’WPCĻ °TY9c*äq@¬ ,ĀBøüé5mF}åA‘ōłó7$„A`1=L‰/D‡l¬<ö²õL6Ne2jīÉ1ÆP‡3AxqeĮ¶…/%øšŃĘĘw¤$cyR›-S"lPĖ‰†…ļ…įŌ”·„o~ÖĒÄüō§™ĪMā7k¹}LjB¶ÜAmsLYŸF؟³·®€ŽĄ}”O/ÖzZbŗyÓlŠü&ĒUTŲ†¶²UYFFf%ŽĪé²ü śø ūļĖ@€Š”$µŠŪ“[Ų@ŪjU’Ļ[X“„u‹uuŅ8ćńnóu/åŚ0%Ż™Ģļk ĮEōł@UÆh:Y…b#į,3ŚSÓŗ: śżCÉ„GÉyŠ~wˆįė]BŚX=µ&qœ¦„ĪBe)ŲƲ…Ė5ŽO³Ž ³_ü™¢SĀĮHPŗżōźŽ· #AüžČ7ō"Īż'ś“w“+L ®ÖĆš/ŗ˜7-Ž–Zg„m(„Ģ£LūÆżT”Nl؏¢h½[”®l[ŁnyK®”Į Ÿ¼ĒWŽvF(2Ģqøż(lŠ»ĘązĢCo·[LLZ#ĪIgŠÓHóI(ž'(ōūAļ%å֞›ūĒö_ŖŃŁy·²ł%BbUN\ %Ŗ 0ˆ°^ 8wD4H\ zkŅå· m¹ #ĮŠ ‘ ʙ Ę_ Ę% Ęė ¶±Ng 0Di­E°°°°°°²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²bÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ 0ėĢĢĢĢ B·· 0¤Ō D3x D-« 0KŲŲ AS#Ęv 0¤< 0Dą A«$(ČhH  Z6Times New Roman Regular»(`£Ŗ$””Ń€.ŃŃ8€½­»»d»»d8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓKk +s -C +ź:i¢Ų+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ’U‹’ĄĄĄ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 5eČČ,,,,ČČ0 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5 ¬Ż ƒRCš$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōŽŒņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōą ` ąHer€firstborn€son€died€in€infancy.(#Ć$ņņŚ  Ś0Ś  Śóó łŻ ƒRCš$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōŽŒņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōą ` ąThe€doctrine€of€estoppel€in€its€simplest€form€decrees€that€A€may€not€make€a€misstatement€to€B,€whichŠ ° ŠB€relies€upon€to€his€detriment,€and€thereafter€assert€the€truth.€€In€the€case€on€appeal€it€cannot€be€said€that€the€MotherŠ tÄ Šrelied€upon€the€representation€by€the€Son€as€attorney€in€fact€in€the€deed€conveying€the€14.880€€acres€because€the€MotherŠ 8ˆ Šherself€knew€the€true€facts.€€In€the€context€of€this€case€an€estoppel€would€arise€should€the€Son€attempt€to€assert€hisŠ üL Šownership€of€the€.87€acres€against€the€development€company.Š Ą Š Ż ƒRCš$ŻÓ  Óą  ąņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōŽŒņ»»ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōą ` ąYou€may€conclude€that€a€witness€deliberately€lied€about€a€fact€that€is€important€to€your€decision€in€theŠ ° Šcase.€€If€so,€you€may€reject€everything€that€witness€said.€€On€the€other€hand,€if€you€decide€that€the€witness€lied€about€someŠ tÄ Šthings€but€told€the€truth€about€others,€you€may€accept€the€part€you€decide€is€true€and€you€may€reject€the€rest.- ł-(|G2Cš$¤¤Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€$T»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Żą  ąņņŚ  Ś0Ś  ŚóóŌ€ōŽŒņ»»Ō d(|3É:$££Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€$T»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻVVVV'’’dxd)!ČČČČdxdx( ±ž$’’ņ ņFigure€Ś  Ś1Ś  Śó ó^_X`YEž’<<C’’ƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3É:$¢¢Ż ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€$T»»dXXdģ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  Ż($$””ņ ņŚ  Ś1Ś  Śó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8’’’’’’’’’’C’’ HKKKKŻ ƒ£Ŗ!ŻŃ€.ŃŃ8€$T»»ddČ8ŃŃ ż ŃÓ  ÓŻ  ŻŌ_ŌŃ  ŃŌ€¼$T»»»ŌŃ8€j(XXdģ»»d8ŃŃ  Ńą@ü ü ģąŌ‡ī(uī»¼$TŌIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆŠ ° Šą@kk$ģąAT€NASHVILLEŌ#†¼$T»īī(u #ŌˆŠ Ö& ŠÓ  ÓApril€2,€2001€SessionŠ üL ŠŌ‡Xj(X»¼$TŌĢņ ņŌ#†¼$T»XXj(ņ#ŌŌ_ŌOLALEEŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHERRONŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌMcCLARANŌ_Ō€€v.€DON€M.€Ō_ŌMcCLARANŌ_Ō€Ō‡Xj(X»¼$TŌó óŠ śJ ŠĢą@@½½ģąņ ņ€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Rutherford€CountyŠ ś J Šą@@ųųģąNo.€€€98CV„239€€€€€Don€R.€Ash,€JudgeŠ ę 6 ŠĢĢą@@ģģ*ģąßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` Aߊ Ŗś  ŠĢą@@TTģąNo.€M2000„01666„Ō_ŌCOAŌ_Ō„R3„CV€„€Filed€August€13,€Ō_Ō2001Ō_ŌŠ „õ  ŠĢßA€V) °°` dE<|` Aߊ }Ķ  Šó óĢÓ  ÓPlaintiff€€Ō_ŌOlaleeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHerronŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_Ō€sues€her€son,€Defendant€Don€M.€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_Ō,€seeking€compensatoryŠ xČ  Šand€punitive€damages€for€his€mishandling€of€funds€coming€into€his€hands€as€her€attorney€in€fact€inŠ d“ Šconnection€with€the€sale€of€certain€real€estate.€€The€jury€awarded€both€compensatory€and€punitiveŠ P  Šdamages,€resulting€in€this€appeal€wherein€Mr.€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_Ō€complains€of€the€exclusion€of€evidence,€theŠ <Œ ŠTrial€Courtššs€directing€a€verdict€as€to€two€claims€in€his€counter„complaint,€the€seating€of€a€six„Š (x Šperson,€rather€than€a€12„person€jury,€and€the€excessiveness€of€the€punitive€damage€award.