ÿWPCv3 ~µk}?)_ªý#_¨ý†¢¢®Ö®FQ‹ÜÅšì(h…˜mrƒ=UØíò2Ñ{³Œ²Óå¹±ÉPðSuPƒ]ös}œ°Üðf |´Žý@·Qn´á ùBŠ /ÚßX´1—/MYéAÄå•©ê;Üö<èìÃ@¼^X{&m‹ôqtž˜=¤§‚Ò‡ÈI1ƒ÷…÷Xòz¼(èquÅ 0ýÍû,,wù¼ÿ±DÓT÷Á`Q“ý—;ã*Õð 9è5faû;VÅ”Ÿ>YÙ?©qs Vî5l·ŠAÁÑÏÝ!98ögOÓ{8¼6Ø›FOÚW§,k¸6߯ Aó@ªÈö§WðƒÛUÁ(]Ó¸QŠoræU+ñß-[¸*¬át<]±jïà(Ý.<\ШâÙ«Ûî#öH ùÁ[ÕjáÁL©Ð†FR¦2‘IQ¾Ö ¤äX>ä’“J ´‹ž!ƒÊÃ7`$¼ÖOuQ;Œ–²íÊk@6ÙéÙÀÞ» Ô ÖõoP2gÝÉøUס(A/YÞ;\“N äqkIQ÷̰u÷• ^18תob+@õút$þeîâ÷(ô€×ÜJ93ûÁxàLÌ0å*#Õºž÷ñe¦þçÞeñî5mÔb#É\ %% ^ + 0ˆ7 w¿ UNà 4 z% ÒŸ q € m‚ ‚ Æ™ Æ_ Æ%Æë 0ѱN‚g„ 0ÅëE° 0³² 0­e 0§ 0¡¹ 0›Z 0•õõõõõõõõõ 1uŠ 72ÿ21 0Uc¯¸ 0DgŒ«««b777 0ã???? 0Å" Tç 0¿;" 0¹ú" 0³³# 0­f$ 0§% 0¡º% 0[& 0Âè& 0Ϊ' 0°x( 0ª() 0¤Ò) 0žv* 0˜+ 0’¬+ 0Š>,>,>,>,>,>,>,>,>,FÈ,È,È, 0ë. 1eù.ù.ù. B^/^/ 0¤{/ D30 D-R0 0K00 ASÊ0Æ1 0¤ã1 0D‡2 A«Ë2˜\\IB01S01\CLERK1NASÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0»)Žf/Ï (`£ª$¡¡Ñ€.ÑÑ8€½­»»d»»d8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  Ó(í€"  Z6Times New Roman Regular–ƒd/B011C2 ˜C:\PROGRA~1\COREL\WORDPE~1\TEMPLATE\CUSTOM~1\REVISE~1.WPTC:\Program Files\Corel\WordPerfect Office 2000\Template\Custom WP Templates\revised standard opinion.wpt3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5‚Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5*GG ÿÿ(_16Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó ]Ý ƒR¸3$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòSee,€e.g.óó,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€53„11„201(d)(2),€„451(b)(4)€(1999)€and€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€39„11„708(c),€40„Ð À Ð33„210(a)€(2003);€òòLettner€v.€Plummeróó,€559€S.W.2d€785,€787€(Tenn.€1977).€€*AA ÿÿ(_17Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó*88 ÿÿ(_15Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó*55 ÿÿ(_14Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó*22 ÿÿ(_13Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*// ÿÿ(_12Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó*,, ÿÿ(_11Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€Ó pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)) ÿÿ(_10Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)%i) DunavantGlascoCallieWalgreenGanzevoortGilreathAssocs NuttIntlAssnPlacenciaHamblen LiabLeCorpsBrowder a]llLivingstonPettigrewBandeianSilcox CasPartonStonebarger t]he i]nshoeboxPinkletonPhillipsesLettner S.W.VanattaWoodallChamblissHollingworth $tnaYadon RistPhllipsesHollingsworthSuncoast COA*+ ÿÿ(_26Ô2ÔÔ3  Ôà..à ¥Ý ƒR¸3$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBy€this€time,€Mr.€Phillips€had€a€history€of€liquor€and€beer€law€violations€at€the€club.€€On€September€1,€1998,Ð À Ðthe€police€recovered€33€bottles€of€liquor€and€230€bottles€and€cans€of€beer.€€On€November€30,€1998,€Mr.€Phillips€wasÐ „Ä Ðconvicted€of€unlawfully€storing€beer€and€alcoholic€beverages.€€On€July€8,€2000,€the€police€seized€over€700€bottles€andÐ Hˆ Ðcans€of€beer€at€the€club.€€On€November€27,€2000,€Mr.€Phillips€was€convicted€of€selling€beer€and€liquor€without€a€license.€Ð  L Ѐ€(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó ‚Ý ƒR¸3$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔòòHelms€v.€Tennessee€Depððt€of€Safetyóó,€987€S.W.2d€545,€549€(Tenn.€1999);€òòJones€v.€Greeneóó,€946€S.W.2d€817,Ð À Ð825€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1996)€(upholding€the€constitutionality€of€forfeiture€procedures€that€did€not€provide€a€trial€by€jury).- ù-*G+G ÿÿ(_25Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó*8+8 ÿÿ(_24Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó JÝ ƒR¸3$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„102€(2000)€confers€jurisdiction€to€abate€public€nuisances€upon€the€chancery,€circuit,Ð À Ðand€criminal€courts€and€any€court€designated€as€an€environmental€court.€*5+5 ÿÿ(_23Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó*2+2 ÿÿ(_22Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó*/+/ ÿÿ(_21Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó*,+, ÿÿ(_20Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó*)+) ÿÿ(_19Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó*&+& ÿÿ(_18Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ôà..àÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(&& ÿÿ&_9Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  Ô€ÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó(AA ÿÿ&_8Ó  ÓÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ5+° °` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ 5ÓÓ  Ó(GG ÿÿ&_7Ó ¨ý ÓÓ ° ÓÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ/%` ` ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ /ÓÓ ¨ý ÓÓ ° Ó(88 ÿÿ&_6Ó  ÓÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ,"¸ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ ,ÓÓ  Ó(55 ÿÿ&_5Ó ` ÓÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ) hÀpÈ xÐ )ÓÓ ` Ó(22 ÿÿ&_4Ó ¸ ÓÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ&hhÀpÈ xÐ &ÓÓ ¸ Ó(// ÿÿ&_3Ó  ÓÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ#ÀÀpÈ xÐ #ÓÓ  Ó(,, ÿÿ&_2Ó h ÓÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓ pÈ xÐ ÓÓ h Ó()) ÿÿ&_1Ó À ÓÓppÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓppÈ xÐ ÓÓ À Ó&&& ÿÿ$_Ó  ÓÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÔ2ÔÔ3  ÔÓÈÈ xÐ ÓÓ  Ó <Ý ƒR¸3$ÝÓ  Óà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€unlikely€that€any€of€the€money€came€from€the€operation€of€the€garage€because€the€Phillipsesðð€income€taxÐ À Ðreturns€indicate€that€the€garage€was€operating€at€a€loss.(|G2¸3$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€˜ý»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ô!ò»»Ô ÿÿ35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. d(|3ƒ$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€˜ý»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3ƒ$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€˜ý»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€˜ý»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑTRXì3Ø'Avery 3259 Embossed NoteXà3Ø' Letter3Ø'Avery 5160 Address Note[ññZñÑTRXì3Ø'ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÑÀ°ÑÑÀ°ÑÑ  ÑÔ€¼˜ý»»»ÔÑ8€Þ)XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îˆd˜ýÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ À Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼˜ý»îîˆd|#ԈРæ& ÐÓ  ÓAssigned€on€Briefs€May€31,€2002Ð  L ÐÔ‡XÞ)X»¼˜ýÔÌò òÔ#†¼˜ý»XXÞ)l#ÔSTATE€OF€TENNESSEE€v.€JOHN€L.€PHILLIPS,€òòet€alóó.Ô‡XÞ)X»¼˜ýÔó óÐ  J ÐÌà@@½½ìàò ò€Appeal€from€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€CountyÐ  J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€3097€€€€€€Steve€R.€Dozier,€JudgeÐ ö 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<¹ ` AßÐ º ú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„02396„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€November€6,€Ô_Ô2003Ô_ԀРµõ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<Œ` AßÐ Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓThis€appeal€involves€the€forfeiture€of€two€motorcycles€and€$15,910€seized€by€the€District€AttorneyÐ ˆÈ  ÐGeneral€for€the€Twentieth€Judicial€District€as€part€of€a€proceeding€to€abate€a€motorcycle€club€as€aÐ t´ Ðnuisance.€€The€owners€of€the€club€requested€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€County€to€return€theÐ `  Ðmotorcycles€and€cash€because€they€had€not€been€used€to€maintain€or€conduct€the€motorcycle€club.€Ð LŒ ÐThe€trial€court€conducted€a€bench€trial€and€ordered€that€the€property€be€forfeited.€€The€motorcycleÐ 8x Ðclubððs€owners€have€appealed.€€We€have€determined€that€the€evidence€supports€the€forfeiture€orderÐ $d Ðwith€regard€to€the€two€motorcycles€and€all€but€$680€of€the€cash.Ð P ÐÌÔ#†¼˜ý»XXÞ)æ#ÔÔ‡XÞ)X»¼˜ýÔÓ&Óò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Criminal€Court€Affirmed€in€PartÐ è( Ðand€Reversed€in€Partó óÐ Ô ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼˜ý»àXÞ)t #ÔÔ‡XÞ)X.¼˜ýÔWilliam€C.€Koch,€Jr.,óó€J.,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòWilliam€B.€Cainóó€andÐ ¬ì ÐòòPatricia€J.€Cottrell,€JJ.óó,€joined.Ð ˜Ø ÐÌRichard€McGee€and€Jodie€A.€Bell,€Nashville,€Tennessee,€for€the€appellants,€John€L.€Phillips€andÐ p° ÐCarolyn€Phillips€d/b/a€Low€Riders€Club.Ð \œ ÐÌPaul€G.€Summers,€Attorney€General€and€Reporter,€and€Richard€H.€Dunavant,€Assistant€AttorneyÐ 4!t! ÐGeneral,€for€the€appellee,€State€of€Tennessee.Ð  "`" ÐÓA ÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼˜ý»XXÞ)p #ÔÔ‡XÞ)X»¼˜ýÔÐ ø#8 $ ÐÔ#†¼˜ý»XXÞ)ê #ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XÞ)X»¼˜ýÔÌà@¬¬)ìàò òI.ó óˆÐ Ð%"& ÐÌà  àJohn€Leslie€Phillips,€Jr.€chartered€the€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€as€a€not„for„profitÐ ¨'è#( Ðcorporation€in€1995.€€The€club€was€located€on€Clarksville€Pike€in€Nashville€on€property€owned€byÐ ”(Ô$) ÐMr.€Phillipsððs€spouse,€Carolyn€Phillips.€€While€the€club€may€have€started€out€as€a€gathering€placeÐ €)À%* Ðfor€persons€with€an€interest€in€motorcycles,€it€soon€turned€into€a€for„profit€nightclub€selling€beer,Ð l*¬&+ Ðliquor,€and€food€to€its€customers.