resulted€in€a€Loss€of€Earned€Income.€€We€agree.Ð ä $  ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òA.ó óˆÐ ¼ü  ÐÌà  àDr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€claim€must€be€analyzed€using€one€of€the€most€basic€principles€ofÐ ”Ô  Ðinsurance€law.€€This€principle€is€that€the€insured€Ô_ÔhasÔ_Ô€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€a€covered€lossÐ €À Ðhas€occurred.׃"Ô ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€ò òó óòòPitman€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Blue€Cross€Blue€Shieldóó,€217€F.3d€1291,€1298€(10th€Cir.€2000);€òòÔ_ÔBlaineÐ l¬ ÐConstr.Ô_Ô€Corp.€v.€Insurance€Co.€of€N.€Am.óó,€171€F.3d€343,€349€(6th€Cir.€1999)€(construing€TennesseeÐ X˜ Ðlaw);€òòPrudential€Ins.€Co.€v.€Davisóó,€18€Tenn.€App.€413,€436,€78€S.W.2d€358,€372€(1934)€(holding€thatÐ D„ Ða€person€claiming€total€permanent€disability€insurance€benefits€had€the€burden€of€proving€that€hisÐ 0p Ðdisability€was€both€total€and€permanent);€òòsee€alsoóó€20€John€A.€Appleman€&€Jean€Appleman,Ð \ ÐòòInsurance€Law€and€Practiceóó€ðð€11376€(1980).òòóó€€This€rule€applies€to€disability€claims.€€òòHeller€v.€FortisÐ H ÐBenefits€Ins.€Co.,€óó142€F.3d€487,€494€(D.C.€Cir.€1998);€òòAbnathya€v.€Ô_ÔHoffmann„Ô_ÔLaRoche,€Inc.óó,€2€F.3dÐ ô4 Ðâ â40,€46€(3d€Cir.€1993);€òòZenk€v.€Paul€Revere€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€171€F.€Supp.€2d€929,€933€(D.€Minn.€2000).€Ð à  ÐAccordingly,€from€the€outset€of€his€claim,€Dr.€Jefferson€had€the€burden€of€establishing€that€he€hadÐ À Ðbeen€disabled€by€an€incapacity€that€satisfied€his€disability€policyððs€five€requirements.Ð ¬ì Ðâ âÌà@)ìàò òB.ó óˆÐ „Ä ÐÌà  àIn€his€ð ðStatement€of€Claimantðð€dated€October€1,€1990,€Dr.€Jefferson€described€the€nature€ofÐ \œ Ðhis€claimed€sickness€as€ð ðmajor€depression€following€revocation€of€license.ðð€€He€checked€a€box€onÐ H ˆ Ðthe€form€indicating€that€this€sickness€did€not€occur€at€work.€€He€also€identified€his€sole€treatingÐ 4 t Ðphysician€was€ð ðWm.€Hardinðð€and€stated€that€Dr.€Hardin€had€treated€him,€presumably€for€his€ð ðmajorÐ  ` Ðdepression,ðð€from€June€12,€1990€to€the€present.€€In€answer€to€the€question€ð ðHow€long€were€or€willÐ  L  Ðyou€be€totally€disabled,ðð€Dr.€Jefferson€stated€that€he€had€been€totally€disabled€from€April€29,€1990Ð ø 8  Ðand€that€he€did€not€know€how€long€his€disability€would€continue.€€Ð ä $  ÐÌà  àIn€addition€to€the€information€regarding€the€nature€and€treatment€of€his€claimed€sickness,€Dr.Ð ¼ü  ÐJefferson€provided€information€regarding€his€earned€income€on€the€ð ðStatement€of€Claimantðð€form.€Ð ¨è  ÐHe€estimated€that€his€earned€income€for€the€twelve€months€immediately€preceding€the€date€of€hisÐ ”Ô  Ðdisability,€April€29,€1990,€had€been€$150,000€and€that€his€earned€income€for€the€highest€twenty„fourÐ €À Ðmonths€out€of€the€last€five€years€prior€to€his€disability€had€been€$300,000.€€He€also€stated€that€he€hadÐ l¬ Ðearned€nothing€for€services€rendered€or€work€performed€from€April€29,€1990€to€October€1,€1990.Ð X˜ ÐÌà  àIn€light€of€the€information€Dr.€Jefferson€supplied€to€Massachusetts€Mutual€on€October€1,Ð 0p Ð1990,€his€disability€claim€had€three€essential€ingredients.€€First,€the€incapacity€that€reduced€his€abilityÐ \ Ðto€work€was€his€ð ðmajor€depression€following€[Ô_Ôthe]Ô_Ô€revocation€of€[his]€license.ðð€€Second,€that€theÐ H Ðincapacity€for€which€he€was€seeking€benefits€began€on€April€29,€1990.€€Third,€that€the€claimedÐ ô4 Ðincapacity€has€resulted€in€a€100%€loss€of€earned€income€from€and€after€April€29,€1990.Ð à  ÐÌà  àThe€complexion€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€claim€changed€somewhat€after€MassachusettsÐ ¸ø ÐMutual€pressed€him€for€more€information.€€After€receiving€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€October€1,€1990€claimÐ ¤ä ÐÔ_ÔformÔ_Ô,€the€company€requested€him€to€provide€additional€information,€including€his€1985€through€1989Ð Ð Ðfederal€income€tax€returns,€his€work€activities€after€April€29,€1990,€his€job€description,€theÐ |¼ Ðdisciplinary€proceedings€before€the€licensing€board,€and€details€of€the€treatment€he€had€beenÐ h¨ Ðreceiving€for€depression.€€Dr.€Jefferson€provided€a€great€deal€of€additional€information€in€responseÐ T ” Ðto€these€requests,€including€his€tax€returns,€materials€and€transcripts€from€the€disciplinaryÐ @!€  Ðproceeding,€and€treatment€notes€from€the€professionals€whom€he€had€consulted.Ð ,"l! ÐÌà  àIn€his€responses,€Dr.€Jefferson€revealed€for€the€first€time€that€Dr.€Richard€had€treated€him€forÐ $D # Ðdepression€from€May€1989€through€May€1991.€€He€did€not€explain€why€he€had€not€listed€Dr.€RichardÐ ð$0!$ Ðon€his€October€1,€1990€ð ðStatement€of€Claimantðð׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€or€why€he€had€stated€that€his€depression€hadÐ Ü%"% Ðcaused€his€incapacity€in€April€1990€rather€than€in€May€1989€when€he€first€sought€treatment€from€Dr.Ð È&#& ÐRichard.€€The€essence€of€the€information€provided€by€Dr.€Richard€was€that€Dr.€Jefferson€wasÐ À Ðsuffering€from€ð ðmajor€depressionðð€when€he€first€sought€treatment€in€May€1989.€€Dr.€Richard€couldÐ ¬ì Ðnot€identify€precisely€when€this€ð ðmajor€depressionðð€had€started€but€believed€that€it€was€the€result€ofÐ ˜Ø Ðcumulative€stresses€at€home€and€at€work,€including€Jane€Roeððs€complaint€to€the€licensing€board.€€Dr.Ð „Ä ÐRichard€had€also€determined€that€Dr.€Jefferson€had€had€dysthymia׃*×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€since€childhood€or€adolescenceÐ p° Ðand€that€he€also€had€a€personality€disorder.׃ (×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð \œ ÐÌà  àThe€information€Dr.€Jefferson€provided€Massachusetts€Mutual€demonstrated€(1)€that€he€hadÐ 4 t Ðnot€missed€work€from€1987€through€April€27,€1990,€(2)€that€he€had€continued€to€see€patients€up€untilÐ  ` Ðthe€day€that€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license,€and€(3)€that€prior€to€the€administrative€hearingÐ  L  Ðhe€had€made€appointments€to€see€patients€from€and€after€May€1990.€€The€records€of€the€licensingÐ ø 8  Ðboardððs€proceedings€revealed€that€Dr.€Jefferson€had€vigorously€asserted€throughout€that€he€was€aÐ ä $  Ðcompetent€clinical€psychologist,€that€he€should€be€permitted€to€continue€to€see€patients,€and€that€theÐ Ð  Ðdisciplinary€proceedings€had€provided€him€with€whatever€rehabilitation€he€required.€€Ð ¼ü  ÐÌà  àDr.€Jeffersonððs€federal€income€tax€returns€demonstrated€that€his€gross€business€income€hadÐ ”Ô  Ðtrended€steadily€upward€during€the€five€years€from€1985€to€1989€and€that€his€net€business€incomeÐ €À Ðshowed€a€similar€trend.׃!L ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€His€1990€tax€return€revealed€a€precipitous€decline€in€net€business€incomeÐ l¬ Ðbecause€he€was€required€to€close€his€practice€following€the€revocation€of€his€license€in€April€1990,׃%œ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð X˜ Ðand€his€appointment€books€indicated€that€he€saw€fewer€patients€between€January€and€March€1990Ð D„ Ðâ âthan€he€had€seen€between€January€and€March€1989.׃+(×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Notwithstanding€the€decrease€in€the€numberÐ 0p Ðof€patients€he€saw€during€the€first€four€months€of€1990,€Dr.€Jefferson€reported€gross€businessÐ À Ðearnings€of€$42,472€in€1990€before€his€license€was€revoked.׃,×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¬ì Ðâ âÌà@‹‹)ìàò òC.ó óˆÐ „Ä ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€takes€issue€with€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€he€had€not€ð ðdemonstrate[d]€aÐ \œ Ðloss€of€income€of€at€least€twenty€percent€(20%)€.€.€..ðð€€First,€he€argues€that€it€is€uncontradicted€thatÐ H ˆ Ðhe€has€earned€virtually€nothing€since€the€revocation€of€his€license€in€April€1990.€€Second,€he€assertsÐ 4 t Ðthat€his€federal€income€tax€returns€do€not€paint€an€accurate€picture€of€the€services€he€performed€eachÐ  ` Ðmonth€or€of€his€monthly€billings€prior€to€April€1990€because€they€contained€annualized€informationÐ  L  Ðand€because€there€was€a€lag€time€between€when€he€rendered€the€services€and€when€his€patients€paidÐ ø 8  Ðfor€them.