ÿWPCÏ F°ƒ|˜AÌJÿåÇJîå«|´AthkÀb„èg×Ë¡ >µø‘sxçÅ䥕œ¤ÖÍ"[s– "£èÍýü[yã˜Vc 7? þ–ÿ?/¯t´í•LØö"çë^%øà®•°™PÎ&l¶À2SóÎáÔS“˜°ˆ[×’Ç vkcñÿ¸‹mÍàJ¶P¤“c«ÖÀÙ,nB^ý&ò† )D4!Kôõ©Œ_LÛÎÝÌìŽ;ŒÍøB½" -¦}Íë@í¬¤gÏl¼q“¯4ÐÃ$ wJ@šÒ• ­Nj$ÕSÛq0CÁí]åJj4±ù7º—híéë%ÜþŒãDD¥µ¹”Ô «œr”.fø¦Ó.›ˆ%ˆBîÐÐØ‘‹^Ëã’Yjtöñ"=ao;Û)¦òø=l*5ñ¿sÂ?&’ gÀw úÚœb mF>«fz“•,?› ÿ ½ÏèR5ÜÙªº€)½æX…Òøb %\^ b 0ˆnU5NöwD4H\ zkÒå· m¹ #ÉÐ Ι Æg Æ-Æóƹ 0DNÃÅ 1‡ÍET 72V 1uˆ 72ý 0 c/ 0 w’ 1‡  72b 0ëÊÊÊÊ Bµµ 0¤Ò D5v D-« 0KØØ AS#Æv 0¤< 0Dà A«$»£t/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular=ƒ.ê:i¢×+003|x ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜\\IB01S08\KNOXCLERK4ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0 ÄÝ ƒRû¹$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôà ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ô€€Strangely€enough,€Wife€seemingly€was€somewhat€protective€of€the€dog.Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó  05hCEKQW]cioAutoList1a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.a.3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i)(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(ðCEKQW]cioAutoList2i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.i.- ù-(|G2û¹$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€@»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôà ò»»Ô d(|3¿j$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€@»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV)ÿÿ!dxdx)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3¿j$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€@»»dd8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€@»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼@»»»ÔÑ8€IXXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îO@ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@WW$ìàAT€KNOXVILLEˆà0 È àÔ#†¼@»îîO #ÔÐÖ&È(#È(# ÐÓ  ÓOctober€16,€2003€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÌò òÔ#†¼@»XXI #ÔÔ_ÔDAYNEÔ_Ô€SCOTT€Ô_ÔO'BANNONÔ_Ô€v.€STEPHANIE€SUE€Ô_ÔGRABLEÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔO'BANNONÔ_ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Circuit€Court€for€Bradley€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€V„98„642€€€€€€John€B.€Ô_ÔHaglerÔ_Ô,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌFILED€NOVEMBER€20,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ÔÐ ¾   Ðà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€E2002„02553„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CVÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThis€appeal€from€the€Bradley€County€Circuit€Court€questions€whether€the€Trial€Court€erred€inÐ xÈ  Ðdenying€the€Wife's€proposed€relocation€to€South€DakotaÔ#†¼@»XXI#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€and€in€changing€custody€of€the€parties'Ð d´ Ðchildren€from€Wife€to€Husband.€€We€affirm€the€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court.€€€Ð P  ÐÓxÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Circuit€Court€Affirmedó óÐ (x ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼@»àXIN#ÔÔ‡XIX.¼@ÔWilliam€H.€Ô_ÔInmanÔ_Ô,€S.J.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòHerschel€P.€Franksóó€andòòÐ P ÐCharles€D.€Susano,€Jr.,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ì< Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àà p àà È àà  àÌGregory€Scott€Ô_ÔKanavosÔ_Ô€and€Henry€Franklin€Ô_ÔChanceyÔ_Ô,€Cleveland,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellant,Ð Ä ÐStephanie€Sue€Ô_ÔGrableÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔO'BannonÔ_ԀР° ÐÌÔ_ÔKimberleeÔ_Ô€A.€Waterhouse,€Ô_ÔLenoirÔ_Ô€City,€Tennessee,€for€the€Appellee,€Ô_ÔDayneÔ_Ô€Scott€Ô_ÔO'BannonÔ_ԀРˆØ ÐÓ‰ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼@»XXI¸#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÐ `° ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼@»XXIy #ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÓ  Óà  àThe€parties€were€divorced€by€final€decree€entered€March€22,€1999€which€incorporated€aÐ 8!ˆ  Ðmarital€dissolution€agreement€providing€Wife€should€have€custody€of€the€parties'€two€minor€childrenÐ $"t! Є€Amy,€born€February€26,€1995,€and€Grace,€born€August€6,€1996,„€Ô#†¼@»XXI× #ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€and€that€Husband€should€haveÐ #`" Ðliberal€visitation.