€€Mr.€Phillips€began€charging€a€cover€charge,€and€the€club€providedÐ X+˜', Ðits€patrons€with€a€bar,€a€poolroom,€and€a€deejay.Ð D,„(- Ðâ âÐ 0-p).ýø ÐÔ_Ôà  àNeighboring€residents€and€businesses€began€to€complain€to€the€local€police€about€the€goingsÐ À Ðâ âon€at€the€club.€€They€reported€loud€noises€and€disturbances€at€all€hours€of€the€night,€blockedÐ ¬ì Ðdriveways,€littering€of€beer€bottles€and€cans,€and€traffic€congestion.€€The€police€also€receivedÐ ˜Ø Ðcomplaints€of€the€unlicensed€sale€of€beer€and€liquor,€the€sale€of€alcohol€to€minors,€gambling,€andÐ „Ä Ðillegal€drug€sales.€€Not€surprisingly,€the€police€began€to€take€an€interest€in€the€clubððs€activities.Ð p° ÐÌà  àThe€police€visited€the€club€on€January€5,€2001.€€After€determining€that€the€club€had€noÐ H ˆ Ðbusiness€license,€beer€permit,€or€license€to€sell€alcoholic€beverages,€they€confiscated€539€bottles€andÐ 4 t Ðcans€of€beer€and€eight€bottles€of€liquor.׃)×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Thereafter,€the€police€conducted€surveillance€of€the€clubððsÐ  ` Ðoperation€on€January€12,€13,€and€20,€2001.€€On€each€of€these€occasions,€they€observed€men€in€blackÐ  L  Ðtee€shirts€stenciled€with€the€word€ð ðSecurityðð€unload€cases€of€beer€and€liquor€from€a€white€van€andÐ ø 8  Ðcarry€them€into€the€club.€€On€January€13,€2001,€an€undercover€officer€gained€admission€to€the€clubÐ ä $  Ðand€purchased€two€beers€from€a€waitress€and€another€three€beers€at€the€bar.€€He€also€observed€otherÐ Ð  Ðpatrons€buying€mixed€drinks€at€the€bar.€€On€January€20,€2001,€the€police€seized€another€655€bottlesÐ ¼ü  Ðand€cans€of€beer€and€26€bottles€of€liquor€and€charged€Mr.€Phillips€with€selling€and€storing€beerÐ ¨è  Ðwithout€a€permit€and€storing€alcoholic€beverage€without€a€license.Ð ”Ô  ÐÌà  àOn€February€15,€2001,€the€District€Attorney€General€for€the€Twentieth€Judicial€District€filedÐ l¬ Ða€petition€in€the€Criminal€Court€for€Davidson€County€to€abate€the€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€asÐ X˜ Ða€nuisance.׃6d×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€On€February€16,€2001,€the€trial€court€entered€an€order€padlocking€the€club€and€alsoÐ D„ Ðissued€search€warrants€for€the€clubððs€premises,€the€Phillipsesðð€residence,€and€J€&€R€Market,€anotherÐ 0p Ðbusiness€operated€by€Mr.€Phillips.€€Ð \ ÐÌà  àWhen€the€police€searched€the€clubððs€premises,€they€seized€two€Harley€Davidson€ð ðlow€riderððÐ ô4 Ðmotorcycles€€that€were€on€display€in€the€clubððs€lobby€and€in€the€poolroom.€€They€also€seized€$310Ð à  Ðin€cash,€a€price€list€for€cocktails,€and€other€documents.€€The€search€of€the€Phillipsesðð€residenceÐ Ì  Ðyielded€$4,230€in€cash€located€in€a€dresser€drawer€in€one€of€the€bedrooms,€$11,000€in€a€metal€boxÐ ¸ø Ðunder€a€bed€along€with€a€small€tray€of€marijuana,€and€$680€in€a€cigar€box€under€another€bed€that€alsoÐ ¤ä Ðcontained€the€receipts€for€lease€payments€on€a€Cadillac€Escalade.€€The€police€also€seized€severalÐ Ð Ðloaded€firearms€and€Mr.€Phillipsððs€Cadillac€Escalade,€as€well€as€a€notebook€containing€tabulationsÐ |¼ Ðof€the€clubððs€receipts€on€various€dates.€€No€money€or€property€was€seized€at€J€&€R€Market.Ð h¨ ÐÌà  àOn€March€30,€2001,€the€Phillipses€consented€to€a€permanent€injunction€enjoining€them€fromÐ @!€  Ðconducting€a€public€nuisance€at€the€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€or€anywhere€else€in€DavidsonÐ ,"l! ÐCounty.€€The€trial€court€ordered€the€Phillipses€to€raze€the€building€because€it€had€been€partiallyÐ #X" Ðdestroyed€by€fire€but€permitted€Mr.€Phillips€to€operate€his€garage€and€wrecker€business€on€theÐ $D # Ðproperty.€€On€April€17,€2001,€the€Phillipses€petitioned€the€trial€court€to€return€the€two€motorcycles,Ð ð$0!$ Ðthe€Cadillac€Escalade,€and€the€$15,910€in€cash€seized€at€their€residence.€€Following€a€hearing,€theÐ À Ðtrial€court€determined€that€the€Cadillac€Escalade€should€be€returned€but€that€the€cash€and€motorcyclesÐ ¬ì Ðshould€be€forfeited.€€The€Phillipses€have€appealed€the€forfeiture€of€the€cash€and€motorcycles.€Ð ˜Ø ÐÌà@……)ìàò òII.ó óˆÐ p° Ðà@hhìàò òòòThe€Standard€of€Reviewóóó óˆÐ \œ ÐÌà  àIn€Tennessee,€forfeiture€proceedings€have€historically€been€considered€to€be€remedial€civilÐ 4 t Ðactions.€€òòState€v.€Vanceóó,€No.€03C01„9601„CC„00026,€1996€WL€507€349,€at€*2€(Tenn.€Crim.€App.Ð  ` ÐSept.€9,€1996),€òòperm.€app.€denied€óó(Tenn.€Apr.€13,€1998).