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3Level 4Level 5„Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5…Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 53|x ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PCL 6ÈÈ,,,,ÈÈ0- ù-(|G22†$¤¤Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R]»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÔ€ôé5ò»»Ô d(|3‰W$££Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R]»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝVVVV'ÿÿdxd)!ÈÈÈÈdxdx( ±þ$’’ò òFigure€Ú  Ú1Ú  Úó ó^_X`YEþÿ<<CÿÿƒLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(|3‰W$¢¢Ý ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R]»»dXXdì8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó óX[Z&OLE 2.0 Box <=8ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿCÿÿ HKKKKÝ ƒ£ª!ÝÑ€.ÑÑ8€R]»»ddÈ8ÑÑ ý ÑÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÔ€¼R]»»»ÔÑ8€ ‘XXdì»»d8ÑÑ  Ñà@ü ü ìàÔ‡îOÌR]ÔIN€THE€COURT€OF€APPEALS€OF€TENNESSEEˆÐ ° Ðà@kk$ìàAT€NASHVILLEÔ#†¼R]»îîOÌ #ԈРÖ& ÐÓ  ÓJuly€11,€2002€SessionÐ üL ÐÔ‡X ‘X»¼R]ÔÌò òÔ#†¼R]»XX ‘ò#ÔÔ_ÔMARCHELLAÔ_Ô€ANN€RICHARDSONòòóó€v.€TERRY€STACEYòòóóÔ‡X ‘X»¼R]Ôó óÐ úJ ÐÌà@@½½ìàò òA€Direct€Appeal€from€the€Chancery€Court€for€Rutherford€CountyÐ ú J Ðà@@øøìàNo.€Ô_ÔOOMIÔ_Ô„1369€€€€€€The€Honorable€Robert€E.€Ô_ÔCorlewÔ_Ô,€III,€JudgeÐ æ 6 ÐÌÌà@@ìì*ìàßA€V) °°` d€÷E<©` AßÐ ªú  ÐÌà@@TTìàNo.€M2001„02167„Ô_ÔCOAÔ_Ô„R3„CV€„€Filed€August€13,€Ô_Ô2002Ô_ÔÐ ¥õ  ÐÌßA€V) °°` dE<|` AßÐ }Í  Ðó óÌÓ  ÓÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘ÔPlaintiff,€landowner,€sued€defendant,€adjoining€landowner,€to€enjoin€him€from€trespassing€on€herÐ xÈ  Ðland,€committing€a€nuisance,€and€for€damages.€€Plaintiff€secured€a€temporary€restraining€order,€andÐ d´ Ðafter€a€Ô_ÔnonjuryÔ_Ô€trial,€plaintiff€was€granted€injunctive€relief€in€several€particulars€and€was€awardedÐ P  Ðcompensatory€and€punitive€damages.€€Defendant€appeals.€€We€modify€in€part€and€affirm€as€modified.€Ð <Œ ÐÔ#†X ‘XXX ‘9#ÔÔ#†¼R]»XX ‘Œ#ÔÔ‡X ‘X»¼R]ÔÌÓ-ÓÌò òTenn.€R.€App.€P.€3;€Appeal€as€of€Right;€Judgment€of€the€Chancery€Court€Modified€in€Part,Ð P Ðand€Affirmed€as€Modifiedó óÐ ì< ÐÌòòÓ  ÓÔ#†¼R]»àX ‘œ#ÔÔ‡X ‘X.¼R]ÔW.€Frank€Crawford,€P.J.,€W.S.óó,€delivered€the€opinion€of€the€court,€in€which€òòAlan€E.€Ô_ÔHighersÔ_Ô,Ð Ä ÐJ.óó€and€òòHolly€Ô_ÔKirbyLillard,J.Ô_Ôóó,€joined.Ð ° ÐÌWilliam€Ô_ÔKennerlyÔ_Ô€Burger,€Murfreesboro,€For€Appellant,€Terry€StaceyÐ ˆØ ÐÌJeff€Reed,€Murfreesboro,€For€Appellee,€Ô_ÔMarchellaÔ_Ô€Ann€RichardsonÐ `° ÐÓqÓÌò òOPINIONó óÔ#†¼R]»XX ‘ #ÔÔ‡X ‘X»¼R]ÔÐ 8!ˆ  ÐÌòòóóÔ#†¼R]»XX ‘ç #ÔÔ‡X ‘X»¼R]ÔÓ  Óà  àPlaintiff,€Ô_ÔMarchellaÔ_Ô€Ann€Richardson,€sued€defendant,€Terry€Stacey,€seeking€injunctive€reliefÐ #`" Ðand€damages.€€The€complaint€alleges€that€the€parties€are€adjoining€landowners.€€Plaintiff€owns€aÐ ü#L# Ðparcel€of€€49.95€acres,€and€defendant€owns€a€parcel€of€15.16€acres.€€Both€parties€have€residences€onÐ è$8 $ Ðthe€property,€and€plaintiff€alleges€that€she€keeps€a€number€of€cattle€and€horses€on€her€property€andÐ Ô%$!% Ðhas€posted€ð ðNo€Trespassingðð€signs€on€her€property.€€The€complaint€avers€that€notwithstanding€theÐ À&"& Ðð ðNo€Trespassingðð€signs€and€personal€demands€and€complaints€from€the€plaintiff,€the€defendant€hasÐ ¬'ü"' Ðrepeatedly€trespassed€upon€plaintiffððs€property€and€has€also€allowed€Ô_ÔinviteesÔ_Ô€to€do€the€same.€€PlaintiffÐ ˜(è#( Ðavers€that€defendant€engaged€in€illegal€hunting€activity€on€his€property€and€that€in€the€course€of€theÐ „)Ô$) Ðhunting,€he€and€his€Ô_ÔinviteesÔ_Ô€trespassed€on€her€property.€€The€complaint€alleges€that€on€a€dove€huntÐ p*À%* Ðconducted€by€defendant€on€September€1,€2000,€there€were€numerous€hunters€who€dischargedÐ \+¬&+ Ðfirearms€toward€and€over€the€plaintiffððs€property,€trespassed€thereon,€and€that€the€shooting€was€soÐ H,˜', Ðintense€that€plaintiffððs€phone€lines€and€electrical€lines€were€damaged,€cutting€off€her€services.