ÿWPCZ! ¾# t U: %¹ 0û¿ w@º 4ú   0J#m 0Du 0T¹   0^ 0hq 0rÙ 0|K 0†Ç 0M 1uÝ 0dR AQ¶Æ 0DÍ 0@ BQ D/n B D3ºU*íB)DC@ AMƒ¶Ðv~†vÓ 0?× 0D!˜HP LaserJet 4SiHPPCL5MS,ü,,,,,ü0nLhÎ,c½¬AZ‹"Arial RegularX(Ó~Ð$¡¡Ñ  ÑÒH°ÒÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ LegalLˆhÐ (Avery 4167 Post Card AØ'ÿ LegalhÐ (Avery 4167 Post CardTÑÔ€Xm¢XXXÔÑ7€¥3XXdìXXdæ7Ñ €UD‚ʃÊ„…D†ʇʈÓ€’zƒ=#3|x’È2 ÿÿ0Indent1Ô2ÔÔ3  Ô($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó2" ÿÿ0Indent2à0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔH2, ÿÿ0Indent3à0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô26 ÿÿ0Indent4à0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2@ ÿÿ0Indent5à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2J ÿÿ0Indent6à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2T ÿÿ0Indent7à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô2^ ÿÿ0Indent8à0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àà0 àÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô  ÿÿ?AGMSYaioIndent0I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)P ÿÿ8Mac DefaultMac DefaultÓ ` °šXÓ!"#&Cþÿ<< CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(3¯$¢¢Ý ƒ!ÝÝ  Ý("ÿÿ$££Ò  ÒÒ  Ò d(('÷ÿ dxdüÿP Pd$$$$'ÿÿdxd< Œ 9p`(Arial% Line 7 d++++7Border 1dd!#,Cþÿ << Gÿÿ ¬Ý ƒ!ÝÑ  ÑÑ#€d#ÑÔ€*ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ H ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€d#ÑÝ  ÝÝ ƒ""ÝÝ  ÝÔ€*ÔÓ  Óò òÔ YYY ÔFILEDÔ€*XÔÌÌOctoberÏ3,Ï1997ÌÌCecilÏW.ÏCrowsonÌAppellateÏCourtÏClerkÔ  Ôó óPtPtHHÚ(ÿáÿâùFG(üHHØ(d'`Styl{WP}01•ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃà Ãà Ãà Ãà Ãà ÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÃÐ ÐÐHHÐÐ  ÐÐ2ÐÐÿÿ¸æ$ÿÐÐHHÐÐÐÐÐÐÐÐ  ÐÐ ÐÐ ÐÑÑÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÑ € ÑÑ<Px–ÈÑÒÒÒ443!#4ÒÒ$ *$ÒÒ$*$ÒÒ ÿKK ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÒ  Geneva ÒÓ.,ÓÓÓÓ6ÓÓ ÓßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßßÑGenevaÑÑ ÑÒ  ion-F Geneva ÒÒ  ion-F Geneva Ò(ï(3O$¤¤Ý ƒ~Ð!ÝÑ  ÑÒH°ÒÒ°ÒÑTR[  AØ'ÿ Legal3Ø' AØ'ÿ Legalÿ3Ø'TÑÔ€XÊ€XXXÔÑ7€Ê€XXdædæ7ÑÝ  Ýà ` àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÝ ƒ!ÝÔ . ÔÔ€*ÔÑ  ÑÒ  ÒÒ H ÒÑ\R AØ'\ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÑ#€Xd#ÑÝ  Ý›ÓÓœò ò›Þ ÞÌÌÓÓDEBORAH€MURRAY,à àà àà à)à àDAVIDSON€CIRCUITÌà0 àAdministrator€Ad€Litem€of€theà à)à àNo.€€€œ95C›„1267Ìà àEstate€of€œTerrance›€œMurray›à à)Ìà àand€as€Next€of€Kin€ofà àà à)Ìà àTerrance€Murray,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àPlaintiff/Appellantà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌœVS.›à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€à à01A01„9704„CV„00146€€€€à à̜ـ!ÙßR€-.,A1-j|=ý¨` à. `€€@ÿRß›JEREMY€A.€BRYANT,à àà àà à)ÌLILLIAN€BRYANT„MILLER,à àà à)ÌKATHY€HERBST,€CHARLIE€HERBST,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àDefendantsà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌœMETROPOLITAN›€GOVERNMENTà à)ÌOF€NASHVILLE€andà àà àà à)ÌDAVIDSON€COUNTY,€TENNESSEE,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àDefendants/Appelleesà à)ÌÓ  Óó óœÌÌò òIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEÌMIDDLE€SECTION€AT€NASHVILLEó óÌÌ›Ìò òAPPEAL€FROM€THE€CIRCUIT€COURT€OF€DAVIDSON€COUNTYÌœAT›€NASHVILLE,€TENNESSEE̛̜ÌHONORABLE€BARBARA€N.€HAYNES,€JUDGEÌÓ  Óó óÌÌJerry€L.€œMaynard›,€IIÌ1907€Old€Murfreesboro€Pk.ÌNashville,€Tennessee€37217ÌATTORNEY€FOR€PLAINTIFF/APPELLANTÌÌJames€L.€Murphy,€III,€DirectorÌJames€L.€Charles,€AssociateÌMartha€Zendlovitz,€AssociateÌWm.