€€They€are€creatures€of€statute,€and€theÐ  L  Ðforfeiture€statutes€generally€prescribe€the€governmentððs€standard€of€proof.€€Reflecting€the€civil€natureÐ ø 8  Ðof€a€forfeiture€proceeding,€these€statutes€generally€require€the€government€to€prove€its€forfeitureÐ ä $  Ðclaim€by€a€preponderance€of€the€evidence.׃×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€Because€forfeiture€proceedings€are€tried€without€a€jury,׃+×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ð  Ðthe€standard€for€reviewing€the€trial€courtððs€factual€findings€is€the€standard€associated€with€benchÐ ¼ü  Ðtrials€found€in€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d).€Ð ¨è  ÐÌà  àThe€forfeiture€proceedings€incident€to€the€abatement€of€a€public€nuisance,€found€in€Tenn.Ð €À ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€29„3„101,€„111€(2000€&€Supp.€2003),€are€one€hundred€years€old€and€are€among€theÐ l¬ Ðearliest€statutory€forfeiture€proceedings€still€being€enforced.€€Unlike€forfeiture€statutes€of€more€recentÐ X˜ Ðvintage,€the€public€nuisance€statutes€do€not€prescribe€the€governmentððs€burden€of€proof€or€theÐ D„ Ðstandard€for€reviewing€a€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€a€forfeiture€proceeding.€€However,€theÐ 0p ÐTennessee€Supreme€Court€has€held€that€the€proper€standard€of€appellate€review€in€cases€of€this€sortÐ \ Ðis€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€standard€similar€to€that€currently€found€in€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.Ð H Ð13(d).€€òòBlack€v.€Stateóó,€130€Tenn.€529,€533,€172€S.W.€281,€282€(1914).€€Accordingly,€in€keeping€withÐ ô4 Ðthe€essentially€civil€nature€of€a€forfeiture€proceeding€brought€under€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„101(c),Ð à  Ðwe€will€review€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€in€this€case€using€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d).€Ð Ì  ÐÌà  àTenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d)€requires€reviewing€courts€to€analyze€the€record€de€novo€and€toÐ ¤ä Ðpresume€that€the€trial€courtððs€findings€of€fact€are€correct€ð ðunless€the€preponderance€of€the€evidenceÐ Ð Ðis€otherwise.ðð€€If€however,€the€trial€court€has€not€made€a€specific€finding€of€fact€on€a€particularÐ |¼ Ðmatter,€we€will€review€the€record€to€determine€where€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€lies€withoutÐ h¨ Ðemploying€a€presumption€of€correctness.€€òòGanzevoort€v.€Russellóó,€949€S.W.2d€293,€296€(Tenn.€1997).Ð T ” ÐThe€presumption€of€correctness€requires€reviewing€courts€to€defer€to€a€trial€court's€findings€of€fact,Ð @!€  ÐòòFell€v.€Ramboóó,€36€S.W.3d€837,€846€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000),€and€to€give€great€weight€to€its€findingsÐ ,"l! Ðof€fact€that€rest€on€determinations€of€credibility.€€òòIn€re€Estate€of€Waltonóó,€950€S.W.2d€956,€959€(Tenn.Ð #X" Ð1997);€òòB€&€G€Constr.,€Inc.€v.€Polkóó,€37€S.W.3d€462,€465€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).Ð $D # ÐÌà  à€A€reviewing€court€employing€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d)ððs€standard€of€review€should€leave€aÐ Ü%"% Ðtrial€court's€finding€of€fact€undisturbed€unless€it€determines€that€the€aggregate€weight€of€the€evidenceÐ È&#& Ðestablishes€that€a€finding€of€fact€other€than€the€one€found€by€the€trial€court€is€more€probably€true.€Ð ´'ô#' ÐòòParks€Props.€v.€Maury€Countyóó,€70€S.W.3d€735,€742€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001).€€Thus,€for€the€evidenceÐ À Ðto€preponderate€against€a€trial€court's€finding€of€fact,€it€must€support€another€finding€of€fact€withÐ ¬ì Ðgreater€convincing€effect.€€òòWalker€v.€Sidney€Gilreath€&€Assocs.óó,€40€S.W.3d€66,€71€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð ˜Ø Ð2000).€€However,€the€evidentiary€scales€need€only€tip€slightly€against€the€trial€courtððs€findings€toÐ „Ä Ðjustify€concluding€that€the€evidence€preponderates€against€them.€€òòRealty€Shop,€Inc.€v.€RRÐ p° ÐWestminster€Holding,€Inc.óó,€7€S.W.3d€581,€596€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).Ð \œ ÐÌà  àThe€presumption€of€correctness€in€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d)€applies€only€to€findings€of€fact,€notÐ 4 t Ðto€conclusions€of€law.€€Accordingly,€appellate€courts€review€a€trial€courtððs€resolution€of€legal€issuesÐ  ` Ðwithout€a€presumption€of€correctness€and€reach€their€own€independent€conclusions€regarding€theseÐ  L  Ðissues.€€òòJohnson€v.€Johnsonóó,€37€S.W.3d€892,€894€(Tenn.€2001);€òòNutt€v.€Champion€Intððl€Corp.