€€TheÐ 4-„(-ý Ðcomplaint€further€avers€that€she€had€repeatedly€told€the€defendant€that€he€should€not€be€trespassingÐ ° Ðon€her€property€or€discharging€firearms€toward€her€property,€and€notwithstanding€this,€she€had€bulletÐ œì Ðholes€in€her€residence.€€She€alleges€that€defendant€continues€to€trespass€on€her€property€and€hasÐ ˆØ Ðintentionally€and€willfully€acted€against€plaintiffððs€interest.Ð tÄ ÐÌà  àThe€complaint€avers€that€defendant€has€willfully€and€intentionally€removed€fencing,€hadÐ L œ Ðlocated€deer€stands€on€the€fence€line€between€the€partiesðð€property€where€he€could€shoot€onto€orÐ 8 ˆ Ðtoward€plaintiffððs€property€when€hunting€and€that€his€activities€deny€the€plaintiff€the€peaceful€useÐ $ t Ðand€enjoyment€of€her€property€and€has€also€caused€damage€to€her€property.Ð  ` ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€seeks€to€enjoin€the€defendant€from€trespassing€upon€plaintiffððs€property,€dischargingÐ è 8  Ðfirearms€or€other€projectiles€toward,€above,€on,€or€in€the€direction€of€plaintiffððs€property,€and€toÐ Ô$  Ðprohibit€hunting€in€any€manner€that€would€infringe€upon€plaintiffððs€use€of€her€property.€€TheÐ À  Ðcomplaint€also€seeks€an€injunction€to€enjoin€the€defendant€from€threatening€plaintiff€in€any€mannerÐ ¬ü  Ðand€seeks€an€award€of€damages€both€compensatory€and€punitive.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌà  àA€temporary€restraining€order€was€issued€enjoining€the€defendant€as€prayed€by€plaintiff.€Ð pÀ ÐDefendantððs€answer€to€the€complaint€admits€that€the€parties€are€neighbors€and€admits€that€he€hadÐ \¬ Ðbeen€on€plaintiffððs€land€in€the€past€but€that€when€plaintiff€requested€that€he€not€do€so€again,€he€hasÐ H˜ Ðnever€gone€back€or€trespassed€in€any€manner.€€Defendant€denies€that€he€had€caused€any€damage€to€Ð 4„ Ðplaintiffððs€property€and€denies€that€he€or€his€guests€have€crossed€onto€plaintiffððs€property.€€He€alsoÐ  p Ðdenies€that€he€caused€any€damages€to€plaintiff€or€her€property.Ð  \ ÐÌà  àA€Ô_ÔnonjuryÔ_Ô€trial€was€held€on€August€6,€2001.€€Plaintiff€testified€that€she€and€the€defendant€ownÐ ä4 Ðadjoining€parcels€of€land,€and€that€she€purchased€her€property€in€1995.€€She€stated€that€the€firstÐ Ð  Ðincident€with€the€defendant€occurred€in€September€of€1997.€€Defendant€had€a€dove€hunt€on€hisÐ ¼  Ðproperty€which€apparently€spilled€over€onto€the€property€of€another€neighbor,€Mr.€Baker.€€SheÐ ¨ø Ðalleged€that€in€February€of€1998,€defendant€was€hunting€on€her€property€and,€when€his€truck€brokeÐ ”ä Ðdown,€he€asked€one€of€plaintiffððs€employee€to€help€him€repair€the€truck.€€She€stated€that€in€SeptemberÐ €Ð Ðof€1998,€defendant€had€a€pay„hunt€on€his€property,€and€she€called€the€sheriff.€€The€sheriff€advisedÐ l¼ Ðthe€defendant€to€get€off€of€plaintiffððs€property.€€She€testified€that€she€has€ð ðNo€Trespassingðð€and€ð ðNoÐ X ¨ ÐHuntingðð€signs€posted€on€her€property.€€She€also€testified€that€when€she€started€putting€improvementsÐ D!” Ðon€her€property,€she€told€€the€defendant€that€there€would€be€no€more€hunting€on€her€property€at€all.€Ð 0"€  ÐOn€or€about€September20,€1999,€she€noticed€the€soffit€on€the€end€of€her€barn€appeared€to€have€beenÐ #l! Ðshot€off.€€When€she€discussed€this€with€the€defendant,€he€stated€that€he€did€not€hunt€with€a€rifle,€andÐ $X" Ðshe€noted€that€after€that€time€she€saw€him€going€to€his€tree€stand€on€his€property€with€a€rifle€in€hisÐ ô$D # Ðhand.€€She€testified€that€the€defendant€has€five€tree€stands€on€the€fence€line€between€their€properties,Ð à%0!$ Ðand€they€are€located€on€the€very€narrow€strip€of€land€that€the€defendant€uses€for€hunting.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àShe€further€testified€that€on€the€narrow€part€of€the€hunting€strip,€there€was€a€gate€there€beforeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðshe€bought€the€farm.