Ð ä $  ÐÌà  àDr.€Jeffersonððs€first€point€is€well„taken.€€There€can€be€no€reasonable€dispute€that€for€everyÐ ¼ü  Ðmonth€following€April€1990,€he€has€earned€at€least€twenty€percent€less€than€his€pre„April€1990Ð ¨è  Ðaverage€monthly€income.€€Thus,€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€regarding€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€loss€of€incomeÐ ”Ô  Ðafter€April€1990€is€not€supported€by€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence.€€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€undisputedÐ €À Ðtestimony€establishes€that€he€has€not€practiced€psychology€since€April€1990€and€that€he€has€earnedÐ l¬ Ðrelatively€modest€amounts€from€a€patent€on€a€mechanical€checklist€device€for€pilots€and€fromÐ X˜ Ðworking€as€an€ariel€photographer,€a€landscaper,€and€in€mortgage€sales.€€It€also€establishes€that€he€hasÐ D„ Ðconsistently€earned€less€than€eighty€percent€of€his€pre„April€1990€average€monthly€income€fromÐ 0p Ðthese€activities.€€€Ð \ ÐÌà  àWe€fail€to€see€the€relevance€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€second€point.€€While€Dr.€Jefferson,€like€manyÐ ô4 Ðother€professionals,€may€very€well€have€been€paid€for€his€services€months€after€he€rendered€them,Ð à  Ðthis€fact€adds€little€support€for€his€post„April€1990€disability€claim.€€He€has€already€established€thatÐ Ì  Ðhe€provided€no€psychological€services€after€April€29,€1990.€€It€is,€therefore,€irrelevant€that€he€wouldÐ ¸ø Ðhave€been€paid€months€later€for€his€services€had€he€provided€them.€€For€our€purposes,€the€relevantÐ ¤ä Ðfacts€are€(1)€that€Dr.€Jefferson€provided€no€professional€services€after€April€29,€1990,€(2)€that€heÐ Ð Ðearned€no€income€from€professional€services€after€that€date,€and€(3)€that€his€earned€income€in€anyÐ |¼ Ðmonth€following€April€29,€1990€has,€as€far€as€this€record€shows,€never€exceeded€eighty€percent€ofÐ h¨ Ðhis€pre„April€1990€average€monthly€income.€€€€Ð T ” ÐÌà  àThis€point€might€conceivably€be€relevant€were€Dr.€Jefferson€seeking€disability€Ô_ÔbenefitsÔ_Ô€forÐ ,"l! Ðsome€period€prior€to€April€29,€1990.€€However,€he€is€not.€€His€October€1,€1990€ð ðStatement€ofÐ #X" ÐClaimantðð€pinpoints€the€beginning€date€of€his€disability€as€April€29,€1990.€€It€necessarily€follows€thatÐ $D # Ðif€Dr.€Jefferson€insists€that€his€disability€began€on€April€29,€1990,€he€could€not€possibly€be€seekingÐ ð$0!$ Ðdisability€benefits€for€any€period€prior€to€that€date.€€Therefore,€the€circumstances€surrounding€theÐ Ü%"% Ðpayments€Dr.€Jefferson€received€for€professional€services€rendered€before€April€29,€1990€isÐ È&#& Ðessentially€irrelevant€to€his€claim€involving€a€post„April€1990€disability.Ð ´'ô#' ÐÐ  (à$( Ðà@‹‹)ìàò òD.ó óˆÐ À ÐÌà  àThe€fact€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€post„April€1990€monthly€income€has€never€exceeded€eightyÐ ˜Ø Ðpercent€of€his€pre„April€1990€average€monthly€income,€does€not€by€itself€entitle€the€doctor€to€drawÐ „Ä Ðdisability.€€To€be€entitled€to€disability€benefits€under€his€policy,€he€must€also€demonstrate€that€theÐ p° Ðdecline€in€his€monthly€income€was€caused€by€an€incapacity€that€was€ð ðdue€to€sickness€or€injury.ðð€€ForÐ \œ Ðthe€purpose€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€policy,€the€term€ð ðsicknessðð€includes€a€ð ðmental€infirmity.ðð€€Ð H ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€record€establishes€that€Dr.€Jefferson€has€or€had€at€least€three€mental€infirmities€ð!ðÐ  ` Ðdysthymia,€a€narcissistic€personality€disorder,€and€ð ðmajor€depression.ðð€€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€depressionÐ  L  Ðis€the€only€one€of€the€three€that€could€possibly€support€a€disability€claim€because€its€onset€occurredÐ ø 8  Ðafter€the€effective€date€of€his€policy.׃-×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€However,€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€ð ðmajor€depressionðð€will€not€supportÐ ä $  Ðhis€disability€claim€unless€he€can€also€demonstrate€(1)€that€it€caused€his€incapacity€to€work€and€(2)Ð Ð  Ðthat€it€would€have€prevented€him€from€practicing€as€a€clinical€psychologist€even€if€his€license€hadÐ ¼ü  Ðnot€been€suspended.Ð ¨è  ÐÌà@¡¡)ìàò ò1.ó óˆÐ €À ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€is€not€the€first€professional€who€has€sought€disability€benefits€following€theÐ X˜ Ðrevocation€or€suspension€of€a€professional€license.€€When€called€upon€to€review€these€claims,€theÐ D„ Ðcourts€have€distinguished€between€persons€who€are€unable€to€engage€in€their€profession€and€thoseÐ 0p Ðwho€are€not€allowed€to€do€so.€€òòNew€York€Life€Ins.€Co.€v.€Dalyóó,€No.€95„6702,€2001€U.€S.€Dist.€LEXISÐ \ Ð16691,€at€*15„16€(E.D.€Pa.€Oct.€10,€2001);€òòBLH€ex€rel.€GEH€v.€Northwestern€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€92Ð H ÐF.€Supp.€2d€910,€918€(D.€Minn.€2000);€òòGrayboyes€v.€General€Am.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€No.€92„2515,€1995Ð ô4 ÐU.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4233,€at€*19„20€(E.D.€Pa.€Apr.€4,€1995).€€This€distinction€is€reflected€in€the€courtsððÐ à  Ðdifferentiation€between€factual€disabilities€and€legal€disabilities.Ð Ì  ÐÌà  àThe€courts€have€repeatedly€held€that€disability€insurance€policies€provide€coverage€for€factualÐ ¤ä Ðdisabilities€but€not€for€legal€disabilities.€€òòAllmerica€Fin.€Life€Ins.€Co.€v.€Ô_ÔLlewellynóó,Ô_Ô€139€F.€3d€664,€666Ð Ð Ð(9th€Cir.€1997);€òòGoomar€v.€Centennial€Life€Ins.€Co.óóÔ_Ô,Ô_Ô855€F.€Supp.€319,€325€(S.D.€Cal.€1994);€10€LeeÐ |¼ ÐR.€Russ€&€Thomas€F.€Segalla,€òòCouch€on€Insurance€óóðð€146:9€(3d€ed.€1998).€€They€have€also€noted€thatÐ h¨ Ðdisability€insurance€policies€do€not€€insure€against€a€professionalððs€inability€to€pursue€his€or€herÐ T ” Ðoccupation€profitably€because€of€a€limited€patient€base€or€because€potential€patients€or€clients€areÐ @!€  Ðrepelled€by€adverse€publicity€about€his€or€her€conduct.€€òòGrayboyes€v.€General€Am.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€1995Ð ,"l! ÐU.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4233€at€*19.Ð #X" ÐÌà  àA€factual€disability€is€an€incapacity€caused€by€illness€or€injury€that€prevents€a€person€fromÐ ð$0!$ Ðengaging€in€his€or€her€occupation.€€òòProvident€Life€&€Accident€Ins.€Co.€v.€Fleischeróó,€26€F.€Supp.€2dÐ Ü%"% Ð1220,€1223€(C.D.€Cal.€1998);€òòGoomar€v.€Centennial€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€855€F.€Supp.€at€325;€òòSolomon€v.Ð È&#& ÐRoyal€MacCabees€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€622€N.W.2d€101,€104€(Mich.€Ct.€App.€2000).€€A€legal€disabilityÐ ´'ô#' Ðincludes€all€circumstances€in€which€the€law€does€not€permit€a€person€to€engage€in€his€or€herÐ  (à$( Ðâ âprofession€even€though€he€or€she€may€be€physically€and€mentally€able€to€do€so.€€The€courts€haveÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðfound€that€a€legal€disability€may€be€the€result€of€incarceration,׃/×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€the€revocation€or€suspension€of€aÐ À Ðâ âprofessional€license,׃1 ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€surrendering€a€professional€license€as€part€of€a€plea€agreement€or€to€avoidÐ ¬ì Ðdisciplinary€action,׃2ˆ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€or€practice€restrictions€imposed€by€a€licensing€board.׃7¬×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ˜Ø ÐÌà  àFrequently,€professionals€seeking€disability€benefits€have€both€a€legal€and€a€factual€disabilityÐ p° Ðbecause€of€the€same€condition.€€As€one€court€noted,€ð ða€blinded€bus€driver€or€a€Ô_Ôdrug€addictedÔ_Ô€pilotÐ \œ Ðmay€[have]€lost€their€licenses€for€the€same€condition€that€renders€them€totally€disabled€to€drive€orÐ H ˆ Ðfly.ðð€€òòGrayboyes€v.€General€Am.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€1995€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4233,€at€*21.€€However,€aÐ 4 t Ðpersonððs€legal€disability€does€not€necessarily€render€him€or€her€unable€to€perform€the€tasks€expectedÐ  ` Ðof€those€engaged€in€the€same€profession.