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Sf\  `&Times New RomanS7Z(X7(G2\$ !.8]dXXd8         0  {UO)2dxd0KS.SampleKe<6X9`(Courier NewKSf\  `&Times New RomanS0.Strong  d8dl6TypewriterKe<6X9`(Courier NewKSf\  `&Times New RomanS(|3Y$ !.8]dXXd8     VVVV'dxd)!dxdx( $ Figure  1  42Variable^_X`YE<<CLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3Y$ !.8]dXXd8     ($$   1  X[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK: 8HTML MarkupB      2 0CommentB  ()*+,-/0 35;AGMSY_11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.<6X9`(Courier New\  `&Times New Roman%2A`Arial3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)hi)&c$""0 (#$  0   !.8]dd8     _  ]8XXdd8  @ ]INTHECOURTOFAPPEALSOFTENNESSEE  @kk$ATNASHVILLE#]#Ԉ &   ӀAssignedonBriefsJanuary9,2001 L XX] #]XX#MATTHEWSTEPHENPOLIAKv.JAMESH.ADCOCKXX]  J @@   AppealfromtheCircuitCourtforDavidsonCounty  J @@ No.99C1897BarbaraN.Haynes,Judge  6 @@*AV) ` dE< ` A    @@No.M200002325_COA_ԄR3CV_ԄFiledSeptember24,_2002__   AV) ` dE<` A      #]XX#XX]Thisappealinvolvesadisputebetweenafatherandhisadultdaughtersliveinboyfriend.The   boyfriendfiledapersonalinjurysuitagainsthisgirlfriendsfatherintheCircuitCourtforDavidson   Countyafterthefatherassaultedhimwithapieceoftwobyfour.Thefatheradmittedthathehad  assaultedhisdaughtersboyfriendbutassertedthedefensesofselfdefense,provocation,anddefense v ofproperty.Inresponsetotheboyfriendsmotionforpartialsummaryjudgment,thetrialcourt b _determined_Ԁthatthefatherhadfailedtoproduceevidencetosubstantiateanyofthesedefenses.The N fatherperfectedthisappealafterthetrialcourtcertifieditsorderasfinalinaccordancewithTenn. : R.Civ.P.54.02.Wehavedeterminedthatthetrialcourtwascorrectwhenitdeterminedthatthe &v fathersevidenceregardingthecircumstancessurroundingtheassaultcouldnot,asamatteroflaw, b supporthisaffirmativedefenses.Accordingly,weaffirmthetrialcourt. N  Tenn.R.App.P.3AppealasofRight;JudgmentoftheCircuitCourtAffirmed  &   WilliamC.Koch,Jr.,J.,deliveredtheopinionofthecourt,inwhichW XXILLIAM#XX  #ԀB.C XXAIN#XX 3 #Ԁand  P XXATRICIA#XX  #ԀJ.C XXOTTRELL#XX  #,JJ.,_joined_.  JayNorman,Nashville,Tennessee,fortheappellant,JamesH._Adcock_. r  JoelH._Moseley_,Sr.,Nashville,Tennessee,fortheappellee,MatthewStephen_Poliak_. J"!   OPINION  "$r#  I.  %J!%     JamesM._Adcock_ԀandhiswifeownahouseinNashville.Theiradultdaughter,Anna '"#' Michelle_Adcock_ԄButler,andhertwochildrenlivewiththem.Ms._Adcock_ԄButlersboyfriend, ($( Matthew_Poliak_Ԁwasafrequentvisitorinthe_Adcock_Ԁhome.DespiteatleastoneruninwithMr. )$) _Adcock_Ԁinearly1998,Mr._Poliak_ԀmovedhisclothingandotherpersonaleffectsintoMr._Adcock_s *%* houseseveralmonthslaterandapparentlybeganspendingsignificantamountsoftimethere.Even +&+ thoughMr._Adcock_ԀwasnotpleasedwithMr._Poliak_sactions,heneverdirectlyopposedorprotested n,', Mr._Poliak_spresenceinhishouseafterMr._Poliak_Ԁmovedbackin. Z-(-  F.).   