€€She€put€a€chain€with€a€lock€on€the€gate,€but€she€discovered€that€the€chain€hadÐ )à$( Ðbeen€cut€and€a€new€pad€lock€had€been€replaced€by€the€defendant.€€She€further€testified€that€she€hadÐ |*Ì%) Ðseen€the€defendant€four„wheeling€on€her€property€only€one€time.€€Ð h+¸&* Ðà  àShe€testified€that€on€September€1,€2000,€the€defendant€had€his€ð ðregularðð€dove€hunt€whichÐ ° Ðstarted€at€12€noon.€€About€three€oððclock,€she€noticed€that€she€had€no€electricity.€€Also,€when€she€triedÐ œì Ðto€use€the€telephone,€she€found€she€had€no€service.€€She€determined€that€everyone€else€around€herÐ ˆØ Ðhad€electricity€and€telephone€service,€so€she€went€to€the€dove€hunting€area€and€told€the€defendant€thatÐ tÄ Ðshe€thought€he€had€shot€the€power€lines€down.€At€that€time,€she€counted€thirty€two€hunters€on€theÐ `° Ðdefendantððs€property,€and€some€these€hunters€were€on€her€property.€€She€called€the€police€on€thatÐ L œ Ðincident,€and€after€the€hunt€she€found€over€six€hundred€shot€gun€shells€on€her€property.€€She€testifiedÐ 8 ˆ Ðthat€she€never€allowed€any€hunting€on€her€property.€€She€further€testified€that€just€prior€to€the€trialÐ $ t Ðof€the€case,€three€of€her€cats€died€from€poisoning.€€She€also€had€some€vague€statement€about€herÐ  ` Ðwalking€horse€that€she€contended€had€been€shot.€She€also€testified€that€when€she€asked€the€defendantÐ ü L  Ðto€stop€hunting€on€her€property,€he€told€her€he€could€hunt€wherever€he€wanted€and€that€if€game€fellÐ è 8  Ðon€her€property,€he€had€a€right€to€go€get€it.€€In€July,€just€prior€to€trial,€she€found€an€expendedÐ Ô$  Ðfirework„type€rocket€on€her€property,€and€the€defendant€admitted€that€he€had€fired€fireworks€on€JulyÐ À  Ð4th€for€his€family,€and€this€rocket€could€have€been€one€that€he€fired.€€Plaintiff€also€testified€that€sheÐ ¬ü  Ðhad€not€been€able€to€use€approximately€ten€acres€of€her€property€because€of€fear€for€her€safety€andÐ ˜è  Ðthe€safety€of€her€animals.€€She€testified€that€she€paid€her€nephew€$25.00€to€pick€up€shotgun€shellsÐ „Ô  Ðon€her€land.€€She€also€expended€money€for€repair€of€fences€but€did€not€have€any€figures€for€thatÐ pÀ Ðamount.Ð \¬ ÐÌà  àPlaintiff€also€testified€that€since€the€court€hearing€on€the€temporary€restraining€order€inÐ 4„ ÐOctober€of€2000€until€the€time€of€trial,€she€does€not€know€of€any€time€that€defendant€has€hunted€onÐ  p Ðher€property.€€The€only€problem€she€has€had€since€the€October€hearing€was€finding€the€one€expendedÐ  \ Ðfirework€rocket€on€her€property€after€the€4th€of€July.€€She€testified€that€she€is€seeking€$5,000.00€inÐ øH Ðcompensatory€damages€for€ð ðthe€mental€anguish€and€grief€in€all€that€Iððve€been€through.ðð€€She€statesÐ ä4 Ðthat€she€is€also€seeking€$5,000.00€punitive€damages€under€the€same€rationale.Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àAlan€York,€a€game€warden€for€Rutherford€County,€testified€that€pursuant€to€a€complaint€madeÐ ¨ø Ðby€the€plaintiff,€he€inspected€the€defendantððs€field.€€His€inspection€revealed€that€the€field€wasÐ ”ä Ðimproperly€baited€and€had€been€posted€as€a€baited€field.€€Under€the€regulations,€it€could€not€beÐ €Ð Ðhunted€for€ten€days€after€it€had€been€re„sewn€or€re„baited.Ð l¼ ÐÌà  àJanice€Ô_ÔWittstruckÔ_Ô€testified€that€she€is€a€neighbor€of€the€parties€residing€at€618€Rocks€SpringÐ D!” ÐRoad,€Christiana,€Tennessee.€€She€testified€that€she€has€witnessed€the€defendant€trespassing€on€theÐ 0"€  Ðplaintiffððs€property€during€the€past€dove€season.€€She€stated€that€she€saw€three€people€on€theÐ #l! Ðplaintiffððs€property€and€that€there€were€probably€about€twenty€or€so€hunters€altogether.€€She€statedÐ $X" Ðthat€there€was€a€lot€of€shooting,€and€the€noise€was€quite€disturbing.€€She€further€testified€that€onÐ ô$D # Ðoccasion€she€had€seen€the€defendant€and€his€guests€aiming€through€scopes€with€rifles€and€thatÐ à%0!$ Ðgenerally€they€were€a€rowdy€crowd.