€€As€the€same€court€noted,€ð ð[t]hat€some€morally€indignantÐ  L  Ðparents€will€not€enroll€their€sons€in€a€private€school€for€boys€because€a€teacher€with€a€sexual€diseaseÐ ø 8  Ðor€perversion€involving€young€girls€would€not€render€the€person€afflicted€unable€to€perform€theÐ ä $  Ðfunctions€of€a€teacher,€at€least€in€a€setting€limited€to€males€or€adults.ðð€€òòGrayboyes€v.€General€Am.Ð Ð  ÐLife€Ins.€Co.óó,€1995€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€4233,€at€*22.Ð ¼ü  ÐÌà  àIn€cases€where€the€person€claiming€disability€benefits€has€a€concurrent€legal€disability€andÐ ”Ô  Ðfactual€disability,€the€courts€determine€which€of€the€two€disabilities€occurred€first.€€If€the€legalÐ €À Ðdisability€preceded€the€onset€of€the€factual€disability,€the€courts€uniformly€hold€that€the€claimant€isÐ l¬ Ðnot€entitled€to€disability€benefits.€€òòSee,€e.g.,€Allmerica€Fin.€Life€Ins.€&€Annuity€Co.€v.€Llewellynóó,€139Ð X˜ ÐF.3d€at€666€(chiropractor€who€claimed€that€the€onset€of€his€depression€occurred€the€day€after€hisÐ D„ Ðlicense€was€revoked€for€fraud);€òòProvident€Life€&€Accident€Ins.€Co.€v.€Fleischeróó,€26€F.€Supp.€2d€atÐ 0p Ð1224„26€(financial€advisorððs€depression€was€brought€on€by€his€legal€difficulties€and€incarceration);Ð \ ÐòòBrumer€v.€National€Life€of€Vt.óó,€874€F.€Supp.€60,€64€(E.D.N.Y.€1995)€(podiatrist€developed€a€visualÐ H Ðimpairment€after€his€license€had€been€suspended).€€If,€however,€the€onset€of€the€factual€disabilityÐ ô4 Ðpreceded€the€legal€disability,€the€courts€have€consistently€declined€to€treat€the€subsequent€legalÐ à  Ðdisability€as€a€superseding€cause€of€the€personððs€loss€of€earned€income.€€òòBLH€ex€rel.€GEH€v.Ð À ÐNorthwestern€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€92€F.€Supp.€2d€at€916€n.2;€òòOhio€Natððl€Life€Ins.€Corp.€v.€Cramptonóó,Ð ¬ì Ð822€F.€Supp.€1230.€1233€(E.D.€Va.€1993).Ð ˜Ø ÐÌà  àThe€courts€consider€three€factors€when€a€person€seeking€disability€benefits€asserts€that€aÐ p° Ðfactual€disability€preceded€a€legal€disability.€€First,€the€courts€address€whether€the€claimed€factualÐ \œ Ðdisability€is€medically€bona€fide.€€Second,€if€the€claimed€factual€disability€is€medically€bona€fide,€theÐ H ˆ Ðcourts€address€whether€its€onset€actually€occurred€before€the€legal€disability.€€Third,€if€the€factualÐ 4 t Ðdisability€is€medically€bona€fide€and€actually€arose€before€the€legal€disability,€the€courts€addressÐ  ` Ðwhether€the€factual€disability€actually€prevented€or€hindered€the€person€seeking€disability€benefitsÐ  L  Ðfrom€engaging€in€his€or€her€profession€or€occupation.€€Ð ø 8  ÐÌà  àObviously,€claimants€who€cannot€satisfy€a€trier„of„fact€that€their€claimed€medical€disabilityÐ Ð  Ðis€bona€fide€should€not€recover€disability€benefits.€€Claimants€who€cannot€satisfy€the€trier„of„fact€thatÐ ¼ü  Ðtheir€medical€disability€actually€occurred€before€the€legal€disability€should€likewise€not€recover.€Ð ¨è  ÐSimilarly,€claimants€who€cannot€satisfy€the€trier„of„fact€that,€notwithstanding€their€legal€disability,Ð ”Ô  Ðtheir€medical€disability€and€associated€behaviors€actually€impaired€their€ability€to€engage€in€theirÐ €À Ðprofession€or€occupation€should€not€recover.€€òòMassachusetts€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.€v.€Millsteinóó,€129€F.3dÐ l¬ Ðat€691€(holding€that€a€claimant€was€entitled€to€disability€benefits€only€if€his€prior€condition€renderedÐ X˜ Ðhim€incapable€of€performing€his€occupational€duties);€òòPaul€Revere€Life€Ins.€Co.€v.€Bavaroóó,€957€F.Ð D„ ÐSupp.€444,€449€(S.D.N.Y.€1997)€(noting€that€ð ð[i]f€the€trier€of€fact€believes€that€but€for€.€.€.€[theÐ 0p Ðclaimantððs]€legal€€disability€he€would€be€able€to€perform€his€occupation,€then€he€is€not€entitled€toÐ \ Ðdisability€paymentsðð);€òòOhio€Natððl€Life€Assurance€Corp.€v.€Cramptonóó,€822€F.€Supp.€Ô_ÔatÔ_Ô€1233€(notingÐ H Ðthat€a€claimant€would€be€entitled€to€disability€benefits€if€he€would€remain€unable€to€work€in€hisÐ ô4 Ðcurrently€alleged€mental€state€even€if€he€was€placed€on€probation€or€his€guilty€plea€was€thrown€out).€Ð à  ÐPersons€who€would€still€be€practicing€their€profession€had€their€licenses€not€been€suspended€orÐ Ì  Ðrevoked€are€not€entitled€to€disability€benefits.€€òòMassachusetts€Mut.€Life€Ins.€Co.€v.€Ouelletteóó,€617€A.Ð ¸ø Ð2d€at€134.€Ð ¤ä ÐÌà  àThe€cases€addressing€the€nature€and€extent€of€a€factual€disabilityððs€affect€on€a€claimantððsÐ |¼ Ðability€to€pursue€his€or€her€occupation€or€profession€are€not€uniform€because€of€differences€in€theÐ h¨ Ðvarious€disability€policiesðð€provisions.€€Policies€that€condition€the€payment€of€benefits€on€totalÐ T ” Ðdisability€require€that€a€disability€have€a€greater€effect€on€a€personððs€ability€to€practice€than€policiesÐ @!€  Ðthat€do€not.€€Thus,€an€emergency€room€physician€whose€substance€abuse€prevented€him€fromÐ ,"l! Ðworking€in€emergency€rooms€would€be€considered€totally€disabled.€€òòRoyal€MacCabees€Life€Ins.€Co.Ð #X" Ðv.€Parkeróó,€2001€U.S.€Dist.€LEXIS€20595,€at€23„24.€€With€regard€to€polices€that€do€not€condition€theÐ $D # Ðright€to€benefits€on€total€disability,€the€courts€have€required€claimants€to€prove€a€demonstrableÐ ð$0!$ Ðqualitative€or€quantitative€drop׃6×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€in€performance€prior€to€the€onset€of€the€legal€disability.€€òòDamascusÐ Ü%"% ÐÔ_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Provident€Life€&€Acc.€Ins.€Co.óó,€No.€96„16503,€1999€U.S.€App.€LEXIS€1234,€at€*9€(9th€Cir.€Jan.Ð È&#& Ð27,€1999).€€The€courts€will€not€find€a€professional€to€be€disabled€if€the€nature€and€schedule€of€his€orÐ ´'ô#' Ðher€practice€remained€essentially€unaffected€following€the€onset€of€the€claimed€disability.€€òòGoomarÐ  (à$( Ðv.€Centennial€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€76€F.3d€1059,€1062€(9th€Cir.€1996)€(recounting€coworkersðð€testimonyÐ À Ðthat€a€physician€claiming€a€mental€disability€had€continued€to€maintain€a€normal€work€schedule);Ð ¬ì ÐòòZenk€v.€Paul€Revere€Ins.€Co.óó,€171€F.€Supp.€2d€at€934€(denying€a€chemically€dependent€physicianððsÐ ˜Ø Ðdisability€claim€because€the€nature€and€schedule€of€his€practice€had€remained€unchanged).€Ð „Ä ÐÌà@¡¡)ìàò ò2.ó óˆÐ \œ ÐÌà  àMassachusetts€Mutual€was€not€required€to€pay€Dr.€Jefferson€disability€benefits€until€heÐ 4 t Ðproved€that€a€mental€infirmity€arising€after€he€obtained€his€policy€had€reduced€his€ability€to€workÐ  ` Ðbefore€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license.€€Because€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€policy€does€notÐ  L  Ðdistinguish€among€the€types€of€mental€impairment€that€could€trigger€a€disability,€the€type€of€mentalÐ ø 8  Ðimpairment€Dr.€Jefferson€had€or€has€Ô_ÔisÔ_Ô€irrelevant,€as€long€as€it€is€medically€bona€fide.€€òòStern€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€PaulÐ ä $  ÐRevere€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€744€So.€2d€1084,€1087€(Fla.€Dist.€Ct.€App.€1999)€(declining€to€ð ðplace€aÐ Ð  Ðjudicially€imposed€value€judgment€on€what€type€of€psychiatric€sickness€is€worthy€of€considerationÐ ¼ü  Ðas€a€disability€over€another€typeðð).€€However,€Dr.€Jefferson€was€obliged€to€demonstrate€that€hisÐ ¨è  Ðmental€infirmity,€whatever€it€may€be,€actually€hindered€his€ability€to€practice€psychology.Ð ”Ô  ÐÌà  àDepression€qualifies€as€a€mental€infirmity€under€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€policy.€€There€are,Ð l¬ Ðhowever,€different€levels€of€depression,€and€not€all€levels€of€depression€impair€a€personððs€ability€toÐ X˜ Ðpractice€his€or€her€profession.€€While€Dr.€Jefferson€demonstrated€that€he€was,€to€some€degree,Ð D„ Ðdepressed€as€early€as€May€1989,€he€was€not€entitled€to€disability€benefits€until€he€demonstrated€thatÐ 0p Ðhis€depression€became€so€severe€that€it€reduced€his€ability€to€work.€€This€is€precisely€where€his€caseÐ \ Ðfalls€short.Ð H ÐÌà  àInitially,€Dr.