Ð ü#L# ÐÌà  àAfter€Husband€received€a€certified€letter€from€Wife€in€which€she€stated€her€intention€toÐ Ô%$!% Ðrelocate€to€Spearfish,€South€Dakota,€with€the€parties'€children,€he€filed€a€petition€to€oppose€theÐ À&"& Ðrelocation€and€to€modify€custody.€€While€the€petition€was€pending,€Husband€filed€a€motion€forÐ ¬'ü"' Ðimmediate€temporary€custody€which€was€prompted€by€€the€parties'€youngest€daughter€having€beenÐ ˜(è#( Ðattacked€by€a€dog€belonging€to€Wife€and€Paul€Riddle,€her€new€husband.€€The€dog€was€destroyedÐ „)Ô$) Ðshortly€after€the€attack€at€the€instruction€of€Mr.€Riddle€and€the€motion€for€temporary€custody€wasÐ p*À%* Ðdenied€with€the€caveat€that€the€episode€would€be€explored€further€at€the€plenary€hearing.Ð \+¬&+ Ðâ âÐ H,˜',ýÔ ÐÔ_ Ôà  àA€final€hearing€on€the€issues€of€relocation€and€modification€of€custody€was€held€in€March,Ð ° Ðâ â2002.€Wife's€request€to€relocate€was€denied€upon€findings€that€(1)€the€relocation€does€not€have€aÐ œì Ðreasonable€purpose,€(2)€the€relocation€"poses€the€threat€of€specific€and€serious€harm€to€the€childrenÐ ˆØ Ðwhich€would€outweigh€the€threat€of€harm€of€a€change€of€custody"€and€(3)€ð ðthat€the€motive€for€theÐ tÄ Ðproposed€move€is€vindictive€in€that€it€is€intended€to€defeat€or€deter€[Husbands']€visitation€with€theÐ `° Ðchildren."Ô#†¼@»XXIS #ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€Ô#†¼@»XXI¾#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€Custody€of€the€parties€two€children€was€changed€to€Husband€based€upon€a€finding€ofÐ L œ Ð"substantial€and€material€change€of€circumstances."Ô#†¼@»XXI#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€Wife's€motion€to€reconsider€filed€thereafter€wasÐ 8 ˆ Ðdenied€and€this€appeal€followed.Ð $ t ÐÌà  àWife€presents€for€review€the€issues€of€whether€(2)€the€court€erred€in€denying€the€request€toÐ ü L  Ðrelocate,€and€(2)€in€changing€custody€of€the€children.Ô#†¼@»XXIÞ#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÐ è 8  ÐÔ#†¼@»XXIO#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÌà  àOur€standard€of€review€in€this€non„jury€case€is€òòde€novoóó€upon€the€record€of€the€proceedingsÐ À  Ðbelow€and€there€is€no€presumption€of€correctness€with€respect€to€the€Trial€Court's€conclusions€of€law.€Ð ¬ü  ÐòòCampbell€v.€Florida€Steel€Corp.óó,€919€S.W.2d€26€(Tenn.€1996)€and€T.R.A.P.€13(d).€€The€Trial€Court'sÐ ˜è  Ðfactual€findings€are,€however,€presumed€to€be€correct€and€we€must€affirm€such€findings€absentÐ „Ô  Ðevidence€preponderating€to€the€contrary.€€òòUnion€Carbide€Corp.€v.€Huddlestonóó,€854€S.W.2d€87€(Tenn.Ð pÀ Ð1993).€Ð \¬ ÐÌÓ  ÓòòThe€Relocation€IssueÐ 4„ ÐÓ  ÓóóÔ#†¼@»XXI¦#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÌà  àWe€first€address€the€issue€of€whether€the€trial€court€erred€when€it€denied€Wifeððs€request€toÐ  \ Ðrelocate€with€the€children.Ð øH ÐÌà  àT.C.A.€36„6„108(d)€provides€that€the€parent€spending€the€greater€amount€of€time€with€theÐ Ð  Ðchild€will€be€allowed€to€relocate€unless:Ð ¼  ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Ò(1)€The€relocation€does€not€have€a€reasonable€purpose;Ð ”ä Ð(2)€The€relocation€would€pose€a€threat€of€specific€and€serious€harm€to€the€childÐ €Ð Ðwhich€outweighs€the€threat€of€harm€to€the€child€of€a€change€of€custody;Ð l¼ ÐorÐ X ¨ Ð(3)€The€parentððs€motive€for€relocating€with€the€child€is€vindictive€in€that€it€isÐ D!” Ðintended€to€defeat€or€deter€visitation€rights€of€the€non„custodial€parent€or€theÐ 0"€  Ðparent€spending€less€time€with€the€child.Ð #l! ÐÒ°€ÒÒ°€ÒÌ€€à  àThe€thrust€of€Wifeððs€testimony€is€that€she€wishes€to€relocate€to€Spearfish,€South€Dakota€Ð ô$D # Ðbecause€that€is€her€native€home€and€all€her€relatives€live€there.€€She€contends€that€she€could€findÐ à%0!$ Ðemployment€there€ð ðwithin€thirty€secondsðð€and€that€her€new€husbandððs€prospects€for€finding€workÐ Ì&"% Ðthere€would€be€ð ðexcellent.ðð€€The€trial€judge€found€that€the€best€reason€the€mother€gave€for€theÐ ¸'#& Ðrelocation€was€that€she€had€had€a€troubled€relationship€with€her€own€mother€and€she€wanted€to€goÐ ¤(ô#' Ðback€ð ðto€where€she€was€so€she€could€rehabilitate€that€relationshipðð,€and€ð ðthe€Court€finds€it€veryÐ )à$( Ðstrange€that€a€parent€would€wait€to€rehabilitate€her€relationship€with€her€adult€parent€at€the€expenseÐ |*Ì%) Ðof€the€childrenððs€relationship€with€their€parent.