€€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌà  àFor€the€defense,€the€defendant,€Terry€Stacey,€testified€that€a€little€over€three€years€ago€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðplaintiff€asked€him€to€stop€coming€on€her€property.€€He€complied€with€this€request€and€has€not€beenÐ )à$( Ðon€her€property€since€without€her€consent.€€He€testified€that€he€did€not€have€a€commercial€huntingÐ |*Ì%) Ðbusiness€but€had€friends€and€family€over€for€dove€hunts.€€He€stated€that€he€tried€to€tell€everyone€thatÐ h+¸&* Ðhunted€on€his€property€that€they€were€not€to€go€on€the€plaintiffððs€property.€€In€regard€to€the€plaintiffððsÐ ° Ðcomplaint€about€four„wheeling€on€her€property,€he€stated€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_Ô€was€over€three€years€ago€when€heÐ œì Ðhad€permission€to€be€there.€€As€to€his€truck€breaking€down€on€plaintiffððs€property,€he€stated€that€heÐ ˆØ Ðalso€had€her€permission€at€that€time,€and€he€reiterated€that€when€she€told€him€to€stop€coming€on€herÐ tÄ Ðproperty,€he€complied€with€her€request.€€He€testified€that€before€she€asked€him€not€to€come€on€herÐ `° Ðproperty,€she€was€ð ðtotally€different€neighbor.ðð€€It€was€after€he€granted€an€easement€across€hisÐ L œ Ðproperty€for€her€electric€and€phone€lines€that€things€changed.€€He€further€testified€that€he€hadÐ 8 ˆ Ðcomplied€with€the€temporary€restraining€order€and€has€not€hunted€on€his€property€in€the€back€fieldÐ $ t Ðsince€that€time.€€He€confirmed€the€testimony€of€the€game€warden€concerning€his€field,€and€heÐ  ` Ðcomplied€with€the€game€wardenððs€instructions.€€He€denied€having€any€involvement€whatsoever€inÐ ü L  Ðthe€death€of€her€cats€and€the€injury€to€her€horse.€€On€cross„examination,€he€was€questioned€about€theÐ è 8  Ðchain€on€the€gate€that€he€had€replaced.€€He€testified€that€when€he€bought€the€property€in€1990,€theÐ Ô$  Ðgate€was€on€the€front€of€his€property€before€it€was€moved..€€He€stated€that€because€it€was€his€gate,Ð À  Ðhe€thought€that€he€could€have€a€lock€on€the€chain.€€He€reiterated€that€when€she€originally€had€givenÐ ¬ü  Ðhim€permission€to€hunt€on€her€property,€there€was€a€tree€stand€on€the€property€line€between€them.€Ð ˜è  ÐHe€stated€that€the€last€time€he€talked€to€the€plaintiff,€he€told€her€that€he€had€moved€the€tree€stand.€Ð „Ô  ÐHe€further€testified€that€he€had€visited€some€of€the€neighbors€to€have€them€sign€a€paper€concerningÐ pÀ Ðthe€plaintiffððs€allegedly€illegal€septic€tank,€and€that€he€had€complained€to€the€county€authoritiesÐ \¬ Ðconcerning€this.€€He€was€further€questioned€concerning€the€fireworks€on€the€4th€of€July,€and€heÐ H˜ Ðadmitted€that€he€fired€fireworks€for€his€children€and€that€one€of€them€accidentally€had€landed€on€herÐ 4„ Ðproperty.€€With€regard€to€the€damage€to€the€plaintiffððs€barn,€he€testified€that€she€never€stated€whenÐ  p Ðthe€damage€occurred.€€He€testified€that€he€had€never€hunted€ð ðback€thereðð€and€had€never€fired€a€ð ðbigÐ  \ Ðgun€then,ðð€and€that€he€could€not€have€been€the€one€that€caused€such€damage.€€He€further€stated€afterÐ øH Ðher€request€to€stay€off€her€property,€he€never€went€back€to€the€property€or€trespassed€in€any€manner.€Ð ä4 ÐDefendant€denied€that€he€has€caused€any€damage€to€the€plaintiffððs€property€and€denied€that€he€or€hisÐ Ð  Ðguests€have€fired€across€or€onto€plaintiffððs€property.€€He€also€denied€that€he€caused€any€damage€toÐ ¼  Ðplaintiff€or€her€property.Ð ¨ø ÐÌà  àOn€August€20,€2001,€the€court€entered€its€order€finding€that€a€permanent€injunction€shouldÐ €Ð Ðissue€and€that€both€compensatory€and€punitive€damages€should€be€awarded.€€The€order€provides€inÐ l¼ Ðpertinent€part:Ð X ¨ ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àWith€regard€to€the€issue€of€damages,€the€Court€finds€that€thereÐ 0"€  Ðis€sufficient€circumstantial€evidence€which€preponderates€in€favor€ofÐ #l! Ðthe€Plaintiffððs€compensatory€damage€claim€of€$5,000.00.