€Jefferson€pinpointed€April€29,€1990€as€the€day€on€which€his€depression€becameÐ à  Ðso€severe€that€it€disabled€him€from€practicing€as€a€clinical€psychologist.€€This€date€was€two€days€afterÐ Ì  Ðthe€licensing€board€had€decided€to€revoke€his€license.€€Both€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€physician€and€theÐ ¸ø Ðpsychiatrist€retained€by€Massachusetts€Mutual€to€review€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claim€agreed€that€the€lossÐ ¤ä Ðof€a€professional€license€could€trigger€a€disabling€depression.€€Dr.€Hardin€stated€that€Dr.€JeffersonÐ Ð Ðwas€neither€mentally€nor€physically€capable€of€practicing€psychology€immediately€after€theÐ |¼ Ðrevocation€of€his€license.€€Dr.€Kenner€agreed€that€the€loss€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€license€ð ðmust€have€beenÐ h¨ Ða€significant€blow€to€his€over„inflated€ego.ðð€€Ð T ” ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson,€however,€shifted€the€onset€of€his€depression€sometime€after€he€submitted€hisÐ ,"l! Ðdisability€claim.€€He€may€very€well€have€realized€that€post„license€revocation€depression€would€mostÐ #X" Ðlikely€not€warrant€the€payment€of€disability€benefits.€€Instead€of€claiming€that€his€disability€wasÐ $D # Ðcaused€by€a€depression€triggered€by€the€loss€of€his€license,€he€asserted€that€the€onset€of€his€disablingÐ ð$0!$ Ðdepression€occurred€at€least€three€years€before€be€lost€his€license€and€that€he€had,€in€fact,€been€ð ðveryÐ Ü%"% Ðimpairedðð€since€1987.€€These€assertions€have€two€significant€shortcomings.€€First,€Dr.€JeffersonððsÐ È&#& Ðtreating€professionals€declined€to€state€categorically€that€his€depression,€whenever€its€onset,€hadÐ ´'ô#' Ðrendered€him€incapable€of€practicing€psychology€prior€to€May€1990.€€Second,€Dr.€Jefferson€provedÐ  (à$( Ðby€his€own€conduct€that€his€depression€had€not€prevented€him€from€continuing€to€practiceÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðpsychology€until€the€day€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license.Ð x*¸&* ÐÌâ âÐ P,(, Ðà  àDr.€Richard,€the€clinical€psychologist€who€treated€Dr.€Jefferson€from€May€1989€to€May€1991,Ð À Ðâ âstated€that€he€had€diagnosed€Dr.€Jefferson€with€a€major€depression.€€While€he€could€not€determineÐ ¬ì Ðprecisely€when€this€depression€began,€he€stated€that€its€onset€was€before€May€1989€and€that€it€wasÐ ˜Ø Ðthe€result€of€the€cumulative€effects€of€various€stresses€in€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€life,€including€the€regulatoryÐ „Ä Ðthreat€to€his€license.€€Dr.€Richard€agreed€that€psychologists€can€continue€to€function€with€stressesÐ p° Ðsimilar€to€those€experienced€by€Dr.€Jefferson€but€added€that€they€do€not€function€well.€€Based€on€theÐ \œ Ðinformation€provided€by€Dr.€Jefferson,׃9×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Dr.€Richard€determined€that€Dr.€Jefferson€had€becomeÐ H ˆ Ðð ðsomewhat€dysfunctional€in€his€professional€life,€as€well€as€his€home€life€and€personal€life.ðð€€HeÐ 4 t Ðconcluded€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€ð ðfunction€would€begin€to€fall€offðð€whenever€he€ð ðfelt€that€the€stressÐ  ` Ðlevel€was€supremely€high.ðð€€While€Dr.€Richard€stated€on€several€occasions€that€Dr.€JeffersonððsÐ  L  Ðdepression€ð ðcontributed€to€him€making€poor€decisions€and€judgments,ðð€he€never€stated€thatÐ ø 8  Ðdepression€prevented€Dr.€Jefferson€from€practicing€psychology.€€In€fact,€despite€diagnosing€Dr.Ð ä $  ÐJefferson€with€a€major€depression€and€personality€disorder,€Dr.€Richard€insisted€that€Dr.€JeffersonÐ Ð  Ðwas€ð ða€very€compassionate€person€who€cares€about€peopleðð€and€also€stated€ð ðI€donððt€know€that€heððsÐ ¼ü  Ðnot€a€good€therapist.ððÐ ¨è  ÐÌà  àDr.€Hardin€was€the€only€physician€who€treated€Dr.€Jefferson€for€depression.€€He€beganÐ €À Ðtreating€Dr.€Jefferson€in€June€1990€and€stated€unequivocally€that€Dr.€Jefferson€was€mentally€andÐ l¬ Ðphysically€incapable€of€practicing€psychology€after€he€lost€his€license€in€April€1990.€€However,€Dr.Ð X˜ ÐHardin€was€far€less€certain€about€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€circumstances€prior€to€the€loss€of€his€license.€€HeÐ D„ Ðconceded€that€he€lacked€personal€knowledge€regarding€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€ability€to€discharge€the€dutiesÐ 0p Ðand€responsibilities€of€a€clinical€psychologist€from€1987€through€early€1990.€€While€he€surmised€thatÐ \ ÐDr.€Jefferson€was€ð ðprobablyðð€not€capable€of€practicing€psychology€prior€to€June€1990,€he€admittedÐ H Ðthat€he€could€not€ð ðjudgeðð€whether€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€depression€actually€affected€his€work.€Ð ô4 ÐÌà  àDr.€Kenner,€the€psychiatrist€retained€by€Massachusetts€Mutual€to€evaluate€Dr.€JeffersonððsÐ Ì  Ðdisability€claim,€stated€that€Dr.€Jefferson€was€depressed€prior€to€April€1990€but€that€he€was€not€soÐ ¸ø Ðdepressed€that€he€was€unable€to€work.€€He€concluded€that€the€loss€of€his€license€was€a€ð ðsignificantÐ ¤ä Ðblowðð€to€Dr.€Jefferson€and€that€Dr.€Jefferson€did€not€have€a€major€depressive€disorder€until€he€lostÐ Ð Ðhis€license.€€Dr.€Kenner€opined€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€long„standing€personality€disorder,€not€hisÐ |¼ Ðdepression,€was€the€root€cause€of€the€conduct€that€had€precipitated€the€disciplinary€proceedingsÐ h¨ Ðagainst€him.€€And,€like€Dr.€Richard,€Dr.€Kenner€concluded€that€none€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€mentalÐ T ” Ðinfirmities€were€compulsive€disorders.Ð @!€  ÐÌà  àThe€evidence€regarding€the€nature€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€practice,€most€of€which€Dr.€JeffersonÐ #X" Ðhimself€provided,€undermines€his€claim€that€a€major€depression€had€already€impaired€his€ability€toÐ $D # Ðpractice€psychology€by€the€time€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license€in€April€1990.€€Dr.€JeffersonÐ ð$0!$ Ðtestified€that€he€had€been€actively€practicing€psychology€since€1977.€€His€annual€billings€and€grossÐ Ü%"% Ðincome€had€increased€steadily€every€year,€even€after€1987,€the€year€in€which€Dr.€Jefferson€claimedÐ È&#& Ðthat€his€ð ðmajor€depressionðð€had€rendered€him€ð ðvery€impaired.ðð€€By€all€accounts,€the€nature€of€Dr.Ð ´'ô#' ÐJeffersonððs€practice€remained€essentially€unchanged€until€early€1990.Ð  (à$( ÐÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðà  àDr.€Jefferson€conceded€that€he€would€have€continued€to€practice€psychology€had€the€licensingÐ À Ðboard€not€revoked€his€license€in€April€1990.€€He€insisted€throughout€the€administrative€and€judicial€Ð ¬ì Ðproceedings€involving€his€license€that€he€was€not€impaired€and€that€he€had€done€nothing€unethicalÐ ˜Ø Ðenough€to€justify€revoking€his€license.€€He€continued€to€see€patients€until€the€very€day€his€license€wasÐ „Ä Ðrevoked€and€had€even€been€setting€appointments€during€the€month€following€the€anticipatedÐ p° Ðlicensing€boardððs€hearing.€€Dr.€Jefferson€also€acknowledged€that€he€would€have€continued€to€seeÐ \œ Ðpatients€had€the€Board€decided€not€to€revoke€his€license.Ð H ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€timing€and€circumstances€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€treatment€for€depression€likewise€undermineÐ  ` Ðhis€claim€that€it€significantly€affected€his€ability€to€practice€psychology.€€Despite€his€assertion€thatÐ  L  Ðhe€had€been€suffering€with€a€major€depression€since€1987,€he€did€not€seek€another€psychologistððsÐ ø 8  Ðassistance€until€May€1989,€shortly€after€Jane€Roe€filed€her€complaint€against€him€with€the€licensingÐ ä $  Ðboard.€€When€he€did€consult€another€clinical€psychologist,€he€chose€one€who€lacked€experience€orÐ Ð  Ðexpertise€in€treating€psychologists€or€other€professionals€accused€of€inappropriate€sexual€conductÐ ¼ü  Ðwith€clients€or€former€clients.€€Similarly,€Dr.€Jefferson€did€not€seek€a€physicianððs€assistance€for€hisÐ ¨è  Ðdepression€until€June€1990,€three€years€after€its€claimed€onset€but€a€little€more€than€one€month€afterÐ ”Ô  Ðthe€licensing€board€revoked€his€license.