óó,€980Ð ø 8  ÐS.W.2d€365,€367€(Tenn.€1998);€òòKnox€County€Educ.€Assððn€v.€Knox€County€Bd.€of€Educ.óó,€60€S.W.3dÐ ä $  Ð65,€71€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001);€òòPlacencia€v.€Placenciaóó,€48€S.W.3d€732,€734€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAppellate€courts€review€a€trial€courtððs€finding€of€fact€as€a€legal€matter€in€one€circumstance.€Ð ¨è  ÐWhen€a€finding€of€fact€is€based€on€undisputed€evidence€that€can€reasonably€support€only€oneÐ ”Ô  Ðconclusion,€we€will€review€that€finding€on€appeal€without€Tenn.€R.€App.€P.€13(d)ððs€presumption€ofÐ €À Ðcorrectness.€€òòRealty€Shop,€Inc.€v.€RR€Westminster€Holding,€Inc.óó,€7€S.W.3d€at€596;€òòHamblen€CountyÐ l¬ ÐEduc.€Assððn€v.€Hamblen€County€Bd.€of€Educ.óó,€892€S.W.2d€428,€431€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1994);Ð X˜ ÐòòTennessee€Farmers€Mut.€Ins.€Co.€v.€American€Mut.€Liab.€Ins.€Co.óó,€840€S.W.2d€933,€936€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð D„ ÐApp.€1992).Ð 0p ÐÌà@^^(ìàò òIII.ˆÐ H Ðà@µ µ ìàòòProperty€Subject€to€Public€Nuisance€Forfeituresóóó óˆÐ ô4 ÐÌà  àThe€public€nuisance€statutes€describe€the€property€subject€to€seizure€and€forfeiture€in€aÐ Ì  Ðproceeding€to€abate€a€public€nuisance.€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„101(c)€states€that€ð ð[a]ll€motorÐ ¸ø Ðvehicles,€furnishings,€fixtures,€equipment,€moneys€and€stock,€used€in€or€in€connection€with€theÐ ¤ä Ðmaintaining€or€conducting€of€a€nuisanceðð€are€subject€to€seizure€and€forfeiture.€€Similarly,€once€theÐ Ð Ðtrial€court€determines€that€a€public€nuisance€exists,€€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„110€empowers€the€courtÐ |¼ Ðto€order€the€removal€and€sale€of€ð ðall€means,€appliances,€fixtures,€appurtenances,€materials,€supplies,Ð h¨ Ðand€instrumentalities€used€for€the€purpose€of€conducting,€maintaining,€or€carrying€on€the€unlawfulÐ T ” Ðbusiness,€occupation,€game,€practice€or€device.ðð€€When€read€together,€these€two€statutes€authorizeÐ @!€  Ðthe€seizure€and€forfeiture€of€personal€property€used€to€maintain,€conduct,€or€carry€on€the€activityÐ ,"l! Ðfound€to€be€a€public€nuisance.Ð #X" ÐÌà  àThe€scope€of€the€forfeiture€provisions€of€the€public€nuisance€statutes€is€narrower€than€theÐ ð$0!$ Ðscope€of€other€forfeiture€statutes€in€one€material€respect.€€The€public€nuisance€statutes€limitÐ Ü%"% Ðforfeitures€to€personal€property€used€to€maintain,€conduct,€or€carry€on€a€public€nuisance.€€However,Ð È&#& Ðother€forfeiture€statutes€permit€the€forfeiture€of€the€proceeds€acquired€and€accumulated€as€a€resultÐ ´'ô#' Ðof€criminal€activities.€€òòSee€e.g.óó,€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„703(a)€(2003);€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€53„11„Ð  (à$( Ð451(a)(6)(A)€(1999).€€The€forfeiture€provisions€of€the€public€nuisance€statutes€do€not€permit€theÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðforfeiture€of€proceeds€from€operating€the€public€nuisance,€unless€these€proceeds€were€used€toÐ x*¸&* Ðmaintain,€conduct,€or€carry€on€the€nuisance.Ð d+¤'+ ÐÐ P,(, Ðà  àThe€Phillipses€assert€that€the€trial€court€used€the€wrong€legal€standard€in€this€case.€€RelyingÐ À Ðon€a€fragment€of€one€sentence€in€the€forfeiture€order,€they€insist€that€the€trial€court€ordered€theÐ ¬ì Ðforfeiture€of€the€cash,€motorcycles,€and€Cadillac€Escalade€solely€because€it€determined€that€they€wereÐ ˜Ø Ðproceeds€from€the€operation€of€a€public€nuisance.€€While€it€is€true€that€the€trial€court€found€that€theÐ „Ä ÐState€had€ð ðestablished€.€.€.€that€the€seized€items€with€the€exception€of€the€automobile€are€proceedsÐ p° Ðfrom€running€this€nuisance,ðð€this€is€not€the€only€finding€the€trial€court€made.€€It€also€found€that€ð ðthe€Ð \œ Ðseized€motorcycles€were€present€on€the€premises€and€were€being€ððused€inðð€conducting€the€nuisanceððÐ H ˆ Ðand,€with€regard€to€the€cash€found€in€the€Phillipsesðð€house,€that€ð ðthese€funds€are€connected€with€theÐ 4 t Ðrunning€of€this€nuisance.ðð€€Ð  ` ÐÌà  àA€trial€courtððs€order€and€judgments€should€be€construed€like€any€other€written€instrument.€Ð ø 8  ÐòòGray€v.€Estate€of€Grayóó,€993€S.W.2d€59,€63„64€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1998).€€Ascertaining€the€trial€courtððsÐ ä $  Ðintention€is€the€principal€goal,€and€this€intention€should€be€gathered€from€all€parts€of€the€judgment.€Ð Ð  ÐòòLivingston€v.€Livingstonóó,€58€Tenn.€App.€271,€281,€429€S.W.2d€452,€456€(1967).€€A€judgment€shouldÐ ¼ü  Ðbe€construed€in€light€of€the€pleadings,€òòVanatta€v.