ÿWPC™ Ò… 2 ý3ë°bȳ÷´fFpbaKýØ‚†f½U³Â Ë;±dêôã$”ë—=$Ž‘boöŽâ¹;ÙÕH€_«a‡[/ÞÔš „¤W‹¦³P/¢ç§<ò]§9¿ÙaÙgÓúo$ðçoN1m­SµÄz‰<ƒÐ0»¯ü‘HžËýŸô£eÐî @ä(Õ÷i9ìÀŠ*4O(-žJ3åûtVº_Ùf™«ž@bb)7¯Îã']k%×Fv»;¤­Os¯^P2çðYa Ý´¹ŽÒåŒÚe)`…ÞV„J8ØüÎÜ‚k,8Hñ7 &’6xѸ9ÕfìÏô•~ñZoÏäÔôO@4w/Þç¡1më ç>1Çl•Ç/:Œi¡r‘Ÿ®î3ñÓ"p’bQì[(ŸÌôT ,5yFÍd®ÌÇ•Í#¹zxâ\_oK¬EdÕüd†éŒ:…]¼‹!Âi )ô QâýavÙòßãlôB›«NÙzƒ!RÕPïDÔ?ß2nƯ³Ûde‹X£íl“]ζ֔³=÷0B›ºµ® n{Í>S Ò:®?ã4½MË£ Àå6釿'³f…O*ákꢫ*/sI÷o.Âk9 ¯‚,ãs¾+‡YlM•b#Á\ % # 0ˆ+ UN³ ^  w z Ò‹ 4] q € m‚ Æ™ Æ_ Æ% Æë 0D±NõUN÷ÃEE„                       bŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽŽ 0ë–––– B 0¤ž D3B D-u 0K¢¢ ASíÆ@ 0¤ 0Dª A«î˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0» (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular\ž+s  ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt8n_+3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman Regular ¹Ý ƒRL©$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHays€Automotive€Group€is€the€parent€company€of€Hays€Nissan. zÝ ƒRL©$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ=ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHays€Nissan€submits€that€the€fact€that€it€does€not€own,€lease€or€control€the€area€known€as€ð ðJurassic€Parkðð€isÐ ° Ðproof€that€it€is€not€liable€for€work€done€to€the€property.€€Hays€Nissan€argues€that,€under€the€law€of€agency,€in€order€toÐ tÄ Ðhold€Hays€Nissan€liable€for€work€performed€to€property€owned€by€a€third€party,€JAS€Realty,€Milliken€would€have€to€showÐ 8ˆ Ðthat€Hays€Nissan€was€the€agent€for€an€undisclosed€principal,€JAS€Realty.€€We€find€this€argument€unconvincing€in€lightÐ üL Ðof€the€fact€that€JAS€Realty€is€owned€in€part€by€Mr.€Paul€Spina.€€Second,€we€note€that€while€Hays€Nissan€leasesÐ À Ðapproximately€four€and€one„half€acres€of€the€nine€acre€track€owned€by€JAS€Realty,€the€dealership€does€in€fact€useÐ „Ô Ðadditional€areas.€€Finally,€we€note€that€Mr.€Bouchillon€testified€that€a€general€manager€would€not€know€who€owns€orÐ H ˜ Ðleases€the€property€on€which€a€dealership€is€situated.€€Given€these€facts,€it€does€not€seem€unlikely€that€Mr.€Spina,€anÐ  \ Ðowner€of€both€the€Hays€Automotive€Group€and€JAS€Realty,€would€approve€improvements€to€the€ð ðJurassic€Parkðð€areaÐ Ð  Ðfor€the€use€and€benefit€of€the€dealership.€- ù-(|G2L©$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€LÅ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôõ=ò»»Ô d(|3Ç‹$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€LÅ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Ç‹$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€LÅ»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€LÅ»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼LÅ»»»ÔÑ8€ÉXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îN$LÅÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼LÅ»îîN$ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓNovember€7,€2001€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XÉX»¼LÅÔÌò òÔ#†¼LÅ»XXÉõ#ÔMILLIKEN€GROUP,€INC.òòóó€v.€HAYS€NISSAN,€INC.òòóóÔ‡XÉX»¼LÅÔó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òDirect€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€99„170„I€€€€€€Irvin€H.€Kilcrease,€Jr.,€ChancellorÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„00506„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€December€13,€Ô_Ô2001Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔThis€dispute€arises€from€a€contract€for€capital€improvements€entered€into€between€the€plaintiff€andÐ xÈ  Ðthe€agent€of€the€defendant.€€The€primary€issues€on€appeal€are€whether€the€agent€had€the€authority€toÐ d´ Ðbind€the€defendant€to€the€contract,€and€whether€the€trial€court€erred€in€limiting€the€amount€ofÐ P  Ðdamages€awarded€to€the€plaintiff.€€We€affirm€in€part€and€modify€the€judgment.Ð <Œ ÐÌòòò òÓÇÓóóÔ#†XÉXXXÉÓ#ÔÔ#†¼LÅ»XXÉp#ÔÔ‡XÉX»¼LÅÔTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€Affirmed€in€part;Ð d ÐModified€in€part;€and€Remanded.ó óÐ P ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼LÅ»àXÉ#ÔÔ‡XÉX.¼LÅÔDavid€R.€Farmer,€J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.,óóÐ Ø( Ðand€òòAlan€E.€Highers,€J.óó,€joined.Ð Ä ÐÌWilliam€P.€Jones,€Hendersonville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellant,€Milliken€Group,€Inc.Ð œì ÐÌTodd€E.