€€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€expressed€purpose€for€seeking€hisÐ €À Ðphysicianððs€assistance,€according€to€the€physicianððs€treatment€notes,€was€to€discuss€ð ðgoing€onÐ l¬ Ðdisability€because€of€depression.ðð€€Ð X˜ ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€concedes,€as€he€must,€that€he€would€not€have€stopped€practicing€psychologyÐ 0p Ðhad€the€license€board€not€forced€him€to.€€However,€he€asserts€that€he€successfully€demonstrated€thatÐ \ Ðhis€pre„April€1990€depression€had€impaired€his€ability€to€practice.€€In€this€regard,€he€points€to€theÐ H Ðevidence€(1)€that€he€was€in€denial€about€his€problems€prior€to€April€1990,€(2)€that€the€number€ofÐ ô4 Ðpatients€he€was€seeking€declined€markedly€beginning€in€January€1990,€and€(3)€that€the€quality€of€hisÐ à  Ðwork€had€declined.€€We€have€determined€that€each€of€these€facts,€even€if€true,€Ô_ÔdoÔ_Ô€not€necessarilyÐ Ì  Ðprove€that€Dr.€Jefferson€was€unable€to€function€as€a€clinical€psychologist€prior€to€the€revocation€ofÐ ¸ø Ðhis€license.Ð ¤ä ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€insisted€throughout€the€proceedings€before€the€licensing€board€that€he€was€ð ðaÐ |¼ Ðhighly€qualified€and€competent€psychologist.ðð€€However,€to€bolster€his€disability€claim,€heÐ h¨ Ðdownplays€these€assertions€by€insisting€that€he€was€in€denial€prior€to€April€1990€and€that€he€beganÐ T ” Ðto€overcome€this€denial€only€after€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license.€€While€Drs.€Harding€andÐ @!€  ÐRichard€corroborated€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claim€that€he€had€been€in€denial,€much€of€the€force€of€the€denialÐ ,"l! Ðargument€is€undercut€by€the€fact€that€Dr.€Jefferson€never€conceded€to€the€licensing€board€that€he€hadÐ #X" Ðbeen€impaired€in€any€way€and€never€acted€as€if€he€had€become€more€self„aware€after€the€revocationÐ $D # Ðof€his€license.€€Ten€months€after€losing€his€license,€Dr.€Jefferson€personally€proclaimed€to€theÐ ð$0!$ Ðlicensing€board,€ð ðI€am€so€rehabilitated€that€it€is€almost€beyond€description.ðð€€Throughout€the€lengthyÐ Ü%"% Ðjudicial€proceedings€to€review€the€licensing€boardððs€decision€that€lasted€until€December€1997,€Dr.Ð È&#& ÐJefferson€never€departed€from€his€insistence€that€he€was€fully€competent€to€practice€psychology.€€TheÐ ´'ô#' Ðforce€of€the€denial€argument€is€also€undercut€by€the€concessions€of€Drs.€Hardin€and€Richard€thatÐ  (à$( Ðpsychologists€with€depression€are€not€necessarily€incapable€of€practicing€psychology.Ð Œ)Ì%) ÐÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€also€relies€on€his€testimony€that€he€saw€far€fewer€patients€during€the€first€threeÐ d+¤'+ Ðmonths€of€1990€than€he€did€during€the€same€period€in€1989.€€Even€if€this€evidence€is€true,€it€does€notÐ P,(, Ðnecessarily€establish€that€Dr.€Jefferson€treated€fewer€patients€in€1990€because€he€was€unable€to€treatÐ <-|)- Ðmore.€€The€decline€in€his€patient€base€could€very€well€have€been€caused€by€other€external€factors€notÐ À Ðrelated€to€his€ability€to€practice€psychology€such€as€increased€competition€from€other€psychologistsÐ ¬ì Ðor€the€spreading€awareness€in€the€community€where€he€practiced€of€his€disciplinary€problems€withÐ ˜Ø Ðthe€licensing€board.Ð „Ä ÐÌà  àThe€decline€in€the€number€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€patients€could€also€have€been€caused€byÐ \œ Ðconcerns€on€the€part€of€referring€physicians€about€the€efficacy€of€his€therapy.€€The€record€containsÐ H ˆ Ðanecdotal€evidence€that€Dr.€Jefferson€may€have€been€inappropriately€impatient,€distracted,€orÐ 4 t Ðpreoccupied€during€several€therapy€sessions€with€several€of€his€patients.€€However,€Dr.€JeffersonÐ  ` Ðnever€conceded€that€his€treatment€of€any€patient€was€improper,€and€there€is€no€evidence€that€hisÐ  L  Ðimpatience,€distraction,€or€preoccupation€prevented€him€from€competently€treating€his€patients.€Ð ø 8  ÐDisability€insurance€policies€are€not€malpractice€policies€and€do€not€insure€against€the€risk€that€anÐ ä $  Ðotherwise€competent€professional€might€render€service€in€a€particular€case€that€falls€below€theÐ Ð  Ðprevailing€standard€of€care.€€Competency€is€not€inexorably€linked€with€capacity.€€Accordingly,€theÐ ¼ü  Ðanecdotal€evidence€of€isolated€therapeutic€lapses€does€not€establish€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€ability€toÐ ¨è  Ðrender€acceptable€psychological€services€was€impaired€prior€to€the€revocation€of€his€license.Ð ”Ô  ÐÌà  àWe€have€in€this€case,€not€an€appeal€from€a€summary€judgment,€but€an€appeal€from€a€trialÐ l¬ Ðcourtððs€considered€decision€following€a€bench€trial.€€The€trial€court€heard€all€the€testimony,€reviewedÐ X˜ Ðthe€exhibits,€and€assessed€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses€called€both€by€Dr.€Jefferson€and€byÐ D„ ÐMassachusetts€Mutual.€€After€weighing€all€the€evidence,€the€trial€court€concluded€that€Dr.€JeffersonÐ 0p Ðhad€failed€to€demonstrate€that€his€depression€had€actually€impaired€his€ability€to€practice€psychologyÐ \ Ðbefore€the€licensing€board€revoked€his€license€in€April€1990.€€The€evidence,€as€we€see€it,€supportsÐ H Ðthis€conclusion.€€Accordingly,€the€record€demonstrates€that€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€post„April€1990€Ô_ÔlossÔ_Ô€ofÐ ô4 Ðincome€was€not€due€to€his€depression,€but€rather€to€the€loss€of€his€license.€€Because€the€loss€of€hisÐ à  Ðlicense€was€a€legal€disability€not€covered€by€his€disability€insurance€policy,€Dr.€Jefferson€is€notÐ Ì  Ðentitled€to€disability€benefits.Ð ¸ø ÐÌà@dd)ìàò òIV.ó óˆÐ Ð Ðà@_ _ ìàòòò òMassachusetts€Mutualððs€Claim€for€Discretionary€Costsó óóóˆÐ |¼ ÐÌà  àMassachusetts€Mutual€takes€Ô_ÔissueÔ_Ô€with€the€trial€courtððs€denial€of€its€motion€for€$21,680.15Ð T ” Ðin€discretionary€costs.€€It€asserts€that€the€trial€court€erred€because€it€had€prevailed€in€the€declaratoryÐ @!€  Ðjudgment€action€it€was€required€to€file€to€address€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€claim.€€We€have€determined€thatÐ ,"l! Ðthe€trial€court€erred€by€declining€to€grant€$2,514.40€in€covered€discretionary€costs€that€appear€to€beÐ #X" Ðnecessary€and€reasonable.Ð $D # ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òA.ó óˆÐ Ü%"% ÐÌà  àFollowing€the€entry€of€the€judgment€declaring€that€Dr.€Jefferson€was€not€entitled€to€disabilityÐ ´'ô#' Ðpayments,€Massachusetts€Mutual€moved€to€assess€$21,680.15€in€discretionary€costs€against€Dr.Ð  (à$( ÐJefferson€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2).€€Massachusetts€Mutual€itemized€these€costs€in€an€affidavitÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðattached€to€its€motion.€€These€costs€included:€(1)€$1,889.40€for€court€reporter€fees,€(2)€$15,606.50Ð x*¸&* Ðfor€Dr.€Kennerððs€fees,€(3)€$350.00€representing€Dr.€Hardinððs€fee€to€attend€his€deposition,€(4)€$275.00Ð d+¤'+ Ðâ âfor€Dr.€Richardððs€court€appearance,€(5)€$175€for€Dr.€Bill€Phofl,€(6)€$2,030.00€for€the€services€of€Dr.Ð P,(, ÐPrudence€L.€Orr,€(7)€$1,005.00€for€the€services€of€Dr.€C.€Dawne€Kimbrell,€(8)€$15.25€for€copyingÐ À Ðand€for€court€documents,€and€(9)€$334.00€for€Dr.€Orrððs€airfare.Ð ¬ì Ðâ âÌà  àDr.€Jefferson€responded€that€the€requested€costs€should€be€disallowed€because€their€amountÐ „Ä Ðwas€ð ðexorbitantðð€and€ð ðoutrageously€unreasonable.ðð€€He€insisted€that€Dr.€Kennerððs€fee€as€ð ðridiculousððÐ p° Ðand€that€it€should€be€disallowed€because€Dr.€Kenner€ð ðonly€testified€at€trial€and€he€never€evaluatedÐ \œ Ðthe€defendant,€neither€was€his€deposition€taken,ðð€and€because€the€trial€court€had€not€accepted€Dr.Ð H ˆ ÐKennerððs€testimony.€€In€more€general€terms,€he€argued€that€Massachusetts€Mutual€was€not€entitledÐ 4 t Ðto€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€because€it€had€initiated€the€suit€and€because€ð ðin€view€ofÐ  ` Ðdefendant€losing€his€license€to€practice€psychology,€the€requiring€of€him€to€pay€this€amount€willÐ  L  Ðwork€an€undue€financial€burden€on€him,€in€that,€he€is€earning€his€income€from€mowing€lawns.ðð€Ð ø 8  ÐÌà@)ìàò òB.