WPC? ˅T!-:I`1Qvݦcj =2zǺZPFym~ev1?Hih(HK/L^`noZGmF)? fo7P.7*'<_k ꂽdEI$B{`]ŵ^/] sioxg^)SK>䥓 p3Hڼ ZO:~s#bk;)f`h tOL7\H;"eR#ƝWL;r>)wW%F)vvs{E,eJmxe %^  0UN wn4r z  m # 0U    b 0(N  0  0E 0 0L 0 0 0S 0 0 0 0= 0 0 02 0 0b 0 0 0 0/ 0 0} 0 0 0E b 0 0! 0G" 0># 0C# 0;$ 0% 0% 0& 0' 0( 0_) 021* 0c* 0:_+ 0Y+ 0_+ 0 Q, 0[- 0. B*0 D/ 1 0<1 D/B3 0q3 06?4 0u4 0:}5 0^5 0<6 1eQ6 AM6 0N7U6Q7U>7 07U*8 0c8=9 B1;1; 0N; D3; D-%< 0KR<R< AS<< 0= 0DZ> A>> 1uI? 72?Ѭ-s (`$.8dd8    ("  Z6Times New Roman Regular|&-b014c13|x C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wptUHP LaserJet 40500*+ (_2623  ..Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5*G+G (_25   /%` ` hp x /23  ../%` ` hp x /   *8+8 (_24  ," hp x ,23  ..," hp x ,  *5+5 (_23 ` ) hp x )23  ..) hp x ) ` *2+2 (_22  &hhp x &23  ..&hhp x &  */+/ (_21  #p x #23  ..#p x #  *,+, (_20 h  p x 23  .. p x h *)+) (_19  pp x 23  ..pp x   *&+& (_18   x 23  .. x   *AA (_17  5+ ` hp x 523  Ԁ5+ ` hp x 5  *GG (_16   /%` ` hp x /23  Ԁ/%` ` hp x /   *88 (_15  ," hp x ,23  Ԁ," hp x ,  *55 (_14 ` ) hp x )23  Ԁ) hp x ) ` *22 (_13  &hhp x &23  Ԁ&hhp x &  *// (_12  #p x #23  Ԁ#p x #  *,, (_11 h  p x 23  Ԁ p x h *)) (_10  pp x 23  Ԁpp x   (&& &_9   x 23  Ԁ x   (AA &_8  5+ ` hp x 523  5+ ` hp x 5  (GG &_7   /%` ` hp x /23  /%` ` hp x /   (88 &_6  ," hp x ,23  ," hp x ,  (55 &_5 ` ) hp x )23  ) hp x ) ` (22 &_4  &hhp x &23  &hhp x &  (// &_3  #p x #23  #p x #  (,, &_2 h  p x 23   p x h ()) &_1  pp x 23  pp x   &&& $_   x 23   x   - -0AA.Normal  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  <AA:Definition T  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  <AA:Definition L , 5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 586Definition(hh&H1  5+ ` hp x 5      5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H2  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H3  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H4  5+ ` hp x 5 XXX 5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H5  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  (]]&H6  5+ ` hp x 5  5+ ` hp x 5  2DD0Address  5+ ` hp x 55+ ` hp x 5  8MM6Blockquote , , 5+ ` hp x 5   5+ ` hp x 5,*CITE,dl*CODEKP<6X9`(Courier NewKSQ\  `&Times New RomanS42Emphasis64Hyperlink    <:FollowedHype    4go2Keyboard KP<6X9`(Courier NewKSQ\  `&Times New RomanS <:Preformatted  /%  ,Kk %#/KP<6X9`(Courier NewKSQ\  `&Times New RomanS/%  ,Kk %#/  <:zBottom of 7D(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?S%2A`Arial?  SQ\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  &  d dC)1dxd<:zTop of For7F(X7    5+ ` hp x 5?S%2A`Arial?  SQ\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X75+ ` hp x 5  C)2dxd0KS.SampleKP<6X9`(Courier NewKSQ\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong 8dl6TypewriterKP<6X9`(Courier NewKSQ\  `&Times New RomanS42Variable: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB   !"