Bymid1998Mr.AdcockdecidedhecouldnotpermitMr.Poliaktoliveinhishouseany  longer.OntheafternoonofJuly11,1998,armedwithapieceoftwobyfour,Mr.Adcockentered  hisdaughtersbedroomwherehefoundMr.Poliaklyingaloneonthebed.AsMr.Poliakbeganto  arisefromthebed,Mr.Adcock,withoutwarning,struckhimwiththetwobyfour.HetoldMr. t PoliakthathewasgoingtoleavethehouseforawhileandthathewouldkillMr.Poliakifhewas ` stilltherewhenhereturned.Mr.Poliaksustainedsevereinjuriesandwastakenbyambulancetothe L  hospital. 8    InJuly1999,Mr.PoliaksuedMr.AdcockforassaultandbatteryintheCircuitCourtfor  ` DavidsonCounty,seeking$150,000incompensatorydamagesand$150,000inpunitivedamages.  L  Mr.AdcockrespondedbyadmittingthathehadstruckMr.Poliakwithatwobyfour.Healso  8  assertedthathehadbeenprovokedandthathewasactinginselfdefensebecauseMr.Poliakwas $  ayoungerandlargerman.AftertakingMr.Adcock'sdiscoverydeposition,Mr.Poliakmovedfor   apartialsummaryjudgmentseekingdismissalofMr.Adcock'saffirmativedefensesofprovocation,   selfdefense,andprotectionofproperty.ThetrialcourtgrantedMr.Poliak'smotionbecauseMr.   Adcockhadfailedtodemonstratethathewouldbeabletoprovidematerialevidencetosupporthis   affirmativedefenses.Mr.Adcockhasnowappealed. p @) II. H @22!StandardofReview  4   Thestandardsforreviewinganordergrantingasummaryjudgmentarewellsettled.A  \ summaryjudgmentisproperinvirtuallyanycivilcasewherethemovingpartydemonstratesthat H nogenuineissuesofmaterialfactexistandthatitisentitledtoajudgmentasamatteroflaw.Doe 4 v._HCA_ԀHealth_Servs_.ofTenn.,Inc.,46S.W.3d191,196(Tenn.2001);_Armoneit_Ԁv.ElliottCrane   Serv.,65S.W.3d623,627(Tenn.Ct.App.2001).Becauseasummaryjudgmentinvolvesanissue   oflawratherthananissueoffact,PlantersGinCo.v.FederalCompress&WarehouseCo.,78  S.W.3d885,889(Tenn.2002),anordergrantingasummaryjudgmentisnotentitledtoa  presumptionofcorrectnessonappeal.Guyv.MutualofOmahaIns.Co.,79S.W.3d528,534(Tenn.  2002). l   AppellatecourtsdonotemploythestandardofreviewinTenn.R.App.P.13(d)when D! reviewinganordergrantingasummaryjudgment.Masonv._Seaton_,942S.W.2d470,472(Tenn. 0"  1997);EstateofKirkv.Lowe,70S.W.3d77,7980(Tenn.Ct.App.2001).Rather,wedetermine #l! forourselveswhetherthemovingpartyhassatisfiedtherequirementsofTenn.R.Civ.P.56.Hunter $X" v.Brown,955S.W.2d49,5051(Tenn.1997);Cantrellv.DeKalbCounty,78S.W.3d902,905 $D # (Tenn.Ct.App.2001).Inthisprocess,wemustconsidertheevidenceinthelightmostfavorable %0!$ tothenonmovingpartyandresolveallinferencesinthenonmovingparty'sfavor.Johnsonv. &"% _LeBonheur_ԀChildrensMed.Ctr.,74S.W.3d338,342(Tenn.2002);Webberv.StateFarmMut. '#& Auto.Ins.Co.,49S.W.3d265,269(Tenn.2001). (#'   Litigantsmayuseamotionforsummaryjudgmenttochallengetheiradversariestoputup |*%) orshutuponacriticalissueinacase.Streetv._J.C._ԀBradford&Co.,886F.2d1472,1478(6thCir. h+&* 1989).Amovingpartywillbeentitledtoasummaryjudgmentifitcandemonstratethatthenon T,'+ movingpartywillbeunabletoproveanessentialelementofitscaseonwhichitwillbeartheburden  ofproofattrial.Byrdv.Hall,847S.W.2d208,213(Tenn.1993);Solomonv._FloWarr_ԀMgt.,Inc.,  777S.W.2d701,706(Tenn.Ct.App.1989).Customarily,defendantsemploythisstrategyeither  