ððÐ h+¸&* Їà  àWe€do€not€agree€that€the€fact€that€Wife€is€originally€from€Spearfish,€South€Dakota€and€thatÐ ° Ðher€mother€and€other€relatives€live€there€is€sufficient€to€establish€that€her€intended€relocation€has€aÐ œì Ðreasonable€purpose€and€justifies€moving€these€children€fifteen€hundred€miles€from€their€father.Ð ˆØ ÐFurthermore,€the€Wifeððs€argument€that€relocation€will€afford€€better€job€opportunities€is€notÐ tÄ Ðsufficiently€supported€by€the€evidence.€€Wife€testified€that,€although€she€does€not€have€a€job€awaitingÐ `° Ðher€in€Spearfish,€her€intent€is€to€open€an€insurance€agency€there.€€Her€current€husband€testified€thatÐ L œ Ðhe€has€made€no€effort€to€find€employmentÔ#†¼@»XXIµ#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ô€in€Spearfish€but€believes€he€would€be€able€to€do€so.Ô#†¼@»XXIs$#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÐ 8 ˆ ÐDoubtless€relocation€because€of€a€better€job€opportunity,€greater€salary,€and€career€advancementÐ $ t Ðopportunities,€establishes€a€ððreasonable€purposeðð€within€the€meaning€of€the€statute,€butòòóó€mere€beliefÐ  ` Ðand€hope€that€career€advancementòò€óówill€occur€is€not€sufficient€to€establish€a€reasonable€purpose€forÐ ü L  Ðrelocation.€Wife€cites€several€cases€on€which€she€relies€to€support€her€argument€that€her€intendedÐ è 8  Ðrelocation€has€a€reasonable€purpose€because€of€job€opportunities,€but€in€each€case€the€party€seekingÐ Ô$  Ðrelocation,€or€the€spouse€of€such€party,€Ô#†¼@»XXIê$#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ôhad€either€an€actual€job€or€offer€of€€employment€in€the€areaÐ À  Ðof€proposed€relocation€€òò€óóÐ ¬ü  ÐÌà  àIn€contrast€to€the€uncertain€employment€future€they€face€in€Spearfish,€both€Wife€and€herÐ „Ô  Ðcurrent€husband€€have€stable€employment€in€this€area€.€Wife€testifies€that€she€has€been€employed€atÐ pÀ Ða€local€funeral€home€for€two€years€and€that€she€earned€$31,000.00€during€the€year€preceding€trial.Ð \¬ ÐMr.€Riddle€testifies€that€he€has€been€employed€as€an€automobile€salesperson€for€fifteen€years€andÐ H˜ Ðwould€be€making€between€$35,000.00€and€$40,000.00€during€the€year€of€trial.€Mr.€Riddle€alsoÐ 4„ Ðtestifies€that€he€realizes€income€from€renting€mobile€homes,€mobile€home€lots€and€houses€in€the€area.Ð  p ÐUnder€these€circumstances€we€agree€with€the€Trial€Courtððs€determination€that€Wifeððs€request€toÐ  \ Ðrelocate€is€without€reasonable€purpose.Ð øH ÐÌà  àWifeððs€announced€reason€for€the€proposed€move€to€Spearfish€is€to€reunite€with€her€motherÐ Ð  Ðwith€whom€she€had€a€poor€relationship.€€She€presently€visits€her€mother€in€Spearfish€almost€yearlyÐ ¼  Ðand€her€mother€and€step„father€travel€to€Tennessee€every€year.€€Her€husband,€Paul€Riddle,€has€noÐ ¨ø Ðconnections€to€South€Dakota,€and€has€no€reason€for€the€proposed€move,€but€is€passively€going€alongÐ ”ä Ðwith€his€wife.€€As€stated,€both€have€lucrative€employment€in€Bradley€County€where€Paul€Riddle€hasÐ €Ð Ðsubstantial€investments.€€The€thrust€of€testimony€offered€about€what€they€would€do,€if€permitted€toÐ l¼ Ðmove,€is€essentially€a€vague€plan€of€what€they€might€do€rather€than€a€clear€purpose€for€relocating.€Ð X ¨ ÐThe€trial€judge€noted€that€the€real€motivation€for€wanting€to€move€is€likely€the€scandal€resulting€fromÐ D!” Ðthe€breakup€of€Paul€and€Tina€Riddleððs€marriage,€caused€by,€according€to€Tina,€the€Respondant.€€TheÐ 0"€  Ðtrial€judge€further€found:Ð #l! ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àNow,€leave€that€there€just€for€a€minute,€and€then€look€at€some€of€theÐ ô$D # Ðother€things€that€the€mother€was€doing€prior€to€this€removal.€€She€wasÐ à%0!$ Ðtelling€people,€and€„€„€itððs€a€finding€of€fact€by€the€Court€that€she€toldÐ Ì&"% Ðpeople,€that€the€father€was€a€pedophile.€€There€is€no€question€aboutÐ ¸'#& Ðthat.€€And€she€admitted€it€to€the€father.€€I€misstated€that€in€court.€€SheÐ ¤(ô#' Ðdidnððt€admit€it€in€court.€€She€admitted€it€to€the€father€and€I€accreditedÐ )à$( Ðhis€testimony.Ð|*Ì%)` x` x ÐÐ h+¸&* Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àShe€said€he€wasnððt€a€pedophile,€so€why€would€she€say€that?€€Well,€IÐ ° Ðthink€possibly,€in€getting€ready€for€an€unreasonable€removal€of€theÐ œì Ðchildren,€to€give€people€an€explanation€of€why€she€was€moving€outÐ ˆØ Ðof€this€area,€because€this€father€was€so€terrible.€€He€was€a€pedophile.€Ð tÄ ÐHe€had€raped€her.