€Michael€Safley,€AssociateÌDepartment€of€Law€of€theÌMetropolitan€Government€ofÌNashville€and€Davidson€CountyÌ204€Metropolitan€CourthouseÌNashville,€TN€37201ÌATTORNEYS€FOR€DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES̛̜̜ò òà@ àAFFIRMED›€AND€REMANDEDó ớ̜à àà àà àà àœà àà àWILLIAM›€H.€œINMAN,€SENIOR€JUDGE›Ìà àà àà àà àà àà àœà àà àÌÌCONCUR:ÌHENRY€F.€TODD,€PRESIDING€JUDGE,€MIDDLE€SECTIONÌWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,›€JUDGEÌœÌò òòòÌÓÓóóÌÓÓDEBORAH€MURRAY,à àà àà à)à àDAVIDSON€CIRCUITÌà0 àAdministrator€Ad€Litem€of€theà à)à àNo.€€€95C„1267Ìà àEstate€of€Terrance€Murrayà à)Ìà àand€as€Next€of€Kin€ofà àà à)Ìà àTerrance€Murray,à àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àPlaintiff/Appellantà àà à)à àÌà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌVS.à àà àà àà àà àà à)à àAppeal€No.Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)€à à01A01„9704„CV„00146€€€€à àÌJEREMY€A.€BRYANT,à àà àà à)ÌLILLIAN€BRYANT„MILLER,à àà à)ÌKATHY€HERBST,€CHARLIE€HERBST,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àDefendantsà àà àà à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)ÌMETROPOLITAN€GOVERNMENTà à)ÌOF€NASHVILLE€andà àà àà à)ÌDAVIDSON€COUNTY,€TENNESSEE,à à)Ìà àà àà àà àà àà à)Ìà àà àDefendants/Appelleesà à)ÌòòÌÌÌà@ àO›€P€I€N€I€O€N̛̜ÌÓÓó óóóà àThis€is€an€action€for€damages€against€the€Metropolitan€Government€andÏother€Defendants,€alleging€that€they€are€liable€for€the€death€of€Plaintiffððs€son,ÏTerrance€Murray,€who€was€shot€and€killed€by€a€fellow€student€while€attending€J.€T.ÏMoore€Middle€School€in€Nashville,€Tennessee,€on€April€21,€1994.Ìà àThe€case€was€dismissed€as€to€all€defendants€except€Jeremy€A.€Bryant,€LillianÏœBryant„Miller,›€Kathy€œHerbst,›€and€Charlie€Herbst,€against€whom€claims€are€stillÏpending.€€The€plaintiff€appeals€only€from€the€dismissal€of€the€MetropolitanÏGovernment€œand,›€as€to€it,€the€only€claims€appealed€are€those€brought€pursuant€toÏthe€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act.€€œIn›€the€present€posture€of€the€case,€there€areÏthree€disparate€theories€under€which€Plaintiff€seeks€to€onerate€the€MetropolitanÏGovernment€for€the€death€of€Terrance€Murray.Ìà àòòFirst,óó€Plaintiff€alleges€that€the€Metropolitan€Government,€the€Board€ofÏEducation,€and€its€Director,€Richard€C.€Benjamin,€have€a€duty€to€protect€students€inÏthe€Metropolitan€School€System€from€dangers€posed€by€weapons€in€the€hands€ofÏstudents,€and€that€they€breached€this€duty€by€failing€to€develop,€implement,€andÏfund€policies€adequate€to€protect€pupils€from€death€or€injury€caused€by€dangerousÏweapons€and€firearms.€€Specifically,€as€to€these€Defendants,€the€Plaintiff€allegesÏthat:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àœð ðBy›€virtue€of€the€tender€age€of€the€pupils€attending€John€TrotwoodÏMoore€Middle€School,€by€virtue€of€the€fact€that€the€parents€of€saidÏpupils€are€required€by€TCA€ðð€49„6„3001€to€deliver€said€pupils€into€theÏcustody€of€the€school€during€school€hours,€and€by€virtue€of€the€fact€thatÏthe€Defendants€herein€stand€in€loco€parentis€to€such€pupils,ÍDefendants,€owed€a€duty€to€the€pupils€of€John€Trotwood€Moore€MiddleÏSchool,€including€the€decedent,€Terrance€Murray,€to€exerciseÏreasonable€care€to€protect€such€pupils€from€dangerous€weapons€andÏfirearms,€and€in€order€to€fulfill€said€duty,€owed€a€duty€to€said€pupils€toÏdevelop,€execute,€implement,€and€fund€policies€to€adequately€protectÏsaid€pupils€from€dangerous€weapons€and€firearms€with€regard€to€theÏcircumstances€under€which€a€pupil€could€safely€attend€school€withoutÏinjury€from€and/or€exposure€to€dangerous€weapons€and€œfirearms.