€€WeŠ d Šaffirm.Š P ŠĢÓ#Óņ ņŌ_ŌTenn.R.App.P.Ō_Ō€3;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€Affirmed;Š Ų( ŠCause€Remandedó óŠ Ä ŠĢņņÓ  ÓŌ#†¼$T»ąXj(ć#ŌŌ‡Xj(X.¼$TŌHouston€M.€Ō_ŌGoddardŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_Ōóó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€Ben€H.€Ō_ŌCantrellŌ_Ō,€Ō_ŌP.J.Ō_ŌŠ œģ Š(M.S.),€and€ņņóóWilliam€B.€Cain,€J.,€joined.Š ˆŲ ŠĢAugust€C.€Winter,€Brentwood,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,€Don€M.€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_ŌŠ `° ŠĢTerry€A.€Ō_ŌFannŌ_Ō,€Murfreesboro,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellee,€Ō_ŌOlaleeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHerronŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_ŌŠ 8!ˆ  ŠĢĢÓ[ ÓĢņ ņOPINIONó óŌ#†¼$T»XXj(Š #ŌŌ‡Xj(X»¼$TŌŠ č$8 $ ŠĢņņóóŌ#†¼$T»XXj(‰ #ŌŌ€Xj(X»¼$TŌÓ  Óą  ąŌ_ŌOlaleeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌHerronŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_Ō€sues€her€only€living€child,׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś1Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀Don€M.€Ō_ŌMcClaranŌ_Ō,€who€representedŠ Ą&"& Šhimself€at€trial€in€connection€with€his€handling€of€certain€funds€as€attorney€in€fact€for€her,€whichŠ ¬'ü"' Šcame€into€his€hands€upon€the€sale€of€certain€real€estate€she€owned.€€Her€suit€seeks€an€accountingŠ ˜(č#( Šfrom€him€as€to€the€proceeds€of€the€sale,€a€judgment€for€funds€wrongfully€converted€by€him,€andŠ „)Ō$) Špunitive€damages€for€his€wrongful€acts.Š p*Ą%* ŠŠ \+¬&+ż ŠŌ_Ōą  ąA€six„person€jury€was€demanded€and,€after€deliberation,€it€found€that€the€Son€had€violatedŠ ° Šhis€fiduciary€obligations€to€his€mother€and€wrongfully€converted€her€property.€€It€then€awarded€theŠ œģ ŠMother€$261,009.97€for€compensation€for€property€converted,€plus€pre„judgment€interest€at€the€rateŠ ˆŲ Šof€five€percent,€and€also€punitive€damages€in€the€amount€of€$175,000.€€The€Son€appeals,€questioningŠ tÄ Šthe€exclusion€of€two€pieces€of€evidence,€the€granting€of€motions€for€directed€verdict€as€to€hisŠ `° Šcounter„complaint€for€breach€of€contract€and€ņņquantum€meruitóó.€Š L œ ŠĢą  ąBy€instrument€dated€October€12,€1995,€the€Mother€granted€to€the€Son€a€general€power€ofŠ $ t Šattorney.€€Acting€upon€this€authority€the€Son€negotiated€a€sale€of€14.880€acres€owned€by€the€MotherŠ  ` Što€a€development€company.€€The€consideration€for€this€sale€was€$2,247,700,€of€which€amount,Š ü L  Š$472,526€was€paid€to€the€IRS€for€federal€taxes€owed€as€a€result€of€the€sale.Š č 8  ŠĢą  ąThe€Mother€repeatedly€sought€to€learn€from€the€Son€the€disposition€of€the€balance€of€theŠ Ą  Špurchase€price,€the€only€answer€she€ever€received€from€him€was,€š šI€took€care€of€it.šš€€BecomingŠ ¬ü  Šincreasingly€concerned,€the€Mother,€by€instrument€dated€November€19,€1997,€revoked€the€power€ofŠ ˜č  Šattorney.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąAlthough€no€argument€is€made€by€the€Son€as€to€the€sufficiency€of€the€evidence€before€the€juryŠ \¬ Što€justify€its€action,€we€deem€it€appropriate€to€copy€certain€facts€contained€in€the€Motherššs€briefŠ H˜ Šwhich€are€supported€by€material€evidence:Š 4„ ŠĢŅ€°ŅŅ€°Ņą Ų ąAfter€the€sale€of€her€property,€Ms.€McClaran€moved€to€5760€Lytle€CreekŠ  \ ŠRoad€into€a€house€with€36€acres€which€cost€Two€Hundred€Sixty„Seven€ThousandŠ ųH ŠNine€Hundred€Twenty„Five€Dollars€($267,925.00).€€The€house€and€land€wereŠ ä4 Šdeeded€in€her€name.€€She€lived€at€that€location€approximately€two€and€one„half€(2Š Š  Ššš€)€months€with€her€son€(the€Appellant)€and€his€girlfriend.€€The€neighboringŠ ¼  Šhouse€and€five€(5)€acres€were€later€purchased€at€the€location€known€as€5750€LytleŠ Øų ŠCreek€Road.€€The€purchase€price€for€that€property€was€One€Hundred€FiftyŠ ”ä ŠThousand€Dollars€($150,000.00),€but€it€was€deeded€in€the€sole€name€of€theŠ €Š ŠAppellant,€Don€McClaran.€€Ms.€McClaran€did€not€give€this€property€to€him,€andŠ l¼ Šit€was€purchased€with€her€money.€€The€purchase€occurred€on€December€6,€1996.€Š X Ø ŠMs.€McClaran€moved€into€that€home€in€late€April€or€early€May€1997.€€It€was€justŠ D!” Šdown€the€lane€from€5760€Lytle€Creek€Road€where€her€son€and€his€girlfriendŠ 0"€  Šcontinued€to€live.Š #l! ŠĢą Ų ąAfter€her€move€to€Lytle€Creek€Road,€Ms.