€€And€she€changed€that€somewhat€in€court,€but€sheÐ `° Ðcertainly€made€statements€that€would€give€people€the€impression€thatÐ L œ Ðhe€raped€her.€€She€said€that€he€caused€them€to€engage€in€sex€in€frontÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€the€children.€€She€said€he€was€a€pornographer.€€It€appeared€to€theÐ $ t ÐCourt€that€all€of€these€things€were€done€in€preparation€to€make€thisÐ  ` Ðmove€reasonable.€€I€think€a€parent€who€would€say€„€„€make€thoseÐ ü L  Ðslanderous€remarks€about€another€parent€has€really€put€his€or€herÐ è 8  Ðfitness€as€a€parent€in€question.ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àNow,€there€is€no€evidence€that€any€of€this€directly€affected€theÐ ¬ü  Ðchildren,€but€thereððs€plenty€of€evidence€that€it€would€indirectly€affectÐ ˜è  Ðthe€children,€because€if€her€feelings€about€the€father€were€this€great,Ð „Ô  Ðit€would€be€very€difficult€for€that€not€to€spill€over€to€the€children.€Ð pÀ ÐAnd€it€would€be€a€matter€of€time€before€the€children€would€ask€theÐ \¬ Ðfather€what€a€pedophile€was,€because€the€word€was€being€spreadÐ H˜ Ðaround.€€And€there€was€no€indication€that€there€was€any€attempt€beingÐ 4„ Ðmade€to€recall€this.Ð p` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAnd€it€was€those€things€that,€not€only€were€material€changes€ofÐ øH Ðcircumstances,€in€the€Courtððs€opinion,€but€were€also€evidence€ofÐ ä4 Ðvindictiveness€with€respect€to€the€planned€move.€€And€following€theÐ Ð  Ðstatute€and€the€fatherððs€pleading€the€Court€had€to€go€intoÐ ¼  Ðconsideration€of€custody€because€of€the€material€change€ofÐ ¨ø Ðcircumstances.Дä` x` x ÐÌà  àIn€ò òòòKornblee€v.€Kornbleeóóó ó,€2001€WL€109385€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.)[no€perm.€app.€filed],€the€motherÐ l¼ Ðafter€receiving€an€objection€to€her€request€to€relocate,€embarked€on€a€mission€to€try€to€limit€fatherððsÐ X ¨ Ðaccess€to€the€children€and€require€supervised€visitation.€€To€that€end,€the€mother€asserted€allegationsÐ D!” Ðthat€the€father€was€physically€and€sexually€abusive€to€the€children.€€The€allegations€proved€to€beÐ 0"€  Ðgroundless€and€this€court€found€that,€ð ðGiven€the€vindictive€spirit€displayed€in€the€record€by€Mrs.Ð #l! ÐKornblee,€the€trial€court€did€not€err€in€refusing€to€allow€the€children€to€relocate€to€Wyoming€and€inÐ $X" Ðdeclining€to€restrict€the€visitation€of€the€children€with€their€father€to€supervised€visitation.ððÐ ô$D # ÐÌà  àWe€cannot€find€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€judgment€denying€relocation.€Ð Ì&"% ÐRule€13(d)€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Custody€IssueÐ )à$( Ðâ âÓê?ÓóóÐ |*Ì%) Ðà  àWe€next€address€Wifeððs€argument€that€the€Trial€Court€erred€in€changing€custody€of€theÐ ° Ðâ âparties€two€children€to€Husband.Ð œì ÐÌà  à€€In€a€recent€opinion,€òòCranston€v.€Combsóó,€106€S.W.3d€641,644€(Tenn.€2003),€the€SupremeÐ tÄ ÐCourt€discussed€the€two€step€process€that€a€court€is€required€to€engage€in€before€making€aÐ `° Ðdetermination€as€to€the€propriety€of€modifying€custody:Ð L œ ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒFirst,€the€court€must€determine€whether€a€material€change€in€circumstances€hasÐ $ t Ðoccurred€after€the€initial€custody€determination.€€Although€there€are€no€bright„lineÐ  ` Ðrules€for€determining€when€such€a€change€has€occurred,€there€are€several€relevantÐ ü L  Ðconsiderations:€(1)€whether€a€change€has€occurred€after€the€entry€of€the€orderÐ è 8  Ðsought€to€be€modified;€(2)whether€a€change€was€not€known€or€reasonablyÐ Ô$  Ðanticipated€when€the€order€was€entered;€and€(3)€whether€a€change€is€one€thatÐ À  Ðaffects€the€childððs€well„being€in€a€meaningful€way.€€(Citations€omitted).Ð ¬ü  ÐÌSecond,€after€finding€that€a€material€change€in€circumstances€has€occurred,€theÐ „Ô  Ðtrial€court€must€determine€whether€modification€of€custody€is€in€the€childððs€best€Ð pÀ Ðinterests€using€the€factors€enumerated€in€Tennessee€Code€annotated€section€36„6„Ð \¬ Ð106€(2001).€€These€factors€include:Ð H˜ Ѐ(1)€The€love,€affection€and€emotional€ties€existing€between€the€parents€and€theÐ 4„ Ðchild;Ð  p Ѐ(2)€The€disposition€of€the€parents€to€provide€the€child€with€food,€clothing,Ð  \ Ðmedical€care,€education€and€other€necessary€care€and€the€degree€to€which€a€parentÐ øH Ðhas€been€the€primary€caregiver;Ð ä4 Ѐ(3)€The€importance€of€continuity€in€the€childððs€life€and€the€length€of€time€theÐ Ð  Ðchild€has€lived€in€a€stable,€satisfactory€environment€€.