tonegateanessentialelementoftheplaintiffsclaimortoestablishanaffirmativedefensetothe t plaintiffsclaim.Staplesv._CBL_Ԁ&_Assocs_.,Inc.,15S.W.3d83,88(Tenn.2000);_Pendleton_Ԁv.Mills, ` 73S.W.3d115,121(Tenn.Ct.App.2001).Thoughlesscommon,plaintiffsmayalsousea L  summaryjudgmentmotiontotestthesufficiencyofanaffirmativedefense.6JamesW.Mooreet 8  al.,MooresFederalPracticeandProcedure56.17[4](2ded.1995);10B_CharlesA.Wrightet $ t al.,FederalPracticeandProcedure2734,at25556(3ded._Ԁ1998)( FederalPracticeand  ` Procedure).Thus,aplaintiffmaybeentitledtoapartialsummaryjudgmentstrikinganaffirmative  L  defenseifitdemonstrates,asamatteroflaw,thatthedefendantwillnotbeabletosubstantiateone  8  ormoreofitsaffirmativedefenses.FederalPracticeandProcedure2734,at25859. $    Onceapartyseekingasummaryjudgmentdemonstratesthatitsmotioncomplieswiththe   requirementsofTenn.R.Civ.P.56,theburdenofgoingforwardshiftstothenonmovingpartyto   demonstrateeitherthatmaterialfactualdisputesexistorthatthemovingpartyisotherwisenot   entitledtoajudgmentasamatteroflaw.Nelsonv.Martin,958S.W.2d643,647(Tenn.1997); p Cantrell_v._ԀDeKalbCounty,78S.W.3dat905.Mereconclusoryallegationswillnotsufficetocreate \ amaterialfactualdispute.Psillasv.HomeDepot,U.S.A.,Inc.,66S.W.3d860,864(Tenn.Ct.App. H 2001).Nonmovingpartiesmaydeflectasummaryjudgmentmotionchallengingtheirabilityto 4 proveanessentialelementoftheircaseby(1)pointingtoevidenceeitheroverlookedorignoredby  p themovingpartythatcreatesafactualdispute,(2)rehabilitatingevidencechallengedbythemoving  \ party,(3)producingadditionalevidencethatcreatesamaterialfactualdispute,or(4)submittingan H affidavitinaccordancewithTenn.R.Civ.P.56.07requestingadditionaltimefordiscovery. 4 McCarleyv.WestQualityFoodServ.,960S.W.2d585,588(Tenn.1998);Davis_v._ԀCampbell,48   S.W.3d741,74748(Tenn.Ct.App.2001).Anon-movingpartywhofailstocarryitsburdenfaces   summarydismissalofthechallengedclaimordefensebecause,asourcourtshaverepeatedly  observed,thefailureofproofconcerninganessentialelementofacaserendersallotherfacts  immaterial.Alexanderv.MemphisIndividualPracticeAssn,870S.W.2d278,280(Tenn.1993);  Straussv.Wyatt,Tarrant,Combs,Gilbert&Milom,911S.W.2d727,729(Tenn.Ct.App.1995). l @^^( III.  D! @M M  Mr.AdcocksAffirmativeDefenses 0"     Mr.AdcockdoesnotdisputethatheassaultedMr.Poliakwithatwobyfour.However,he $X" hasundertakentodeflectliabilityforMr.Poliaksinjuriesbyassertingthreeaffirmativedefenses $D # !provocation,selfdefense,anddefenseofproperty.AftertakingMr.Adcocksdeposition,Mr. %0!$ PoliakmovedforasummaryjudgmentonthegroundthatMr.Adcockwouldbeunabletoprovethe &"% essentialelementsofthesedefensesattrial.Mr.Adcockrespondedbyinsistingthatthetestimony '#& hegaveinhisdepositionissufficienttosupporteachofhisdefenses. (#' ______ T,'+ @) A.   @||$ SelfDefense     Selfdefenseisacompletedefensetoacivilactionforbattery.Dent_v._ԀHolt,No.01A01 t 9302CV00072,1994WL503891,at*1(Tenn.Ct.App.Sept.16,1994)(NoTenn.R.App.P.11 ` _application_Ԁfiled).Thus,personswhocanprovethattheywereactinginselfdefensewhenthey L  assaultedanotherpersonwillbeabsolvedfromliabilityfortheinjuriestheymayhavecaused. 