# 35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.X[ZA<< c(O$<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman(|G2|$ !.8dd8         0  e%2A`Arial(;3$2#  0  .3  0   RHANDIEMCDANIELSlone COAHershelMayfordGraingerDragwayHamblenNadolskyPaxilMcKnightLoudonOverstreetShoneyreweighPullenFayetteSholodge SysMcKibbonunrebuttedWitherspoon CibaGeigy d(|3?q$ !.8dd8     VVVV'dxd)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  ^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3?q$ !.8dd8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)ci) !.8dd8     _  8XqXXdd8  @ ,INTHECOURTOFAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @WW$ATKNOXVILLE#, #Ԉ &   October1,2002Session L XXqX #XXXq#RHANDIEPARKER,etal.v.WANDA_McDANIEL_,etal.XXqX   6 @@ #XXXq#XXqXAppealfromtheCircuitCourtforGraingerCounty  6 @@Nos.6837&6838O.DuaneSlone,Judge  " FILEDDECEMBER3,_2002_Ԁ   @@*AV) ` dE<` A   @@TTNo.E200103110COAR3CV   AV) ` dE<h` A i     ShannonDaleWelch( Welch)andStacyAnnBrooks( Brooks)weretheonlytwooccupantsin P anautomobiletravelingatahighrateofspeedwhenitcollidedwithavehicledrivenby_Rhandie_ < Parker( Parker).Parkersbrotherinlaw,HershelD.Williams( Williams),wasapassengerin (x hisvehicle.Asaresultoftheaccident,Parkerclaimed$27,100inpropertydamage,medical d expensesof$8,241.52,andpersonalinjuries.Williamsclaimedmedicalexpensestotaling$9,545.38 P andpersonalinjuries.Parkerswife,JaniceParker( Ms.Parker),assertedaclaimforlossof < consortium.AjuryreturnedaverdictagainstWelchinfavorofParkerfor$35,000,andawarded ( Ms.Parkernothing.Williamswasawarded$29,000.AllthreePlaintiffsappealwiththeprimary  issuebeingtheadequacyoftheverdict.Weaffirm.   @ TennR.App.P.3AppealasofRight;Judgmentofthe t @ CircuitCourtAffirmed;CaseRemanded.  ` D.Michael_Swiney_,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichHerschelP.Franks,J.,and $"t! CharlesD.Susano,Jr.,J.,joined. #`" R.JacksonRose,Harrogate,Tennessee,fortheAppellants_Rhandie_ԀandJaniceParker,andHershel $8 $ D.Williams. %$!% JohnT.Johnson,Knoxville,Tennessee,fortheAppelleeWanda_McDaniel_,_Administratrix_Ԁofthe '"' EstateofShannonWelch. (#( GregoryF.ColemanandMichaelA.Myers,Knoxville,Tennessee,fortheAppelleeCurtisMayford p*%* Brooks,Jr.,AdministratoroftheEstateofStacyAnnBrooks. \+&+   H,', _@66' OPINION  @%Background  t    ` Theseconsolidatedlawsuitsariseoutofanautomobileaccidentwhichoccurredon L  September7,1997,inGraingerCounty,Tennessee.Plaintiffsallegeavehicledrivenbyeither 8  WelchorBrookswastravelingatahighrateofspeedandcollidedwiththevehicledrivenbyParker $ t andinwhichWilliamswasapassenger.PlaintiffsclaimbothWelchandBrookswereunderthe  ` influenceofalcoholatthetime.SinceWelchandBrooksdiedasaresultoftheautomobileaccident,  L  Plaintiffssuedtheirestates.Parkersoughtcompensationforpersonalinjuriesanddamagetohis  8  vehicle,andhiswifesoughtdamagesforlossofconsortium.Williamssoughtdamagesforpersonal $  injuries.      ` Parkertestifiedatsomelength.Onthenightoftheaccident,hehadbeentothe   EnglishMountainDragway,somethinghedidregularlyuntiltheaccident.Parkerownsadragracing   carandparticipatesin1/8ofamiledragraces.A1/8ofamiledragracetakesapproximately6 p secondsandParkerreachesaspeedofupto108milesperhour.Parkertestifiedhewaspullinga \ trailercontaininghisdragracingcarandtravelingabout30to35milesperhour.Hewasobserving H oncomingtrafficandnoticedavehicletravelingatahighrateofspeedattempttopassanother 4 vehicle.ThisvehiclethenhitParkersvehicleheadon.Herecalledseeinga blondheadedgirl  p inthepassengerseatpriortotheimpact.Parkertestifiedthevalueofhisvehiclepriortotheaccident  \ was$28,200,andthevehiclesoldfor$1,100aftertheaccident. H    ` ParkerwastreatedforhisinjuriesattheMorristownHamblenHospitalemergency   room.Hewasreleasedfromtheemergencyroomafterapproximatelythreehoursandwenttosee   Dr.Manningthenextday.Dr.ManningeventuallyreferredhimtoDr.Hyde,whoprescribed  physicaltherapy,amongotherthings.Parkerwassupposedtohavephysicaltherapyon11  occasions,butduetoinclementweatherandhishavingtheflu,heattendedonlytwosessions.  Fortunately,hisdaughterworkedatthephysicaltherapycenterandwasabletoadministerthe l physicaltherapytoParkerathome.Parkertestifiedhewas bruisedandbeatprettybadfromthe X  accident.Hehadafractureinhisbackandsomefracturedribs.Hestillhadpainatthetimeofthe D! trialfromthefracturedribs,andhisbackwasaconstantproblem.Parkerstatedhisinjuriesrestrict 0"  alotofhisactivities,althoughhecontinuestodragrace.Hismedicalbillsincurredfromthe #l! accidenttotaled$8,241.52. $X"    ` Parkerownedafarmwith28cattleatthetimeoftheaccident.Hesoldthecattleto %0!$ aneighborbecausehewasnotabletotakecareofthemaftertheaccident.Heoccasionallyoperates &"% abulldozerwhichheusesforlogging.Hehastoobtaintheservicesofsomeonetohelphimoperate '#& thebulldozerbecausehehasdifficultiesoperatingitsincetheaccident.ParkerandMs.Parkerown (#' theVillaMotelinClaiborneCounty.Parkerisunabletostocktheconveniencestorelocatedinthe )$( motelandnolongerparticipatesinitsupkeepbecauseofhisinjuriessustainedintheaccident. |*%)  h+&*    ` Parkeracknowledgedoncrossexaminationthatwhileitwasdarkoutsideandheonly  sawtheoncomingcara splitsecondbeforeimpact,hedidseeablondheadedfemaleinthe  passengerseat.HewastreatedbyDr.Manningthreetimesduringthefirstmonthaftertheaccident,  andhetoldDr.Manninghewasimproving.Parkeradmittingstatinginadepositionthathehad t attendedallofhistherapysessionsandthistestimonywasnot totallyaccurate.Thelasttimehe ` wastreatedbyDr.Hydewasapproximatelythreeyearspriortothetrial.Parkerstatedhedoesnot L  incuranypainwhiledragracing,eventhoughthedragracingcargoesfrom0to108milesperhour 8  insixseconds.Hedragracedin1998,1999,and2000.Heisabletounhookthetraileroncehe $ t arrivesattheracetrack.Parkerclaimedhedidnottellhisvocationalrehabilitationexpert,Julian  ` Nadolsky( Nadolsky),thathehadnotbeendragracing,andNadolskysreportiswrongifitstates  L  Parkerhasnotbeendragracing.Parkertestifiedhemadeincomefromlogging,bulldozingand  8  cattlepriortotheaccident.However,headmittednoneofthisallegedincomewasreportedonhis $  incometaxreturns.Parkeracknowledgedhewasmakingaclaimsforlossofincomefromthese   enterprises,buthecouldnotstatetheamountofincomeheclaimstohavelost.      ` Williamstestifiedaswell.Hedoesnotrecallseeinganythingpriortotheaccident.   