ó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€courts€exist€in€our€society€to€resolve€disputes€that€the€parties€themselves€cannot€resolve.€Ð ¨è  ÐWhile€the€courts€strive€to€secure€a€just,€speedy,€and€inexpensive€determination€of€every€disputeÐ ”Ô  Ðbrought€before€them,€it€is€an€inescapable€modern€reality€that€obtaining€a€judicial€resolution€of€aÐ €À Ðdispute€can€be€costly€and€time„consuming.€€All€too€frequently,€the€parties€who€prevail€in€litigationÐ l¬ Ðare€not€made€whole€because€their€litigation€expenses€erode€the€economic€value€of€their€recovery.Ð X˜ ÐÌà  àMany€judicial€systems€have€allocated€the€increasing€costs€of€litigation€by€embracing€theÐ 0p Ðprinciple€of€Ô_ÔloserÔ_Ô€pays€all.€€American€courts,€however,€have€continued€to€require,€as€a€general€matter,Ð \ Ðeach€party€to€be€responsible€for€its€own€litigation€expenses.€€Thus,€the€American€Rule€requiresÐ H Ðlitigants€to€pay€their€own€attorneyððs€fees€in€the€absence€of€a€statute€or€contractual€provisionÐ ô4 Ðotherwise.€€òòState€v.€Brown€&€Williamson€Tobacco€Corp.óó,€18€S.W.3d€186,€194€(Tenn.€2000);€òòJohnÐ à  ÐKohl€&€Co.€v.€Dearborn€&€Ewingóó,€977€S.W.2d€528,€534€(Tenn.€1998).€€Litigants€are€also€requiredÐ Ì  Ðto€underwrite€the€costs€of€preparing€for€trial.€€Traditionally,€the€only€litigation„related€costs€that€aÐ ¸ø Ðlosing€party€was€expected€to€pay€were€the€statutory€costs€taxed€by€the€trial€court€clerk.€€Tenn.€R.€Civ.Ð ¤ä ÐP.€54.04(1).Ð Ð ÐÌà  àTennesseeððs€courts€have€recognized€several€modest€exceptions€to€the€traditional€rulesÐ h¨ Ðgoverning€the€allocation€of€litigation€expenses.€€These€exceptions€stem€from€a€desire€to€make€theÐ T ” Ðprevailing€party€whole.€òòScholz€v.€S.€B.€Intððl,€Inc.óó,€40€S.W.3d€78,€85€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€€Thus,Ð @!€  Ðeven€in€the€absence€of€a€statute€or€contract,€we€have€recognized€that€losing€defendants€in€slander€ofÐ ,"l! Ðtitle€actions€should€be€required€to€pay€the€prevailing€plaintiffððs€legal€expenses.€€òòEzell€v.€Gravesóó,€807Ð #X" ÐS.W.2d€700,€702„03€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1990).€€For€similar€reasons,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€hasÐ $D # Ðpromulgated€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€that€permits€the€courts€to€require€losing€parties€to€pay€certainÐ ð$0!$ Ðother€litigation€expenses€Ô_ÔincurredÔ_Ô€by€the€prevailing€party.Ð Ü%"% ÐÌà  àThe€passage€of€time€has€obscured€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)ððs€history.€€It€was€firstÐ ´'ô#' Ðpromulgated€by€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€on€January€23,€1986,€and€was€intended€to€complementÐ  (à$( Ðâ âlegislation€that€had€been€introduced€in€the€Tennessee€General€Assembly€amending€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ð Œ)Ì%) Ððð€20„12„119€to€permit€the€courts€to€tax€certain€litigation€expenses€as€costs.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€legislationÐ À Ðâ âspecifically€empowered€the€court€to€tax€as€costs€(1)€court€reporter€expenses€for€depositions€and€trial,Ð ¬ì Ðthe€cost€of€transcripts,€the€fees€of€court„appointed€experts,€interpreterððs€fees,€and€the€costs€of€chartsÐ ˜Ø Ðand€photographs.€€4€Nancy€F.€MacLean€&€Bradley€A.€MacLean,€òòRules€of€Civil€Procedure€AnnotatedÐ „Ä Ðóóðð€54.8,€at€312€(2d€ed.€1989).€Ð p° ÐÌà  àTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)ððs€companion€legislation€stalled€soon€after€it€was€referred€to€theÐ H ˆ ÐSenate€and€House€Judicial€Committees.€€On€March€18,€1986,€faced€with€the€certainty€that€theÐ 4 t ÐGeneral€Assembly€could€not€enact€the€proposed€amendments€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€20„12„119,€theÐ  ` ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€submitted€a€revised€version€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€that€omitted€anyÐ  L  Ðreference€to€the€amendment€to€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€20„12„119€that€was€then€foundering€in€theÐ ø 8  Ðlegislature.€€Ultimately,€the€General€Assembly€approved€the€revised€version€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.Ð ä $  Ð54.04(2),€even€though€it€never€enacted€its€Ô_ÔcompanionÔ_Ô€legislation.׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thus,€as€of€August€1,€1986,Ð Ð  ÐTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€read€as€follows:Ð ¼ü  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à€A€party€who€desires€to€recover€discretionary€costs€or€anyÐ ”Ô  Ðrecoverable€costs€not€included€in€the€bill€of€costs€prepared€by€theÐ €À Ðclerk€of€the€trial€court€shall€move€the€court€to€assess€discretionaryÐ l¬ Ðcosts€and€attach€thereto€an€itemized€and€verified€bill€of€costs.€€TheÐ X˜ Ðaffidavit€shall€be€made€by€the€party€or€his€duly€authorized€attorney€orÐ D„ Ðagent€having€knowledge€of€the€facts,€certifying€that€such€items€ofÐ 0p ÐÔ_ÔcostsÔ_Ô€are€accurate€and€were€reasonable€and€necessary€to€preparationÐ \ Ðand€trial€of€the€case€and€that€the€services€for€which€such€fees€haveÐ H Ðbeen€charged€were€actually€performed.€€The€motion€shall€be€filed€asÐ ô4 Ða€post„trial€motion€pursuant€to€Rule€59.01.׃¤×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ðà ` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€watershed€event€that€shaped€the€current€understanding€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€wasÐ ¸ø ÐòòLock€v.€National€Union€Fire€Ins.€Co.óó,€809€S.W.2d€483€(Tenn.€1991).€€In€that€case,€the€TennesseeÐ ¤ä ÐSupreme€Court€approved€the€trial€courtððs€use€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€to€award€a€prevailingÐ Ð Ðplaintiff€(1)€the€court€reporterððs€appearance€fees€for€the€depositions€and€trial,€(2)€the€court€reporterððsÐ |¼ Ðtranscription€costs,€and€(2)€the€fees€charged€by€the€expert€witnesses€for€appearance€at€theirÐ h¨ Ðdepositionsòò.€€Lock€v.€National€Union€Fire€Ins.€Co.óó,€809€S.W.2d€at€489€n.3.€€Noting€that€the€case€wasÐ T ” Ðits€first€opportunity€to€construe€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2),€the€court€explained€that€ð ð[i]t€was€our€intentÐ @!€  Ðthat€reasonable€and€necessary€costs,€in€the€preparation€and€trial€of€a€case,€could€be€assessed€asÐ ,"l! Ðdiscretionary€costs€by€the€trial€court.ðð€€òòLock€v.€National€Union€Fire€Ins.€Co.óó,€809€S.W.2d€at€490.Ð #X" ÐÔ_ÔÌâ âÔ_ÔÐ ð$0!$ Ðà  àIn€1993,€following€the€òòLockóó€decision,€the€Tennessee€Supreme€Court€amended€Tenn.€R.€Civ.Ð À Ðâ âP.€54.04(2)€to€more€precisely€define€the€types€of€costs€that€could€be€recovered€and€to€require€thatÐ ¬ì Ðmotions€seeking€these€costs€must€be€filed€and€served€within€thirty€days€after€entry€of€the€judgment.€Ð ˜Ø ÐTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54,€adv.€commððn€cmt.€to€1993€amend.€€Following€other€amendments€in€1995€andÐ „Ä Ð2001,€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€now€provides,€in€part:Ð p° ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àCosts€not€included€in€the€bill€of€costs€prepared€by€the€clerk€areÐ H ˆ Ðallowable€only€in€the€courtððs€discretion.€€Discretionary€costsÐ 4 t Ðallowable€are:€reasonable€and€necessary€court€reporter€expenses€forÐ  ` Ðdepositions€or€trials,€reasonable€and€necessary€expert€witness€fees€forÐ  L  Ðdepositions€or€trials,€reasonable€and€necessary€interpreter€fees€forÐ ø 8  Ðdepositions€or€trials,€and€guardian€ad€litem€fees;€travel€expenses€areÐ ä $  Ðnot€allowable€discretionary€costs.ÐÐ ` x` x ÐÌà  àAwarding€costs€in€accordance€with€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2),€like€awarding€other€costs,€isÐ ¨è  Ðwithin€the€trial€courtððs€reasonable€discretion.€€òòPerdue€v.€Green€Branch€Mining€Co.óó,€837€S.W.2d€56,Ð ”Ô  Ð60€(Tenn.€1992).€€Accordingly,€we€employ€a€deferential€standard€when€reviewing€a€trial€courtððsÐ €À Ðdecision€either€to€grant€or€to€deny€motions€to€assess€these€costs.€€òòScholz€v.€S.B.€Intððl,€Inc.óó,€40€S.W.3dÐ l¬ Ðat€84.€€Because€these€decisions€are€discretionary,€we€are€generally€disinclined€to€second„guess€a€trialÐ X˜ Ðcourtððs€decision€unless€the€trial€court€has€abused€its€discretion.