€Vanattaóó,€701€S.W.2d€824,€826€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð ¨è  Ð1985),€and€in€such€a€way€that€ð ðwill€give€force€and€effect€to€every€word€of€it,€if€possible,€and€makeÐ ”Ô  Ðits€several€parts€consistent,€effective€and€reasonable.ðð€€òòBranch€v.€Branchóó,€35€Tenn.€App.€552,€556,Ð €À Ð249€S.W.2d€581,€583€(1952).Ð l¬ ÐÌà  àThe€Stateððs€petition€to€abate€the€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€as€a€public€nuisance€invokedÐ D„ ÐTenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„101(c)€as€the€legal€basis€for€the€forfeiture€of€the€Phillipsesðð€cash€andÐ 0p Ðpersonal€property.€€The€State€never€invoked€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€39„11„703(a)€as€a€basis€for€itsÐ \ Ðforfeiture€request,€and€therefore,€we€decline€to€read€this€ground€into€the€Stateððs€petition€at€this€stageÐ H Ðof€the€proceeding.€€Despite€the€trial€courtððs€characterization€of€the€seized€property€as€ð ðproceeds€fromÐ ô4 Ðrunning€this€nuisance,ðð€the€fair€and€appropriate€interpretation€of€its€order€is€that€it€directed€theÐ à  Ðforfeiture€of€the€cash€and€motorcycles€because€it€concluded€that€they€were€ð ðused€inðð€and€ð ðconnectedÐ Ì  Ðwithðð€conducting€the€business€that€was€ultimately€found€to€be€a€public€nuisance.€€These€findingsÐ ¸ø Ðtrack€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„101(c),€and€accordingly,€we€conclude€that€the€trial€court€did€not€baseÐ ¤ä Ðits€forfeiture€decision€on€the€wrong€legal€grounds.€Ð Ð ÐÌà@dd)ìàò òIV.ó óˆÐ h¨ Ðà@- - ìàòòò òThe€Forfeiture€of€the€Motorcyclesó óóóˆÐ T ” ÐÌà  àThe€authorities€seized€two€Harley€Davidson€ð ðlow€riderðð€motorcycles€at€the€club€on€FebruaryÐ ,"l! Ð17,€2001.€€One€motorcycle€was€on€display€in€the€poolroom€area€and€the€other€in€clubððs€main€seatingÐ #X" Ðarea€where€the€booths€were€located.€€The€Phillipses€assert€that€these€motorcycles€were€not€subjectÐ $D # Ðto€forfeiture€because€they€were€not€ð ða€prerequisite€to€the€running€of€an€illegal€liquor€establishmentððÐ ð$0!$ Ðand,€therefore,€were€not€ð ðproperty€used€in€the€keeping€or€maintaining€of€the€nuisance.ðð€€TheÐ Ü%"% ÐPhillipses€have€read€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðð€29„3„101(c)€too€narrowly.Ð È&#& ÐÌà  àThis€court€was€recently€called€upon€to€determine€whether€the€forfeiture€provisions€in€Tenn.Ð  (à$( ÐCode€Ann.€ðððð€29„3„101(c),€„110€covered€fixtures,€furniture,€and€equipment€that€was€not€actuallyÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðð ðused€in€creating€the€nuisanceðð€at€an€adult€entertainment€club.€€In€response€to€the€club€ownersððÐ x*¸&* Ðobjection€to€the€seizure€and€forfeiture€of€all€the€fixtures€located€on€their€property,€the€WesternÐ d+¤'+ ÐSection€held€that€the€seizure€and€forfeiture€of€all€furnishings,€fixtures,€and€equipment€used€in€or€inÐ P,(, Ðconnection€with€the€maintaining€or€conducting€of€a€nuisance€was€lawful.€€Accordingly,€the€courtÐ À Ðupheld€the€seizure€and€forfeiture€of€all€the€personal€property€found€in€the€adult€club.€€òòState€ex€rel.Ð ¬ì ÐWoodall€v.€D€&€L€Co.óó,€No.€W1999„00925„COA„R3„CV,€2001€WL€524279,€at€*11€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð ˜Ø ÐMay€16,€2001),€òòperm.€app.€denied€óó(Tenn.€Oct.€29,€2001).€Ð „Ä ÐÌà  àWe€concur€with€the€Western€Sectionððs€interpretation€of€the€reach€of€Tenn.€Code€Ann.€ðððð€29„Ð \œ Ð3„101(c),€„110.€€The€two€ð ðlow€riderðð€motorcycles€found€in€the€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€wereÐ H ˆ Ðclearly€on€display€there€to€create€the€sort€of€ambiance€that€could€attract€patrons€interested€inÐ 4 t Ðmotorcycles.€€Accordingly,€they€were€ð ðfurnishingsðð€being€used€to€maintain€and€conduct€an€unlawfulÐ  ` Ðbusiness€and€were,€therefore,€subject€to€immediate€seizure€and€ultimate€forfeiture.Ð  L  ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òV.ó óˆÐ ä $  Ðà@  ìàòòò òThe€Forfeiture€of€the€Cash€Found€in€the€Phillipsesðð€Houseó óóóˆÐ Ð  ÐÌà  àThe€Phillipses€also€take€issue€with€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€the€$15,910€in€cash€foundÐ ¨è  Ðin€their€house€was€ð ðconnected€with€the€running€of€this€nuisance.ðð€€They€assert€that€the€State€failedÐ ”Ô  Ðto€carry€its€burden€of€proof€and€that€they€presented€convincing€evidence€that€the€source€of€the€cashÐ €À Ðwas€not€related€to€the€operation€of€their€club.