€McClaran€had€a€hard€timeŠ ō$D # Šfinding€out€how€much€money€she€had€and€what€her€son€was€spending€her€moneyŠ ą%0!$ Šon.€€Even€though€Ms.€McClaran€asked€her€son€š šmany,€many€timesšš,€he€would€notŠ Ģ&"% Štell€her€how€much€money€he€was€spending,€would€not€show€her€bank€statements,Š ø'#& Šand€always€said:€š š€I€took€care€of€it.šš€€Several€improvements€were€made€to€theŠ ¤(ō#' Šproperties€including€a€new€gravel€driveway,€the€construction€of€a€fence€and€barn,Š )ą$( Šand€other€items€which€were€necessary€improvements.€€However,€Ms.€McClaranŠ |*Ģ%) Šnever€told€her€son€that€he€could€have€her€money,€that€he€could€take€her€money€asŠ h+ø&* Ša€gift,€or€that€he€could€title€the€5750€Lytle€Creek€Road€property€in€his€name€andŠ ° Šuse€her€money€to€pay€for€it.Š œģ ŠĢą Ų ąFinally,€in€1997,€after€being€frustrated€by€not€being€able€to€get€answersŠ tÄ Šfrom€her€son€as€to€how€much€money€she€had€and€what€it€was€being€spent€on,€Ms.Š `° ŠMcClaran€went€to€see€the€attorney€who€closed€the€land€transaction.€€She€was€ableŠ L œ Što€obtain€copies€of€the€four€(4)€checks€from€the€closing€attorney€which€were€allŠ 8 ˆ Šmade€payable€to€her,€but€she€could€not€find€the€money.€€When€Ms.€McClaranŠ $ t Šasked€her€son€about€the€money,€his€response€was:€š šI€took€care€of€it.ššŠ  ` ŠĢą Ų ąOn€November€19,€1997,€Ms.€McClaran€decided€to€revoke€the€Power€ofŠ č 8  ŠAttorney€which€her€son€was€using€to€continue€spending€her€money.€€š šI€couldnšštŠ Ō$  Šget€no€information€out€of€him.€€He€was€giving€everything€away,€and€I€hadŠ Ą  Šnothing.šš€€Ms.€McClaran€felt€betrayed.€€š šI€couldnššt€trust€him€after€he€deceivedŠ ¬ü  Šme.šš€€Š ˜č  ŠĢą Ų ąThe€Appellant€and€his€girlfriend€continued€to€live€on€Ms.€McClaranššsŠ pĄ Šproperty€located€at€5760€Lytle€Creek€Road.€€The€Appellant€and€Ms.€Weeks€livedŠ \¬ Šthere€together€from€January€1997€through€January€1998€when€Ms.€Weeks€left€him.€Š H˜ ŠThe€Appellant€continued€to€live€there€through€the€summer€of€1998,€and€never€paidŠ 4„ Šany€rent.Š  p ŠĢą Ų ąBefore€moving€to€5760€Lytle€Creek€Road,€and€after€leaving€that€location,Š ųH Šthe€Appellant€lived€at€815€Trinity€Drive€in€Murfreesboro€with€Ms.€Weeks.€€HeŠ ä4 Špurchased€that€home€in€his€sole€name€in€April€1984€for€approximately€Eighty„FiveŠ Š  ŠThousand€Dollars€($85,000.00).Š ¼  ŠĢą Ų ąFrom€the€proceeds€of€the€sale€of€his€motherššs€property,€the€Appellant€paidŠ ”ä Šoff€the€mortgage€on€his€Trinity€Drive€home€in€the€approximate€amount€ofŠ €Š ŠSeventy„Five€Thousand€Dollars€($75,000.00).€€He€paid€off€his€home€mortgageŠ l¼ Šwithin€sixty€to€ninety€(60„90)€days€after€Ms.€McClaranššs€property€was€sold.€€TheŠ X Ø Šcurrent€appraised€value€of€his€Trinity€Drive€home€is€One€Hundred€Thirty„FiveŠ D!” ŠThousand€Dollars€($135,000.00).Š 0"€  ŠĢą Ų ąWithin€three€(3)€weeks€of€the€sale€of€Ms.€McClaranššs€property,€theŠ $X" ŠAppellant€purchased€a€tract€of€unimproved€property€on€Webb€Road€for€the€sumŠ ō$D # Šof€Twenty€Thousand€Five€Hundred€Dollars€($20,500.00).€€The€deed€to€thatŠ ą%0!$ Šproperty€was€in€the€Appellantššs€sole€nameņņóó.€€He€bought€the€property€from€his€sonŠ Ģ&"% Šand€daughter„in„law.Š ø'#& ŠĢą Ų ąTen€(10)€days€later,€on€December€6,€1996,€the€Appellant€purchased€theŠ )ą$( Šā āproperty€at€5750€Lytle€Creek€Road€with€the€proceeds€from€the€sale€of€his€motherššsŠ |*Ģ%) Šland€and€deeded€the€property€in€his€sole€name.€€He€did€not€report€to€the€I.R.S.€theŠ ° Š5750€Lytle€Creek€Road€property€as€a€gift€from€his€mother€in€1996,€1997,€or€1998.Š œģ Šā āĢą Ų ąThe€Appellant€continued€to€spend€Ms.€McClaranššs€money€in€1997€andŠ tÄ Š1998€by€paying€off€his€debts€and€giving€money€to€his€fianc€and€children,€andŠ `° Šmaking€many€purchases,€only€some€of€which€benefited€Ms.€McClaran.€€TheŠ L œ ŠAppellant€bought€himself€a€Chevrolet€pickup€truck€for€Nine€Thousand€FiveŠ 8 ˆ ŠHundred€Dollars€($9,500.00).€€He€bought€himself€another€Toyota€pickup€truck,Š $ t Šand€both€of€the€vehicles€were€titled€in€his€sole€name.€€He€paid€off€a€debt€on€hisŠ  ` Šš šWendyššs€propertyšš€in€the€amount€of€Fifty„Eight€Thousand€Eighty„Eight€andŠ ü L  Š40/100€Dollars€($58,088.40).€€He€wrote€checks€to€himself€totaling€NineteenŠ č 8  ŠThousand€Seven€Hundred€Dollars€($19,700.00),€and€checks€to€his€fianc,€MarieŠ Ō$  ŠWeeks,€totaling€Forty„Nine€Thousand€Two€Hundred€Fifty€Dollars€($49,250.00).€Š Ą  ŠHe€wrote€one€check€to€Ms.€Weeks€in€August€1997€for€the€sum€of€Twenty„FiveŠ ¬ü  ŠThousand€Dollars€($25,000.00).