ðð›ÌÌà àThe€Plaintiff€alleges€that€the€Metropolitan€Government:ÌÌà8 àœð ð[H]ad›€a€duty€to€Plaintiff,€Plaintiffððs€decedent,€and€others€to€protect€theÏchildren€enrolled€and€attending€school,€from€dangerous€œweapons.ðð›ÌÌœ›à8 à[œB]reached›€its€duty€to€Plaintiff€by€failing€to€institute,€promulgate,Ïpublish,€enforce€and/or€fund€a€policy€of€security€in€all€cases€wherebyÏdangerous€weapons€could€be€detected€and€œwhere›€criminal€conductÏwould€be€reasonably€assumed.ÌÌà8 à[B]€reached€its€duty€to€Plaintiff€by€allowing,€ratifying,€and€condoningÏDefendant€Boardððs€inaction€in€not€instituting,€promulgating,€publishing,Ïfunding€and/or€enforcing€a€policy€of€security€in€all€cases€wherebyÏdangerous€weapons€could€be€detected€and€where€criminal€conductÏwould€be€reasonably€assumed.ÌÌà8 à[œF]ailed›€to€implement,€recommend,€and/or€fund€a€policy€protectingÏchildren€from€dangerous€weapons€while€attending€school.€œBy›€itsÏinaction,€Defendant€Metro€chose€not€to€institute,€promulgate,Ïrecommend,€publish,€fund€and/or€enforce€a€policy€of€security€in€allÏcases€whereby€dangerous€weapons€could€be€detected€and€whereÏcriminal€conduct€would€be€reasonably€assumed.ÌÌà8 à[œH]ad›€a€duty€to€Plaintiff,€Plaintiffððs€decedent,€and€others€to€protect€theÏchildren€enrolled€and€attending€public€school,€from€dangerousÏweapons,€as€a€matter€incident€to€the€management€and€control€of€JohnÏTrotwood€Moore€Middle€œSchool.ðð›ÌÌà àThe€Plaintiff€alleges€that€Defendant€Board€of€Education:ÌÌà8 àœð ð[F]ailed›€to€implement€and/or€fund€a€policy€protecting€children€fromÏdangerous€weapons€while€attending€school.€€By€its€inaction,ÏDefendant€Board€chose€not€to€institute,€promulgate,€fund,€publish,Ïand/or€enforce€a€policy€of€security€in€all€cases€whereby€dangerousÏweapons€could€be€detected€and€where€criminal€conduct€would€beÍreasonably€assumed.ÌÌà8 à[œH]ad›€a€duty€to€Plaintiff,€Plaintiffððs€decedent,€and€others,€to€protect€theÏchildren€enrolled€and€attending€public€school,€from€dangerousÏweapons,€as€a€matter€incident€to€the€management€and€control€of€JohnÏTrotwood€Moore€Middle€œSchool.ðð›ÌÑ  ÑÌIn€reference€to€Defendant€Benjamin,€she€alleges:ÌÌà8 àœð ðDefendant›€Benjamin€failed€to€implement€or€recommend€a€policyÏprotecting€children€from€dangerous€weapons€while€attending€school.€ÏBy€this€inaction,€Defendant€Benjamin€chose€not€to€institute,Ïpromulgate,€recommend,€publish€and/or€enforce€a€policy€of€security€inÏall€cases€whereby€dangerous€weapons€could€be€detected€and€whereÏcriminal€conduct€would€be€reasonably€assumed.ÌÌà8 àDefendant€Benjamin€had€a€duty€to€Plaintiff,€Plaintiffððs€decedent,€andÏothers€to€protect€the€children€enrolled€and€attending€public€school,Ïfrom€dangerous€weapons,€as€a€matter€incident€to€the€managementÏand€control€of€John€Trotwood€Moore€Middle€œSchool.ðð›ÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àòòSecond,óó€Plaintiff€alleges€that€Therese€Pruitt,€an€employee€of€the€MetropolitanÏGovernment,€was€negligent€in€failing€to€properly€supervise€Defendants€œHerbst,›ÏBryant,€and€Terrence€Murray,€with€such€negligence€being€the€proximate€cause€ofÏœthe€latterððs›€death.€€In€this€regard,€she€alleges:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àœð ðDefendant›€Pruitt€was€charged€with€supervision€of€the€music€classÏheld€on€April€21,€1995€at€John€Trotwood€Moore€Middle€School,€inÏwhich€decedent€was€enrolled,€whereby€she€failed€and€neglected€toÏproperly€supervise€Defendant€Bryant€and€Defendant€Herbst,€therebyÏbeing€the€proximate€cause€of€decedentððs€death.