€€We€have€determined€that€the€evidence€preponderatesÐ l¬ Ðin€favor€of€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€$15,230€of€the€cash€found€in€the€Phillipsesðð€house€was€Ð X˜ Ðmoney€used€in€maintaining€or€conducting€the€nuisance€but€that€the€evidence€does€not€support€thatÐ D„ Ðconclusion€with€regard€to€the€remaining€$680€found€in€the€cigar€box.Ð 0p ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òA.ó óˆÐ H ÐÌà  àLitigants€may€prove€any€material€fact€by€direct€or€circumstantial€evidence€or€a€combinationÐ à  Ðof€both€direct€and€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòBrowder€v.€Pettigrewóó,€541€S.W.2d€402,€405€(Tenn.Ð Ì  Ð1976);€€òòLaw€v.€Louisville€&€Nashville€R.R.óó,€179€Tenn.€687,€696,€170€S.W.2d€360,€363€(1943)Ð ¸ø Ð(Chambliss,€J.,€concurring);€òòHollingsworth€v.€Queen€Carpet,€Inc.óó,€827€S.W.2d€306,€309€(Tenn.€Ct.Ð ¤ä ÐApp.€1991).€€Accordingly,€in€civil€cases,€litigants€may€carry€their€burden€of€proof€using€either€directÐ Ð Ðor€circumstantial€evidence.€€òòBryan€v.€tna€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€174€Tenn.€602,€610,€130€S.W.2d€85,€88Ð |¼ Ð(1939);€òòBrown€v.€Dalyóó,€83€S.W.3d€153,€160€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001);€òòtna€Cas.€&€Sur.€Co.€v.€Partonóó,Ð h¨ Ð609€S.W.2d€518,€520€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1980).€€In€fact,€litigants€may€prove€their€claim€or€defenseÐ T ” Ðentirely€with€circumstantial€evidence€because€there€are€situations€in€which€circumstantial€evidenceÐ @!€  Ðmay€be€more€convincing€than€direct€evidence.€€òòEstate€of€Brock€ex€rel.€Yadon€v.€Ristóó,€63€S.W.3d€729,Ð ,"l! Ð731€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001).Ð #X" ÐÌà  àDirect€evidence€is€evidence€which,€if€believed,€establishes€the€main€fact€at€issue€withoutÐ ð$0!$ Ðinference€or€presumption.€€òòScott€v.€Suncoast€Beverage€Sales,€Ltd.óó,€295€F.3d€1223,€1227€(11th€Cir.Ð Ü%"% Ð2002);€òòJackson€v.€Stateóó,€576€S.E.2d€85,€86€(Ga.€Ct.€App.€2003);€òòNeil€P.€Cohen€et€al.,€TennesseeÐ È&#& ÐLaw€of€Evidence€óóðð€4.01[5],€at€4„10€(4th€ed.€2000).€Circumstantial€evidence,€on€the€other€hand,Ð ´'ô#' Ðrequires€ð ðadditional€reasoning.ðð€€1€òòMcCormick€on€Evidence€óóðð€189,€at€641„42€(John€W.€Strong€ed.,Ð  (à$( Ð5th€ed.€1999).€€Circumstantial€evidence€is€evidence€of€collateral€facts€and€circumstances€from€whichÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðthe€trier„of„fact€may€infer€that€the€main€fact€is€based€on€reason€and€common€experience.òò€€Bishop€v.Ð x*¸&* ÐStateóó,€199€Tenn.€428,€430,€287€S.W.2d€49,€50€(1956);€òòJohnson€v.€Elyóó,€30€Tenn.€App.€294,€299„300,Ð d+¤'+ Ð205€S.W.2d€759,€762€(1947)€(circumstantial€evidence€consists€of€facts€leading€the€mind€to€concludeÐ P,(, Ðthat€another€fact€follows€as€a€natural€and€probable€consequence).€€If€litigants€undertake€to€supportÐ À Ða€claim€or€defense€with€circumstantial€evidence,€their€proof€must€establish€that€their€theory€of€theÐ ¬ì Ðcase€is€more€probable€than€the€other€partiesðð€theories.€€òòBryan€v.€tna€Life€Ins.€Co.óó,€174€Tenn.€at€Ð ˜Ø Ð610,€130€S.W.2d€at€88;€òòBenson€v.€H.G.€Hill€Stores,€Inc.óó,€699€S.W.2d€560,€563€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð „Ä Ð1985).Ð p° ÐÌà@)ìàò òB.ó óˆÐ H ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€State€has€introduced€sufficient€circumstantial€evidence€to€warrant€the€trial€courtððsÐ  ` Ðconclusion€that,€more€probably€than€not,€the€$4,230€in€cash€found€in€the€dresser€drawer€and€theÐ  L  Ð$11,000€in€cash€found€in€the€metal€box€under€the€bed€was€used€in€the€operation€of€the€Low€RidersÐ ø 8  ÐMotorcycle€Club.€€Six€circumstances€support€this€conclusion.€€First,€Mr.€Phillips€admitted€that€heÐ ä $  Ðhad€ð ðsavedðð€this€money€from€the€operation€of€the€club€and€the€garage.€€While€this€admission€is€notÐ Ð  Ðdirect€evidence€that€he€was€using€the€money€to€operate€the€club,€it€established€that€most,€if€not€allÐ ¼ü  Ðof€the€funds€came€from€the€illegal€sale€of€beer€and€alcoholic€beverages€at€the€club.׃O×Ý ƒ*#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€€This€conclusionÐ ¨è  Ðis€buttressed€by€a€second€piece€of€circumstantial€evidence.€€The€€police€seized€a€notebook€tabulatingÐ ”Ô  Ðthe€clubððs€revenues€immediately€before€the€State€filed€its€nuisance€action.€€The€notebook€establishedÐ €À Ðthat€the€club€had€taken€in€at€least€$24,633€over€thirteen€days€between€December€2000€and€FebruaryÐ l¬ Ð2001.€€Based€on€these€revenues,€it€is€easy€to€conclude€that€the€cash€in€the€Phillipsesðð€houseÐ X˜ Ðrepresented€part€of€the€proceeds€from€the€operation€of€the€club€immediately€before€it€was€padlocked.