€Panther,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellee,€Hays€Nissan,€Inc.Ð tÄ ÐÓßÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼LÅ»XXÉ#ÔÔ‡XÉX»¼LÅÔÐ L œ ÐÔ#†¼LÅ»XXÉñ #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÉX»¼LÅÔÔ‡XÉXXXÉÔÓ  ÓÌÓ’ Óà  àIn€the€Fall€of€1998,€Mr.€Barry€Busby,€the€general€manager€of€Hays€Nissan€in€Madison,Ð $"t! ÐTennessee,€entered€into€a€contract€with€the€Milliken€Group,€Inc.€(ð ðMillikenðð)€for€land€improvementsÐ #`" Ðat€the€site€of€the€dealership.€€This€was€an€oral€contract€based€upon€a€three€part€bid€submitted€byÐ ü#L# ÐMilliken.€€Part€one€of€the€bid€quoted€a€price€of€$35,000.€€Parts€two€and€three€quoted€unit€prices€basedÐ è$8 $ Ðon€yardage€and€tonnage,€respectively.€€Ultimately,€the€work€necessary€to€complete€the€improvementsÐ Ô%$!% Ðresulted€in€charges€of€over€$130,000,€including€the€cost€of€equipment€and€materials€needed€to€fill„inÐ À&"& Ðan€area€in€back€of€the€dealership€referred€to€by€the€parties€as€ð ðJurassic€Park.ððÐ ¬'ü"' ÐÌà  àHays€Nissan€does€not€dispute€that€the€work€was€performed€as€charged,€nor€does€it€contendÐ „)Ô$) Ðthat€it€was€less€than€satisfactory.€€What€is€at€dispute€in€this€case€is€whether€Mr.€Busby€had€theÐ p*À%* Ðauthority€to€bind€Hays€Nissan€to€the€contract€with€Milliken,€and,€if€so,€the€extent€of€that€authority.Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÐ H,˜',ý Ðà  àThe€chancellor€found€that€while€Mr.€Busby€had€apparent€authority€to€enter€into€the€contractÐ ° Ðâ âwith€Milliken,€his€authority€was€limited€to€the€$35,000€figure€quoted€in€part€one€of€the€October€bid.€Ð œì ÐJudgment€was€awarded€against€Hays€Nissan€in€the€amount€of€$35,000.€€On€appeal,€Milliken€arguesÐ ˆØ Ðthat€this€limitation€is€in€error€in€light€of€the€finding€of€apparent€authority.€€Hays€Nissan,€on€the€otherÐ tÄ Ðhand,€argues€that€the€finding€of€apparent€authority€was€in€error€and,€alternatively,€that€if€Mr.€BusbyÐ `° Ðdid€have€the€authority€to€enter€into€the€contract,€his€authority€was€limited€to€the€$35,000€figure.Ð L œ ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òIssuesó óóóÐ $ t ÐÓfÓÌà  àThe€issues€we€are€called€upon€to€address,€as€we€perceive€them,€are€first:€whether€Mr.€BusbyÐ ø H  Ðhad€authority€to€bind€Hays€Nissan€in€contract€to€Milliken;€second:€if€so,€whether€that€authorityÐ ä 4  Ðextended€to€authorizing€costs€clearly€exceeding€those€initially€anticipated;€third:€if€such€authority€isÐ Ð  Ðfound,€whether€the€judgment€award€should€be€limited€to€$35,000.Ð ¼  ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òStandard€of€Reviewó óóóÐ ”ä  ÐÓmÓÌà  àThis€was€a€nonjury€trial,€thus€our€standard€of€review€is€ò òòòde€novo€óóó óupon€the€record.òò€€ò òSee€WrightÐ h¸ Ðv.€City€of€Knoxvilleó óóó,€898€S.W.2d€177,€181€(Tenn.€1995).€€There€is€a€presumption€of€correctness€asÐ T¤ Ðto€the€trial€courtððs€findings,€unless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€is€otherwise.€€Tenn.€R.€App.Ð @ ÐP.€13(d).€€With€respect€to€the€trial€courtððs€legal€conclusions,€however,€our€review€is€ò òòòde€novo€óóó ówith€noÐ ,| Ðpresumption€of€correctness.€€òòò òSee€Bell€ex€rel.€Snyder€v.€Icard,€Merrill,€Cullis,€Timm,€Furen€andÐ h ÐGinsburg,€P.A.ó óóó,€986€S.W.2d€550,€554€(Tenn.€1999);€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d).Ð T ÐÌà  àThe€threshold€question€in€this€case€is€whether€Mr.€Busby€had€authority€to€enter€into€the€Ð Ü, Ðcontract€with€Milliken€on€behalf€of€Hays€Nissan.€€At€trial,€Milliken€argued€that€Mr.€Busby€had€actualÐ È Ðauthority,€or€at€least€apparent€authority,€to€contract€with€Milliken€for€the€work€performed.€€€The€trialÐ ´ Ðcourt€concluded€that€Mr.€Busby€had€apparent€authority€to€enter€into€the€contract€with€Milliken.€€TheÐ  ð Ðcourt€based€this€finding€on€testimony€by€Mr.€Busby€regarding€conversations€which€he€had€had€withÐ ŒÜ ÐMr.€Paul€Spina,€then€the€corporate€secretary€of€Hays€Automotive€Group,׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€its€leading€shareholder,Ð xÈ Ðand€an€owner€of€the€land€on€which€the€dealership€is€located.€€We€agree€to€the€extent€that€the€trialÐ d´ Ðcourt€found€that€Mr.€Busby€had€authority€to€bind€Hays€Nissan€to€the€contract€in€this€case.€€UponÐ P   Ðreview€of€the€record,€however,€we€believe€that€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence€supports€a€findingÐ