Š ˜č  ŠĢą Ų ąThe€Appellant€used€Ms.€McClaranššs€money€to€pay€off€the€debts€of€his€sonsŠ pĄ Što€First€Family€Financial,€Ford€City€Bank,€The€Associates,€Sears,€and€used€ThreeŠ \¬ ŠThousand€Eight€Hundred€Ninety„Five€Dollars€($3,895.00)€to€pay€off€a€credit€cardŠ H˜ Šdebt€for€his€son.€€He€used€his€motherššs€money€to€buy€stock€through€Chicago€TrustŠ 4„ Šand€the€Genesis€Fund.€€He€used€the€money€to€pay€Murfreesboro€City€andŠ  p ŠRutherford€County€property€taxes€on€his€home€on€Trinity€Drive.€€He€used€theŠ  \ Šmoney€to€repaint€and€re„carpet€his€Trinity€Drive€home.Š ųH ŠĢą Ų ąThe€Appellant€used€Ms.€McClaranššs€money€to€give€a€gift€of€FifteenŠ Š  ŠThousand€Three€Hundred€Dollars€($15,300.00)€to€his€son€and€daughter„in„law.€Š ¼  ŠHe€used€the€money€to€pay€his€state€income€tax€in€1996€and€his€federalą š ąŠ Øų Š€income€taxes.€€He€wired€over€Eight€Thousand€Five€Hundred€Dollars€($8,500.00)Š ”ä Što€his€son€through€a€Texas€bank.€€He€paid€for€a€trip€to€Branson,€Missouri,€usingŠ €Š Šhis€motherššs€money.€€The€Appellant€paid€his€HBO€Direct€bill,€American€Express,Š l¼ Šand€insurance€premiums€using€these€funds.Š X Ø ŠĢą Ų ąThe€Appellant€also€used€Ms.€McClaranššs€money€to€pay€his€own€legal€feesŠ 0"€  Što€fight€Ms.€McClaran€in€Court.€€He€paid€his€first€attorney,€Guy€Dotson,€Sr.,€FourŠ #l! ŠThousand€Five€Hundred€Dollars€($4,500.00)€in€legal€fees€from€this€account,Š $X" Šattorney€Larry€Brandon€One€Thousand€Dollars€($1,000.00),€and€attorney€LaurieŠ ō$D # ŠYoung€Three€Thousand€Seven€Hundred€Fifty€Dollars€($3,750.00).Š ą%0!$ ŠĢą Ų ąOne€of€the€main€complaints€Ms.€McClaran€had€was€that€she€had€noŠ ø'#& Šdocumentation€and€no€knowledge€of€how€her€money€was€being€spent.€€TheŠ ¤(ō#' ŠAppellant€did€not€keep€records€of€the€expenditures€he€made,€and€objected€toŠ )ą$( Šproviding€bank€records€to€his€mother€and€her€attorney.€€In€fact,€the€AppellantŠ |*Ģ%) Šcontested€financial€subpoenas,€and€Ms.€McClaran€was€forced€to€go€to€Court€andŠ h+ø&* Šget€a€Court€Order€just€to€see€bank€records€on€the€accounts€where€her€money€wasŠ ° Šoriginally€deposited.€€When€asked€about€giving€financial€documents€to€his€mother,Š œģ Šthe€Appellant€answered:€š šI€didnššt€want€to€give€it€to€you.€€I€donššt€think€you€deserveŠ ˆŲ Šthem€today.šš€€However,€the€Appellant€did€admit€that€he€did€not€keep€up€with€howŠ tÄ Šhe€spent€the€money€š šas€good€as€I€should€have.ššŠ `° ŠĢŅ°€ŅŅ°€Ņą  ąThe€Son€appeals,€raising€the€following€five€issues:Š 8 ˆ ŠĢŅ€°ŅŅ€°Ņą Ų ą1.€€WHETHER€THE€ERRONEOUS€EXCLUSION€OF€EVIDENCEŠ  ` ŠTHAT€DON€MCCLARAN€HAD€ALLOWED€HIS€MOTHER€TO€CONVEY€HISŠ ü L  ŠLAND€IN€HER€NAME€AFFECTED€THE€OUTCOME€OF€THE€TRIAL.Š č 8  ŠĢą Ų ą2.€€WHETHER€THE€ERRONEOUS€EXCLUSION€OF€EVIDENCEŠ Ą  ŠTHAT€THE€PARTIES€HAD€MADE€AN€ORAL€CONTRACT€WHICHŠ ¬ü  ŠPROVIDED€DON€MCCLARAN€WITH€A€LIFE€ESTATE€INTEREST€IN€THEŠ ˜č  ŠPROCEEDS€FROM€THE€SALE€OF€THE€OLD€FORT€PARKWAY€PROPERTYŠ „Ō  ŠAFFECTED€THE€OUTCOME€OF€THE€TRIAL.Š pĄ ŠĢą Ų ą3.€€WHETHER€THE€TRIAL€COURT€ERRED€IN€GRANTINGŠ H˜ ŠMOTIONS€FOR€DIRECTED€VERDICT€ON€DON€MCCLARANššS€BREACHŠ 4„ ŠOF€CONTRACT€AND€QUANTUM€MERUIT€COUNTERCLAIMS€WHEREŠ  p ŠTHERE€WAS€PART€PERFORMANCE€OF€THE€CONTRACT€BY€DONŠ  \ ŠMCCLARAN,€UNJUST€ENRICHMENT€AND€DEMONSTRABLE€DAMAGES.Š ųH ŠĢą Ų ą4.€€WHETHER€A€COUNTERCLAIM€PRESENTING€NEWŠ Š  ŠALLEGATIONS€OF€THE€EXISTENCE€OF€AN€ORAL€CONTRACTŠ ¼  ŠBETWEEN€THE€PARTIES€WHICH€THE€PLAINTIFF€BREACHED€IS€AŠ Øų ŠPLEADING€RAISING€ISSUES€OF€FACT€AS€DEFINED€BY€TRCP€38.02.€Š ”ä ŠĢą Ų ą5.€€WHETHER€A€PUNITIVE€DAMAGES€AWARD€OF€$175,000,Š l¼ ŠWHICH,€WHEN€ADDED€TO€THE€$261,000€COMPENSATORY€DAMAGESŠ X Ø ŠAWARD€ESSENTIALLY€STRIPS€MR.€MCCLARAN€OF€HIS€NET€WORTH,Š D!” ŠIS€EXCESSIVE.Š 0"€  ŠĢŅ°€ŅŅ°€Ņą  ąAs€to€the€first€issue,€the€Son€attempted€to€place€in€evidence€a€deed€purportedly€signed€by€hisŠ $X" Šmother€for€.83€acres€of€the€property€sold,€which€was€acknowledged€before€his€fianc,€Marie€Weeks.€Š ō$D # ŠThe€Mother€denied€ever€executing€the€deed.€€However,€this€was€not€the€reason€the€deed€wasŠ ą%0!$ Šexcluded€as€such€a€conflict€would€be€a€question€for€the€trier€of€fact,€but€on€the€ground€that€the€Son,Š Ģ&"% Šacting€in€his€capacity€as€attorney€in€fact,€signed€a€warranty€deed€for€his€mother€conveying€the€14.880„Š ø'#& Šacre€tract€which€included€the€.83€acres€the€Son€contended€had€been€deeded€to€him.