€€The€CourtÐ $X" Ðfurther€finds€that€the€Defendant€Staceyððs€misconduct€was€doneÐ ô$D # Ðwillfully€and€knowingly€such€that€punitive€damages€should€beÐ à%0!$ Ðawarded€to€the€Plaintiff.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àThe€Court€further€held€a€bifurcated€hearing€on€the€issue€of€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðamount€of€punitive€damages,€and€additional€proof€was€presented.€Ð )à$( ÐUpon€presentation€of€additional€proof,€and€an€analysis€of€the€factorsÐ |*Ì%) Ðto€be€considered€in€determining€punitive€damages,€the€CourtÐ h+¸&* Ðdetermines€that€$1,500.00€is€an€appropriate€amount€of€punitiveÐ ° Ðdamages.€€Accordingly,€Ðœì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àIt€is€HEREBY€ORDERED,€ADJUDGED€AND€DECREED:ÐtÄ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ à1.€€A€Permanent€Injunction€is€hereby€issued€against€TerryÐ L œ ÐStacey€prohibiting:Ð8 ˆ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àa.€€the€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€or€any€of€his€guests€fromÐ  ` Ðdischarging€firearms,€firing€guns,€shooting€arrows€or€any€otherÐ ü L  Ðprojectiles€towards,€above,€on,€onto€or€in€the€direction€of€theÐ è 8  ÐPlaintiffððs€property;€andÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àb.€€the€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€from€trespassing€on€theÐ ¬ü  ÐPlaintiffððs€property,€allowing€his€guests€to€do€so,€disassemblingÐ ˜è  Ðfences€between€the€partiesðð€properties,€or€retrieving€game€from€theÐ „Ô  ÐPlaintiffððs€property.ÐpÀ` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à2.€€The€Defendant€Terry€Stacey,€and€any€of€his€guests,€are€herebyÐ H˜ Ðpermanently€enjoined€from€firing€any€weapons€on€his€property€exceptÐ 4„ Ðin€a€generally€easterly€direction€presupposing€that€the€owner€of€theÐ  p Ðadjoining€property€to€the€east€gives€Mr.€Stacey€permission€to€do€so.€Ð  \ ÐMr.€Stacey€is€permanently€enjoined€from,€or€allowing€his€guests€to,Ð øH Ðfire€to€the€west€or€north€of€his€property.Ðä4` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à3.€€The€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€is€hereby€required€to€remove€the€treeÐ ¼  Ðstand€encroaching€on€the€boundary€of€the€two€partiesðð€property.Шø` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à4.€The€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€is€prohibited€from€threatening,Ð €Ð Ðintimidating,€or€coming€within€one€hundred€feet€(100')€of€theÐ l¼ ÐPlaintiff,€Ô_ÔMarchellaÔ_Ô€Ann€Richardson.ÐX ¨` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à5.€€The€Plaintiff€Ô_ÔMarchellaÔ_Ô€Ann€Richardson€is€awarded€compensatoryÐ 0"€  Ðdamages€against€the€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€in€the€sum€of€$5,000.00.Ð#l!` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à6.€€The€Court€further€finds€it€appropriate€to€award€punitive€damagesÐ ô$D # Ðto€the€Plaintiff€against€the€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€in€that€TerryÐ à%0!$ ÐStaceyððs€misconduct€was€committed€knowingly.ÐÌ&"%` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à7.€€Having€€conducted€a€bifurcated€hearing€on€the€issue€of€the€amountÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€punitive€damages,€the€Court€awards€the€Plaintiff,€Ô_ÔMarchellaÔ_Ô€AnnÐ )à$( ÐRichardson,€punitive€damages,€in€addition€to€compensatory€damages,Ð |*Ì%) Ðagainst€the€Defendant€Terry€Stacey€in€the€amount€of€$1,500.00.€Ð h+¸&* ÐAccordingly,€the€total€judgment€awarded€to€the€Plaintiff€against€theÐ ° ÐDefendant€is€$6,500.00.Мì` x` x ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð à8.€€The€Court€costs€of€this€cause€are€assessed€to€Terry€Stacey€forÐ tÄ Ðwhich€execution€may€issue.