€.€.€;Ð ¼  Ѐ(4)€The€stability€of€the€family€unit€of€the€parents;Ð ¨ø Ѐ(5)€The€mental€and€physical€health€of€the€parents;Ð ”ä Ѐ(6)€The€home,€school€and€community€record€of€the€child;Ð €Ð Ѐ(7)€The€reasonable€preference€of€the€child€if€twelve€(12)€years€of€age€or€older.€Ð l¼ ÐThe€court€may€hear€the€preference€of€a€younger€child€upon€request.€€TheÐ X ¨ Ðpreference€of€older€children€should€normally€be€given€greater€weight€than€thoseÐ D!” Ðof€younger€children;Ð 0"€  Ѐ(8)€Evidence€of€physical€or€emotional€abuse€to€the€child,€to€the€other€parent€or€toÐ #l! Ðany€other€person€.€.€.€;Ð $X" Ѐ(9)€The€character€and€behavior€of€any€other€person€who€resides€in€or€frequents€theÐ ô$D # Ðhome€of€a€parent€and€such€personððs€interactions€with€the€child;€and€Ð à%0!$ Ѐ(10)€Each€parentððs€past€and€potential€for€future€performance€of€parentingÐ Ì&"% Ðresponsibilities,€including€the€willingness€and€ability€of€each€of€the€parents€toÐ ¸'#& Ðfacilitate€and€encourage€a€close€and€continuing€parent„child€relationship€betweenÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€child€and€the€other€parent,€consistent€with€the€best€interest€of€the€child.Ð )à$( ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€36„6„106.Ð |*Ì%) ÐÐ h+¸&* ÐIn€short,€the€statutory€scheme€and€our€decision€in€òòKendrickóó€provide€a€flexibleÐ ° Ðframework€within€which€a€trial€court€may€consider€a€number€of€factors€inÐ œì Ðdetermining€whether€to€modify€a€custody€decree.€€Although€evidence€ofÐ ˆØ Ðsubstantial€harm€or€harm€to€the€child€is€certainly€relevant€to€the€trial€courtððsÐ tÄ Ðdetermination,€the€analysis€to€be€applied€under€òòKendrickóó€does€not€require€aÐ `° Ðfinding€of€harm€or€substantial€harm€to€establish€a€material€change€inÐ L œ Ðcircumstances.Ð 8 ˆ Ðà Ø àÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àIn€òòò òGaskill€v.€Gaskilló óóó,€936€S.W.2d€626€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996)€we€held:Ð  ` Ðà  àÌÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°Òà Ø àCustody€and€visitation€determinations€often€hinge€on€subtle€factors,Ð Ô$  Ðincluding€the€parentsðð€demeanor€and€credibility€during€the€divorce€proceedingsÐ À  Ðthemselves.€€Accordingly,€appellate€courts€are€reluctant€to€second„guess€a€trialÐ ¬ü  Ðcourtððs€decisions.€€Trial€courts€must€be€able€to€exercise€broad€discretion€in€theseÐ ˜è  Ðmatters,€but€they€must€still€base€their€decisions€on€the€proof€and€upon€theÐ „Ô  Ðappropriate€application€of€the€applicable€principles€of€law.Ð pÀ ÐÌÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àÔ#†¼@»XXIÒ'#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔIn€determining€that€there€has€been€a€material€change€in€circumstances€in€this€case,€theÐ 4„ ÐChancellor€found€that€Wife€ð ðhas€had€instances€of€extreme€instability,€that€her€current€marriage€is€notÐ  p Ðstable,€that€[she]€has€made€bad€decisions€and€judgments€concerning€the€children€and€these€findingsÐ  \ Ðalong€with€other€findings€in€regard€to€the€relocation€require€a€change€of€custody.ðð€€The€ChancellorÐ øH Ðnoted€various€incidents€which€compelled€him€to€conclude€that€there€was€a€material€change€inÐ ä4 Ðcircumstances€warranting€a€change€of€custody€in€this€case.€€We€note€two€of€the€incidents€referencedÐ Ð  Ðby€the€Chancellor€and€find€that€they€do€constitute€material€changes€which€satisfy€the€three€criteriaÐ ¼  Ðdesignated€in€òòCranston,€ibidóó.à  àÐ ¨ø ÐÌà  àFirst,€we€note€the€incidence€of€the€previously€referenced€dog€attack€upon€Grace,€the€partiesððÐ €Ð Ðyoungest€child.€€This€matter€occurred€after€the€entry€of€the€divorce€decree€awarding€Wife€custodyÐ l¼ Ðand€was€not€an€event€reasonably€anticipated€at€that€time.€€The€dog,€which€belonged€to€Mr.€Riddle,Ð X ¨ Ðwas€a€German€Shepard€weighing€approximately€one€hundred€pounds.€€The€attack€occurred€whileÐ D!” Ðboth€of€the€partiesðð€children€were€in€the€care€and€control€of€Wife€and€Mr.€Riddle€and€left€Grace€withÐ 0"€  Ðhead€wounds€which€necessitated€emergency€room€treatment,€required€twenty€one€stitches€and€leftÐ #l! Ðpermanent€scars.€€At€the€time€of€the€attack€the€dog€was€unrestrained€with€respect€to€the€childrenÐ $X" Ðdespite€the€fact€that,€as€Wife€and€Mr.