€€òòWoodlawn€Memððl€Park,€Inc.€v.€Keithóó,Ð D„ Ð70€S.W.3d€691,€698€(Tenn.€2002);€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€832,€836€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð 0p Ð2000);€òòMitchell€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Smithóó,€779€S.W.2d€384,€392€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1989).Ð \ ÐÌ€€à  àThe€ð ðabuse€of€discretionðð€standard€of€review€calls€for€less€intense€appellate€review€and,Ð ô4 Ðtherefore,€less€likelihood€that€the€trial€court's€decision€will€be€reversed.€€òòState€ex€rel.€Jones€v.€Looperóó,Ð à  Ð___S.W.3d€___,€___,€2000€WL€354404,€at€*3€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000);€òòWhite€v.€Vanderbilt€Univ.óó,€21Ð Ì  ÐS.W.3d€215,€222„23€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).€€Appellate€courts€do€not€have€the€latitude€to€substituteÐ ¸ø Ðtheir€discretion€for€that€of€the€trial€court.€òò€Myint€v.€Allstate€Ins.€Co.óó,€970€S.W.2d€920,€927€(Tenn.Ð ¤ä Ð1998);€òòState€ex€rel.€Vaughn€v.€Kaatrudeóó,€21€S.W.3d€244,€248€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€€Thus,€a€trialÐ Ð Ðcourt's€discretionary€decision€will€be€upheld€as€long€as€it€is€not€clearly€unreasonable,€òòBogan€v.Ð |¼ ÐBoganóó,€60€S.W.3d€721,€733€(Tenn.€2001),€and€reasonable€minds€can€disagree€about€its€correctness.€Ð h¨ ÐòòEldridge€v.€Eldridgeóó,€42€S.W.3d€82,€85€(Tenn.€2001);€òòState€v.€Scott,óó€33€S.W.3d€746,€752€(Tenn.Ð T ” Ð2000).€€Discretionary€decisions€must,€however,€take€the€applicable€law€and€the€relevant€facts€intoÐ @!€  Ðaccount.€€òòBallard€v.€Herzkeóó,€924€S.W.2d€652,€661€(Tenn.€1996).€€Accordingly,€a€trial€court€hasÐ ,"l! Ðð ðabused€its€discretionðð€when€it€applies€an€incorrect€legal€standard,€reaches€a€decision€that€is€illogical,Ð #X" Ðbases€its€decision€on€a€clearly€erroneous€assessment€of€the€evidence,€or€employs€reasoning€thatÐ $D # Ðcauses€an€injustice€to€the€complaining€party.€€òòWoodlawn€Memððl€Park,€Inc.€v.€Keithóó,€70€S.W.3d€atÐ ð$0!$ Ð698;€òòClinard€v.€Blackwoodóó,€46€S.W.3d€177,€182€(Tenn.€2001);€òòWilder€v.€Wilderóó,€66€S.W.3d€892,€895Ð Ü%"% Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001);€òòRobinson€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Clementóó,€65€S.W.3d€632,€635€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001).Ð È&#& ÐÌà  àParties€are€not€entitled€to€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€simply€because€they€prevailÐ  (à$( Ðat€trial.€€òòSanders€v.€Grayóó,€989€S.W.2d€343,€345€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998).€€The€particular€equities€of€theÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðcase€may€influence€a€trial€courtððs€decision€about€these€costs.€€òòPerdue€v.€Green€Branch€Mining€Co.óó,Ð x*¸&* Ð837€S.W.2d€at€60;€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€835.€€However,€the€courts€should,€as€aÐ d+¤'+ Ðâ âgeneral€matter,€award€discretionary€costs€to€a€prevailing€party€if€the€costs€are€reasonable€andÐ P,(, Ðnecessary€and€if€the€prevailing€party€has€filed€a€timely€and€properly€supported€motion.€€òòScholz€v.€S.B.Ð À ÐIntððl,€Inc.óó,€40€S.W.3d€at€84.Ð ¬ì Ðâ âÌà  àA€nonspecific€antipathy€toward€awarding€discretionary€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)Ð „Ä Ðappears€to€continue€in€some€quarters€of€Tennesseeððs€judiciary.€€It€is€not€an€easy€undertaking€toÐ p° Ðreconcile€cases€upholding€the€denial€of€discretionary€costs€with€other€cases€affirming€the€award€ofÐ \œ Ðsimilar€costs€based€on€essentially€similar€facts.€€Even€though€the€decisions€regarding€these€costs€areÐ H ˆ Ðð ðdiscretionary,ðð€a€trial€courtððs€decision€should€be€guided€by€the€language€of€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)Ð 4 t Ðitself€and€the€policies€that€led€to€the€ruleððs€enactment.€€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€835.€Ð  ` ÐThus,€when€deciding€whether€to€award€discretionary€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2),€the€courtsÐ  L  Ðshould€(1)€determine€whether€the€party€requesting€the€costs€is€the€ð ðprevailing€party,ðð׃c×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€(2)€limitÐ ø 8  Ðawards€to€the€costs€specifically€identified€in€the€rule,€(3)€determine€whether€the€requested€costs€areÐ ä $  Ðnecessary€and€reasonable,׃dd×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€(4)€determine€whether€the€prevailing€party€has€engaged€in€conductÐ Ð  Ðduring€the€litigation€that€warrants€depriving€it€of€the€discretionary€costs€to€which€it€might€otherwiseÐ ¼ü  Ðbe€entitled.׃fð×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€The€courts€should€not,€however,€base€their€decisions€to€award€costs€under€Tenn.€R.Ð ¨è  ÐCiv.€P.€54.04(2)€on€(1)€a€desire€to€punish€the€losing€party,׃g|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€(2)€whether€the€prevailing€party€is€theÐ ”Ô  Ðplaintiff€or€defendant,׃h ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€or€(3)€the€weight€given€to€a€particular€witnessððs€testimony.׃iX ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð €À ÐÌà  àThe€party€seeking€to€recover€its€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€has€the€burden€ofÐ X˜ Ðdemonstrating€that€it€is€entitled€to€recover€these€costs.€€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€835.€Ð D„ ÐAs€a€general€matter,€a€party€seeking€these€costs€must€file€a€timely€motion€and€must€support€thisÐ 0p Ðmotion€with€an€affidavit€detailing€these€costs,€verifying€that€they€are€accurate€and€that€they€haveÐ \ Ðactually€been€charged,€and€that€they€are€necessary€and€reasonable.€€Once€a€party€seeking€costs€underÐ H ÐTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€has€filed€its€motion,€the€non„moving€party€may€present€evidence€andÐ ô4 Ðargument€challenging€the€requested€costs.€€The€party€who€takes€issue€on€appeal€with€a€trial€courtððsÐ à  Ðdecision€regarding€discretionary€costs€has€the€burden€of€showing€how€the€trial€court€abused€itsÐ À Ðdiscretion.€€òòSanders€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Grayóó,€989€S.W.2d€at€345.Ð ¬ì ÐÌà  àProceedings€involving€discretionary€costs,€like€proceedings€involving€requested€Ô_ÔattorneyððsÔ_ÔÐ „Ä Ðfees,€are€frequently€decided€on€affidavits€and€argument€of€counsel€in€light€of€the€entire€record.€Ð p° ÐParties€rarely€seek€contested€hearings€on€requests€for€discretionary€costs€and,€thus,€do€not€commonlyÐ \œ Ðpresent€evidence€beyond€their€competing€affidavits.€€Thus,€fully€developed€records€of€contestedÐ H ˆ Ðproceedings€involving€costs€under€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€are€rare€and€are€certainly€not€requiredÐ 4 t Ðto€enable€the€trial€court,€or€an€appellate€court€for€that€matter,€to€review€a€claim€for€discretionaryÐ  ` Ðcosts.€€In€cases€where€the€issue€of€discretionary€costs€has€been€decided€on€affidavits€and€the€recordÐ  L  Ðof€the€entire€proceeding€without€the€presentation€of€new€evidence€specifically€pertaining€to€theÐ ø 8  Ðdisputed€costs€themselves,€the€trial€courtððs€decision€can€effectively€be€reviewed€without€a€transcriptÐ ä $  Ðof€the€hearing€on€the€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€motion.€€Accordingly,€parties€challenging€a€trialÐ Ð  Ðcourtððs€decision€regarding€discretionary€costs€are€not€necessarily€required€to€submit€a€transcript€ofÐ ¼ü  Ðthe€hearing€on€discretionary€costs€in€order€to€raise€the€issue€on€appeal.׃j×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¨è  ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òC.ó óˆÐ €À Ðà  àÌà  àThe€trial€courtððs€order€denying€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€motion€for€discretionary€costs€doesÐ X˜ Ðnot€state€that€the€court€heard€additional€evidence€regarding€discretionary€costs€at€its€January€9,€1998Ð D„ Ðhearing.€€It€states€simply€that€the€motion€was€decided€on€the€ð ðentire€record,ðð€the€ð ð[m]otion€to€[a]ssessÐ 0p Ð[d]iscretionary€[c]osts€and€supporting€pleadings€of€.€.€.