Heremembersbeingintheemergencyroombutwasnotadmittedtothehospital.Williamsstated p hehadruptureddiscsfromtheseatbelthewaswearing.Healsosuffersfromposttraumaticstress \ syndromerelatedtotheaccident.Priortotheaccident,heworkedsixorsevendaysaweekfora H cleaningbusinessheandhisfirstwifeowned.Theirnetincomein1996was$20,068,and 4 $18,071.49in1997.Hehasnotworkedinthecleaningbusinessoranywhereelsesincetheaccident.  p Williamstestifiedheisunabletoworkanddrawssocialsecuritydisabilityintheamountof$503  \ permonth.HecontinuestoaccompanyParkertothedragracesandassistshimwhennecessary. H Hehasaconsiderableamountofpainfromtheaccident.Williamsstatedheisphysicallyunableto 4 performanyoftheworkhewasqualifiedtoperformbeforetheaccident.Heoccasionallygoes   walkingwithhiswifeandhasgonefishingacoupleoftimes.Forthemostpart,theinjuriesfrom   theaccidentpreventhimfromdoinganything.     ` Williamsacknowledged,oncrossexamination,thathewastreatedandreleasedfrom  theemergencyroomandneverwasadmittedtothehospital.Headmittedhavinghisneckandback l adjustedbyachiropractorpriortotheaccidentandhavingbeenprescribedPaxilpriortotheaccident X  becausehewasburnedoutandworkingtoomuch.Inhispretrialdeposition,however,hedenied D! beingtreatedfordepressionpriortotheaccident.Heacknowledgedknowingayearbeforethe 0"  accidenthiswifeintendedonleavinghim,butclaimsthestressheisundercurrentlyisrelated #l! completelytotheaccident.HedoesnotrecalltellingNadolskyhewasunabletoassistParkerin $X" dragracingaftertheaccident.Thebusinessheandhisnowexwifeoperatedwasherbusiness. $D # Williamsclaimedthebusinesswasoriginallyinhisname,buthisexwifesecretlychangedthe %0!$ businesslicensepriortoleavinghim.Heclaimshewasunawareshehadchangedthelicenseand &"% thatthebusinesswasinhername,eventhoughhesignedseveraltaxreturnswhichstatedthe '#& businesswashers.Theincomefromthebusinesswasreportedasincometohisthenwife,notas (#' incometoWilliams.Williamsadmittedreportingnoincomeonhisincometaxreturnsforthreeor )$( fouryearspriortotheaccident.Hehasnotappliedforajobsincetheaccident.Noneofhis |*%) physicianshavetoldhimnottowork.HehasnotbeentreatedbyDr.Hydefortwoandonehalf h+&* years.Williamsstatedinhisdepositionthatheneverhadanyinjuriesbeforetheaccident,butlater  wasshownmedicalrecordsfromhischiropractorwherehecomplainedofpaininhisneck,back,  andlegpriortotheaccident.WilliamstoldDr.McKnight,inFebruaryof1999,thathewasableto  gohikingandheandhisnewwifewerehangingwallpaperandpainting.AccordingtoDr. t McKnightsmedicalrecords,Williamsdescribedhislifeashappyandcheery,hewassleepinggood, ` andeverydayfeltlikeaspringdaysincehestartedtakingZoloftfordepressionandremarried. L  Williamsmedicalexpensesresultingfromtheaccidenttotaled$9,545.38. 8     ` NadolskytestifiedonbehalfofbothParkerandWilliams.AstoParker,Nadolsky  ` testifiedhehasaneighthgradeeducation,althoughhereadsattheHighSchoollevel.Relyingon  L  Parkerseducationlevel,workexperience,medicalrestrictionsresultingfromtheaccident,etc.,  8  NadolskyopinedParkerhada55%vocationalimpairmentasaresultoftheaccident.Accordingto $  Nadolsky,ifParkerdidreturntothejobmarketperformingajobhestillcouldundertake,hewould   earnbetween$12,000and$18,000peryear.Nadolskywas quiteclearParkertoldhimheno   longerdragraced.NadolskyalsoagreedifParkerhadstartedtheloggingbusinessaftertheaccident,   