Ð`°` x` x ÐÌÓÓà  àThe€defendant€has€appealed€and€presents€one€issue€for€review€as€stated€in€his€brief:Ð 8 ˆ ÐÓÓà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àDoes€the€preponderance€of€the€evidence€support€the€trial€courtÐ  ` Ðfinding€that€the€Defendant/Appellant€engaged€in€any€conduct€whichÐ ü L  Ðjustified€injunctive€relief,€or€an€award€of€either€compensatory€orÐ è 8  Ðpunitive€damages?ÐÔ$ ` x` x ÐÌà  àSince€this€case€was€tried€by€the€court€sitting€without€a€jury,€we€review€the€case€ò òòòde€novoó óóó€uponÐ ¬ü  Ðthe€record€with€a€presumption€of€correctness€of€the€findings€of€fact€by€the€trial€court.€€Unless€theÐ ˜è  Ðevidence€preponderates€against€the€findings,€we€must€affirm,€absent€error€of€law.€€T.R.A.P.€13(d).Ð „Ô  ÐÌòòÔ‡X>N XXX ‘Ôà  àóóÔ#†X ‘X XX>N0W#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘ÔWhen€the€resolution€of€the€issues€in€a€case€depends€upon€the€truthfulness€of€witnesses,€theÐ \¬ Ðtrial€judge€who€has€the€opportunity€to€observe€the€witnesses€in€their€manner€and€demeanor€whileÐ H˜ Ðtestifying€is€in€a€far€better€position€than€this€Court€to€decide€those€issues.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔMcCalebÔ_Ô€v.€Saturn€Corp.ó óóó,Ð 4„ Ð910€S.W.2d€412,€415€(Tenn.€1995);Ô#†X ‘XXX ‘W#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘Ôòòò ò€Whitaker€v.€Whitakeróóó óÔ#†X ‘XXX ‘qY#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘Ô,€957€S.W.2d€834,€837€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.Ð  p Ð1997).€€The€weight,€faith,€and€credit€to€be€given€to€any€witnessððs€testimony€lies€in€the€first€instanceÐ  \ Ðwith€the€trier€of€fact,€and€the€credibility€accorded€will€be€given€great€weight€by€the€appellate€court.€Ð øH Ðòòò òIdó óóó.;€ò òòòIn€re€Estate€of€Walton€v.€Youngó óóó,€950€S.W.2d€956,€959€(Tenn.€1997).Ô#†X ‘XXX ‘ÔY#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘ÔÐ ä4 ÐÌà  àThe€summary€of€plaintiffððs€complaints€against€the€defendant€are€his€presence€on€her€propertyÐ ¼  Ðwithout€permission€on€one€occasion€with€the€use€of€his€four„wheeler,€his€presence€on€her€propertyÐ ¨ø Ðwithout€€her€permission€on€one€occasion€with€his€truck,€damage€to€her€barn€allegedly€caused€by€rifleÐ ”ä Ðshot,€the€death€of€three€cats,€injury€to€her€horse,€defendant€and€his€guestsðð€presence€on€her€land€whileÐ €Ð Ðdove€hunting,€causing€her€electric€power€and€telephone€lines€to€be€damaged,€and€the€otherwiseÐ l¼ Ðinterference€with€the€use€and€enjoyment€of€her€property.€€These€complaints€constitute€an€action€forÐ X ¨ Ðtrespass€and€for€maintenance€of€a€private€nuisance.€€A€private€nuisance€is€created€where€a€landownerÐ D!” Ðuses€his€property€in€such€a€manner€as€to€unreasonably€interfere€with€plaintiffððs€use€or€enjoyment€ofÐ 0"€  Ðhis€or€her€own€property.€€ò òòòSee€Ô_ÔSadlerÔ_Ô€v.€Stateó óóó,€56€S.W.3d€508,€511€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2001).€€AÐ #l! Ðnuisance€is€ð ðanything€which€annoys€or€disturbs€the€free€use€of€oneððs€property€or€which€renders€itsÐ $X" Ðordinary€use€or€physical€occupation€uncomfortable.ðð€ò òòòÔ_ÔZollingerÔ_Ô€v.€Carteró óóó,€837€S.W.2d€613,€615Ð ô$D # Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1992).€€We€ascertain€from€a€review€of€the€record€that€there€is€absolutely€no€proofÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€the€defendant€was€involved€in€any€way€with€the€death€of€the€plaintiffððs€three€cats€or€to€the€injuryÐ Ì&"% Ðto€the€horse.€€Testimony€as€to€the€time€element€when€these€alleged€injuries€occurred€to€the€plaintiffÐ ¸'#& Ðwas€not€specific,€nor€was€there€any€evidence€that€the€defendant€committed€any€acts€of€that€nature.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐThe€record€is€void€of€any€evidence€of€damage€occurring€to€the€plaintiff€by€virtue€of€the€defendantððsÐ )à$( Ðtrespassing€with€his€four„wheeler€or€trespassing€with€his€truck,€each€of€which€occurred€only€on€oneÐ |*Ì%) Ðoccasion.