€Riddle€were€aware,€the€dog€had€previously€attacked€two€otherÐ ô$D # Ðchildren.€Although€Amy€was€not€physically€injured€as€a€result€of€the€attack€she€was€in€closeÐ à%0!$ Ðproximity€and€witnessed€the€attack€on€her€sister.€€It€is€self€evident€that€this€event€affected€the€wellÐ Ì&"% Ðbeing€of€these€children€€in€a€meaningful€way.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àSecond,€evidence€fully€credited€by€the€Chancellor€was€presented€showing€that€Wife€statedÐ )à$( Ðto€others€that€Husband€was€a€pedophile€and€that€he€had€raped€her.€€These€statements€were€made€afterÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€divorce€decree€which€awarded€Wife€custody€and€at€that€time€it€could€not€have€been€Ô_ ÔreasonablyÐ h+¸&* Ðanticipated€that€she€would€make€such€statements.€€Wife€does€not€dispute€the€falsity€of€theseÐ ° Ðstatements€and€Husband€testified€that€when€he€asked€her€why€she€made€them€she€responded€that€itÐ œì Ðwas€òòbecause€of€her€hatred€for€Husbandóó.€We€agree€with€the€Chancellorððs€analysis€that€ð ðif€her€feelingsÐ ˆØ Ðabout€the€father€were€this€great,€it€would€be€very€difficult€for€that€not€to€spill€over€to€the€children.ðð€Ð tÄ ÐFurthermore,€false€allegations€of€sexual€misconduct,€particularly€Ô_ ÔpedopheliaÔ_ Ô,€will€cause€seriousÐ `° Ðdamage€to€an€individualððs€reputation€in€the€community€and€have€an€undeniable€negative€affect€uponÐ L œ Ða€parentððs€relationship€with€his€or€her€child.€€Accordingly,€we€find€that€the€making€of€these€viciousÐ 8 ˆ Ðstatements€by€Wife€adversely€affected€the€well€being€of€the€partiesðð€children€in€a€meaningful€way,Ð $ t Ðand€revealed€her€relative€unsuitability€to€have€primary€custody€of€the€children.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àThe€marriage€of€Wife€to€her€present€husband,€Paul€Riddle,€had€its€foundation€in€an€affairÐ è 8  Ðbetween€Wife€and€Mr.€Riddle€[who€was€married€to€Tina€Riddle]€which€began€after€Wifeððs€divorceÐ Ô$  Ðfrom€Husband.€€After€their€marriage€Wife€and€Mr.€Riddle€have€separated€twice€„€once€for€twoÐ À  Ðmonths€„€and€they€were€in€marriage€counseling€as€recently€as€five€to€six€months€prior€to€trial.€€The€Ð ¬ü  Ðinstability€of€Wifeððs€current€marriage€is€directly€related€to€Ô_ ÔT.C.A.Ô_ Ô€36„6„106(4)€„€ð ð[Ô_ Ôt]heÔ_ Ô€stability€ofÐ ˜è  Ðthe€family€unit€of€the€parentsðð€„€and€is€a€proper€ground€for€modification€of€custody.€€The€ChancellorÐ „Ô  Ðfound€ð ðthat€an€affair€with€a€married€person€is€sign€of€instability€in€your€relationships,€and€she€[Wife]Ð pÀ Ðappeared€to€blame€that€on€the€father€in€this€case,€and€as€the€terrible€marriage€she€had€with€him€as€theÐ \¬ Ðreason€she€was€having€an€affair€with€someone€else.ððÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àWe€take€note€of€the€Chancellorððs€findings€with€regard€to€the€circumstances€of€the€dog€attackÐ  p Ðon€the€partiesðð€older€child€heretofore€referenced.€€The€Court€found€this€to€be€evidence€of€Wifeððs€poorÐ  \ Ðjudgment׃ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€and€this€finding€is€pertinent€to€Ô_ ÔT.C.A.Ô_ Ô€36„6„106(10)€„€ð ð[Ô_ Ôe]achÔ_ Ô€parentððs€past€and€potentialÐ øH Ðfor€future€performance€of€parenting€responsibilities....ðð€€€The€Chancellor€also€found€with€respect€toÐ ä4 Ðthe€dog€bite€incident€that€Wife€did€not€notify€Husband€that€his€daughter€had€been€attacked€andÐ Ð  Ðinjured€until€she€had€returned€home€from€the€hospital.€€Wifeððs€failure€to€notify€Husband€as€soon€asÐ ¼  Ðpracticable€that€his€child€had€sustained€injuries€requiring€emergency€medical€treatment€is€furtherÐ ¨ø Ðdirectly€related€to€another€factor€set€forth€at€Ô_ ÔT.C.A.Ô_ Ô€36„6„106(10)€„€€ð ðthe€willingness€and€ability€ofÐ ”ä Ðeach€of€the€parents€€to€facilitate€and€encourage€a€close€and€continuing€parent„child€relationshipÐ €Ð Ðbetween€the€child€and€the€other€parent€consistent€with€the€best€interest€of€the€child.ðð€€The€evidenceÐ l¼ Ðdoes€not€preponderate€against€these€findings€which€are€supportive€of€the€Courtððs€determination€thatÐ X ¨ Ða€modification€of€custody€is€in€the€best€interest€of€the€children.€Ð D!” ÐÌà  àAs€primary€Ô_ ÔcaregiverÔ_ Ô€since€the€divorce,€Wife€emphasizes€the€importance€of€continuity€ofÐ #l! Ðplacement€€in€the€lives€of€the€children.€€We€acknowledge€the€importance€of€continuity€of€placementÐ $X" Ðand€the€stability€it€brings.€€However,€as€we€stated€in€òòÔ_ ÔGaskillÔ_ Ô,€ibid.