€€€€Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą  ąAdditionally,€this€issue€is€not€raised€in€the€Sonššs€pleadings€which€consisted€of€hisŠ |*Ģ%) Šš šANSWER,šš€š šAMENDED€SUPPLEMENTAL€ANSWER€AND€COUNTER€PETITION,šš€andŠ h+ø&* Šš šAMENDED€SUPPLEMENTAL€ANSWER€AND€AMENDED€COUNTER€PETITION.šš€Š ° ŠMoreover,€the€Sonššs€amended€supplemental€answer€and€amended€counter„complaint€affirmativelyŠ œģ Šalleges€that€the€14.880„acre€tract€was€owned€by€the€Mother.€€Still€further,€the€Son€paid€no€federal€giftŠ ˆŲ Štax€in€connection€therewith.Š tÄ ŠĢą  ąBased€on€the€deed€to€the€14.800€acres,€the€Mother€insists€that€the€Son€would€be€estopped€toŠ L œ Šinsist€that€€he€was€the€owner€of€the€property€described€in€the€unrecorded€deed.€€While€we€questionŠ 8 ˆ Šwhether€the€doctrine€of€estoppel׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś2Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀would€apply€to€the€facts€surrounding€the€.83€acres,€we€concludeŠ $ t Šunder€the€facts€above€enumerated€the€Trial€Judge€was€correct€in€excluding€the€evidence.Š  ` ŠĢą  ąIn€deciding€the€second€issue€the€Trial€Court€apparently€held€that€the€evidence€sought€to€beŠ č 8  Šintroduced€violated€the€Statute€of€Frauds,€requiring€transfer€of€interest€in€realty€to€be€in€writing.€TheŠ Ō$  ŠSon€argues,€however,€that€it€is€the€proceeds€from€the€sale,€which€are€personalty,€and€not€within€theŠ Ą  Šambit€of€the€Statute€of€Frauds€in€which€he€claims€an€interest.Š ¬ü  ŠĢą  ąWhile€we€are€not€prepared€to€say€that€the€Sonššs€insistence€is€without€merit,€we€do€note€thatŠ „Ō  Šthe€jury€found€as€to€the€one€issue€the€jury€decided€as€to€the€Sonššs€counter„complaint€that€the€MotherŠ pĄ Šdid€not€make€any€gift€to€the€Son€and€necessarily€found€that€he€was€not€credible€in€his€testimony€thatŠ \¬ Šshe€had.€€We€think€the€evidence€proposed€to€be€introduced€relative€to€a€contract€for€a€life€estateŠ H˜ Šwould€have€been€found€by€the€jury€against€the€Son.Š 4„ ŠĢą  ąFinally€as€to€the€first€two€issues,€we€note€trial€judges€are€clothed€with€broad€discretion€inŠ  \ Šaccepting€or€rejecting€evidence€and€will€not€be€found€in€error€absence€of€a€showing€of€abuse.€€ņņOtisŠ ųH Šv.€Cambridge€Mutual€Fire€Insurance€Companyóó,€850€S.W.2d€439€(Tenn.1992).€€Under€the€factsŠ ä4 Šdeveloped€in€this€case€we€find€no€abuse€of€discretion€in€the€Trial€Courtššs€actions€relative€to€exclusionŠ Š  Šof€evidence.Š ¼  ŠĢą  ąThe€Trial€Judge€granted€motions€for€directed€verdict€as€to€the€Sonššs€breach€of€contract€andŠ ”ä Šņņquantum€meruitóó€claims€on€the€ground€that€he€did€not€prove€the€amount€of€damages€he€sufferedŠ €Š Šflowing€therefrom.€€Our€reading€of€the€record€persuades€us€that€in€this€respect€the€Trial€Judge€actedŠ l¼ Šproperly.€€Moreover,€we€note€that€in€Mr.€McClaranššs€closing€argument€he€told€the€jury€with€respectŠ X Ø Što€the€one€claim€he€had€which€was€still€viable,€that€of€a€gift€of€money€or€property€from€his€mother,Š D!” Šhe€was€only€seeking€one€dollar€in€damages€rather€than€the€$500,000€contained€in€his€ad€damnumŠ 0"€  Šclause.Š #l! ŠĢą  ąApropos€of€issue€four,€a€six„person€jury€was€demanded€in€the€original€complaint€filed€by€theŠ ō$D # ŠMother.€€The€original€answer€filed€by€the€Son€did€not€contain€any€jury€demand.€€Thereafter,€the€SonŠ ą%0!$ Šwas€allowed€to€supplement€his€answer,€which€still€did€not€demand€a€jury.€€However,€theŠ ° Šsupplemental€pleadings€did€include€a€counter„complaint€which,€for€the€first€time,€demanded€a€12„Š œģ Šperson€jury.Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąUnder€Tenn.R.Civ.P.€38€it€is€only€when€an€amendment€to€pleadings€creates€a€new€issue€isŠ `° Ša€party€entitled€to€a€jury€trial.€€The€Trial€Court€found€in€this€case€that€no€new€issue€was€presented€andŠ L œ Šdeclined€to€permit€a€12„person€jury.€€We€agree€with€the€Trial€Judge€that€the€supplemental€counter„Š 8 ˆ Šcomplaint€did€not€raise€new€facts€which€would€validate€the€Sonššs€jury€demand.€€Still€further,€it€wouldŠ $ t Šappear€that€if€the€Sonššs€jury€demand€for€a€12„person€jury€was€valid,€it€would€only€apply€to€hisŠ  ` Šcounter„complaint€as€no€such€demand€was€made€in€his€answer.€€Because€we€have€found€the€TrialŠ ü L  ŠCourt€acted€properly€in€directing€a€verdict€as€to€his€contract€and€ņņquantum€meruitóó€claims,€that€issueŠ č 8  Šhas€been€rendered€moot€as€to€those€claims.