thenthatwasinconsistentwithwhathehadbeentold.Inreachinghisconclusionastovocational   disability,Nadolskyadmitteditwasveryimportantforhimtoreceiveanaccuratehistoryonthe p personsphysicalcapabilities,workhistory,etc.NadolskytestifieditwashisunderstandingParker \ wasworking40hoursaweekaftertheaccidentcomparedto90hoursperweekbeforetheaccident. H WithregardtoWilliams,Nadolskytestifiedhewas100%vocationallydisabledasaresultofthe 4 accident.NadolskytestifiedWilliamstoldhimhewasnolongerabletoassistParkerwithdrag  p racing.  \    ` JaniceParkerisParkerswifeandWilliamssister.Ms.Parkertestifiedtothe 4 increasedresponsibilityshehadinrunningthemotelafterherhusbandwasinjuredintheaccident.   Shealsotestifiedtohavingtocareforherhusbandaftertheaccidentandthecontinuingeffectsit   hashadonthemarriagesincethattime.Herhusbandstillhelpswiththemotelandstorealthough  hecannotdoasmuchashedidpriortotheaccident.     ` Dr.Hyde,anorthopedicsurgeon,treatedbothParkerandWilliams.Withregardto l Parker,anMRIwasperformedwhichrevealedaruptureddiscattheL45levelandabulgingdisc X  attheL5S1level.AfterParkerhadreachedmaximummedicalimprovement,Dr.Hydeadvisedhim D! toavoidliftinginexcessof35to40poundsandtoavoidrepetitivebending,twistingandstooping 0"  activities.Dr.HydeconcludedParkerhada10%permanentpartialmedicalimpairmenttothebody #l! asawholeasaresultoftheaccident.AnMRIscanalsowasperformedonWilliams.Theresults $X" ofthatscanrevealedthreediscprotrusions,attheC34,C45,andC56levels.WhenWilliams $D # reachedmaximummedicalimprovement,Dr.Hydeinstructedhimnottoliftinexcessof30pounds %0!$ andtoavoidrepetitivemotionactivities.Dr.HydeconcludedWilliamshadsustaineda15% &"% permanentpartialmedicalimpairmenttothebodyasawholeresultingfromtheautomobileaccident. '#&    ` Priortothejurybeingcharged,Plaintiffscounselrequestedajuryinstructionon )$( negligententrustment.TheTrialCourtrefusedtosochargethejury.Afterdeliberations,thejury |*%) determinedWelchwas100%atfaultfortheaccident.ThejuryassesseddamagesinfavorofParker h+&* intheamountof$35,000forpropertydamageandpersonalinjuries.Williamswasawarded$29,000  forpersonalinjuries.Ms.Parkerwasawardednothing.Inlightofthejurysverdictastowhowas  responsiblefortheaccident,theTrialCourtdismissedtheclaimsagainstBrooksestate.     ` AllthreePlaintiffsfiledamotionforanewtrialchallengingtheadequacyofthe ` jurysverdict.TheyalsoclaimedtheTrialCourterredinnotchargingthejurywithregardto L  negligententrustmentandindismissingtheclaimagainstBrooksestate.Thefinalargumentmade 8  byPlaintiffsinthismotionwasthattheTrialCourterredingivingPlaintiffscounselatotalof15 $ t minutestomakeclosingargument,butgivingcounselforeachdefendant15minutesforatotalof  ` 30minutes.Althoughnotcontainedintherecord,itappearstheTrialCourtoverruledthemotion  L  foranewtrial,andPlaintiffsappealonalloftheseissues.  8  @))% Discussion       ` Actingasthethirteenthjuror,atrialcourtisempoweredtosetasideajuryverdictand   orderanewtrial.Ifatrialcourtdeterminesthattheamountoftheverdictisexcessiveorinadequate, p itmaysuggestaremittituroranadditurinlieuofgrantinganewtrial.Overstreetv.Shoneys,Inc., \ 4S.W.3d694,718(Tenn.Ct.App.1999).Thisprocedureavoidstheexpenseanddelayof H conductinganewtrial.Id.Here,theTrialCourtapprovedthejuryverdict. 