€Massachusetts€Mutual€Life€InsuranceÐ \ ÐCompany,ðð€the€ð ðstatement€of€counsel,ðð€and€the€ð ðfilings€in€support€of€or€in€opposition€to€the€pendingÐ H Ðpost„judgment€[m]otions.ðð€€This€recitation€leaves€no€room€for€reasonable€doubt€that€the€parties€didÐ ô4 Ðnot€present€additional€evidence€regarding€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€request€for€discretionary€costs€atÐ à  Ðthe€January€9,€1998€hearing.€€Accordingly,€having€a€transcript€of€this€hearing€is€not€necessary€toÐ Ì  Ðenable€us€to€effectively€review€the€trial€courtððs€decision€to€deny€discretionary€costs€in€this€case.Ð ¸ø ÐÌà  àMassachusetts€Mutual€is€clearly€the€prevailing€party€in€this€case.€€It€convinced€the€trial€courtÐ Ð Ðto€declare€that€it€was€not€contractually€obligated€to€pay€Dr.€Jefferson€disability€benefits.€€It€alsoÐ |¼ Ðconvinced€the€trial€court€to€dismiss€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€counterclaim.€€The€company€also€filed€a€timelyÐ h¨ Ðand€properly€support€motion€seeking€discretionary€costs.€€Likewise,€the€voluminous€record€containsÐ T ” Ðno€evidence€that€the€company€engaged€in€the€sort€of€conduct€during€the€litigation€that€wouldÐ @!€  Ðdisentitle€it€to€recover€its€costs.€€Thus,€based€on€the€record€as€a€whole,€we€have€concluded€thatÐ ,"l! ÐMassachusetts€Mutual€is€entitled€to€recover€its€expenses€that€qualify€as€discretionary€costs€and€thatÐ #X" Ðthese€expenses€are€necessary€and€reasonable.€€Ð $D # Ðâ âÐ ð$0!$ Ðà  àBased€on€its€affidavit,€Massachusetts€Mutual€is€entitled€to€$1,889.40€for€its€court€reporterÐ À Ðâ âfees,€$350.00€for€Dr.€Hardinððs€fee€to€appear€at€his€discovery€deposition,€and€$275.00€for€Dr.Ð ¬ì ÐRichardððs€fee€for€appearing€at€trial.€€By€the€same€token,€Massachusetts€Mutual€is€clearly€not€entitledÐ ˜Ø Ðto€$334.00€for€Dr.€Orrððs€travel€expenses€because€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€explicitly€excludes€them.Ð „Ä ÐThe€company€is€likewise€not€entitled€to€the€claimed€$15.25€in€document€expenses€because€they€areÐ p° Ðnot€among€the€types€of€expenses€listed€in€Tenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€that€qualify€as€discretionaryÐ \œ Ðcosts.€€Thus,€the€only€remaining€disputed€costs€are€the€$18,816.50€in€expert€witness€fees€claimed€byÐ H ˆ ÐMassachusetts€Mutual,€including€Dr.€Kennerððs€$15,606.50€fee.Ð 4 t ÐÌà  àTenn.€R.€Civ.€P.€54.04(2)€limits€the€types€of€expenses€related€to€expert€witnesses€that€can€beÐ  L  Ðrecovered€as€discretionary€costs.€€Only€ð ðreasonable€and€necessary€expert€witness€fees€for€depositionsÐ ø 8  Ðand€trialðð€are€recoverable.€€Thus,€prevailing€parties€cannot€recover€expert€witness€fees€for€preparingÐ ä $  Ðfor€depositions€or€trial,€no€matter€how€reasonable€and€necessary€these€fees€are.€€òòMiles€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€MarshallÐ Ð  ÐC.€Voss€Health€Care€Ctr.óó,€896€S.W.2d€773,€776€(Tenn.€1995)€(permitting€the€recovery€of€aÐ ¼ü  Ðvocational€expertððs€witness€fee€but€not€the€fee€charged€to€examine€the€plaintiff);€òòCrawford€v.Ð ¨è  ÐDodsonóó,€No.€W1998„00805„COA„R3„CV,€2000€WL€1286368,€at€*6€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€Aug.€28,€2000)Ð ”Ô  Ð(No€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€11€application€filed);€òòShahrdar€v.€Global€Hous.,€Inc.óó,€983€S.W.2d€at€239„40.€Ð €À ÐLikewise,€they€cannot€recover€the€fees€of€professionals€who€testify€as€fact€witnesses€rather€than€asÐ l¬ Ðexperts,€òòParks€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€Royal€Ins.€Co.óó,€No.€W2000„02778„WC„R3„CV,€2001€WL€1584107,€at€*3€(Tenn.Ð X˜ ÐSp.€Workerððs€Comp.€Panel€Dec.€4,€2001),€or€for€appearances€at€depositions€for€proof€when€the€expertÐ D„ Ðalso€testifies€at€trial.€€òòSeals€v.€England/Corsair€Upholstery€Mfg.€Co.óó,€984€S.W.2d€912,€917€(Tenn.Ð 0p Ð1999).€€Prevailing€parties€may,€however,€be€able€to€recover€the€stand„by€fees€charged€by€expertÐ \ Ðwitnesses€who€were€required€to€be€on€call€but€who€were€not€called€because€of€some€act€attributableÐ H Ðto€the€non„prevailing€party.€€òòStalsworth€v.€Grummonsóó,€36€S.W.3d€at€836.Ð ô4 ÐÌà  àThe€record€contains€little€information€regarding€the€nature€of€the€services€provided€by€Drs.Ð Ì  ÐKenner,€Kimbrell,€Orr,€and€Pfohl€other€than€the€dates€on€which€the€services€were€rendered€and€theÐ ¸ø Ðfees€charged€for€the€services.€€The€affidavit€supporting€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€motion€to€assessÐ ¤ä Ðdiscretionary€costs€does€not€explain€the€nature€or€purposes€of€these€services.€€Other€parts€of€theÐ Ð Ðrecord,€including€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€response€to€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€motion,€establishing€that€Dr.Ð |¼ ÐKenner€was€not€deposed€but€that€he€testified€at€trial€on€November€15,€1996;€€that€Dr.€Pfohl€was€neverÐ h¨ Ðdeposed€and€did€not€testify€at€trial;€and€that€neither€Dr.€Orr€nor€Dr.€Kimbrell€testified€at€trial€evenÐ T ” Ðthough€one€of€them€was€apparently€deposed.Ð @!€  ÐÌà  àMassachusetts€Mutual,€as€the€party€seeking€discretionary€costs,€had€the€burden€ofÐ #X" Ðdemonstrating€that€it€should€be€reimbursed€for€the€costs€associated€with€its€experts.€€In€light€of€theÐ $D # Ðnature€of€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€disability€claim,€it€was€certainly€appropriate€for€Massachusetts€Mutual€toÐ ð$0!$ Ðdecide€to€present€expert€testimony€regarding€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€mental€infirmities€and€their€effect€onÐ Ü%"% Ðhis€ability€to€practice€psychology.€€However,€Massachusetts€Mutual€was€still€obliged€to€demonstrateÐ È&#& Ðthat€the€claimed€fees€for€these€experts€were€necessary€and€reasonable€and€were€limited€to€feesÐ ´'ô#' Ðcharged€for€appearing€at€a€deposition€or€trial.Ð  (à$( ÐÌà  àThe€record€contains€only€sketchy€information€regarding€Drs.€Kimbrell,€Orr,€and€Pfohl.€€ItÐ x*¸&* Ðprovides€no€factual€basis€for€concluding€that€their€services,€whatever€they€may€have€been,€wereÐ d+¤'+ Ðnecessary€and€reasonable€rather€than€duplicative€of€Dr.€Kennerððs€services.€€It€also€provides€no€basisÐ P,(, Ðfor€determining€that€their€claimed€fees€were€limited€to€fees€charged€for€appearing€at€trial€or€at€aÐ <-|)- Ðdeposition.€€Accordingly,€Massachusetts€Mutual€has€not€demonstrated€that€it€is€entitled€toÐ À Ðreimbursement€for€the€expenses€associated€with€these€three€experts.Ð ¬ì ÐÌà  àDr.€Kenner€testified€at€trial.€€Despite€the€trial€courtððs€opinion€regarding€the€value€of€hisÐ „Ä Ðtestimony,€presenting€expert€evidence€regarding€Dr.€Jeffersonððs€mental€infirmities€and€their€effectÐ p° Ðon€his€ability€to€practice€psychology€was€necessary€and€reasonable.€€However,€Massachusetts€MutualÐ \œ Ðis€not€entitled€to€recover€any€of€Dr.€Kennerððs€fees€as€discretionary€costs€for€two€reasons.€€First,€Ô_ÔmuchÐ H ˆ Ðof€his€feeÔ_Ô€plainly€involved€non„recoverable€trial€preparation€services.€€Second,€the€affidavitÐ 4 t Ðsupporting€the€motion€to€assess€discretionary€costs€does€not€identify€which€of€Dr.€Kennerððs€manyÐ  ` Ðfees€represented€his€fee€for€attending€the€trial.€€Accordingly,€Massachusetts€Mutual€has€failed€toÐ  L  Ðdemonstrate€that€it€is€entitled€to€reimbursement€for€any€portion€of€Dr.€Kennerððs€fees.Ð ø 8  ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òV.ó óˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àWe€affirm€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€Dr.€Jefferson€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€he€isÐ ¨è  Ðentitled€to€benefits€under€Massachusetts€Mutualððs€disability€policy.€€We€vacate€the€order€denyingÐ ”Ô  ÐMassachusetts€Mutualððs€motion€to€assess€discretionary€costs€and€remand€the€case€to€the€trial€courtÐ €À Ðwith€directions€to€enter€an€order€awarding€Massachusetts€Mutual€a€judgment€for€discretionary€costsÐ l¬ Ðin€the€amount€of€$2,514.40.€€We€tax€the€costs€of€this€appeal€to€David€A.€Jefferson€and€his€surety€forÐ X˜ Ðwhich€execution,€if€necessary,€may€issue.Ð D„ ÐÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_____________________________€Ð H Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€JUDGE