ÌÌà8 àAccording€to€the€Educational€Agreement€of€the€Metropolitan€Board€ofÏPublic€Education€and€Metropolitan€Nashville€Education€Association,ÏSection€V€Teacher€Workday,€Responsibilities€and€Duties,€DefendantÏPruitt€is€responsible€for€the€general€supervision€of€pupils€enrolled€inÏthe€school€where€the€teacher€is€a€member€of€the€faculty.€€DefendantÏPruitt€violated€this€rule€promulgated€by€the€Board€of€Education€byÏfailing€and€neglecting€to€properly€supervise€decedent€and€DefendantÏBryant,€thereby€being€the€proximate€cause€of€decedentððs€death.ÌÌà8 àAccording€to€the€Education€Agreement€of€the€Metropolitan€Board€ofÏPublic€Education€and€Metropolitan€Nashville€Education€Association,ÏSection€II€(1),€a€teacher€is€responsible€for€maintaining€discipline€and€aÏclimate€for€good€instruction€in€the€classroom€through€effectiveÏteaching,€leadership€techniques,€and€application€of€classroomÏmanagement€procedures€in€accordance€with€the€policies,€rules€andÏregulations€of€the€Board€of€Education.€€Defendant€Pruitt€violated€thisÏrule€promulgated€by€the€Board€of€Education€by€failing€and€neglectingÏto€properly€supervise€decedent€and€Defendant€Bryant,€thereby€beingÏthe€proximate€cause€of€decedentððs€œdeath.ðð›ÌÌÓ  Óà àThe€Plaintiffððs€òòthirdóó€theory€concerns€the€actions€of€L.€C.€œBatson›.€€She€alleges€ÌÌthat:ÌÌÓ  Óà8 àœð ðDefendant›€œBatson›€breached€his€duty€to€supervise€and€manage€theÏpersonnel€of€John€Trotwood€Moore€Middle€School,€specificallyÏDefendant€Pruitt€who€failed€and€neglected€to€properly€superviseÏdecedent€and€Defendant€Bryant,€thereby€being€the€proximate€cause€ofÏdecedentððs€death.ÌÌà8 àDefendant€œBatson›€had€full€knowledge€that€Defendant€Herbst€hadÏpreviously€committed€acts€of€misconduct€and€violence€and€that€suchÏacts€indicated€a€persistent€course€of€violent€conduct.€€DefendantÏBatson,€nevertheless,€negligently€allowed€Defendant€Herbst€toÏtransport€a€loaded€firearm€to€John€Trotwood€Moore€Middle€School€onÏor€about€April€21,€1994,€and€thereby€recklessly€facilitated,€sanctioned,Ïratified€and€consented€to€the€wrongful€acts€committed€againstÏdecedent€by€Defendant€œBryant.ðð›ÌÌà àThe€material€facts€are€not€markedly€in€controversy.ÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àOn€April€21,€1994,€Defendant€Charlie€Herbst€brought€a€.25€caliber€firearm€toÏJ.€T.€Moore€Middle€School.€€€He€gave€it€to€a€fellow€student,€Defendant€JeremyÏBryant.€€Terrance€Murray€and€Defendant€Bryant€were€attending€a€regularlyÏscheduled€seventh€grade€œmusic›€class€taught€by€Therese€A.€Pruitt,€during€which€theyÏwere€viewing€a€video€tape€of€òòBeauty€and€the€Beastóó.€€At€some€point€during€the€class,ÏDefendant€Bryant€took€the€gun€out€of€his€pocket,€covered€it€with€his€jacket,€andÍplaced€it€on€his€desk.€€He€then€began€handling€the€firearm€and€it€discharged.€€€TheÏbullet€struck€Terrance€Murray€in€the€head,€killing€him.Ìà àL.€C.€Batson€was€the€principal€at€J.€T.€Moore.€€During€his€twelve€years€asÏprincipal€at€that€school,€he€had€dealt€with€the€report€of€a€gun€being€brought€into€œthe›Ïschool€on€three€occasions.€€Charlie€Herbst€did€not€know€of€any€student,€other€thanÏhimself,€who€had€brought€a€weapon€into€the€school,€and€œhe€had›€never€heard€aboutÏweapons€being€brought€into€the€school.€€He€said€that€Jeremy€Bryant€asked€him€toÏbring€the€gun€to€school,€which€he€carried€in€his€pocket.