8    Theelementsofthedefenseareessentiallythesameincivilandcriminalcases.ShelbyIns.  ` Co.v._Mathes_,No.E200000186COAR3CV,2000WL1035949,at*2(Tenn.Ct.App.July27,  L  2000)(NoTenn.R.App.P.11applicationfiled);Restatement(Second)ofTorts63(1965).The  8  defensereflectstheprinciplethatpersonsareentitledtodefendthemselveswhentheyreasonably $  believetheyareabouttobeseriouslyinjured.Restatement(Second)ofTorts63,65(1965);   _Tenn._ԀCodeAnn.3911611(a)(1997).However,personsareentitledtouseforcetodefend   themselvesonlyaslongasthethreatofinjurycontinues,Sneedv.Englert,HamiltonLaw,1984   Tenn.App.LEXIS2657,at*34(Tenn.Ct.App.Feb.7,1984)(NoTenn.R.App.P.11_application_   filed),andmayuseonlyasmuchforceasisnecessarytodefendthemselves.McLemorev.Moore, p 2Tenn.Cas.(Shannon)142,143(1876);McCainv.Vaughn,No.02A019707CV00154,1999WL \ 95974,at*2(Tenn.Ct.App.Feb,26,1999)(NoTenn.R.App.P.11applicationfiled);Dentv.Holt, H 1994WL503891,at*2. 4   TheRestatementprovidesfactfinderswithfactorsfordeterminingwhethertheamountof  \ forceusedbyapersonactinginselfdefensewasreasonable.Thesefactorsinclude:(1)theamount H offorcethedefenderexerted,(2)themeansortheobjectbywhichthedefenderappliedtheforce, 4 (3)themannerormethodusedbythedefendertoapplytheforce,and(4)thesurrounding   circumstancesunderwhichthedefenderappliedtheforce.Restatement(Second)ofTorts70cmt.   b.Usingsimilarfactors,thiscourthasupheldatrialcourtsconclusionthatapersonwhothrewan  aggressortothegroundandrepeatedlyhithimhadusedmoreforcethanwasreasonablynecessary.  McCainv.Vaughn,1999WL95974,at*2.    AccordingtoMr.Adcock,heandMr.Poliakhadatleastonepreviousconfrontation. X  However,eventhoughMr.Poliakistheyoungerandlargerman,thereisnoevidenceintherecord D! thatMr.PoliakhadeverattemptedtointimidateorharmMr.Adcock.Nonetheless,Mr.Adcock 0"  armedhimselfwithatwobyfourandenteredtheroomwhereMr.Poliakwassleepingwiththe #l! settledintentiontostrikeMr.PoliakovertheheadtodissuadehimfromresistingMr.Adcocks $X" ultimatumtoleavehishouse.WhenMr.AdcockenteredtheroomcursingatMr.Poliak,Mr. $D # PoliaksonlyactionsbeforeMr.Adcockstruckhimweretomumblesomethingandtobegintoget %0!$ outofbed.ViewingMr.Adcocksowntestimonyinalightmostfavorabletohim,theonly &"% conclusionsthatareasonablepersoncandrawarethatontheafternoonofJuly11,1998,Mr.Adcock '#& hadnoreasonablebasistofearthatMr.PoliakwasabouttoinjurehimseriouslyandthatMr. (#' AdcocksattackonMr.PoliakwasclearlydisproportionatetoMr.Poliaksconduct.Accordingly, )$( thetrialcourtcorrectlyheldthatMr.PoliakwasentitledtoasummaryjudgmentstrikingMr. |*%) AdcocksdefenseofselfdefensebecauseMr.Adcockhadfailedtodemonstratethathewouldbe h+&* abletosubstantiatethisdefenseattrial. T,'+ Ї@) B.   @% Provocation     InTennessee,provocationisatheoryusedtomitigatedamagesratherthananaffirmative t defense.XXXXDent_v._ԀHolt,1994WL503891,at*2#XXXXpI#.Itdoesnotcompletelyabsolveadefendantfrom ` liabilitylikethedefenseofselfdefensedoes.Instead,itenablesdefendantstoreducetheamount L  ofdamagesaplaintiffreceivesbydemonstratingthattheplaintiffprovokedthedefendantintothe 8  injurycausingconduct.Daniel_v._ԀGiles,108Tenn.242,243,66S.W.1128,1128(1901);Jacaway $ t v.Dula,15Tenn.