óó€page€630:Ð ô$D # ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒContinuity€...€does€not€trump€all€other€considerations.€€Depending€on€the€facts,€aÐ Ì&"% Ðparent€who€has€been€a€childððs€primary€Ô_ ÔcaregiverÔ_ Ô€may€not€necessarily€beÐ ¸'#& Ðcomparatively€more€fit€than€the€other€parent€to€have€permanent€custody€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðchild.Ð )à$( ÐÔ_ Ô€€€€€Ð ° ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àWife€contends€that,€if€the€Trial€Court€found€a€material€change€in€circumstances,€it€was€furtherÐ ˆØ Ðrequired€to€conduct€a€best€interest€analysis€to€determine€whether€placement€with€either€party€overÐ tÄ Ðthe€other€was€in€the€best€interest€of€the€partiesðð€children.€€Ô#†¼@»XXIÜS#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔWife€argues:Ð `° ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒA€careful€review€of€the€record€indicates€that€the€Trial€Court€did€ò òno€ó óanalysis€of€theÐ 8 ˆ ÐFatherððs€circumstances,€his€living€arrangements,€or€his€general€ability€to€care€forÐ ( x Ðor€meet€the€day€to€day€needs€of€Amy€and€Grace.€€In€fact,€at€the€conclusion€of€theÐ  d ÐMarch€20,€2002€hearing€in€this€cause,€Motherððs€trial€counsel€attempted€to€remindÐ  P  Ðthe€Trial€Court€that€at€that€time,€the€Father€lived€in€a€small€house€or€apartment€thatÐ ì <  Ðdid€not€even€have€a€separate€bed€for€these€children.€...€€To€which€the€Trial€CourtÐ Ø(  Ðresponded€òòð ðYou€all€work€on€your€parenting€plan€and€if€you€have€an€objection€toÐ Ä  ÐMr.€Bannonððs€place€to€care€for€his€children€and€if€he€cannot€come€up€with€aÐ °  Ðsuitable€place€then€I€will€hear€you.ððóó€(Emphasis€in€original.)Ð œì  ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àWife€argues€that€had€the€Court€conducted€such€further€analysis€it€would€have€determined€thatÐ tÄ Ðit€was€in€the€childrenððs€best€interest€that€they€remain€with€their€mother.Ð `° ÐÌà  àIt€is€conceded€that€both€Husband€and€Wife€love€these€children€and€that€the€children€love€theirÐ 8ˆ Ðparents.€We€further€note€that,€in€his€opening€argument€at€trial,€Wifeððs€counsel€conceded€thatÐ $t ÐHusband€ð ðis,€for€all€intensive€[òòsic.óó]€purposes,€a€good€father.ðð€Wife€also€conceded€in€her€testimonyÐ ` Ðthat,€aside€from€his€discussion€with€the€children€of€matters€relating€to€her€relocation€that€she€feltÐ üL Ðwere€ð ðtoo€adult€for€them€to€understandðð,€Husband€is€a€good€father.€€The€only€evidence€in€the€recordÐ è8 Ðregarding€Husbandððs€living€accommodations€is€his€testimony:Ð Ô$ ÐÌÒ€°ÒÒ€°ÒSK:€€Itððs€true,€is€it€not,€that€as€we€sit€here€today,€you€still€live€in€the€same€oneÐ ¬ü Ðbedroom€house€that€you€lived€in€when€we€first€filed€this€action?Ð ˜è ÐÌDO:€That€is€correct.Ð pÀ ÐÌSK:€And€itððs€the€same€one€bedroom€house€that€you€were€living€in€in€March,€whenÐ H!˜ Ðwe€did€this€deposition.€Ð 4"„  ÐÌDO:€That€is€correct.Ð  $\" ÐÌSK:€And€did€you€bring€any€photographs€of€this€house€so€we€could€show€the€judgeÐ ä%4!$ Ðexactly€how€small€it€is?Ð Ð& "% ÐÌDO:€No.€€No,€I€did€not.Ð ¨(ø#' ÐÌSK:€Well,€is€it€your€plan,€if€you€get€custody€of€these€girls,€to€„€to€move€them€intoÐ €*Ð%) Ðthis€small€house€with€you€and€then€move€them€out€„Ð l+¼&* ЇDO:€Absolutely€not.€€Absolutely€not.€€On€top€of€what€I€pay€in€child€support€IÐ ° Ðcould€afford€a€very€nice€house.Ð œì ÐÌÒ°€ÒÒ°€Òà  àWe€find€nothing€in€this€testimony,€or€in€the€record€otherwise,€which€warrants€the€conclusionÐ tÄ Ðthat€the€house€referred€to€would€offer€inadequate€accommodation€for€the€children.€We€also€note€that,Ð `° Ðafter€the€Courtððs€offer€to€hear€any€objection€Wife€might€have€to€Husbandððs€residence€or€his€inabilityÐ L œ Ðto€provide€a€suitable€residence€for€the€children,€no€objection€was€made€by€Wife€nor€did€she€raise€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðmatter€of€Husbandððs€living€accommodations€at€the€August€22,€2002,€hearing€on€her€motion€to€rehear.€Ð $ t ÐGiven€the€protractive€and€acrimonious€nature€of€this€case€we€deem€it€appropriate€to€summarize€theÐ  ` ÐChancellorððs€findings€respecting€a€change€in€custody:Ð ü L  ÐÌÓ€ (5h83ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£û€ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝMrs.€Riddleððs€vindictiveness€and€shocking€behavior€telling€others€that€Mr.Ð Ô$  ÐOððBannon€was€a€pedophile.