€€He€was€wearing€shorts€thatÏð ðsag€off€a€lot.ðð€€He€travels€to€school€in€a€wheelchair€which€is€loaded€and€unloadedÏon€the€bus€by€lift,€and€he€never€gets€out€of€the€chair.€€He€gave€the€gun€to€JeremyÏBryant€in€the€bathroom€at€the€start€of€the€school€day.€€Bryant€removed€the€clip€andÏplaced€it€in€a€zippered€pocket€on€his€jacket,€but€œhe€placed›€the€gun€in€anotherÏpocket.Ìà àThere€is€no€evidence€that€Batson€or€any€of€the€teachers€at€J.€T.€Moore€knewÏthat€Charlie€Herbst€had€brought€a€gun€to€school.€€œNeither€Batson›€nor€Pruitt€had€anyÏknowledge€that€Charlie€Herbst€or€Jeremy€Bryant€had€ever€brought€a€gun€into€J.€T.ÏMoore€or€any€other€school.€€Other€than€an€incident€in€March€1992€involving€a€gunÏreplica€that€was€not€œfireable›,€œBatson›€ð ð€.€.€.€had€never€retrieved€one,€seen€one,Ïconfiscated€one,€or€had€one€turned€in€to€[him].ðð€€Guns€were€never€a€problem€at€J.€T.ÏMoore€Middle€School,€according€to€the€unrefuted€evidence.Ìà àJeremy€Bryant€had€never€demonstrated€any€sort€of€violent€behavior€at€J.€T.ÏMoore.€€The€only€problem€Ms.€Pruitt€ever€encountered€with€him€was€one€incident€ofÍrudeness.€€He€had€only€two€other€office€œreferrals€„„€oneÔ% € Ô›€for€lying€and€one€for€walkingÏœoff›€when€the€teacher€told€him€to€stay€in€a€particular€location.Ìà àAlthough€Charlie€Herbst€was€a€student€in€another€of€Therese€Pruittððs€musicÏclasses,€she€had€never€had€any€problems€with€him.€€œL.C.›€Batson€was€aware€ofÏproblems€with€Charlie€Herbst€regarding€a€failure€to€do€homework.€€He€did€not,Ïhowever,€have€any€knowledge€of€violent€behavior€by€Charlie€Herbst€at€the€school€orÏof€any€history€of€violent€behavior€at€any€other€school.Ìà àThe€foregoing€recitations€constituted€the€factual€posture€of€the€case€againstÏthe€Metropolitan€Government€upon€the€filing€of€the€motion€to€dismiss€or€alternativelyÏfor€summary€judgment€pursuant€to€òòRulesóó€12.02(6)€and€56,€òòTenn.€R.€œCiv›.€P.óó€€TheÏdefendant€asserted€that€there€is€no€genuine€issue€as€to€any€material€œfact,€thus›Ïentitling€it€to€a€dismissal€under€òòRule€56,óó€and€that€it€was€immune€from€liability€underÏtheòò€óóTennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,òò€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„20„201€óóòòet€seq.,Ïœóóthus›€œentitling€it›€to€a€dismissal€under€òòRuleóó€12.02(6).€€œÌà àThe›€trial€judge€ruled:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àð ðThe€Metropolitan€Government€has€not€waived€its€immunity€from€suitÏfor€injury€proximately€caused€by€a€negligent€act€or€omission€of€anyÏemployee€within€the€scope€of€his€employment€if€the€injury€arises€out€ofÏthe€exercise€or€performance,€or€the€failure€to€exercise€a€discretionaryÏfunction,€whether€or€not€the€discretion€is€abused.€€The€MetropolitanÏGovernment,€pursuant€to€T.C.A.€ðð€29„20„205(1),€is€entitled€toÏdiscretionary€function€immunity€because€the€decision€to€implementÏsecurity€measures€involves€planning€or€policy„making€decisions.€ÏFurther,€before€random€searches€of€lockers€or€students€can€beÏconducted,€T.C.A.€ðð€49„6„4204€and€T.C.A.€ðð€4205€require€that€theÏprincipal€of€a€school€make€a€determination,€in€his€discretion,€thatÏindividual€circumstances€at€his€school€warrant€such€a€search.€€TheÏproof€before€the€Court€is€that€the€principal,€Dr.€L.€C.€Batson,€did€notÏconsider€weapons€to€be€a€problem€at€John€Trotwood€Moore€MiddleÍSchool€and€that€he€did€not€believe€individual€circumstances€at€hisÏschool€justified€random€searches€of€lockers€or€students.