4 8  8`    However,whenatrialcourtapprovesajuryverdict,appellate  \ courtsmayonlyreviewtherecordtodeterminewhetheritcontains H materialevidencetosupportthejurysverdict.SeeTenn.R.App.P. 4 13(d);Reynoldsv.OzarkMotorLines,Inc.,887S.W.2d822,823   (Tenn.1994);Whitakerv.Harmon,879S.W.2d865,867(Tenn.Ct.   App.1994).Appellatecourtsdonotreweightheevidenceand  considerwherethepreponderancelies.Instead,theydetermine  whetherthereisanymaterialevidencetosupporttheverdict,and,if  thereis,theymustaffirmthejudgment.SeeReynoldsv.OzarkMotor l Lines,Inc.,887S.W.2dat823;Pullenv.Textron,Inc.,845S.W.2d X  777,780(Tenn.Ct.App.1992).D!` x` x 8  8`    Thejurybearsprimaryresponsibilityforawardingdamages #l! inapersonalinjuryaction,followedcloselybythetrialcourtinits $X" roleasthirteenthjuror.SeeCoffeyv.FayetteTubularProducts,929 $D # S.W.2d326,328(Tenn.1996);SholodgeFranchiseSys.,Inc.v. %0!$ McKibbonBros.,Inc.,919S.W.2dat41.Whenatrialcourtapproves &"% averdictawardingdamagesinapersonalinjuryaction,ourreviewis '#& subjecttotherulethatifthereisanymaterialevidencetosupportthe (#' jurysaward,itshouldnotbedisturbed.SeeHunterv.Burke,958 )$( S.W.2d751,757(Tenn.Ct.App.1997).|*%)` x` x  h+&* Overstreet,4S.W.3dat718.  Ѐ   ` ThefirstsixissuesraisedbyPlaintiffsonappealallcenteraroundtheadequacyof  theverdict.Parkerwasawardeddamagesroughlyequaltothedamagestohisvehicle,inhis t opinion,andhismedicalexpenses.Ms.Parkerwasawardednothingforherlossofconsortium ` claim.Williamswasawardedroughlythreetimestheamountofhismedicalexpenses.Basedon L  ourreviewofthetestimonyandtherecordasawhole,itisapparentthejuryhadproblemswiththe 8  credibilityofthevariousPlaintiffs,inparticularwithwhatParkerandWilliamstoldNadolskyabout $ t theirphysicallimitations,etc.Therealsowerediscrepanciesintheirtestimonyregardingtheincome  ` theyearnedpriortotheaccidentandtheextentoftheirinjuries.BothParkerandWilliamsappeared  L  tobelessthancandid.ThereislittledoubtthatthecredibilityofPlaintiffs(orlackthereof)impacted  8  theamountofdamagesawardedbythejury.Afterathoroughreviewoftherecord,weconclude $  thereismaterialevidencetosupporttheamountofdamagesawardedbythejuryastoallthree   Plaintiffs,andwe,therefore,affirmthejudgmentinthisregard.      ` TheseventhandeighthissuesraisedbyPlaintiffsonappealareasfollows:   8  8`   7. Thejuryshouldhavebeenchargedthespecialrequestof \ TennesseePatternInstruction3!Civil12.50,NegligentEntrustment, H asrequestedpriortothetrial,inthatthecircumstantialevidenceis 4 unrebuttedthatStacyBrooksauthorizedShannonDaleWelchto  p operatehervehiclewhilehewasundertheinfluenceofalcohol. \` x` x 8  8`   8. Thereshouldnothavebeenadirectedverdictinfavorofthe 4 Defendant,CurtisMayfordBrooks,Adm.oftheEstateofStacy   BrooksforthereasonsetoutinIssuenumber7. ` x` x    ` Withregardtotheseventhandeighthissues,thejurychargerequestedbyPlaintiffs  isasfollows:  @bb NegligentEntrustment X  8  8`    Anownerofamotorvehicleislegallyresponsibleforthe 0"  faultofanotherif:#l!