(7Yer.)82,83(1834).  `   Thetheoryofprovocationstemsfromthebeliefthatpersonsshouldnotbepermittedto  8  benefitfromtheirownwrongfulconduct.Dentv.Holt,1994WL503891,at*1.Itarisesin $  circumstanceswheretheplaintiffsconductissoprovocativethatit heat[s]thebloodorarouse[s]   thepassionofareasonableman.Danielsv.Giles,108Tenn.at244,66S.W.at1129.However,   apersonattemptingtomitigatedamagesbyassertingthatheorshewasprovokedmustdemonstrate   (1)thattheplaintiffsconductwastrulyprovocative,(2)thathisorherresponsetotheprovocation   wasnotwhollydisproportionatetotheoffenseoffered,Jenkinsv.Hankins,98Tenn.545,55455, p 41_S.W._Ԁ1028,1030(1897);Chambers_v._ԀPorter,45Tenn.(5Cold.)273,282(1868),and(3)that \ notenoughtimehadelapsedfortheeffectoftheprovocativeconducttodissipate.Lovelacev. H Miller,43So.734,736(Ala.1907);Bondv.Williams,214S.W.202,204(Mo.1919). 4   Thecourtshavenotlaiddownadefinitivetestfordeterminingwhetheraplaintiffsactions  \ aresufficientlyprovocativetomitigateadefendantsforcefulreactionstothem.Theseinquiriesare H factspecific.Thus,whethertheplaintiffsconductwastrulyprovocativeandwhetherthe 4 defendantsresponsewasdisproportionatemustbedeterminedonacasebycasebasisinlightof   allthecircumstances.     Mr.AdcockclaimsthatMr.PoliakprovokedtheJuly11,1998_assault_Ԁbycontinuingtolive  inhishomeafterhehadaskedMr.Poliaktoleave.AsweunderstandMr.Adcockstestimony,Mr.  Poliakhadbeenlivinginhishouseforanumberofweeks,ifnotmonths,beforeJuly11,1998. l Whileareasonablepersoncouldbeupsetbythepresenceofanunwantedguestinhisorherhome, X  thepresenceofsuchaguest,especiallyonewhohasbeeninvitedintothehomebyoneoftheother D! personsresidingthere,isnotthesortofconductthatheatsthebloodorarousesthepassionsof 0"  reasonablepersonstothepointwheretheyfeelcompelledtoassaulttheunwantedguestwithatwo #l! byfour.Thus,thetrialcourtproperlydeterminedthatMr.PoliaksmerepresenceinMr.Adcocks $X" homewasnotthesortofprovocativeconductthatprovidesabasisforclaimingprovocationasa $D # justificationformitigatingdamages. %0!$   TheeventsofJuly11,1998likewisefailtoprovideafactualbasisforaprovocation '#& argument.ViewingtheevidenceinthelightmostfavorabletoMr.Adcock,Mr.Poliakdidnothing (#' onJuly11,1998toprovokeMr.Adcocksviolentattack.Infact,Mr.Adcockessentiallyadmitsthat )$( hehaddecidedtohitMr.Poliakwiththetwobyfourbeforeheenteredtheroom.Asfarasthis |*%) recordshows,Mr.PoliaksactionsinresponsetoMr.Adcockenteringhisroomweretomumble h+&* somethingandtobegintogetoutofbed.Noreasonablepersonwouldviewtheseactionsasbeing T,'+ soprovocativethattheywarrantedbeingstruckontheheadwithatwobyfour.Accordingly,there  isnoevidenceintherecordtosupportMr.AdcocksclaimthathewasprovokedintoattackingMr.  PoliakwithatwobyfouronJuly11,1998.  @) C.  ` @! DefenseofProperty  L    Propertyownersmayuseasmuchforceasisreasonablynecessarytopreventanotherfrom $ t unlawfullycomingontotheirpropertyortoremoveanotherwhoistrespassingontheirproperty.  ` Tenn.CodeAnn.3911614(a)(1997);BrooksidePrattMiningCo.v.Booth,100So.240,242  L  (Ala.1924);Hamiltonv.Howard,28S.W.2d7,10(Ky.1930);Baileyv.Ferguson,183_S.E._Ԁ275,  8  275(N.C.1936).Toraisethedefenseofpropertydefense,apropertyownermustprove(1)thatthe $  plaintiffwastrespassingonhisorherproperty,(2)thatheorshereasonablybelievedthattheforce   usedonthetrespasserwasnecessarytogetthetrespasseroffortokeepthetrespasseroffhisorher   property,and(3)thatheorshefirstaskedthetrespassertoleaveandthatthetrespasserrefusedor   thatheorshereasonablybelievedthatanysuchattemptwouldhavebeenuselessorwouldhave   causedsubstantialharm.Restatement(Second)ofTorts77(1965).Propertyownerscannever p useforcethatendangershumanlifeorinflictsseriousbodilyharm.Statev._McCombs_,253S.E.2d \ 906,911(N.C.1979);seealsoState_v._ԀBuell,No.01C019607CC00292,1997WL677947,at*3 H n.7(Tenn.Crim.App.Nov.3,1997)(NoTenn.R.App.P.11_application_Ԁfiled). 4   Mr.Adcockstestimonyinhisdepositionfailstosubstantiateanyoftheingredientsofa  \ defenseofpropertydefense.Mr.PoliakwasnotanuninvitedguestinMr.Adcockshouse.Hewas H livingthereattheinvitationofMr.Adcocksadultdaughter,whowasaresidentofthehome.After 4 hisdaughterinvitedMr.Poliaktolivewithher,Mr.Adcockdidnotexpressdissatisfactionabout   Mr.Poliakspresence.Hissilenceoveraperiodofmonths,asamatteroflaw,mustreasonablybe   construedaspermissionforMr.Poliaktoremaininthehouse.Restatement(Second)ofTorts892  (1965)(statingthatinactioncanbeconstruedasconsentifthecircumstanceswouldmakea  reasonablepersonbelievethatheorshehadconsenttobeontheproperty).    Similarly,Mr.AdcockstestimonydoesnotdemonstratethatstrikingMr.Poliakwithatwo X  byfourwasimmediatelynecessarytopreventorterminateMr.Poliakstrespassorthattheassault D! didnotcauseseriousbodilyharm.Monthsearlier,Mr.AdcockhadorderedMr.Poliakoutofthe 0"  housewhenhediscoveredMr.Poliakinbedwithhisdaughterandgranddaughter.Mr.Poliakhad #l! compliedwiththisdemandmakingfurtherforceorthreatsofforceunnecessary.Accordingly,the $X" recordprovidesnobasisforconcludingthatMr.AdcockwasrequiredtoresorttoviolenceonJuly $D # 11,1998toremoveMr.Poliakfromhishouse.Thereiscertainlynofactualjustificationfor %0!$ seriouslyinjuringMr.Poliak.IfMr.AdcockwantedMr.PoliaktoleavehishouseonJuly11,1998, &"% heshouldhaveaskedhimtoleave.ThecircumstancesasdescribedbyMr.Adcockdonotprovide '#& ajustificationforusingforcetodefendhishouse.Accordingly,thetrialcourtproperlyconcluded (#' thatMr.Adcockwouldhavebeenunabletosubstantiateadefenseofpropertydefensehadthiscase )$( gonetotrial. |*%)  T,'+ __ԇ@dd) IV.     WeaffirmthepartialsummaryjudgmentforeclosingMr.Adcocksaffirmativedefensesas  amatteroflawandremandthecasetothetrialcourtforfurtherproceedingsconsistentwiththis t opinion.WetaxthecostsofthisappealtoJamesH.Adcockandhissuretyforwhichexecution,if ` necessary,mayissue. L     `     h     _____________________________  L     `     h     WILLIAMC.KOCH,JR.,JUDGE