ÌÌà8 àThe€Metropolitan€Government€is€also€immune€from€liability€pursuant€toÏthe€public€duty€doctrine€because€the€Metropolitan€Government€did€notÏowe€a€special€duty€to€Terrance€Murray,€beyond€that€owed€to€allÏstudents,€to€protect€him€from€the€acts€of€third€parties€in€illegallyÏcarrying€a€gun€to€school,€possessing€one€on€school€grounds€andÏshooting€it.ÌÌà8 àThe€allegation€of€infliction€of€mental€anguish€must€be€dismissedÏbecause€the€Metropolitan€Government€has€not€waived€its€immunityÏfrom€suit€for€the€negligent€infliction€of€mental€anguish€by€its€employeesÏas€set€forth€in€T.C.A.€ðð€29„20„205(2).ÌÌà8 àFinally,€it€was€not€foreseeable€that€Terrence€Murray€would€be€shot€atÏJohn€Trotwood€Moore€Middle€School€by€fellow€student,€JeremyÏBryant.€€Thus,€the€actions€of€Dr.€Richard€Benjamin,€Dr.€L.C.€Batson,Ïand/or€Therese€A.€Pruitt€were€not€the€proximate€cause€of€any€injuriesÏsuffered€by€the€Plaintiff.ÌÌà8 àFor€all€of€the€reasons€stated€herein,€the€Metropolitan€Government€isÏentitled€to€the€granting€of€their€motion€for€summary€judgment€and€theÏdismissal€of€all€claims.ððÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àThe€plaintiff€œappeals›€and€presents€for€review€the€issues€of:ÌÓÓà àI.à8 àð ðWhether€the€trial€Court€erred€in€finding€that€theÏDefendant€is€immune€from€liability€for€the€shooting€deathÏof€Terrance€Murray€under€Discretionary€FunctionÏImmunity.ððÌÌà àII.à8 àð ðWhether€the€Trial€Court€Erred€in€finding€that€DefendantððsÏnegligent€acts€and€omissions€were€not€the€proximateÏcause€of€Plaintiffððs€injuries.ÌÌÓÓà àOur€review€is€òòde€novoóó,€with€no€presumption€of€correctness€of€the€decision€ofÏthe€trial€court.€€òòœCarvell›€v.€Bottoms,€óó900€S.W.2d€23€(Tenn.€1995).Ìà àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€School€Security€Act€of€1981€requires€eachÏschool€district€to€implement€security€measures€by€searching€persons,€lockers,Íœcontainers,›€and€automobiles€for€dangerous€weapons€and€drugs€ð ðto€secure€orderÏand€protect€students€from€harm€while€in€their€custody.ðð€€She€says€that€she€placedÏher€sonððs€life€and€safety€into€the€care€of€the€school€system€and€that€he€was€slainÏbecause€the€system€failed€to€implement€any€policy€or€measure€for€the€removal€of€orÏto€assure€the€absence€of€weapons€on€school€property.Ìà àThis€action€is€governed€by€the€Tennessee€Governmental€Tort€Liability€Act,òòÏTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„20„10€óóòòet€seq.óó€€Because€the€Act€is€in€derogation€of€the€immunityÏenjoyed€by€the€government€under€common€law,€it€must€be€strictly€construed.€ÏòòœLockhart›€v.€Jackson„Madison,óó€793€S.W.2d€943€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1990).€€TheÏgovernment€is€immune€from€liability€for€a€tort€unless€its€immunity€is€removed€by€theÏActòò.€€Tenn.€Code€Annóó.€ðð€29„20„201.€€But€immunity€is€not€removed€for€injuries€causedÏby€discretionary€actions€of€employees.€€òòTenn.€Code€Ann.óó€ðð€29„20„205.€€As€stated€inÏòòBowers€v.€City€of€Chattanooga,óó€826€S.W.2d€427€(Tenn.€1992),€the€classification€ofÏfunctions€as€governmental/proprietary€or€discretionary/ministerial€is€imprecise;Ïaccordingly,€the€Court€in€òòBowersóó€pronounced€a€test€to€determine€which€acts€giveÏrise€to€immunity€by€distinguishing€those€performed€at€the€ððplanningðð€level€from€thoseÏperformed€at€the€ððoperationalðð€level.€€The€Court€stated:ÌÓÓÓ  Óà8 àœð ðUnder›€the€planning„operational€test,€decisions€that€rise€to€the€level€ofÏplanning€or€policy„making€are€considered€discretionary€acts€which€doÏnot€give€rise€to€tort€liability,€while€decisions€that€are€merely€operationalÏare€not€considered€discretionary€acts€and,€therefore,€do€not€give€rise€toÏimmunity.