€€The€plaintiff€also€contends€that€there€was€damage€to€her€barn€caused€by€rifle€fire,€but€thereÐ h+¸&* Ðis€no€indication€in€the€proof€as€to€when€this€occurred,€and€the€conclusion€by€the€plaintiff€that€theÐ ° Ðdamage€was€from€a€rifle€and€also€caused€by€the€defendant€is€somewhat€suspect.Ð œì ÐÌà  àThe€crux€of€the€plaintiffððs€complaint€is€the€September€2000€dove€hunt€when€several€of€theÐ tÄ Ðdefendantððs€Ô_ÔinviteesÔ_Ô€went€on€her€property€and€also€when€her€electricity€and€telephone€service€wereÐ `° Ðinterrupted€because€of€the€gun€fire.€€There€is€no€proof€as€to€how€long€she€was€without€these€services,Ð L œ Ðbut€apparently€it€was€temporary.Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌà  àThe€trial€court€awarded€the€plaintiff€$5,000.00€compensatory€damages€which€were€prayedÐ  ` Ðfor€in€her€complaint€but€made€no€specific€findings€as€to€what€constituted€the€elements€for€the€award.Ð ü L  ÐÌà  àA€party€seeking€damages€has€the€burden€of€proving€them,€but€in€tort€cases€the€proof€ofÐ Ô$  Ðdamages€need€not€be€exact€or€mathematically€precise.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔOverstreetÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔShoneyÔ_Ôððs,€Inc.ó óóó,€4€S.W.3d€694,Ð À  Ð703€(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€1999).€€The€proof€of€damages€must€be€as€certain€as€the€nature€of€the€caseÐ ¬ü  Ðpermits€and€must€enable€the€trier€of€fact€to€make€a€fair€and€reasonable€assessment€of€the€damages.€Ð ˜è  Ðò òòòId.ó óóó€€Damages€may€never€be€based€on€mere€conjecture€or€speculation.€€However,€uncertain€orÐ „Ô  Ðspeculative€damages€are€prohibited€only€when€the€existence,€not€the€amount,€of€damages€isÐ pÀ Ðuncertain.€€ò òòòId.ó óóó€€The€evidence€required€to€support€a€claim€for€damages€need€only€prove€the€amountÐ \¬ Ðof€damages€with€reasonable€certainty.ò òòò€Id.ó óóóÐ H˜ ÐÌà  àA€party€subjected€to€a€nuisance€may€be€entitled€to€several€types€of€damages€which€includeÐ  p Ðthe€cost€of€restoring€the€plaintiffððs€property€to€its€condition€prior€to€the€creation€of€the€nuisance,Ð  \ Ðpersonal€damages,€such€as€inconvenience€and€emotional€distress,€and€injury€to€the€use€and€enjoymentÐ øH Ðof€the€property.€€Such€damages€are€not€mutually€exclusive.€€ò òòòÔ_ÔPryorÔ_Ô€v.€Ô_ÔWilloughbyÔ_Ôó óóó,€36€S.W.3d€829Ð ä4 Ð(Tenn.€Ct.€App.€2000).€Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àIn€the€case€before€us,€there€is€very€little,€if€any,€proof€of€any€real€emotional€distress€on€theÐ ¨ø Ðpart€of€the€plaintiff.€€She€did€testify€that€she€was€unable€to€enjoy€the€full€use€of€her€property,€but€thisÐ ”ä Ðapparently€was€for€a€very€temporary€period€of€time,€considering€her€testimony€lacks€the€length€ofÐ €Ð Ðtime€she€suffered€any€such€inconvenience.€€Plaintiffððs€proof€simply€does€not€show€with€reasonableÐ l¼ Ðcertainty€damages€in€the€amount€of€$5,000.00.€€The€plaintiff€testified€that€she€paid€her€nephewÐ X ¨ Ð$25.00€to€clean€up€shot€gun€shells€and€that€she€had€some€expense€of€an€unknown€amount€for€someÐ D!” Ðadditional€wire€and€fencing.€€Primarily,€the€plaintiff€was€upset€and€discommoded€by€the€dove€huntÐ 0"€  Ðon€September€1,€2000€and€was€without€electricity€and€telephone€service€for€a€temporary€period€ofÐ #l! Ðtime.€€We€are€sure€she€was€disturbed€by€the€shotgun€fire€in€such€close€proximity€to€her€house€for€thisÐ $X" Ðtemporary€period€of€time.€€However,€this€inconvenience€and€the€stress€shown€in€this€record€for€thatÐ ô$D # Ðperiod€of€time€does€not€rise€to€an€award€of€$5,000.00.€€Based€on€the€proof€in€the€record,€it€appearsÐ à%0!$ Ðthat€a€nominal€amount€of€compensatory€damages€would€be€warranted,€and€$500.00€would€be€aÐ Ì&"% Ðreasonable€award.€€Therefore,€the€order€of€the€trial€court€is€modified€to€award€$500.00€compensatoryÐ ¸'#& Ðdamages.€Ð ¤(ô#' Ðâ âÐ )à$( Ðà  àConcerning€the€question€of€punitive€damages,€such€damages€may€be€awarded€only€if€the€trierÐ ° Ðof€fact€finds€that€a€defendant€has€acted€either€intentionally,€fraudulently,€maliciously,€or€recklessly.