` x` x 8  8`   (1)Theownergivespermissiontothepersontousethevehicle;and$D #` x` x 8  8`   (2)Theownerknows,orfromthefactsknowntotheownershould &"% know,thattheuserisundertheinfluenceofintoxicantsordrugs;and;'#&` x` x 8  8`   (3)Theintoxicationofthepersonpermittedtousethevehicleisa )$( legalcauseoftheinjuriestotheplaintiff...|*%)` x` x  h+&*    ` WhilethefactsareundisputedthatWelchhadabloodalcoholcontentof.16afterthe  accidentandthecarbelongedtoBrooks,thereisnoproofwhatsoeverintherecordtoshowBrooks  kneworshouldhaveknownthatWelchwasintoxicated.Thereisnoproofwhereorwithwhom  Welchwasdrinkingpriortotheaccident,ifBrooksevenwasawarehehadbeendrinking,whether t therewereanyvisibleeffectsonWelchofthealcoholconsumption,etc.Likewise,therewasno ` expertproofdescribingthevisiblephysicaleffectsabloodalcoholcontentof.16wouldhavehad L  onWelchoranyotherindividual. 8     ` Withrespecttolegalissues,ourreviewisconducted underapuredenovostandard  ` ofreview,accordingnodeferencetotheconclusionsoflawmadebythelowercourts.Southern  L  Constructors,Inc.v.LoudonCountyBd.OfEduc.,58S.W.3d706,710(Tenn.2001).Weare  8  unabletoconcludesimplybecauseWelchhadabloodalcoholcontentof.16,withoutmore,thata $  juryquestionwaspresentedastowhetherBrooksnegligentlyentrustedhervehicletoWelch.   Accordingly,weaffirmtheTrialCourtonthisissue.      ` Asstated,theeighthissueisaclaimtheTrialCourterredindismissingBrooksestate   sinceBrooksnegligentlyentrustedhervehicletoWelch.InlightofourconclusiontheTrialCourt p didnoterrinrefusingtoinstructthejuryonnegligententrustment,thisissueismoot. \    ` ThefinalissueonappealconcernstheamountoftimePlaintiffscounselwasallowed 4 forclosingargument.Thelengthoftimeallottedforclosingargumentisamaterwithinthesound  p discretionofthetrialcourt.SeeWitherspoonv.CibaGeigyCorp.,1986Tenn.App.LEXIS2773  \ at*9(Tenn.Ct.App.Feb.12,1986)( Furtherwedonotbelievethetrialcourtabuseditsdiscretion H bygivingtheplaintiffsandeachofthedefendantsthesameamountoftimeforclosingarguments 4 where,asintheinstantcase,adifferentcauseofactionwasbroughtagainsteachdefendant.).   AlthoughtheclaimsagainsttheDefendantswereessentiallythesame,particularlysosincenegligent   entrustmentproperlywasnotcharged,thepositionoftheDefendantswerenot.Forexample,  BrooksestateclaimedBrookswasthepassenger,whereasWelchsestateclaimedWelchwasthe  passenger.Wehavenotbeenprovidedatranscriptoftheclosingargumentsonappeal.Underthe  recordpresentedtous,wecannotascertainifallowingPlaintiffsatotalofonly15minutesfor l closingargumentinanywayimpactedtheircases.Inlightoftherecordbeforeus,weareunableto X  concludetheTrialCourtabuseditsdiscretioninallowingPlaintiffatotalof15minutesforclosing D! argumentwhileatthesametimeallowingeachDefendant15minutes. 0"    |*%) @  % Conclusion       ` ThejudgmentoftheTrialCourtisaffirmed,andthiscauseisremandedtotheTrial  Courtforsuchfurtherproceedingsasmayberequired,ifany,consistentwiththisOpinion.The t costsonappealareassessedequallyagainsttheAppellantsRhandieParkerandHershelD.Williams, ` andtheirsurety. L     `     h     ___________________________________  8     `     h     D.MICHAELSWINEY,JUDGE $