€€òòSee€Carlson€v.€State,€óó598€P.2d€969,€972€(Alaska€1979).€ÏThe€distinction€between€planning€and€operational€depends€on€theÏtype€of€decision€rather€than€merely€the€identity€of€the€decision€maker.€ÏòòSee€id.óó€€We€caution€that€this€distinction€serves€only€to€aid€inÏdetermining€when€discretionary€function€immunity€applies;Ïdiscretionary€function€immunity€attaches€to€all€conduct€properlyÏinvolving€the€balancing€of€policy€considerations.€€Therefore,€there€mayÍbe€occasions€where€an€ð ðoperational€actðð€is€entitled€to€immunity,€where,Ïfor€instance,€the€operational€actor€is€properly€charged€with€balancingÏpolicy€considerations.€€òòSee€United€States€v.€œGaubert›,€óó499€U.S.€___,Ï111€œS.Ct›.€1267,€113€œL.Ed›.2d€335€(1991)€(recognizing€that€operationalÏactivities€grounded€in€policy€are€entitled€to€discretionary€functionÏimmunity.)Ìà àÌà8 àUnder€the€planning„operational€test,€discretionary€function€immunityÏdoes€not€automatically€attach€to€all€acts€involving€choice€or€judgment.€ÏSuch€an€analysis€recognizes€that,€to€some€extent,€every€act€involvesÏdiscretion.€€Rather,€the€underlying€policy€of€governmental€immunity€isÏbetter€served€by€examining€(1)€the€decision„making€process€and€(2)Ïthe€propriety€of€judicial€review€of€the€resulting€decision.€€òòœCf›.€œPeavler›,Ïóó528€œN.E.2d›€at€46€(examining€the€nature€of€the€conduct,€its€effect€onÏgovernmental€operations,€and€the€capacity€of€a€court€to€evaluate€theÏœdecision).›ÌÌà8 àA€consideration€of€the€decision„making€process,€as€well€as€the€factorsÏinfluencing€a€particular€decision,€will€often€reveal€whether€thatÏdecision€is€to€be€viewed€as€planning€or€operational.€€If€a€particularÏcourse€of€conduct€is€determined€after€consideration€or€debate€by€anÏindividual€or€group€charged€with€the€formulation€of€plans€or€policies,€itÏstrongly€suggests€the€result€is€a€planning€decision.€€These€decisionsÏoften€result€from€assessing€priorities;€allocating€resources;€developingÏpolicies;€or€establishing€plans,€specifications,€or€schedules.€€òòSee€id.ÌÌà8 àóóOn€the€other€hand,€a€decision€resulting€from€a€determination€based€onÏpreexisting€laws,€regulations,€policies,€or€standards,€usually€indicatesÏthat€its€maker€is€performing€an€operational€act.€€Similarly€operationalÏare€those€ad€hoc€decisions€œmade€by›€an€individual€or€group€notÏcharged€with€the€development€of€plans€or€policies.€€These€operationalÏacts,€which€often€implement€prior€planning€decisions,€are€notÏð ðdiscretionary€functionsðð€within€the€meaning€of€the€TennesseeÏGovernmental€Tort€Liability€Act.òò€€óóIn€other€words,€ð ðthe€discretionaryÏfunction€exception€[will]€not€apply€to€a€claim€that€governmentÏemployees€failed€to€comply€with€regulations€or€policies€designed€toÏguide€their€actions€in€a€particular€situation.€€òòœAslakson›€v.€United€States,Ïóó790€F.2d€688,€692€(œ8th›€Cir.1986).ÌÌà8 àAnother€factor€bearing€on€whether€an€act€should€be€consideredÏplanning€or€operational€is€whether€the€decision€is€the€type€properlyÏreviewable€by€the€courts.€€The€discretionary€function€exceptionÏð ðrecognizes€that€courts€are€ill„equipped€to€investigate€and€balance€theÏnumerous€factors€that€go€into€an€executive€or€legislative€decisionðð€andÍtherefore€allows€the€government€to€operate€without€undue€interferenceÏœby›€the€courts.