€Ð œì Ðò òòòHodges€v.€S.€C.€Ô_ÔToofÔ_Ô€&€Co.ó óóó,€833€S.W.2d€896,€901€(Tenn.€1992).€€In€ò òòòHodgesó óóó,€the€Court€said:Ð ˆØ Ðâ âÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà ¸ àA€person€acts€intentionally€when€it€is€the€personððs€consciousÐ `° Ðobjective€or€desire€to€engage€in€the€conduct€or€cause€the€result.€€ò òòòCf.ó óóóÐ L œ ÐÔ_ÔT.C.A.Ô_Ô€Ô#†X ‘XXX ‘«[#ÔÔ‡Xƒ³ XXX ‘ÔððÔ#†X ‘X XXƒ³ºw#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘Ô€39„11„302(a)€(1991)(criminal€definition€of€ð ðintentionalðð).€Ð 8 ˆ Ða€person€acts€fraudulently€when€(1)€the€person€intentionallyÐ $ t Ðmisrepresents€an€existing,€material€fact€or€produces€a€falseÐ  ` Ðimpression,€in€order€to€mislead€another€or€to€obtain€an€undueÐ ü L  Ðadvantage,€and€(2)€another€is€injured€because€of€reasonable€relianceÐ è 8  Ðupon€that€representation.€€ò òòòSee€First€Ô_ÔNatððlÔ_Ô€Bank€v.€Brooks€Farms,ó óóóÐ Ô$  Ð821€S.W.2d€925,€927€(Tenn.€1991).€€A€person€acts€maliciously€whenÐ À  Ðthe€person€is€motivated€by€ill€will,€hatred,€or€personal€spite.€€A€personÐ ¬ü  Ðacts€recklessly€when€the€person€is€aware€of,€but€consciouslyÐ ˜è  Ðdisregards,€a€substantial€and€unjustifiable€risk€of€such€a€nature€that€itsÐ „Ô  Ðdisregard€constitutes€a€gross€deviation€from€the€standard€of€care€thatÐ pÀ Ðan€ordinary€person€would€exercise€under€all€the€circumstances.€€ò òòòCf.ó óóó€Ð \¬ ÐÔ_ÔT.C.A.Ô_Ô€Ô#†X ‘XXX ‘x#ÔÔ‡Xƒ³ XXX ‘ÔððÔ#†X ‘X XXƒ³µ|#ÔÔ‡X ‘XXX ‘Ô€39„11„302(c)€(1991)€(criminal€definition€of€ð ðrecklessðð).ÐH˜` x` x ÐÌÓÓò òòòIdó óóó.€at€901.Ð  p ÐÓÓà  àIn€the€instant€case,€the€trial€court€found€that€the€defendant,€while€he€did€not€act€fraudulentlyÐ øH Ðor€maliciously,€did€intend€to€engage€in€the€dove€hunt€and€fire,€along€with€his€guests,€the€shotgunsÐ ä4 Ðacross€her€property€so€as€to€damage€electric€and€telephone€lines€and€in€so€doing€was€also€actingÐ Ð  Ðrecklessly€within€the€definition€set€out€above.€€The€evidence€does€not€preponderate€against€thatÐ ¼  Ðfinding.€Moreover,€the€evidence€introduced€on€the€question€of€punitive€damages€indicated€that€theÐ ¨ø Ðtrial€court€considered€the€necessary€elements€as€established€in€ò òòòHodges,€supra,€ó óóó€including€the€expenseÐ ”ä Ðthat€the€plaintiff€had€incurred€in€an€attempt€to€seek€relief€as€a€result€of€defendantððs€conduct.€€TheÐ €Ð Ðevidence€does€not€preponderate€against€the€trial€courtððs€finding€that€punitive€damages€in€the€amountÐ l¼ Ðof€$1,500.00€is€proper.Ð X ¨ ÐÌà  àConcerning€the€injunctive€relief€granted,€we€do€not€disagree€with€the€trial€court€that€someÐ 0"€  Ðinjunctive€relief€is€in€order.€€However,€we€do€observe€that€the€injunction€granted€is€somewhat€over„Ð #l! Ðbroad.€€We€have€no€quarrel€with€the€injunction€set€out€in€the€order€in€Paragraphs€1€a..€b.,€3,€and€4.€Ð $X" ÐHowever,€the€provisions€of€the€Paragraph€2€exceed€the€bounds€necessary€to€grant€relief€to€theÐ ô$D # Ðplaintiff.€€The€defendant€should€not€be€prohibited€from€firing€a€weapon€on€his€property,€except€toÐ à%0!$ Ðthe€extent€that€it€is€prohibited€by€the€other€paragraphs€referred€to€above.€€Therefore,€the€injunctionÐ Ì&"% Ðissued€should€be€modified€to€eliminate€the€provisions€of€Paragraph€2€of€the€order.Ð ¸'#& ÐÌà  àAccordingly,€the€order€of€the€trial€court€is€modified€to€award€the€sum€of€$500.00€asÐ )à$( Ðcompensatory€damages,€and€the€injunction€issued€is€modified€to€eliminate€the€provisions€ofÐ |*Ì%) ÐParagraph€2€of€the€order.€€The€order€of€the€trial€court€is€in€all€other€respects€affirmed.€€Costs€of€theÐ h+¸&* Ðappeal€are€assessed€to€the€appellant,€Terry€Stacey,€and€the€case€is€remanded€to€the€trial€court€for€suchÐ ° Ðfurther€proceedings€as€may€be€necessary.Ð œì ÐÔ#†X ‘XXX ‘û|#ÔÔ#†¼R]»XX ‘E #ÔÔ€X ‘X»¼R]ÔÌÌÌÌà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À à__________________________________________Ð 8 ˆ Ðà  àà ` àà ¸ àà  àà h àà À àW.€FRANK€CRAWFORD,€PRESIDING€JUDGE,€W.S.