Š Ō$  ŠĢą  ąFinally,€insofar€as€the€first€four€issues€are€concerned,€we€find€in€light€of€the€entire€record,Š ¬ü  Šincluding€the€findings€of€the€jury,€that€had€the€Court€committed€any€of€the€errors€assigned€they€wouldŠ ˜č  Šbe€harmless€and€would€not€have€more€probably€than€not€affected€the€judgment.€€Tenn.R.App.P.€36.Š „Ō  ŠĢą  ąAs€to€the€last€issue,€regarding€punitive€damages,€our€Supreme€Court,€in€ņņHodges€v.€S.€C.€ToofŠ \¬ Š&€Co.óó,€833€S.W.2d€896,€900€(Tenn.€1992),€articulated€the€standard€for€adjudging€punitive€damagesŠ H˜ Šand€the€factors€to€be€considered€in€making€such€an€award:Š 4„ ŠĢŅ€°ŅŅ€°Ņą Ų ąAs€stated€earlier,€Tennessee€presently€allows€punitive€damages€in€casesŠ  \ Šinvolving€fraud,€malice,€gross€negligence,€oppression,€evil€motives,€consciousŠ ųH Šindifference,€and€reckless€conduct€implying€š šdisregard€of€social€obligations.ššŠ ä4 ŠĢą Ų ą.€.€.€.Š ¼  ŠĢą Ų ąIf€the€fact€finder€finds€a€defendant€liable€for€punitive€damages,€the€amountŠ ”ä Šof€such€damages€shall€then€be€determined€in€an€immediate,€separate€proceeding.Š €Š ŠDuring€this€second€phase,€the€fact€finder€shall€consider,€to€the€extent€relevant,€atŠ l¼ Šleast€the€following:€€€Š X Ø ŠĢą Ų ą(1)€The€defendant's€financial€affairs,€financial€condition,€and€net€worth;€€Š 0"€  ŠĢą Ų ą(2)€The€nature€and€reprehensibility€of€defendant's€wrongdoing,€forŠ $X" Šexample€€Š ō$D # Šą Ų ą(A)€The€impact€of€defendant's€conduct€on€the€plaintiff,€or€€Š ą%0!$ Šą Ų ą(B)€The€relationship€of€defendant€to€plaintiff;€€Š Ģ&"% ŠĢą Ų ą(3)€The€defendant's€awareness€of€the€amount€of€harm€being€caused€andŠ ¤(ō#' Šdefendant's€motivation€in€causing€the€harm;€€Š )ą$( Šā āŠ |*Ģ%) Šą Ų ą(4)€The€duration€of€defendant's€misconduct€and€whether€defendantŠ ° Šā āattempted€to€conceal€the€conduct;€€Š œģ ŠĢą Ų ą(5)€The€expense€plaintiff€has€borne€in€the€attempt€to€recover€the€losses;€€Š tÄ ŠĢą Ų ą(6)€Whether€defendant€profited€from€the€activity,€and€if€defendant€didŠ L œ Šprofit,€whether€the€punitive€award€should€be€in€excess€of€the€profit€in€order€toŠ 8 ˆ Šdeter€similar€future€behavior;€€€Š $ t ŠĢą Ų ą(7)€Whether,€and€the€extent€to€which,€defendant€has€been€subjected€toŠ ü L  Šprevious€punitive€damage€awards€based€upon€the€same€wrongful€act;€€Š č 8  ŠĢą Ų ą(8)€Whether,€once€the€misconduct€became€known€to€defendant,€defendantŠ Ą  Štook€remedial€action€or€attempted€to€make€amends€by€offering€a€prompt€and€fairŠ ¬ü  Šsettlement€for€actual€harm€caused;€and€€€Š ˜č  ŠĢą Ų ą(9)€Any€other€circumstances€shown€by€the€evidence€that€bear€onŠ pĄ Šdetermining€the€proper€amount€of€the€punitive€award.€€Š \¬ ŠĢThe€trier€of€fact€shall€be€further€instructed€that€the€primary€purpose€of€a€punitiveŠ 4„ Šaward€is€to€deter€misconduct,€while€the€purpose€of€compensatory€damages€is€toŠ  p Šmake€plaintiff€whole.€€Š  \ ŠĢŅ°€ŅŅ°€Ņą  ąWe€think€it€appropriate€at€this€time€to€detail€the€egregious€acts€committed€by€the€Son,€whichŠ ä4 Šare€contained€in€the€brief€of€the€Mother€and€are€fully€supported€by€the€proof€introduced:Š Š  ŠĢŅ€°ŅŅ€°Ņą@Æ Æ ģąņņTESTIMONY€OF€DAISY€SCHLEGEL€(Friend€of€Mother)óóˆŠ Øų ŠĢA:€€€€And€we€were€going€up€to€the€building€where€her€stuff€was€stored.€€And€weŠ €Š Šdrove€up€there,€turned€around,€Don€came€out€there€and€told€us€we€[had]€noŠ l¼ Šbusiness€there,€for€us€to€leave.€€And€I€said,€Well,€we€just€want€to€get€a€hose€out€ofŠ X Ø Šthe€building€so€she€doesnššt€have€to€carry€the€water€so€far.Š D!” ŠĢ€€€€€€€€And€he€said,€I€said€to€leave.€€And€I€asked€granny€if€she€wanted€to€leave€andŠ #l! Šshe€said,€well,€I€would€like€to€get€a€hose.€€Well,€he€wentš!šturned€around,€walkedŠ $X" Šaway,€and€he€came€back€with€about€a€seven€or€eight„foot€steel€T„post.Š ō$D # ŠĢQ:€€€€Fence€post?Š Ģ&"% ŠĢA:€€€€Fence€post,€yes.€€And€we€were€in€her€truck.€€I€had€drove€down€to€her€houseŠ ¤(ō#' Šand€we€left€my€car€at€her€house€and€drove€down€to€the€building€in€her€truckŠ )ą$( Šbecause€we€were€going€to€get€food€for€the€animals.€€And€Don€came€up€in€front€ofŠ |*Ģ%) Šthe€truck€and€he€stood€with€this€T„post€drawn€back€like€that€(indicating)€and€heŠ h+ø&* Šsaid,€I€said€to€leave.€€And€I€just€sat€there.€€I€asked€granny,€talking€to€granny,€seeingŠ ° Šif€she€wanted€to€leave.Š œģ ŠĢ€€€€€€€€And€he€said,€I€said€to€leave.€€And€he€stood€in€front€of€the€truck€like€he€was„„Š tÄ Šand€was€going€to€throw€the€fence€post€through€the€windshield.€€And€granny€justŠ `° Šsaid,€I€donššt€know.€€She€says,€Iššm€scared€of€him.€€And€so€we€just€sat€there.€€WeŠ L œ Šwere€afraid€to€move€the€truck.Š 8 ˆ ŠĢQ:€€€€Was€it€obvious€to€you,€looking€at€Ms.