Ð D„ ÐÌà  àEvidence€that€the€cash€found€in€the€Phillipsesðð€house€was€derived€from€the€operation€of€theÐ \ Ðclub€does€not€necessarily€establish€that€the€cash€was€also€used€to€operate€the€club.€€However,€twoÐ H Ðother€pieces€of€circumstantial€evidence€link€the€cash€to€the€operation€of€the€club.€€First,€the€operationÐ ô4 Ðof€the€club€must€have€required€large€amounts€of€cash€to€purchase€the€beer€and€alcoholic€beveragesÐ à  Ðsold€at€the€club.€€In€light€of€the€fact€that€these€sales€were€illegal€and€that€the€Phillipses€lacked€theÐ Ì  Ðproper€licenses€to€sell€beer€or€alcoholic€beverages€at€the€club,€they€were€required€to€obtain€their€beerÐ ¸ø Ðand€alcoholic€beverages€at€retail€which€would€have€required€large€amounts€of€cash€in€light€of€theÐ ¤ä Ðvolume€of€their€sales.€€Second,€in€light€of€the€nature€of€the€clubððs€clientele,€it€is€unlikely€that€theÐ Ð ÐPhillipses€would€have€kept€large€amounts€of€cash€at€the€club.€€It€was€safer€to€keep€the€cash€at€home.€Ð |¼ ÐAccordingly,€these€circumstances€provide€the€trial€court€with€sufficient€evidence€to€conclude€thatÐ h¨ Ðthe€cash€found€in€the€Phillipsesðð€house€was€to€be€used€to€purchase€beer€and€alcoholic€beverages€toÐ T ” Ðbe€sold€illegally€at€the€club€or€to€pay€other€expenses€associated€with€the€clubððs€operation.Ð @!€  ÐÌà  àTwo€other€circumstances€support€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€$15,230€of€the€cash€foundÐ #X" Ðin€the€Phillipsesðð€house€was€going€to€be€used€to€operate€the€club.€€First,€the€evidence€demonstratesÐ $D # Ðthat€the€Phillipsesðð€other€two€businesses€were€not€generating€significant€revenue€and€were,€in€fact,Ð ð$0!$ Ðlosing€money.€€Thus,€it€is€unlikely€that€the€seized€cash€could€be€traced€to€the€operation€of€either€theÐ Ü%"% Ðgarage€or€the€convenience€market.€€The€Phillipses€even€took€an€entirely€different€tack€with€regardÐ È&#& Ðto€the€source€of€the€cash.€€They€asserted€that€it€represented€the€proceeds€from€the€sale€of€propertyÐ ´'ô#' Ðowned€by€Mr.€Phillipsððs€93„year„old€aunt€and€funds€withdrawn€from€Ms.€Phillipsððs€profit„sharingÐ  (à$( Ðaccount.€€The€credibility€to€these€explanations€is€undermined€by€the€fact€that€(1)€the€auntððs€propertyÐ Œ)Ì%) Ðhad€been€sold€five€years€earlier,€(2)€the€Phillipses€did€not€explain€why€they€were€storing€the€cash€inÐ À Ðtheir€house,€and€(3)€the€Phillipses€did€not€explain€what€the€money€was€for.Ð ¬ì ÐÌà@‹‹)ìàò òC.ó óˆÐ „Ä ÐÌà  àWe€reach€a€different€conclusion€with€regard€to€the€$680€in€cash€found€in€the€cigar€box€alongÐ \œ Ðwith€receipts€for€the€lease€payment€for€the€Phillipsesðð€Cadillac€Escalade.€€While€the€circumstantialÐ H ˆ Ðevidence€may€very€well€support€the€conclusion€that€this€money€came€from€the€operation€of€the€club,Ð 4 t Ðit€does€not€establish€that€the€Phillipses€intended€to€use€the€money€to€operate€the€club.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àCircumstantial€evidence€can€cut€both€ways.€€The€evidence€in€this€case€established€that€theÐ ø 8  Ðlease€payments€for€the€Escalade€were€precisely€$680€per€month,€that€$680€in€cash€had€been€separatedÐ ä $  Ðfrom€the€other€cash€found€in€the€house,€and€that€it€had€been€placed€in€a€box€with€the€lease€paymentÐ Ð  Ðcoupons€for€the€Escalade.€€Accordingly,€the€$680€in€the€cigar€box,€more€probably€than€not,€wasÐ ¼ü  Ðgoing€to€be€used€to€make€the€next€lease€payment€on€the€Cadillac€Escalade.€€In€light€of€the€trial€courtððsÐ ¨è  Ðconclusion€that€the€Escalade€had€not€been€used€to€operate€or€maintain€the€club,€it€necessarily€followsÐ ”Ô  Ðthat€the€funds€for€the€Escaladeððs€lease€payment€were€likewise€not€going€to€be€used€to€maintain€orÐ €À Ðoperate€the€club.€€Therefore,€the€evidence€preponderates€against€the€trial€courtððs€conclusion€that€theÐ l¬ Ð$680€found€in€the€cigar€box€was€money€that€was€going€to€be€used€to€operate€the€club.Ð X˜ ÐÌà@dd)ìàò òVI.ó óˆÐ 0p ÐÌà  àWe€affirm€the€judgment€ordering€the€forfeiture€of€the€two€ð ðlow€riderðð€motorcycles€seized€atÐ H Ðthe€Low€Riders€Motorcycle€Club€and€$15,230€of€the€$15,910€in€cash€seized€at€the€Phillipsesðð€houseÐ ô4 Ðand€reverse€the€judgment€forfeiting€the€remaining€$680€in€cash.€€We€remand€the€case€to€the€trialÐ à  Ðcourt€for€further€proceedings€consistent€with€this€opinion.€€We€tax€the€costs€in€equal€proportions€toÐ Ì  ÐJohn€Phillips€and€Carolyn€Phillips€and€to€the€State€of€Tennessee.Ð ¸ø ÐÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  à_____________________________€Ð h¨ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àà  àWILLIAM€C.€KOCH,€JR.,€J.