ÌÌÓÓÓ  Óà àAn€injury€which€arguably€arises€from€a€decision€of€the€Board€of€Education€orÏits€employees€with€regard€to€the€formulation€and€implementation€of€a€security€policyÏrequiring€the€allocation€of€time€and€resources€may€not€be€redressed€œin€a›€tort€actionÏbecause€it€falls€within€discretionary€function€immunity.òò€€See€Doe€v.€œBd›.€œof›€Ed.€ofÏMemphis€City€Schoolsóó,€799€S.W.2d€246€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1990).Ìà àThe€appellant€argues€that€since€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€49„6„4203(a)(1)€providesÏthat€ð ðthe€removal€of€dangerous€œweapons€.›€.€.€from€school€property€is€necessary€toÏlessen€the€hazards€to€œstudentsðð›€and€that€such€removal€can€only€be€accomplished€byÏsearches€of€areas€of€the€school€buildings€or€grounds€where€such€materials€may€beÏstored,€the€failure€of€the€government€to€establish€a€search€policy€or€to€implement€aÏsearch€is€a€violation€of€the€œAct›€and€thus€was€a€proximate€cause€of€the€death€of€herÏson.€€But€the€Act€itself€recognizes€the€need€for€reposed€discretion.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.Ïðð€49„6„4203(e)(2)€provides€that€ð ðon€occasions€when€the€use€of€dangerous€weaponsÏœÌ.›€.€.€has€reached€a€life€or€health€threatening€level,€searches€of€the€studentsÏthemselves€may€be€necessary€.€.€.€.ðð€œ€The›€section€immediately€following€providesÏthat€ð ðindividual€circumstances€.€.€.€require€that€.€.€.€principals€must€be€relied€on€toÏexercise€their€professionally€trained€judgments€in€determining€what€action€isÏappropriate€œ.›€.€.ððÌà àThe€evidence€clearly€reveals€that€the€use€of€dangerous€weapons€had€notÏreached€a€life€or€health€threatening€level€at€the€J.€T.€Moore€School.€€Even€so,€weÍagree€with€the€appellees€that€the€Act€does€not€require€the€local€school€system€toÏprovide€measures€for€the€removal€of€œweapons›€and€does€not€require€the€search€ofÏlockers,€œpersons,›€or€vehicles€to€determine€if€dangerous€weapons€are€present.Ìà àLastly,€the€appellant€charges€that€the€teacher,€Ms.€Pruitt,€negligently€failed€toÏsupervise€Herbst,€Bryant,€and€Murray,€which€failure€is€alleged€to€have€been€theÏproximate€cause€of€the€death€of€her€son.€€Concomitantly,€she€alleges€that€aÏsupervising€employer,€Mr.€Batson,€breached€his€duty€to€supervise€her€son€andÏBryant,€in€that€Batson€negligently€allowed€Herbst€to€transport€a€loaded€firearm€to€theÏschool.Ìà àIn€the€first€instance,€there€is€no€evidence€of€negligent€supervision.€€Moreover,Ïthe€evidence€affirmatively€shows€that€these€supervisors€were€free€of€negligence€andÏhad€no€reason€to€believe€that€Herbst€brought€a€pistol€to€school.€€It€is€true€thatÏteachers€must€conform€to€a€ððstandard€of€reasonable€and€ordinary€careðð€under€theÏcircumstances€to€their€students,€òòœHawkins›€County€v.€Davis,€óó391€S.W.2d€568€(Tenn.Ï1965),€but€there€was€no€showing€in€this€record€that€the€standard€was€breached.€ÏThere€is€no€evidence€that€the€supervisors€should€have€foreseen€that€Herbst€wouldÏbring€a€pistol€to€school,€and€foreseeability€is€the€test€for€negligence.€€òòLancaster€v.ÏœMontese›,óó€390€S.W.2d€217€(Tenn.€1965).€€òòSee,€œChudasama›€v.€œMetropolitan›€œGovt›.,Ïóó914€S.W.2d€œ922›€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996).Ìà àWe€affirm€the€judgment€at€the€costs€of€the€œappellant.ÌÌÓÓà àà àà àà àà à________________________________›Ìœà àà àà àà àà àWilliam€H.€Inman,€Senior€JudgeÌÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCUR:ÌÌÌÌ______________________________________ÌHenry€F.€Todd,€Presiding€Judge,€Middle€SectionÌÌÌÌ____________________________________ÌWilliam€C.€Koch,€Jr.,€JudgeÌ›ÌÌœÔ% € ÔÌ›Ì