€McClaran,€that€she€was€afraid€of€him?Š  ` ŠĢA:€€€€€She€was€definitely€afraid,€yes.Š č 8  ŠĢQ:€€€€€And€this€was€the€time€that€he€was€still€living€out€there€at€5760?Š Ą  ŠĢA:€€€€€Yes.Š ˜č  ŠĢQ:€€€€€Okay.Š pĄ ŠĢA:€€€€In€the€house,€yes.Š H˜ ŠĢQ:€€€€All€right.€€And€did€he€make€any€other€threatening€remarks€to€you€or€to€Ms.Š  p ŠMcClaran?Š  \ ŠĢA:€€€€Yes.€€He€walked€up€beside€the€truck€right€here€next€to€me€and€I€rolled€downŠ ä4 Šthe€window€and€he€said,€I€said€to€leave.€€And€I€says,€Don,€why€wonššt€you€let€yourŠ Š  Šmother€have€the€hose?€€And€he€said,€I€will€kill€you€when€I€get€you€alone.Š ¼  ŠĢą@VV!ģąņņTESTIMONY€OF€MOTHERóóˆŠ ”ä ŠĢQ:€€€€You€wanted€to€tell€the€jury€when€we€took€our€break€a€while€ago€how€thisŠ l¼ Šover€the€last€couple€of€years€has€affected€your€life,€now€is€your€chance€to€tell€themŠ X Ø Šjust€that.Š D!” ŠĢA:€€€€I€have€to€stand€up.€€My€legs€are€so€short.€€Is€it€all€right€if€I€stand€up?Š #l! ŠĢą Ų ąTHE€COURT:€€€€Yes€maššam.Š ō$D # ŠĢA:€€€€Well,€this€has€affected€my€life€and€shortened€my€life€because€I€couldnššt€doŠ Ģ&"% Šthe€things€that€I€used€to€do€or€wanted€to€do€or€had€to€do.€€And€Iššm€afraid€of€him.€Š ø'#& ŠIššm€deathly€afraid€of€him€because€after€the€incident€up€at€my€house€andŠ ¤(ō#' Ševerything,€he€beat€me€up€and€then€throwed€me€out€on€the€concrete.€€And€I€calledŠ )ą$( Šthe€law€and€they€come€out€there€and€they€went€up€there.€€I€donššt€know€what€theyŠ |*Ģ%) Šsaid€to€him,€but€they€made€a€record€of€it.Š h+ø&* Š‡€€€€€€€€And€then€a€few€days€after€that,€the€mama€cows€and€the€baby€calves€gotŠ ° Šseparated€because€the€wind€had€blown€the€gate€to.€€And€so€I€went€down€there€andŠ œģ Šwalked€the€road€down€there€so€I€could€open€the€gate€so€they€could€get€together.€Š ˆŲ ŠHe€come€in€in€the€red€truck€and€he€stopped.€€And€when€he€stopped€he€looked€overŠ tÄ Šat€me€like€a€wild€man,€and€he€said,€You€ought€not€to€be€living,€you€old€hussy€you.€Š `° ŠAnd€then€he€drawed€his€arm€back€and€put€him€arm€back€like€that€over€the€truck,Š L œ Šand€then€he€said,€You€low€down,€trifling€old€hussy,€you€ought€to€be€dead;€and€heŠ 8 ˆ Šput€it€back€over€here.€€And€then€the€third€time€he€did€that€he€said,€Marie€is€leavingŠ $ t Šme€on€account€of€you,€you€low€down,€trifling€old€hussy,€you,€sheššs€leaving€me.€IŠ  ` Šhavenššt€answered€that€yet.Š ü L  ŠĢQ:€€€€How€did€that€affect€you,€Ms.€McClaran?€€You€wanted€to€tell€„„Š Ō$  Š€ĢA:€€€€Tore€me€all€to€pieces€just€to€think€I€raised€him€and€thatššs€all€the€respect€andŠ ¬ü  Šlove€he€has€for€me.Š ˜č  ŠĢą Ų ą.€.€.€.Š pĄ ŠĢA:€€€€I€went€up€there€to€feed€the€little€pets€and€he€is€out€in€the€yard.€€And€I€said,Š H˜ ŠDon,€Iššve€worked€hard€today.€€Just€as€soon€as€I€get€through€feeding€the€little€petsŠ 4„ ŠI€said,€you€or€Marie€one€can€take€me€back€down€to€the€house.€€I€wonššt€tell€youŠ  p Šwhat€he€said€to€me.€And€I€went€in€my€house€then€and€told€them€I€was€ready€to€goŠ  \ Šhome.€€And€he€said,€you€know€how€you€got€here.€€You€go€back€the€same€way,€butŠ ųH Šsome€dirty€words€in€between€them.Š ä4 ŠĢQ:€€€€Some€curse€words?Š ¼  ŠĢA:€€€€Dirty€words.€€And€I€called€Scott.€€He€had€been€coming€out,€my€oldestŠ ”ä Šgrandson,€but€he€wasnššt€coming.€€He€was€taking€the€kids€š!š€to€pick€them€up€at€theŠ €Š Šsitter.€€So€I€was€going€out€the€door€there,€between€the€kitchen€and€the€door€to€goŠ l¼ Šout€and€Don€grabbed€me€and€beat€on€me€and€twisted€my€arm€and€twisted€my€neckŠ X Ø Šwhich€I€still€suffer€from€my€neck€and€twisted€the€blood€out€of€my€arm€andŠ D!” Šdeliberately€picked€me€up€and€threw€me€out€in€the€concrete.€€So€thatššs€the€way€theŠ 0"€  Šstory€is.Š #l! ŠĢQ:€€€€Did€you€attack€him?Š ō$D # ŠĢA:€€€€I€had€nothing€to€do€with€nothing.€€I€had€a€little€cap€on.€€I€kept€doing€that€wayŠ Ģ&"% Šat€him€(indicating).€€But,€no,€he€kept€beating€me€in€the€back€and€everything€andŠ ø'#& Šcalling€me€names.Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢą Ų ą.€.€.€.Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Šą@HHģąņņCROSS„EXAMINATION€BY€SONóóˆŠ ° ŠĢQ:€€€€Tell€me€about€how€I€beat€you€up€Grandmother.€€Tell€me€about€how€I€beat€youŠ ˆŲ Šup€and€everything.€€Tell€me€all€of€the€times€that€I€have€beat€you€and€physicallyŠ tÄ Šabused€you,€Grandmother.Š `° ŠĢA:€€€€Really€you€know€without€being€told.€€You€know€I€went€down€there€to€feedŠ 8 ˆ Šthe€little€pets€and€animals€and€you€were€in€the€yard.