€€The€overwhelming€proof€that€she€did€this€andÐ À  Ðthat€she€did€so€ð ðduring€the€throes€of€a€period€in€which€she€was€trying€toÐ ¬ü  Ðprotect€herself.ðð݃3£û€4݌Иè ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£ƒÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚbÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝThe€slanderous€remarks€made€by€Mrs.€Riddle,€including€that€Mr.€Riddle€wasÐ pÀ Ða€pedophile,€a€rapist,€a€pornographer€and€that€he€caused€them€to€engage€in€sexÐ \¬ Ðin€the€presence€of€the€children€which€really€put€her€fitness€as€a€parent€inÐ H˜ Ðquestion.€€She€used€this€tactic€to€make€her€proposal€to€move€seem€reasonable.݃3£ƒHƒÝŒÐ4„` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àÐ Ð Ð  ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£}…ÝÔ25hÔÚ  ÚcÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝThe€instability€of€her€current€marriage,€and€in€her€life€since€the€divorce,Ð  \ Ðincluding€her€affair€with€a€married€man.݃3£}…¶…ÝŒÐøH` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà8  àd.à8` Ð Ð àHer€bad€judgment€in€allowing€one€of€her€boyfriends€to€stay€overnightÐ Ð  Ð(while€the€children€were€present)€and€even€when€the€boyfriendÐ ¼  Ðseemed€a€bit€put€aback€by€her€conduct.Шø` x` x Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àÌØ! !ØÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;GˆÝà0  àÔ25hÔÚ  ÚeÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€infamy€of€the€breakup€of€Tina€and€Paul€Riddleððs€marriage€as€being€her€realÐ €Ð Ðmotivation€for€the€proposed€move€to€South€Dakota.݃é;GˆtˆÝŒÐl¼` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;¼‰Ýà0  àÔ25hÔÚ  ÚfÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€strong€evidence€of€her€intention€to€defeat€or€deter€Mr.€OððBannonððs€time€with€theÐ D!” Ðchildren€where€it€is€evident€that€it€was€in€the€childrenððs€best€interest€to€permit€moreÐ 0"€  Ðand€liberal€time€for€the€children€to€be€with€their€father.݃é;¼‰é‰ÝŒÐ#l!` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  Ýà8  àÐ Ð Ð  ÐÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;Ô‹Ýà0  àÔ25hÔÚ  ÚgÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThe€dog€bite€episode€which€ð ðevinces€just€incredibly€bad€judgment€to€have€a€dog€thatÐ ô$D # Ðhad€attacked€two€other€children€and€then€keeping€that€dog€until€it€attacked€the€thirdÐ à%0!$ Ðchild.ðð݃é;Ô‹ŒÝŒÐÌ&"%` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÝ"‚é;"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚é;‘Ýà0  àÔ25hÔÚ  ÚhÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#àÝ  ÝThat€Mrs.€Riddle€did€not€bother€to€notify€Mr.€OððBannon€about€the€dog€attack€onÐ ¤(ô#' ÐGrace€until€after€the€child€returned€from€the€hospital.€€She€did€not€advise€theÐ )à$( Ðâ âchildrenððs€father€early€enough€in€this€very€significant€incident€in€the€life€of€the€child.݃é;‘¾ÝŒÐ|*Ì%)` (#` (# ÐŒÝ  ÝØ! !ØÓ€ (ð88ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  Ýà8  àÝ‚3£AÝÔ2ðÔÚ  ÚiÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` Ð Ð àÝ  ÝThat€her€proposed€relocation€had€no€reasonable€purpose€except€forÐ ° Ðâ âconvenience,€i.e.€to€be€around€her€mother€and€to€avoid€social€consequencesÐ œì Ðof€her€role€in€the€breakup€of€the€marriage€of€Tina€and€Paul€Riddle.݃3£Az݌ЈØ` Ð ` Ð  ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà  à€To€the€extent€€the€Chancellor€did€not€make€specific€findings€by€format€with€respect€to€theÐ `° Ðcomparative€fitness€of€Husband€and€Wife,€such€omission€was€harmless€error€and€does€not€constituteÐ L œ Ða€ground€for€reversal€in€this€case.Ô#†¼@»XXI§q#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÐ 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€judgment€of€the€Trial€Court€is€affirmed€and€costs€of€appeal€are€adjudged€against€Wife.Ð  ` ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à_________________________________________Ð À  Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àWILLIAM€H.€INMAN,€SENIOR€JUDGEÐ ¬ü  ÐÔ#†¼@»XXIY“#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@ÔÌÌà  à€€€€€€€Ð pÀ Ðà  à€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ð \¬ ÐÌÌÌà  àÔ#†¼@»XXI0•#ÔÔ‡XIX»¼@Ôà ` à€€Ð  \ Ðà  àÌÌà  àÌÌà  àÌà  à€Ð ”ä ÐÌà  à€€€€€€€Ð l¼ Ðà  à€€€€€€€€€€Ð X ¨ Ðà  àÌ€€Ð 0"€  ÐÌà  àÌÌà  à€€€Ð à%0!$ Ðà  à€€€€€€€€Ð Ì&"% Ѐ€€€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌÌà  à€€