€€And€I€said€Iššve€worked€hardŠ $ t Štoday€and€whenever€I€got€through€feeding€them,€I€said,€you€or€Marie€one€can€takeŠ  ` Šme€back€to€the€house.€€You€never€said€a€word.€€You€went€in€the€house.€€And€whenŠ ü L  ŠI€got€through€I€went€in€the€house€and€you€and€Marie€were€laying€up€in€the€bed€atŠ č 8  Š4:00€in€the€evening.€€And€I€turned€to€you€and€I€said,€Iššm€ready€to€go.€€And€youŠ Ō$  Šsaid,€you€know€how€you€got€here€and€you€take€your€so€and€so€thing€back€to€theŠ Ą  Šhouse€like€you€got€here.Š ¬ü  ŠĢ€€€€€€€€Then€I€turned€and€went€into€the€living€room€where€another€phone€was.€€IŠ „Ō  Šcalled€Scott€and€Scott€said€that€he€wasnššt€coming€out,€that€he€was€going€to€takeŠ pĄ Šthe€kids€š!š€pick€up€the€kids€up€at€the€sitter.€€Well,€that€was€it.€€When€I€went€out€myŠ \¬ Šleg€kind€of€give€way€and€you€jumped€up€off€that€bed€and€you€beat€me€up,€head€toŠ H˜ Šfoot€you€did.€€And€you€know€you€did.€€And€then€through€the€little€hall€there€youŠ 4„ Šdeliberately€picked€my€body€up€and€throwed€€me€out€on€the€concrete.€€Twisted€myŠ  p Šarm,€and€my€neck€still€bothers€me€where€you€beat€me€in€the€back€and€twisted€myŠ  \ Šneck.Š ųH ŠĢą Ų ą.€.€.€.Š Š  ŠĢQ:€€€€You€think€that€I€hit€you€with€my€fist€also?€€Have€you€stated€that€„„Š Øų ŠĢA:€€€€You€were€beating€on€me€and€my€shoulders€and€everything.Š €Š ŠĢQ:€€€€Did€I€give€you€a€black€eye?Š X Ø ŠĢA:€€€€I€donššt€think€you€hit€me€in€my€eye€but€you€sure€did€my€shoulders€and€twistedŠ 0"€  Šmy€little€arms€and€everything.€€By€the€time€I€got€back€down€to€the€house€I€wasŠ #l! Šbloody€as€a€hog.€€Š $X" ŠĢŅ°€ŅŅ°€Ņą  ąWith€regard€to€the€Sonššs€net€worth,€the€record€discloses€that€he€is€the€owner€of€the€followingŠ ą%0!$ Šreal€estate€which€is€unencumbered:Š Ģ&"% ŠĢ1.€€House€on€Trinity€Drive€„€$€113,600.00Š ¤(ō#' ŠĢ2.€€Webb€Road€property€„€€€€€€€€€€31,800.00Š |*Ģ%) ŠŠ h+ø&* Š3.€€Wendyššs€property€„€€€€€€€€€€€€€934,700.00Š ° Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€______________Š œģ Š€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Total€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€$1,080,100.00Š ˆŲ ŠĢą  ąIt€is€true€that€as€to€the€Wendyššs€property,€the€Son€testified€it€was€under€lease€with€an€optionŠ `° Što€purchase€for€the€sum€of€$267,100.€€The€lease,€however,€was€never€produced€and,€had€an€objectionŠ L œ Šbeen€made,€the€Sonššs€statement€would€have€been€excluded€under€the€Best€Evidence€Rule.€Š 8 ˆ ŠNonetheless,€the€jury€under€the€charge€of€the€Court,׃ׯ ƒ#ĆŻņņŚ  Ś3Ś  ŚóóŻ  Ż×  ׀€having€found€the€Son€untruthful€as€to€the€issuesŠ $ t Špresented€to€it€with€regard€to€a€gift€from€the€Mother,€could€also€have€found€that€he€was€untruthfulŠ  ` Šregarding€the€option.€€Indeed,€a€former€business€partner€testified€at€the€bifurcated€hearing€as€toŠ ü L  Špunitive€damages,€the€following:Š č 8  ŠĢŅ€°ŅŅ€°ŅQ€€€€€All€right,€sir.€€Mr.€Posey,€do€you€know€Mr.€Don€McClaran€who€is€sitting€atŠ Ą  Šcounsel€table€to€my€left?Š ¬ü  ŠĢA€€€€€Know€him€well.Š „Ō  ŠĢQ€€€€€How€long€have€you€known€Mr.€McClaran?Š \¬ ŠĢA€€€€€Since€1977,€when€I€came€into€the€real€estate€business.Š 4„ ŠĢQ€€€€€And€have€you€had€business€relationships€with€Mr.€McClaran€in€the€past?Š  \ ŠĢA€€€€€Yes.€€He€and€I€were€business€partners€at€one€time.Š ä4 ŠĢQ€€€€€And€based€upon€your€knowledge€of€Mr.€McClaran€for€the€last€23€years€andŠ ¼  Šyour€relationships€with€him,€do€you€have€an€opinion€as€to€his€reputation€ofŠ Øų Šcharacter€for€truthfulness€or€untruthfulness?Š ”ä ŠĢA€€€€€Oh,€yes.Š l¼ ŠĢQ€€€€€And€would€you€please€state€that€opinion€to€this€jury?Š D!” ŠĢA€€€€€I€would€say€that€he€is€the€most€accomplished€liar€that€I€have€ever€met€in€myŠ #l! Šlife€and€totally€dishonest.Š $X" ŠĢŅ°€ŅŅ°€Ņą  ąFinally,€as€to€issue€five,€even€if€we€accept€the€fact€that€the€Wendyššs€property€was€underŠ ą%0!$ Šā āoption€to€be€sold€for€$267,100,€the€Son€would€still€have€unencumbered€real€estate€of€the€value€ofŠ Ģ&"% Š$412,500€in€addition€to€certain€personal€property€in€the€form€of€vehicles,€the€value€of€which€was€notŠ ° Šshown€in€the€record.Š œģ Šā āĢą  ąFor€the€foregoing€reasons€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€affirmed€and€the€cause€remandedŠ tÄ Šfor€collection€of€the€judgment€and€costs€below.€€Costs€of€appeal€are€adjudged€against€Don€M.€Š `° ŠMcClaran€and€his€surety.Š L œ ŠĢĢ€Ģą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ą__________________________________________Š ü L  Šą  ąą ` ąą ø ąą  ąą h ąą Ą ąHOUSTON€M.€GODDARD,€PRESIDING€JUDGEŠ č 8  Š